136:
In 1982 Cross published a journal article 'Designerly Ways of
Knowing', drawing on design research to show Design as having its own intellectual and practical culture as a basis for education, and contrasting it with cultures of Science and Arts & Humanities. This was a clarification of the idea
143:
With Kees Dorst, Cross advanced the concept of 'co-evolution' in design, observing how designers progress a project by developing the problem space and solution space in parallel, with activities in each 'space' cross-fertilising the other. Understanding "how designers think and work" has been a
555:
Cross, Nigel (2018) 'Expertise in
Professional Design' in K. Anders Ericsson, R. Hoffman, A. Kozbelt, A. M. Williams (eds.) Cambridge Handbook of Expertise and Expert Performance (2nd Edition), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge UK and New York USA. pp. 327-388.
137:
that "There are things to know, ways of knowing them and ways of finding out about them that are specific to the design area". The paper established the concept of design as a discipline, now widely adopted in modern design theory, education and practice.
529:
Cross, Nigel (2001) 'Design
Cognition: Results from protocol and other empirical studies of design activity'. In C. Eastman, M. McCracken and W. Newstatter (eds.) Design Knowing and Learning: Cognition in Design Education, Elsevier, Oxford, pp.
710:
128:, the international series of Design Thinking Research Symposia (DTRS). The second DTRS meeting at Delft (1994) laid the foundations for much subsequent work on protocol and other studies of design activity.
511:
Christensen, B. & Ball, L. (2019) 'Building a discipline: Indicators of expansion, integration and consolidation in design research across four decades'. Design
Studies. 65, 18-34.
140:
In subsequent papers, Cross continued to identify and clarify the cognitive and practical skills underlying design thinking, and the nature of expertise in design.
98:(1977), which was critical of some of the computer-aided architectural design work of that time. In 1971, Cross co-organised the first major conference of the
26:, United Kingdom, where he was responsible for developing the first distance-learning courses in design in the early 1970s. He was an editor of the journal
30:
from its inception in 1979, Editor in Chief 1984-2017 and
Emeritus Editor in Chief 2018-23. Cross helped clarify and develop the concept of
572:
Kees Dorst & Nigel Cross (2001) 'Creativity in the design process: co-evolution of problem–solution'. Design
Studies, 22 (5) 425-437.
431:
Cross, N. 'A brief history of the Design
Thinking Research Symposia series', Design Studies, Vol. 57, pp. 160-164, 2018. ISSN 0142-694X
705:
700:
661:
450:
344:
297:
561:
274:
266:
253:
240:
227:
102:(DRS), on Design Participation. He continued to play significant roles in DRS, and was its President from 2006-2017.
78:
systems where the purported simulator was actually a human operator, using text and graphical communication via
535:
219:
206:
193:
180:
167:
125:
94:
to these experiments. His PhD on ‘Human and
Machine Roles in Computer Aided Design’ was expanded into the book
628:
54:
1961-1966. He then took a MSc course in
Industrial Design Technology, run by the leading design methodologist
22:(born 1942) is a British academic, a design researcher and educator, Emeritus Professor of Design Studies at
467:
695:
144:
significant theme in his writings, culminating in the book Design
Thinking (2011, now in a 2nd edition).
690:
499:
Rodgers, P. A. and Brember, C. (2016) 'The Concept of the Design Discipline'. Dialectic. 1(1) 19-38.
323:
Cross, N. and Holden, G. 'Design Education in the Open', Open Arts Journal, 9, pp. 149-161, 2020.
287:
99:
87:
39:
685:
55:
75:
201:(co-editor with H. Christiaans and K. Dorst), John Wiley & Sons Ltd., Chichester, 1996.
715:
662:
https://web.archive.org/web/20181007111122/http://www9.open.ac.uk/mct-ei/people/nigel.cross
8:
500:
83:
35:
546:
Cross, Nigel (2004) 'Expertise in design: an overview'. Design Studies, 25 (5), 427-441.
383:
414:
406:
51:
557:
531:
486:
446:
340:
270:
262:
249:
236:
223:
215:
202:
189:
176:
163:
91:
610:
520:
Cross, Nigel (1999) 'Natural intelligence in design'. Design Studies, 20 (1), 25-39.
418:
670:
591:
482:
398:
324:
188:(co-editor with K. Dorst and N. Roozenburg), Delft University Press, Delft, 1992.
595:
121:
31:
23:
402:
679:
34:(or "designerly ways of knowing") related to the development of design as an
300:
Trophy award for outstanding contributions to design education and research.
62:(1967). In 1974 he also completed a PhD at UMIST in computer aided design.
711:
Alumni of the University of Manchester Institute of Science and Technology
248:(fifth edition), John Wiley and Sons Ltd., Chichester and New York, 2021.
410:
120:
Subsequently his research interests turned more to design cognition or
86:; in interaction design this kind of study later became known as a
106:
71:
59:
441:
Cross, Nigel; Christiaans, Henry; Dorst, Kees, eds. (1996).
582:"Professor Nigel Cross - Lifetime Achievement Award 2005".
259:
Design Thinking: understanding how designers think and work
79:
60:
University of Manchester Institute of Science of Technology
160:
The Automated Architect: human and machine roles in design
261:(second edition), Bloomsbury, Oxford and New York, 2023.
246:
Engineering Design Methods: strategies for product design
501:
https://dx.doi.org/10.3998/dialectic.14932326.0001/104
368:
Cross, N. (2018) ‘Developing Design as a Discipline’,
175:(editor), John Wiley and Sons Ltd., Chichester, 1984.
440:
293:2007. Elected Honorary Fellow, The Design Society.
677:
671:https://www.journals.elsevier.com/design-studies
124:. In 1991 Cross established, with colleagues at
621:
355:Cross, N. 'Developing design as a discipline',
325:https://openartsjournal.org/issue-9/article-10/
109:led to an edited book of foundational papers,
359:, Vol. 29, pp. 691-708, 2018. ISSN 0954-4828
82:. Cross later referred to this as a kind of
608:
156:(editor), Academy Editions, London, 1972.
74:in the 1960s with studies of "simulated"
235:, Birkhauser, Basel, Switzerland, 2007.
50:Nigel Cross studied architecture at the
678:
465:
381:
38:. He is one of the key people of the
16:British design researcher (born 1942)
298:Institution of Engineering Designers
13:
286:2005. Lifetime Achievement Award,
173:Developments in Design Methodology
111:Developments in Design Methodology
14:
727:
654:
90:. He also applied early forms of
706:Alumni of the University of Bath
701:Academics of the Open University
660:Open University staff entry at:
602:
575:
566:
549:
540:
523:
514:
505:
493:
459:
434:
425:
375:
362:
349:
329:
317:
311:
126:Delft University of Technology
117:(1989, now in a 5th edition).
1:
370:Journal of Engineering Design
357:Journal of Engineering Design
304:
596:10.1016/j.destud.2005.10.001
487:10.1016/0142-694X(82)90040-0
468:"Designerly ways of knowing"
45:
7:
186:Research in Design Thinking
162:, Pion Ltd., London, 1977.
131:
65:
10:
732:
611:"List of Honorary Fellows"
337:Designerly Ways of Knowing
233:Designerly Ways of Knowing
214:, Springer, London, 2006.
212:Designerly Ways of Knowing
115:Engineering Design Methods
443:Analysing Design Activity
403:10.1162/07479360152681083
280:
199:Analysing Design Activity
113:(1984) and a textbook of
147:
384:"Can a Machine Design?"
288:Design Research Society
100:Design Research Society
96:The Automated Architect
88:Wizard of Oz experiment
40:Design Research Society
70:Nigel Cross began his
56:John Christopher Jones
466:Cross, Nigel (1982).
382:Cross, Nigel (2001).
76:computer-aided design
339:, Springer, London.
154:Design Participation
105:Early interests in
84:Reverse Turing test
36:academic discipline
24:The Open University
696:Design researchers
615:The Design Society
372:, 29, pp. 691-708.
52:University of Bath
452:978-0-471-96060-7
345:978-1-84628-300-0
335:Cross, N. (2006)
92:protocol analysis
723:
691:Design educators
648:
647:
645:
643:
633:
625:
619:
618:
609:Design Society.
606:
600:
599:
579:
573:
570:
564:
553:
547:
544:
538:
527:
521:
518:
512:
509:
503:
497:
491:
490:
472:
463:
457:
456:
438:
432:
429:
423:
422:
388:
379:
373:
366:
360:
353:
347:
333:
327:
321:
315:
731:
730:
726:
725:
724:
722:
721:
720:
676:
675:
657:
652:
651:
641:
639:
631:
627:
626:
622:
607:
603:
581:
580:
576:
571:
567:
554:
550:
545:
541:
528:
524:
519:
515:
510:
506:
498:
494:
470:
464:
460:
453:
439:
435:
430:
426:
386:
380:
376:
367:
363:
354:
350:
334:
330:
322:
318:
312:
307:
283:
150:
134:
122:design thinking
72:design research
68:
48:
32:design thinking
17:
12:
11:
5:
729:
719:
718:
713:
708:
703:
698:
693:
688:
674:
673:
667:Design Studies
664:
656:
655:External links
653:
650:
649:
620:
601:
584:Design Studies
574:
565:
548:
539:
522:
513:
504:
492:
475:Design Studies
458:
451:
433:
424:
374:
361:
348:
328:
316:
309:
308:
306:
303:
302:
301:
294:
291:
282:
279:
278:
277:
256:
243:
230:
209:
196:
183:
170:
157:
149:
146:
133:
130:
107:design methods
67:
64:
47:
44:
28:Design Studies
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
728:
717:
714:
712:
709:
707:
704:
702:
699:
697:
694:
692:
689:
687:
686:Living people
684:
683:
681:
672:
668:
665:
663:
659:
658:
637:
630:
624:
616:
612:
605:
597:
593:
590:: 1–4. 2006.
589:
585:
578:
569:
563:
562:9781107137554
559:
552:
543:
537:
533:
526:
517:
508:
502:
496:
488:
484:
480:
476:
469:
462:
454:
448:
444:
437:
428:
420:
416:
412:
408:
404:
400:
396:
392:
391:Design Issues
385:
378:
371:
365:
358:
352:
346:
342:
338:
332:
326:
320:
314:
310:
299:
295:
292:
289:
285:
284:
276:
275:9781350305021
272:
268:
267:9781350305069
264:
260:
257:
255:
254:9781119724377
251:
247:
244:
242:
241:9783764384845
238:
234:
231:
229:
228:9781849965736
225:
221:
217:
213:
210:
208:
204:
200:
197:
195:
191:
187:
184:
182:
178:
174:
171:
169:
165:
161:
158:
155:
152:
151:
145:
141:
138:
129:
127:
123:
118:
116:
112:
108:
103:
101:
97:
93:
89:
85:
81:
77:
73:
63:
61:
57:
53:
43:
41:
37:
33:
29:
25:
21:
666:
640:. Retrieved
638:. p. 13
635:
623:
614:
604:
587:
583:
577:
568:
551:
542:
525:
516:
507:
495:
481:(4): 221–7.
478:
474:
461:
442:
436:
427:
397:(4): 44–50.
394:
390:
377:
369:
364:
356:
351:
336:
331:
319:
313:
258:
245:
232:
211:
198:
185:
172:
159:
153:
142:
139:
135:
119:
114:
110:
104:
95:
69:
49:
27:
19:
18:
716:1942 births
636:IED Journal
629:"IED Award"
20:Nigel Cross
680:Categories
642:5 February
536:0080438687
305:References
220:1846283000
207:0471960608
194:9062757960
181:0471102482
168:0850860571
669:journal:
445:. Wiley.
58:, at the
46:Education
419:57562395
132:Writings
66:Research
530:79-103.
411:1511919
560:
534:
449:
417:
409:
343:
296:2012.
281:Awards
273:
265:
252:
239:
226:
218:
205:
192:
179:
166:
632:(PDF)
471:(PDF)
415:S2CID
407:JSTOR
387:(PDF)
148:Books
644:2017
558:ISBN
532:ISBN
447:ISBN
341:ISBN
271:ISBN
263:ISBN
250:ISBN
237:ISBN
224:ISBN
216:ISBN
203:ISBN
190:ISBN
177:ISBN
164:ISBN
80:CCTV
592:doi
483:doi
399:doi
682::
634:.
613:.
588:27
586:.
477:.
473:.
413:.
405:.
395:17
393:.
389:.
269:;
222:;
42:.
646:.
617:.
598:.
594::
489:.
485::
479:3
455:.
421:.
401::
290:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.