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349:. During discharge, hydrogen contained in the pressure vessel is oxidized into water while the nickel oxyhydroxide electrode is reduced to nickel hydroxide. Water is consumed at the nickel electrode and produced at the hydrogen electrode, so the concentration of the potassium hydroxide electrolyte does not change. As the battery discharges, the hydrogen pressure drops, providing a reliable state of charge indicator. In one communication satellite battery, the pressure at full charge was over 500 pounds/square inch (3.4 MPa), dropping to only about 15 PSI (0.1 MPa) at full discharge.
335:
45:
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of 55-60 watt-hours/kg, and very long cycle life (40,000 cycles at 40% DOD) and operating life (> 15 years) in satellite applications. The cells can tolerate overcharging and accidental polarity reversal, and the hydrogen pressure in the cell provides a good indication of the state of charge.
352:
If the cell is over-charged, the oxygen produced at the nickel electrode reacts with the hydrogen present in the cell and forms water; as a consequence the cells can withstand overcharging as long as the heat generated can be dissipated.
485:
However, the gaseous nature of hydrogen means that the volume efficiency is relatively low (60-100 Wh/L for an IPV (individual pressure vessel) cell), and the high pressure required makes for high-cost pressure vessels.
472:
477:
which is proportional to the pressure of hydrogen in the cell; in some designs, 50% of the capacity can be lost after only a few days' storage. Self-discharge is less at lower temperature.
316:
345:
The nickel-hydrogen battery combines the positive nickel electrode of a nickel-cadmium battery and the negative electrode, including the catalyst and gas diffusion elements, of a
174:
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1010:
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Common/dependent pressure vessel (C/DPV) is a hybrid of the common pressure vessel (CPV) and the dependent pressure vessel (DPV) with a high volumetric efficiency.
170:
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The cells have the disadvantage of relatively high self-discharge rate, i.e. chemical reduction of Ni(III) into Ni(II) in the cathode:
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The Hubble replacement batteries are produced with a wet slurry process where a binder agent and powdered metallic materials are
17:
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813:
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285:, when its original batteries were changed in May 2009 more than 19 years after launch, led with the highest number of
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150:
31:
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235:, the distinctive virtue of the nickel–hydrogen battery is its long life: the cells handle more than 20,000
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661:
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571:
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Single pressure vessel (SPV) design combines up to 22 cells in series in a single pressure vessel.
169:) pressure. The nickel–hydrogen battery was patented in the United States on February 25, 1971 by
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Validation of
International Space Station electrical performance model via on-orbit telemetry
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Dependent pressure vessel (DPV) cell design offers higher specific energy and reduced cost.
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A lightweight high reliability single battery power system for interplanetary spacecraft
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837:"Potassium hydroxide electrolyte for long-term nickel-hydrogen geosynchronous missions"
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201:
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1080:
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cell stacks in series in a common pressure vessel. The CPV provides a slightly higher
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715:
518:
511:
274:
270:
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1125:
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480:
Compared with other rechargeable batteries, a nickel-hydrogen battery provides good
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324:
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Overview of the design, development, and application of nickel-hydrogen batteries
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A microfabricated nickel-hydrogen battery using thick film printing techniques
824:
771:
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643:
334:
319:(NTS-2). Currently, the major manufacturers of nickel-hydrogen batteries are
120:
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320:
286:
236:
197:
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262:
193:
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530:
Individual pressure vessel (IPV) design consists of a single unit of NiH
1619:
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166:
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History of the battery § Nickel-hydrogen and nickel metal-hydride
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reliability impact upon Hubble Space
Telescope battery replacement
825:
Hermetically sealed nickel-hydrogen storage cell US Patent 3669744
311:
The development of the nickel hydrogen battery started in 1970 at
1650:
637:
1179:
Implantable nickel hydrogen batteries for bio-power applications
814:
Nickel-hydrogen spacecraft battery handling and storage practice
741:
315:
and was used for the first time in 1977 aboard the U.S. Navy's
312:
231:
While the energy density is only around one third as that of a
142:
867:
Optimization of spacecraft electrical power subsystems -Pag.40
784:"A simplified physics-based model for nickel hydrogen battery"
1635:
607:
86:
978:"Nickel-Hydrogen Battery Technology—Development and Status"
225:
1137:
Common/dependent-pressure-vessel nickel-hydrogen
Batteries
141:) is a rechargeable electrochemical power source based on
1670:
457:
393:
510:
at a loading of 7 mg/cm2 and the separator is knit
467:{\displaystyle {\ce {NiOOH + 1/2H2 <=> Ni(OH)2.}}}
228:, the average voltage during discharge is 1.25 V.
213:
66:
555:, positive-to-negative back-to-back stacked in a SPV.
537:
Common pressure vessel (CPV) design consist of two NiH
417:
373:
257:
possess properties which make them attractive for the
767:
765:
365:
1189:
A nickel/hydrogen battery for terrestrial PV systems
1081:
Hubble space telescope servicing mission 4 batteries
1026:
Hubble Space
Telescope Servicing Mission 4 Batteries
951:
Hubble space telescope servicing mission 4 batteries
619:
762:
466:
1153:Nickel-Hydrogen Batteries Principles and Practice
772:Five-year update: nickel hydrogen industry survey
425:
424:
407:
406:
281:are equipped with nickel–hydrogen batteries. The
1693:
1155:, The Aerospace Press, El Segundo, California.
1214:
1008:NTS-2 Nickel-Hydrogen Battery Performance 31
1184:NASA handbook for nickel-hydrogen batteries
882:Cell Characterization for INTELSAT Programs
488:The positive electrode is made up of a dry
1221:
1207:
706:
704:
702:
1228:
157:in gaseous form, stored in a pressurized
1110:Development of a large scale bipolar NiH
732:
730:
728:
333:
722:Chapter 32, "Nickel Hydrogen Batteries"
699:
400:
261:of electrical energy in satellites and
49:Schematics of a nickel-hydrogen battery
14:
1694:
1202:
1092:Nickel hydrogen batteries-an overview
1041:dry sinter and slurry electrode cells
725:
492:porous nickel plaque, which contains
1126:1995–dependent pressure vessel (DPV)
712:Handbook of Batteries Third Edition
521:and heated to boil off the liquid.
151:nickel–metal hydride (NiMH) battery
24:
1145:
1037:Performance comparison between NiH
329:
25:
1718:
1167:
751:NASA/CR—2001-210563/PART2 -Pag.10
710:David Linden, Thomas Reddy (ed.)
682:Timeline of hydrogen technologies
551:Bipolar design is based on thick
317:Navigation technology satellite-2
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737:Spacecraft Power Systems Pag.9
447:
441:
427:
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338:Nickel-hydrogen batteries for
175:Vyacheslav Mikhailovic Sergeev
13:
1:
692:
667:Nickel–metal hydride battery
32:Nickel–metal hydride battery
27:Type of rechargeable battery
7:
662:Comparison of battery types
615:
534:cells in a pressure vessel.
287:charge and discharge cycles
200:of 15 years or more at 80%
107:Charge/discharge efficiency
10:
1723:
1151:Albert H. Zimmerman (ed),
524:
304:
300:
29:
1628:
1600:
1422:
1379:Metal–air electrochemical
1298:
1287:
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1070:Nickel-Hydrogen Batteries
503:utilises a teflon-bonded
321:Eagle-Picher Technologies
114:
106:
93:
73:
54:
42:
179:Boris Ioselevich Tsenter
30:Not to be confused with
630:Renewable energy portal
514:cloth (ZYK-15 Zircar).
181:from the Soviet Union.
131:nickel–hydrogen battery
38:Nickel–hydrogen battery
18:Nickel hydrogen battery
1707:Rechargeable batteries
1681:Semipermeable membrane
1470:Lithium–iron–phosphate
468:
342:
325:Johnson Controls, Inc.
283:Hubble Space Telescope
255:rechargeable batteries
1702:Hydrogen technologies
1552:Rechargeable alkaline
1230:Electrochemical cells
672:Power-to-weight ratio
657:List of battery sizes
652:List of battery types
469:
337:
1532:Nickel–metal hydride
933:Mars Global Surveyor
714:, McGraw-Hill, 2002
363:
279:Mars Global Surveyor
222:open-circuit voltage
171:Alexandr Ilich Kloss
149:. It differs from a
1542:Polysulfide–bromide
1384:Nickel oxyhydroxide
1276:Thermogalvanic cell
459:
413:
395:
265:. For example, the
245:faradaic efficiency
220:220 W/kg. The
190:potassium hydroxide
161:at up to 1200
39:
1305:(non-rechargeable)
1249:Concentration cell
1097:2009-04-12 at the
1056:2008-08-17 at the
1013:2009-08-10 at the
938:2009-08-10 at the
898:2009-02-18 at the
756:2008-12-19 at the
687:Batteries in space
464:
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383:
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202:depth of discharge
37:
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271:Mercury Messenger
241:energy efficiency
127:
126:
16:(Redirected from
1714:
1485:Lithium–titanate
1430:
1306:
1293:
1254:Electric battery
1223:
1216:
1209:
1200:
1199:
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1123:
1117:
1107:
1101:
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1061:
1049:
1043:
1034:
1028:
1023:
1017:
1005:
999:
998:
996:
995:
989:
983:. Archived from
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968:
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953:
948:
942:
930:
924:
919:
913:
908:
902:
890:
884:
875:
869:
864:
858:
857:
855:
854:
848:
842:. Archived from
841:
833:
827:
822:
816:
811:
805:
804:
802:
801:
795:
789:. Archived from
788:
780:
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748:
739:
734:
723:
708:
646:
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640:
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494:nickel hydroxide
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423:
415:
414:
412:
405:
397:
394:
391:
384:
374:
367:
216:, 60 Wh/dm
188:cells using 26%
123:
115:Cycle durability
102:
89:
69:
47:
40:
36:
21:
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1717:
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1517:Nickel–hydrogen
1475:Lithium–polymer
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1146:Further reading
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1099:Wayback Machine
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677:Pressure vessel
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543:specific energy
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496:. The negative
482:specific energy
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330:Characteristics
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233:lithium battery
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56:Specific energy
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1582:Vanadium redox
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1557:Silver–cadmium
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1527:Nickel–lithium
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1512:Nickel–cadmium
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1480:Lithium–sulfur
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1429:(rechargeable)
1425:Secondary cell
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990:on 2009-03-18
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796:on 2016-03-03
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237:charge cycles
234:
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196:have shown a
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19:
1587:Zinc–bromine
1516:
1394:Silver oxide
1329:Chromic acid
1301:Primary cell
1281:Voltaic pile
1259:Flow battery
1152:
1132:
1121:
1105:
1087:
1076:
1065:
1047:
1032:
1021:
1003:
992:. Retrieved
985:the original
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844:the original
831:
820:
809:
798:. Retrieved
791:the original
778:
711:
516:
487:
479:
476:
355:
351:
344:
310:
275:Mars Odyssey
263:space probes
249:
230:
198:service life
192:(KOH) as an
183:
130:
128:
1676:Salt bridge
1661:Electrolyte
1592:Zinc–cerium
1577:Solid state
1562:Silver–zinc
1537:Nickel–zinc
1522:Nickel–iron
1497:Molten salt
1465:Dual carbon
1460:Lithium ion
1455:Lithium–air
1414:Zinc–carbon
1389:Silicon–air
1369:Lithium–air
293:battery in
208:is 75
194:electrolyte
165:(82.7
119:>20,000
1696:Categories
1629:Cell parts
1620:Solar cell
1602:Other cell
1567:Sodium ion
1438:Automotive
994:2012-08-29
853:2008-10-25
800:2008-10-25
693:References
566:Schematics
553:electrodes
289:of any NiH
204:(DOD) The
1666:Half-cell
1656:Electrode
1615:Fuel cell
1492:Metal–air
1443:Lead–acid
1359:Leclanché
1271:Fuel cell
501:electrode
461:⋅
428:⇀
421:−
410:−
403:↽
347:fuel cell
243:and 100%
239:with 85%
1646:Catalyst
1507:Nanowire
1502:Nanopore
1448:gel–VRLA
1409:Zinc–air
1314:Alkaline
1095:Archived
1054:Archived
1011:Archived
936:Archived
911:NASA.gov
896:Archived
754:Archived
616:See also
512:zirconia
508:catalyst
498:hydrogen
490:sintered
277:and the
155:hydrogen
147:hydrogen
101:220 W/kg
1651:Cathode
1404:Zamboni
1374:Mercury
1339:Daniell
1114:battery
525:Designs
301:History
137:or Ni–H
1641:Binder
1399:Weston
1324:Bunsen
1159:
718:
519:molded
340:Hubble
313:Comsat
143:nickel
121:cycles
61:55-75
1636:Anode
1354:Grove
1334:Clark
1237:Types
988:(PDF)
981:(PDF)
847:(PDF)
840:(PDF)
794:(PDF)
787:(PDF)
368:NiOOH
1671:Ions
1157:ISBN
878:Ni-H
716:ISBN
323:and
177:and
159:cell
145:and
133:(NiH
1344:Dry
962:NiH
267:ISS
250:NiH
184:NiH
167:bar
163:psi
110:85%
83:W·h
81:60
63:W·h
1698::
764:^
743:^
727:^
701:^
445:OH
437:Ni
297:.
273:,
269:,
247:.
214:kg
210:Wh
173:,
129:A
67:kg
1222:e
1215:t
1208:v
1163:.
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1060:.
1039:2
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385:H
379:2
376:1
371:+
291:2
252:2
226:V
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186:2
139:2
135:2
99:~
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85:/
79:~
65:/
34:.
20:)
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