663:
352:
391:
1076:
1274:
Latins who prided themselves on possessing the city. There is a debate among scholars regarding the exact timing of the shift in meaning of the word
Hellene. Roderick Beaton, considering the evidence of the usage of the term "Hellenes" in the 12th century, sees the re-evaluation of the term as occurring before the loss of Constantinople in 1204. In addition, unlike Vacalopoulos, Beaton sees not the birth of Greek nationalism, but rather an embryonic "ethnic" awareness, primarily based around language.
66:
960:
1201:. However, these scholars caution that a rise in ethnic consciousness did not affect the official imperial ideology. In the official ideology, the traditional view of Byzantium as the Roman Empire was not overturned, as the usage of the word Rhomaioi for subjects of the Nicene emperors demonstrates. The official ideology of the Nicene Empire was one of reconquest and militarism, which was not to be seen in later 14th-century Palaiologan rhetoric.
3860:
1229:
the wounds of
Theodore, who had himself slain an enemy commander, to those of Christ on the cross. Dimiter Angelov suggests that western crusading ideology may have influenced the development of this view on reconquest, and during this period there is mention that Patriarch Michael IV Autoreianos offered full remission of sins to Nicene troops about to enter battle, a practice almost identical to a western
1268:
In addition, during this period there seems to have been a shift in how the word "Hellene" was used in
Byzantine parlance. Up to this point, "Hellene" had borne a negative connotation and was in particular associated with the remnants of paganism. In this period, however, both the terms "Graikoi" and
1228:
The rhetoric of this period also glorified war and the reconquest of
Constantinople using images not drawn from the Old Testament. For example, in his panegyric of Theodore I Laskaris, Choniates describes a battle with a Seljuk sultan as a battle between Christianity and Islam, rhetorically comparing
1177:
The court of the Nicene state widely used the term "Hellenes" instead of the earlier "Romans" to describe its Greek speaking population. Contemporaries preferred the use of "Hellas" or the adjective "Hellenikon" for the Empire of Nicaea. As such, Emperor
Theodore Laskaris sometimes replaced the terms
1204:
The ideology of 13th-century Nicaea was characterized by belief in the continued significance of
Constantinople and the hope to recapture the city, drawing less on claims of political universalism or Hellenic nationalism than on Old Testament ideas of Jewish providence. The emperor in this period is
1147:
attempted to improve the situation, it was unsuccessful. By c. 1300, nearly the whole of the former Empire of Nicaea had been conquered by the Turks, with only a tiny strip of territory directly opposite
Constantinople clinging on. The final end of Byzantine Asia Minor came with the fall of Bursa in
1273:
in particular exemplifies this new vision of ethnic and religious identity. His letters equate good birth with the purity of his
Hellenistic ancestry, placing more value in his Hellenistic linguistic and ethnic background than in any association with Constantinople, and showing his contempt for the
1156:
The Nicene Empire consisted of
Byzantium's most highly populated Greek region, with the exception of Thrace which was under Latin/Bulgar control. As such, the Empire was able to raise a reasonably numerous military force of around 20,000 soldiers at its height – numbers recorded as participating in
1120:
After 1261, Constantinople once more became the capital of the
Byzantine Empire. The territories of the former Empire of Nicaea were stripped of their wealth, which was used to rebuild Constantinople and to fund numerous wars in Europe against the Latin states and Epirus. Soldiers were transferred
1236:
The Byzantines of the 13th century also drew parallels between the situation of the empire after 1204 and that of Classical Greeks. This evidence has helped to strengthen the view of some scholars, such as A. E. Vacalopoulos, who see these references, combined with a re-evaluation of Byzantium's
1134:
by Michael VIII Palaiologos in 1261 alienated much of the populace against the restored Byzantine Empire at Constantinople. John IV was left behind at Nicaea, and was later blinded on Michael's orders on his eleventh birthday, 25 December 1261. This made him ineligible for the throne, and he was
1280:
notes that the ideology of the period displays the ability of the Byzantines to react and adapt to changing cultural and political circumstances, including exile, and that the ideological developments of this period were, for the most part, cut short and discarded by the restored empire of the
1033:. In 1246, John attacked Bulgaria and recovered most of Thrace and Macedonia, and proceeded to incorporate Thessalonica into his realm. By 1248, John had defeated the Bulgarians and surrounded the Latin Empire. He continued to take land from the Latins until his death in 1254.
1107:
Michael was recognized as emperor a few weeks later, restoring the Byzantine Empire. Part of Achaea was soon recaptured, but Trebizond and Epirus remained independent Byzantine Greek states. The restored empire also faced a new threat from the
1491:, H. C. Darby, C. W. Crawley, C. M. Woodhouse (1967), p. 55: "There in the prosperous city of Nicaea, Theodoros Laskaris, the son in law of a former Byzantine Emperor, establish a court that soon become the Small but reviving Greek empire."
1138:
The subsequent history of the former territory of the Empire of Nicaea is one of gradual conquest by the Turks. After the death of Michael VIII in 1282, Turkish raids turned into permanent settlement and the establishment of Turkish
1099:
spent months observing Constantinople in order to plan his attack. In July 1261, as most of the Latin army was fighting elsewhere, Alexios was able to convince the guards to open the gates of the city. Once inside he burned the
1168:
and his predecessors had fielded. Western Asia Minor had access to the sea, making it wealthier than most of the splinter states around and in time became the most powerful state in the region, if only for a short period.
913:, Theodore defeated a major invasion by the Seljuks, who were backing a bid by Alexios III Angelos to return to power. The losses suffered at Antioch, however, led to a defeat at the hands of the Latin Empire at the
1135:
exiled and imprisoned in a fortress in Bithynia. This action led to the excommunication of Michael VIII Palaiologos by the Patriarch Arsenius Autoreianus, and a later revolt led by a Pseudo-John IV near Nicaea.
1269:"Hellenes" appear to enter into the diplomatic usage of the empire as a form of religious and ethnic self-identification, spurred by a desire to differentiate the empire and its citizens from the Latins.
1472:
by John Arthur Garraty, Peter Gay (1972), p. 454: "The Greek empire in exile at Nicaea proved too strong to be driven out of Asia Minor, and in Epirus another Greek dynasty defied the intruders".
1021:
invaded Seljuk territory to the east of Nicaea, and although John III was worried they might attack him next, they ended up eliminating the Seljuk threat to Nicaea. In 1245, John allied with the
2029:
438:
774:
Constantinople. Thus, the Nicene Empire is seen as a direct continuation of the Byzantine Empire, as it fully assumed the traditional titles and government of the Byzantines in 1205.
691:
2739:
3899:
327:
313:
789:, which declared its independence a few weeks before the Sack of Constantinople in 1204, withdrew all claims to being a continuation of the Byzantine Empire in the
1164:, but without the resources available to the Komnenian emperors the Nicene Byzantines could not match the numbers, nor the quality, of the armies that the emperor
4374:
1652:
Theodoros Laskaris totally avoids the terms Latinoi in his letters and uses Italoi instead, he also replaces the terms Romaioi (Romans) and Greek by Hellenes.
1431:
Theodoros Laskaris totally avoids the terms Latinoi in his letters and uses Italoi instead, he also replaces the terms Romaioi (Romans) and Greek by Hellenes.
4043:
2972:
684:
759:, it was a continuation of the eastern half of the Roman Empire that survived well into the medieval period. A fourth state, known in historiography as the
4379:
1055:
succeeded him, but since he was still a child he was put under the regency of the general Michael Palaiologos. Michael proclaimed himself co-emperor (as
944:. The new patriarch crowned Theodore emperor and established his seat at Theodore's capital, Nicaea. In 1219, he married the daughter of Latin Empress
1952:
940:
In 1205, Theodore assumed the traditional titles of the Byzantine emperors. Three years later, he convoked a church council to elect a new Orthodox
894:. Theodore also defeated an army from Trebizond, as well as other minor rivals, leaving him in charge of the most powerful of the successor states.
1345:
1006:
in 1230. With Trebizond lacking any real power, Nicaea was the only effective Byzantine state left, and John III expanded his territory across the
677:
3892:
1233:. However, the granting of such indulgences was short-lived, and many of the possible crusader influences seem to have dropped off after 1211.
3848:
2202:
2103:
980:
Isaac and Alexios, brothers of Theodore I, seeking the aid of the Latin Empire. Vatatzes prevailed over their combined forces, however, in the
589:
493:
390:
345:
4339:
3536:
2113:
2046:
503:
452:
2061:
2056:
467:
462:
3137:
2123:
2098:
513:
488:
1186:
used in official correspondence with the western world the term: "Graikoi" to describe the local population and "Empire of the Greeks" (
3885:
3488:
3471:
2128:
2108:
1044:
897:
Numerous truces and alliances were formed and broken over the next few years, as the Byzantine successor states, the Latin Empire, the
763:, was established by an army of Crusaders and the Republic of Venice after the capture of Constantinople and the surrounding environs.
518:
498:
318:
65:
4036:
3187:
3033:
3005:
2649:
2641:
2118:
2051:
1914:
Constantinople and the West: Essays on the Late Byzantine (Palaeologan) and Italian Renaissances and the Byzantine and Roman Churches
860:. Nicaea, however, was the closest to the Latin Empire and was in the best position to attempt to re-establish the Byzantine Empire.
790:
508:
457:
3383:
2744:
373:
4329:
3232:
1270:
1242:
3712:
3237:
1237:
classical past, to be the genesis of Greek nationalism. With the loss of Constantinople, this comparison played on the idea of
941:
3636:
2396:
2389:
1945:
1921:
1702:
1675:
1645:
1592:
1454:
1424:
1397:
635:
4029:
3388:
3247:
2535:
1902:
2379:
4354:
3717:
3130:
3818:
2384:
4052:
2881:
1938:
1030:
910:
1837:
Beaton, Roderick. "Antique Nation? 'Hellenes' on the Eve of Greek Independence and in Twelfth-Century Byzantium,"
825:, was proclaimed emperor, but he too, realizing the situation in Constantinople was hopeless, fled to the city of
3853:
3675:
2207:
1975:
1104:
quarter (as Venice was an enemy of Genoa, and had been largely responsible for the capture of the city in 1204).
984:, securing his throne and regaining almost all of the Asian territories held by the Latin Empire in the process.
601:
382:
4107:
1726:
Hellenism in Byzantium : the transformations of Greek identity and the reception of the classical tradition
1194:) as the name of the state. During that time there was a concerted ethnic Greek self-identification initiative.
4344:
3823:
3813:
3685:
3606:
3424:
3292:
2864:
2808:
2729:
2596:
1088:
1083:
to celebrate the liberation of Constantinople from the Latin army, and the restoration of the Byzantine Empire.
914:
17:
3877:
1612:
1366:
1241:
surrounded by barbarians; Choniates equated the Seljuk sultan killed by Theodore I with Xerxes, and patriarch
840:, established by the Crusaders in Constantinople, had poor control over former Byzantine territory, and Greek
4334:
3680:
3670:
3585:
3340:
3125:
1183:
857:
2560:
3754:
3722:
3626:
3335:
3307:
3115:
2654:
1026:
771:
4359:
4273:
3478:
3120:
2967:
2724:
2475:
884:
880:
751:. Like the other Byzantine rump states that formed due to the 1204 fracturing of the empire, such as the
1506:
Original-Fragmente, Chroniken, Inschiften und anderes Materiale zur Geschichte des Kaiserthums Trapezunt
1197:
Some scholars see the Nicene empire period as an indication of rising ethnic Hellenic consciousness and
158:
4242:
3798:
3744:
3483:
3355:
3345:
3045:
2925:
2803:
2734:
2622:
2591:
2434:
2374:
1214:
926:
1748:
A Byzantine government in exile : government and society under the Laskarids of Nicaea, 1204–1261
4384:
4364:
4324:
3658:
3182:
3038:
2823:
2714:
2601:
1144:
615:
4007:
2957:
2709:
2196:
2075:
1322:
1080:
1056:
1011:
995:
582:
472:
242:
206:
1584:
Byzantium and the Rise of Russia: A Study of Byzantino-Russian Relations in the Fourteenth Century
4349:
3975:
3863:
3287:
3013:
2833:
2719:
1855:
1304:
1059:) in 1259, and soon defeated a combined invasion by Manfred, the Despot of Epirus, and the Latin
988:
949:
898:
667:
414:
4021:
3999:
3983:
3788:
3378:
3220:
2664:
2470:
2444:
2439:
2212:
2188:
2184:
2151:
1096:
1060:
999:
782:
770:
family, it lasted from 1204 to 1261, when the Nicenes restored the Byzantine Empire after they
748:
606:
594:
572:
548:
332:
4298:
3506:
3360:
2550:
2460:
2424:
2309:
2039:
2034:
1003:
446:
442:
1121:
from Asia Minor to Europe, leaving the old frontier relatively undefended. Raids by Turkish
1075:
4303:
3749:
3732:
3553:
3312:
3277:
3160:
3097:
3092:
2627:
2570:
1488:
1310:
1258:
1036:
981:
218:
4182:
1640:(in French). Istituto ellenico di studi bizantini e postbizantini di Venezia. p. 33.
1419:(in French). Istituto ellenico di studi bizantini e postbizantini di Venezia. p. 33.
8:
4288:
4283:
4147:
3945:
3937:
2659:
2575:
2565:
2429:
2192:
2180:
2067:
1298:
1262:
1238:
1218:
1178:
Romaioi (Romans) and Graikoi by Hellenes. Emperor Theodore II describes his realm as the
1064:
945:
891:
849:
845:
822:
818:
786:
778:
756:
752:
577:
568:
194:
4117:
553:
4162:
4132:
4102:
3908:
3737:
3727:
3601:
3272:
3155:
3072:
2935:
2287:
2267:
2247:
2237:
2003:
1390:
Faiths Across Time: 5,000 Years of Religious History : 5,000 Years of Religious History
1250:
1230:
1101:
740:
4237:
4207:
3859:
3793:
3698:
3631:
3611:
3579:
3511:
3498:
3419:
3414:
3165:
2930:
2780:
2299:
2252:
2242:
2232:
1917:
1898:
1698:
1671:
1641:
1588:
1450:
1420:
1393:
1254:
1246:
1222:
1198:
1140:
1092:
1048:
1022:
929:. The Nicenes were compensated for this territorial loss when, in 1212, the death of
864:
807:
640:
175:
111:
1563:
4268:
4217:
4197:
4097:
3920:
3663:
3456:
3404:
3350:
3317:
3267:
3060:
3050:
2828:
2516:
2408:
2331:
2314:
2292:
2277:
2262:
1961:
1316:
1131:
1052:
992:
728:
721:
256:
230:
153:
86:
4369:
4172:
4127:
3991:
3808:
3641:
3621:
3616:
3571:
3561:
3521:
3516:
3466:
3461:
3242:
2848:
2765:
2760:
2500:
2490:
2326:
2320:
2304:
2282:
2272:
2257:
1692:
1665:
1635:
1582:
1444:
1414:
1165:
1123:
841:
140:
130:
1884:
4247:
4192:
4092:
3912:
3907:
3646:
3526:
3259:
3018:
2912:
2898:
2697:
2401:
2156:
1888:
1277:
1217:" that guides God's people to the Promised Land, e.g. in a speech delivered by
1187:
1161:
1109:
930:
814:
744:
736:
732:
709:
650:
645:
534:
71:
49:
974:
The accession of Vatatzes was initially challenged by the Laskarids, with the
4318:
4112:
3566:
3443:
3409:
3147:
3082:
3055:
2940:
2555:
2495:
1599:
The Empire of Nicaea, in particular, was seen as the Hellenikon, or as Hellas
976:
868:
630:
1892:
4293:
4222:
4202:
3967:
3958:
3327:
3302:
3282:
3087:
3065:
2920:
2168:
2163:
1997:
1286:
902:
856:. Trebizond had broken away as an independent state a few weeks before the
837:
760:
543:
538:
408:
1930:
959:
115:
4232:
4212:
4142:
4122:
3828:
3803:
3297:
3107:
2874:
2480:
2465:
1282:
998:, who crowned himself emperor in rivalry to Vatatzes and established the
934:
922:
887:, because Henry was recalled to Europe to defend against invasions from
4167:
4072:
3102:
2962:
2952:
2785:
2775:
2485:
1510:
Abhandlungen der historischen Classe der königlich bayerischen Akademie
1007:
876:
724:
82:
1265:
and proceeded to extol the martial values of contemporary "Hellenes".
1002:. It proved short-lived, as it came under Bulgarian control after the
909:(whose territory also bordered Nicaea) fought each other. In 1211, at
4227:
4137:
3651:
3531:
3023:
2891:
2838:
2770:
1724:. Cambridge: University Press, 2007. p. 95 Also Kaldellis, Anthony.
1210:
1091:
itself, which his predecessors had been unable to do. He allied with
1014:, allowing him to extend his influence over Thessalonica and Epirus.
810:
433:
4187:
4177:
4152:
4087:
4082:
3177:
3077:
3028:
2886:
2818:
2606:
1780:
Angold, Michael. "Byzantine 'Nationalism' and the Nicaean Empire."
1340:
1335:
872:
830:
785:, but was forced to renounce its claim by the Nicenes in 1242. The
767:
168:
100:
4252:
4157:
4051:
3543:
3429:
3370:
2869:
2843:
2521:
1018:
906:
871:) in 1204. But Theodore was able to capture much of northwestern
148:
105:
1826:
The Origins of the Greek Nation:the Byzantine Period (1204–1461)
1722:
Imperial ideology and political thought in Byzantium (1204–1330)
1127:
were left unchecked, and the frontier was increasingly overrun.
1047:
between Nicaea and Epirus broke out in 1257. Epirus allied with
4077:
3172:
2947:
2813:
1040:
968:
853:
826:
96:
1716:
1714:
1206:
964:
918:
4067:
3451:
1897:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 543–568.
1894:
The New Cambridge Medieval History, Volume 5, c.1198–c.1300
1564:"Chapter 2, Greek Ethnic Survival Under Ottoman Domination"
1480:
1478:
948:, but he died in 1221 and was succeeded by his son-in-law,
888:
1711:
1543:
394:
Territorial development of the Byzantine Empire (330–1453)
1670:. Macmillan International Higher Education. p. 140.
1039:, John III's son, faced invasions from the Bulgarians in
1526:
The Lascarids of Nicaea: The Story of an Empire in Exile
1475:
1528:, 1912, (Amsterdam: Adolf M. Hakkert, 1964), pp. 75–78
863:
Theodore Laskaris was not immediately successful, as
1531:
1613:"Byzantine Culture in Late Mediaeval Greek States"
1515:(1844), abth. 1, pp. 11; German translation, p. 41
1485:A Short history of Greece from early times to 1964
1367:"Byzantine Culture in Late Mediaeval Greek States"
1610:
1364:
1325:(co-emperor 1259–1261; restored Byzantine Empire)
1143:on former Byzantine territory. While the emperor
4316:
1856:"Byzantine 'Nationalism' and the Nicaean Empire"
1694:Byzantine Art and Diplomacy in an Age of Decline
1633:
1412:
1346:Family trees of the Byzantine imperial dynasties
1130:The usurpation of the legitimate Laskarid ruler
70:The Empire of Nicaea in 1204, shortly after the
1876:
1767:
1765:
1157:its numerous wars against the Crusader states.
2321:Spain (Iberian Peninsula and Balearic Islands)
1750:. London: Oxford University Press, 1975. p. 13
1070:
346:Byzantine Empire under the Palaiologos dynasty
4375:States and territories disestablished in 1261
4037:
3893:
1946:
1289:returned to the ideology of earlier periods.
1043:, but successfully defended the territory. A
685:
1762:
1261:compared his father's victories to those of
1148:1326, Nicaea in 1331 and Nicomedia in 1337.
1960:
1911:
1634:Maltezou, Chryssa; Schreine, Peter (2002).
1587:. Cambridge University Press. p. 100.
1549:
1413:Maltezou, Chryssa; Schreine, Peter (2002).
781:contested the claim in 1224 and became the
39:
4380:States and territories established in 1204
4044:
4030:
3900:
3886:
1953:
1939:
1697:. Cambridge University Press. p. 84.
1580:
1160:The Nicenes continued some aspects of the
1112:, when they arose to replace the Seljuks.
867:defeated him at Poimanenon and Prusa (now
692:
678:
319:Byzantine Empire under the Angelos dynasty
64:
1637:Bisanzio, Venezia e il mondo franco-greco
1446:History of the Byzantine Empire, 324–1453
1416:Bisanzio, Venezia e il mondo franco-greco
1172:
933:allowed their annexation of his lands in
1690:
1663:
1449:. Univ of Wisconsin Press. p. 546.
1442:
1341:Vatatzes dynasty and related family tree
1336:Laskaris dynasty and related family tree
1074:
958:
27:1204–61 post-Byzantine Empire rump state
3209:
1271:Patriarch Germanus II of Constantinople
14:
4317:
1882:
1561:
1537:
1387:
4025:
3881:
3777:
3208:
2993:
2685:
2352:
1973:
1934:
844:of the Byzantine Empire sprang up in
4340:13th century in the Byzantine Empire
2994:
1728:. Cambridge: University Press, 2007.
2696:
1611:Stavridou-Zafraka, Alkmeni (2015).
1365:Stavridou-Zafraka, Alkmeni (2015).
24:
3909:Successors of the Byzantine Empire
1863:Byzantine and Modern Greek Studies
1839:Byzantine and Modern Greek Studies
1782:Byzantine and Modern Greek Studies
727:founded by the aristocracy of the
389:
25:
4396:
3819:Greek scholars in the Renaissance
1916:. University of Wisconsin Press.
1470:The Columbia history of the world
4053:States in late medieval Anatolia
3858:
747:, a military event known as the
661:
350:
325:
311:
2208:Decline of the Byzantine Empire
2030:Constantinian–Valentinianic era
1912:Geanakoplos, Deno John (1989).
1848:
1831:
1818:
1809:
1800:
1791:
1774:
1753:
1740:
1731:
1684:
1657:
1627:
1604:
1574:
1555:
1443:Vasiliev, Alexander A. (1952).
1051:when Theodore II died in 1258.
602:Decline of the Byzantine Empire
439:Constantinian–Valentinianic era
383:History of the Byzantine Empire
4330:1261 disestablishments in Asia
3293:Great Palace of Constantinople
3034:Patriarchate of Constantinople
2353:
1518:
1494:
1463:
1436:
1406:
1381:
1358:
963:Nicaea city wall, Lefke gate;
817:invaded the city. Soon after,
811:Alexios V Doukas Mourtzouphlos
13:
1:
1089:the assault on Constantinople
801:
720:was the largest of the three
3755:University of Constantinople
3336:Arch of Galerius and Rotunda
2686:
2486:Chartoularios tou vestiariou
2175:Byzantine successor states (
1877:General and cited references
1691:Hilsdale, Cecily J. (2014).
1351:
1115:
1027:Constance II of Hohenstaufen
954:
821:, the son-in-law of Emperor
7:
4274:Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia
3425:Saint Catherine's Monastery
2481:Chartoularios tou sakelliou
2476:Logothetes tou stratiotikou
1974:
1664:Doumanis, Nicholas (2009).
1329:
1292:
1151:
1071:Recapture of Constantinople
942:patriarch of Constantinople
668:Byzantine Empire portal
560:Byzantine successor states
10:
4401:
3814:Neo-Byzantine architecture
3778:
2435:Comes sacrarum largitionum
1568:ScholarWorks@UMass Amherst
1388:Melton, J. Gordon (2014).
1010:. In 1235, he allied with
813:fled Constantinople after
796:
4355:History of Bursa Province
4261:
4060:
3957:
3919:
3841:
3784:
3773:
3694:
3594:
3552:
3497:
3442:
3397:
3384:Sant'Apollinare in Classe
3369:
3326:
3258:
3228:
3219:
3215:
3204:
3146:
3004:
3000:
2989:
2911:
2857:
2796:
2753:
2705:
2692:
2681:
2640:
2615:
2584:
2543:
2534:
2509:
2453:
2417:
2370:
2363:
2359:
2348:
2221:
2137:
2084:
2015:
1986:
1982:
1969:
1581:Meyendorff, John (2010).
1392:. ABC-CLIO. p. 800.
1191:
713:
290:
286:
276:
266:
262:
252:
248:
236:
224:
212:
200:
188:
184:
174:
164:
147:
136:
126:
92:
78:
63:
58:
40:
34:
4008:Duchy of the Archipelago
2958:Droungarios of the Fleet
1883:Angold, Michael (1999).
1854:Angold, Michael (1975).
1323:Michael VIII Palaiologos
1305:John III Doukas Vatatzes
1257:. In much the same way,
1245:recalled the victory of
1081:Michael VIII Palaiologos
1012:Ivan Asen II of Bulgaria
996:Theodore Komnenos Doukas
950:John III Doukas Vatatzes
925:coast in the subsequent
917:and the loss of most of
879:defeat of Latin Emperor
743:armed forces during the
481:Middle period (717–1204)
243:Michael VIII Palaiologos
207:John III Doukas Vatatzes
3976:Kingdom of Thessalonica
3472:Early Byzantine mosaics
2834:Domestic of the Schools
1859:(subscription required)
1504:, ch. 1. Greek text in
1205:frequently compared to
1087:In 1260, Michael began
989:Kingdom of Thessalonica
527:Late period (1204–1453)
4000:Triarchy of Negroponte
3984:Principality of Achaea
3789:Byzantine commonwealth
2551:Praetorian prefectures
2471:Logothetes tou genikou
2445:Quaestor sacri palatii
2440:Comes rerum privatarum
2213:Fall of Constantinople
2152:Sack of Constantinople
1828:(New Brunswick, 1970).
1562:Bialor, Perry (2008).
1173:Ideology and Hellenism
1097:Alexios Strategopoulos
1084:
1000:Empire of Thessalonica
971:
911:Antioch on the Meander
858:fall of Constantinople
783:Empire of Thessalonica
749:Sack of Constantinople
607:Fall of Constantinople
595:Despotate of the Morea
549:Principality of Achaea
426:Early period (330–717)
395:
333:Empire of Thessalonica
278:• Disestablished
4345:Byzantine rump states
4299:Philaretos Brachamios
3489:Komnenian renaissance
3484:Macedonian period art
3389:Sant'Apollinare Nuovo
3361:Walls of Thessaloniki
2461:Logothetes tou dromou
2076:Twenty Years' Anarchy
2040:Valentinianic dynasty
2035:Constantinian dynasty
1249:as another battle of
1078:
1004:Battle of Klokotnitsa
962:
473:Twenty Years' Anarchy
447:Valentinianic dynasty
443:Constantinian dynasty
393:
127:Common languages
4335:13th century in Asia
3686:Units of measurement
3420:Panagia Gorgoepikoos
3313:Pammakaristos Church
3161:Corpus Juris Civilis
3112:Missionary activity
2571:Exarchate of Ravenna
2397:Imperial bureaucracy
1885:"Byzantium in exile"
1824:A. E. Vacalopoulos,
1311:Theodore II Laskaris
1259:Theodore II Laskaris
1192:Βασιλεία των Γραικών
1037:Theodore II Laskaris
991:was captured by the
982:Battle of Poimanenon
885:Battle of Adrianople
219:Theodore II Laskaris
4289:Knights Hospitaller
4284:Empire of Trebizond
3946:Despotate of Epirus
3938:Empire of Trebizond
3210:Culture and society
3073:Ecumenical councils
2576:Exarchate of Africa
2566:Quaestura exercitus
2430:Magister officiorum
2425:Praetorian prefects
2068:Byzantine Dark Ages
1737:Angelov, pp. 99–101
1667:A History of Greece
1500:Michael Panaretos,
1299:Theodore I Laskaris
1263:Alexander the Great
1219:Theodore I Laskaris
1065:Battle of Pelagonia
987:In 1224, the Latin
946:Yolanda of Flanders
927:Treaty of Nymphaeum
892:Kaloyan of Bulgaria
823:Alexios III Angelos
819:Theodore I Laskaris
787:Empire of Trebizond
779:Despotate of Epirus
757:Despotate of Epirus
753:Empire of Trebizond
268:• Established
195:Theodore I Laskaris
4360:Byzantine Anatolia
4163:Kadi Burhan al-Din
3627:Flags and insignia
3273:Baths of Zeuxippus
3156:Codex Theodosianus
3046:Oriental Orthodoxy
2004:Later Roman Empire
1815:Angelov, pp. 96–97
1720:Angelov, Dimiter.
1231:plenary indulgence
1213:, or even as the "
1095:, and his general
1085:
972:
396:
4312:
4311:
4019:
4018:
4012:
4004:
3996:
3988:
3980:
3972:
3950:
3942:
3934:
3875:
3874:
3837:
3836:
3794:Byzantine studies
3769:
3768:
3765:
3764:
3580:Alexander Romance
3438:
3437:
3415:Nea Moni of Chios
3278:Blachernae Palace
3200:
3199:
3196:
3195:
3166:Code of Justinian
3014:Eastern Orthodoxy
2985:
2984:
2981:
2980:
2907:
2906:
2781:Scholae Palatinae
2677:
2676:
2673:
2672:
2642:Foreign relations
2636:
2635:
2530:
2529:
2344:
2343:
2340:
2339:
2143:(1204–1453)
1923:978-0-299-11884-6
1845:(2007), pp. 76–95
1746:Angold, Michael.
1704:978-1-107-72938-4
1677:978-1-137-01367-5
1647:978-960-7743-22-0
1594:978-0-521-13533-7
1456:978-0-299-80926-3
1426:978-960-7743-22-0
1399:978-1-61069-026-3
1247:John III Vatatzes
1223:Niketas Choniates
1199:Greek nationalism
1049:Manfred of Sicily
1023:Holy Roman Empire
865:Henry of Flanders
808:Byzantine emperor
702:
701:
366:
365:
362:
361:
358:
357:
338:
337:
238:• 1259–1261
226:• 1258–1261
214:• 1254–1258
202:• 1222–1254
190:• 1204–1222
16:(Redirected from
4392:
4385:Christian states
4365:Laskarid dynasty
4325:Empire of Nicaea
4279:Empire of Nicaea
4269:Byzantine Empire
4262:Christian states
4218:Sultanate of Rum
4046:
4039:
4032:
4023:
4022:
4010:
4002:
3994:
3986:
3978:
3970:
3948:
3940:
3932:
3930:Empire of Nicaea
3902:
3895:
3888:
3879:
3878:
3862:
3775:
3774:
3718:Imperial Library
3664:Byzantine Greeks
3405:Daphni Monastery
3356:Panagia Chalkeon
3351:Hagios Demetrios
3318:Prison of Anemas
3268:Basilica Cistern
3226:
3225:
3217:
3216:
3206:
3205:
3061:West Syriac Rite
3051:Alexandrian Rite
3002:
3001:
2995:Religion and law
2991:
2990:
2926:Maritime themata
2882:Palaiologan army
2735:Military manuals
2703:
2702:
2694:
2693:
2683:
2682:
2541:
2540:
2517:Megas logothetes
2368:
2367:
2361:
2360:
2350:
2349:
2223:By modern region
2144:
2091:
2090:(717–1204)
2022:
1984:
1983:
1971:
1970:
1962:Byzantine Empire
1955:
1948:
1941:
1932:
1931:
1927:
1908:
1904:978-1-13905573-4
1870:
1860:
1852:
1846:
1835:
1829:
1822:
1816:
1813:
1807:
1804:
1798:
1795:
1789:
1788:(1975) pp. 51–52
1778:
1772:
1769:
1760:
1757:
1751:
1744:
1738:
1735:
1729:
1718:
1709:
1708:
1688:
1682:
1681:
1661:
1655:
1654:
1631:
1625:
1624:
1608:
1602:
1601:
1578:
1572:
1571:
1559:
1553:
1550:Geanakoplos 1989
1547:
1541:
1535:
1529:
1524:Alice Gardiner,
1522:
1516:
1498:
1492:
1482:
1473:
1467:
1461:
1460:
1440:
1434:
1433:
1410:
1404:
1403:
1385:
1379:
1378:
1362:
1317:John IV Laskaris
1193:
1132:John IV Laskaris
1061:Prince of Achaea
1053:John IV Laskaris
993:Despot of Epirus
899:Bulgarian Empire
842:successor states
737:Western European
735:was occupied by
729:Byzantine Empire
715:
714:Βασιλεία Ῥωμαίων
706:Empire of Nicaea
694:
687:
680:
666:
665:
664:
368:
367:
354:
353:
342:
341:
329:
328:
315:
314:
308:
307:
292:
291:
257:High Middle Ages
231:John IV Laskaris
87:Byzantine Empire
68:
53:
45:
44:
41:Βασιλεία Ῥωμαίων
36:Empire of Nicaea
32:
31:
21:
4400:
4399:
4395:
4394:
4393:
4391:
4390:
4389:
4315:
4314:
4313:
4308:
4304:Zaccaria family
4257:
4056:
4050:
4020:
4015:
3992:Duchy of Athens
3953:
3915:
3906:
3876:
3871:
3868:
3833:
3809:Cyrillic script
3780:
3761:
3706:
3690:
3590:
3572:Digenes Akritas
3548:
3493:
3434:
3398:Other locations
3393:
3365:
3322:
3254:
3243:Cross-in-square
3211:
3192:
3142:
2996:
2977:
2903:
2853:
2849:Varangian Guard
2792:
2766:East Roman army
2761:Late Roman army
2749:
2688:
2669:
2632:
2611:
2580:
2526:
2505:
2501:Epi ton deeseon
2491:Epi tou eidikou
2449:
2413:
2355:
2336:
2323:
2226:
2224:
2217:
2203:Palaiologan era
2145:
2142:
2133:
2104:Nikephorian era
2092:
2089:
2080:
2023:
2021:(330–717)
2020:
2011:
1991:
1978:
1965:
1959:
1924:
1905:
1889:Abulafia, David
1879:
1874:
1873:
1858:
1853:
1849:
1836:
1832:
1823:
1819:
1814:
1810:
1805:
1801:
1796:
1792:
1779:
1775:
1771:Angelov, p. 100
1770:
1763:
1758:
1754:
1745:
1741:
1736:
1732:
1719:
1712:
1705:
1689:
1685:
1678:
1662:
1658:
1648:
1632:
1628:
1609:
1605:
1595:
1579:
1575:
1560:
1556:
1548:
1544:
1536:
1532:
1523:
1519:
1499:
1495:
1483:
1476:
1468:
1464:
1457:
1441:
1437:
1427:
1411:
1407:
1400:
1386:
1382:
1363:
1359:
1354:
1332:
1295:
1175:
1154:
1118:
1079:Coin issued by
1073:
977:sebastokratores
957:
915:Rhyndacus River
804:
799:
766:Founded by the
731:that fled when
722:Byzantine Greek
698:
662:
660:
655:
590:Palaiologan era
494:Nikephorian era
377:
351:
326:
312:
279:
269:
239:
227:
215:
203:
191:
156:
141:Greek Orthodoxy
131:Byzantine Greek
110:
74:
54:
47:
42:
37:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4398:
4388:
4387:
4382:
4377:
4372:
4367:
4362:
4357:
4352:
4350:Former empires
4347:
4342:
4337:
4332:
4327:
4310:
4309:
4307:
4306:
4301:
4296:
4291:
4286:
4281:
4276:
4271:
4265:
4263:
4259:
4258:
4256:
4255:
4250:
4245:
4240:
4235:
4230:
4225:
4220:
4215:
4210:
4205:
4200:
4195:
4193:Ottoman Empire
4190:
4185:
4180:
4175:
4170:
4165:
4160:
4155:
4150:
4145:
4140:
4135:
4130:
4125:
4120:
4115:
4110:
4105:
4100:
4095:
4093:Candaroğulları
4090:
4085:
4080:
4075:
4070:
4064:
4062:
4058:
4057:
4049:
4048:
4041:
4034:
4026:
4017:
4016:
4014:
4013:
4005:
3997:
3989:
3981:
3973:
3964:
3962:
3955:
3954:
3952:
3951:
3943:
3935:
3926:
3924:
3917:
3916:
3913:Fourth Crusade
3905:
3904:
3897:
3890:
3882:
3873:
3872:
3870:
3869:
3867:
3866:
3856:
3851:
3845:
3842:
3839:
3838:
3835:
3834:
3832:
3831:
3826:
3821:
3816:
3811:
3806:
3801:
3796:
3791:
3785:
3782:
3781:
3771:
3770:
3767:
3766:
3763:
3762:
3760:
3759:
3758:
3757:
3747:
3742:
3741:
3740:
3730:
3725:
3720:
3715:
3709:
3707:
3705:
3704:
3701:
3695:
3692:
3691:
3689:
3688:
3683:
3678:
3673:
3668:
3667:
3666:
3656:
3655:
3654:
3649:
3639:
3634:
3629:
3624:
3619:
3614:
3609:
3604:
3598:
3596:
3592:
3591:
3589:
3588:
3583:
3576:
3575:
3574:
3564:
3558:
3556:
3550:
3549:
3547:
3546:
3541:
3540:
3539:
3534:
3529:
3519:
3514:
3509:
3503:
3501:
3495:
3494:
3492:
3491:
3486:
3481:
3476:
3475:
3474:
3464:
3459:
3454:
3448:
3446:
3440:
3439:
3436:
3435:
3433:
3432:
3427:
3422:
3417:
3412:
3407:
3401:
3399:
3395:
3394:
3392:
3391:
3386:
3381:
3375:
3373:
3367:
3366:
3364:
3363:
3358:
3353:
3348:
3343:
3341:Byzantine Bath
3338:
3332:
3330:
3324:
3323:
3321:
3320:
3315:
3310:
3305:
3300:
3295:
3290:
3285:
3280:
3275:
3270:
3264:
3262:
3260:Constantinople
3256:
3255:
3253:
3252:
3251:
3250:
3245:
3235:
3229:
3223:
3213:
3212:
3202:
3201:
3198:
3197:
3194:
3193:
3191:
3190:
3185:
3180:
3175:
3170:
3169:
3168:
3158:
3152:
3150:
3144:
3143:
3141:
3140:
3135:
3134:
3133:
3128:
3123:
3118:
3110:
3105:
3100:
3095:
3090:
3085:
3080:
3075:
3070:
3069:
3068:
3063:
3058:
3053:
3043:
3042:
3041:
3036:
3031:
3026:
3021:
3019:Byzantine Rite
3010:
3008:
2998:
2997:
2987:
2986:
2983:
2982:
2979:
2978:
2976:
2975:
2970:
2965:
2960:
2955:
2950:
2945:
2944:
2943:
2938:
2933:
2923:
2917:
2915:
2909:
2908:
2905:
2904:
2902:
2901:
2899:Grand domestic
2896:
2895:
2894:
2889:
2879:
2878:
2877:
2872:
2865:Komnenian army
2861:
2859:
2855:
2854:
2852:
2851:
2846:
2841:
2836:
2831:
2826:
2821:
2816:
2811:
2806:
2800:
2798:
2794:
2793:
2791:
2790:
2789:
2788:
2783:
2778:
2773:
2763:
2757:
2755:
2751:
2750:
2748:
2747:
2742:
2740:Military units
2737:
2732:
2727:
2722:
2717:
2712:
2710:Battle tactics
2706:
2700:
2690:
2689:
2679:
2678:
2675:
2674:
2671:
2670:
2668:
2667:
2662:
2657:
2652:
2646:
2644:
2638:
2637:
2634:
2633:
2631:
2630:
2625:
2619:
2617:
2613:
2612:
2610:
2609:
2604:
2599:
2594:
2588:
2586:
2582:
2581:
2579:
2578:
2573:
2568:
2563:
2558:
2553:
2547:
2545:
2538:
2532:
2531:
2528:
2527:
2525:
2524:
2519:
2513:
2511:
2507:
2506:
2504:
2503:
2498:
2493:
2488:
2483:
2478:
2473:
2468:
2463:
2457:
2455:
2451:
2450:
2448:
2447:
2442:
2437:
2432:
2427:
2421:
2419:
2415:
2414:
2412:
2411:
2406:
2405:
2404:
2402:Medieval Greek
2394:
2393:
2392:
2387:
2382:
2371:
2365:
2357:
2356:
2346:
2345:
2342:
2341:
2338:
2337:
2335:
2334:
2329:
2324:
2319:
2317:
2312:
2307:
2302:
2297:
2296:
2295:
2290:
2280:
2275:
2270:
2265:
2260:
2255:
2250:
2245:
2240:
2235:
2229:
2227:
2222:
2219:
2218:
2216:
2215:
2210:
2205:
2200:
2173:
2172:
2171:
2161:
2160:
2159:
2157:Fourth Crusade
2148:
2146:
2138:
2135:
2134:
2132:
2131:
2126:
2121:
2116:
2114:Macedonian era
2111:
2106:
2101:
2095:
2093:
2085:
2082:
2081:
2079:
2078:
2073:
2072:
2071:
2059:
2054:
2049:
2047:Theodosian era
2044:
2043:
2042:
2037:
2026:
2024:
2016:
2013:
2012:
2010:
2009:
2008:
2007:
1994:
1992:
1987:
1980:
1979:
1967:
1966:
1958:
1957:
1950:
1943:
1935:
1929:
1928:
1922:
1909:
1903:
1878:
1875:
1872:
1871:
1847:
1830:
1817:
1808:
1806:Angelov, p. 97
1799:
1790:
1773:
1761:
1759:Angelov, p. 99
1752:
1739:
1730:
1710:
1703:
1683:
1676:
1656:
1646:
1626:
1603:
1593:
1573:
1554:
1552:, p. 173.
1542:
1540:, p. 547.
1530:
1517:
1493:
1489:W. A. Heurtley
1474:
1462:
1455:
1435:
1425:
1405:
1398:
1380:
1356:
1355:
1353:
1350:
1349:
1348:
1343:
1338:
1331:
1328:
1327:
1326:
1320:
1314:
1308:
1302:
1294:
1291:
1278:Michael Angold
1215:Pillar of Fire
1174:
1171:
1162:Komnenian army
1153:
1150:
1117:
1114:
1072:
1069:
1029:, daughter of
956:
953:
931:David Komnenos
803:
800:
798:
795:
791:Treaty of 1282
745:Fourth Crusade
733:Constantinople
700:
699:
697:
696:
689:
682:
674:
671:
670:
657:
656:
654:
653:
648:
643:
638:
633:
627:
624:
623:
619:
618:
612:
611:
610:
609:
604:
599:
598:
597:
587:
586:
585:
580:
575:
566:
558:
557:
556:
551:
546:
535:Fourth Crusade
529:
528:
524:
523:
522:
521:
516:
511:
506:
504:Macedonian era
501:
496:
491:
483:
482:
478:
477:
476:
475:
470:
465:
460:
455:
453:Theodosian era
450:
436:
428:
427:
423:
422:
421:
420:
419:
418:
403:
402:
398:
397:
386:
385:
379:
378:
371:
364:
363:
360:
359:
356:
355:
348:
339:
336:
335:
330:
322:
321:
316:
304:
303:
298:
288:
287:
284:
283:
280:
277:
274:
273:
270:
267:
264:
263:
260:
259:
254:
253:Historical era
250:
249:
246:
245:
240:
237:
234:
233:
228:
225:
222:
221:
216:
213:
210:
209:
204:
201:
198:
197:
192:
189:
186:
185:
182:
181:
178:
172:
171:
166:
162:
161:
151:
145:
144:
138:
134:
133:
128:
124:
123:
94:
90:
89:
80:
76:
75:
72:Fourth Crusade
69:
61:
60:
56:
55:
38:
35:
26:
18:Nicaean Empire
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4397:
4386:
4383:
4381:
4378:
4376:
4373:
4371:
4368:
4366:
4363:
4361:
4358:
4356:
4353:
4351:
4348:
4346:
4343:
4341:
4338:
4336:
4333:
4331:
4328:
4326:
4323:
4322:
4320:
4305:
4302:
4300:
4297:
4295:
4292:
4290:
4287:
4285:
4282:
4280:
4277:
4275:
4272:
4270:
4267:
4266:
4264:
4260:
4254:
4251:
4249:
4246:
4244:
4241:
4239:
4236:
4234:
4231:
4229:
4226:
4224:
4221:
4219:
4216:
4214:
4211:
4209:
4206:
4204:
4201:
4199:
4196:
4194:
4191:
4189:
4186:
4184:
4181:
4179:
4176:
4174:
4171:
4169:
4166:
4164:
4161:
4159:
4156:
4154:
4151:
4149:
4146:
4144:
4141:
4139:
4136:
4134:
4131:
4129:
4126:
4124:
4121:
4119:
4116:
4114:
4113:Danishmendids
4111:
4109:
4108:Çubukoğulları
4106:
4104:
4101:
4099:
4096:
4094:
4091:
4089:
4086:
4084:
4081:
4079:
4076:
4074:
4071:
4069:
4066:
4065:
4063:
4061:Muslim states
4059:
4054:
4047:
4042:
4040:
4035:
4033:
4028:
4027:
4024:
4009:
4006:
4001:
3998:
3993:
3990:
3985:
3982:
3977:
3974:
3969:
3966:
3965:
3963:
3960:
3956:
3947:
3944:
3939:
3936:
3931:
3928:
3927:
3925:
3922:
3918:
3914:
3910:
3903:
3898:
3896:
3891:
3889:
3884:
3883:
3880:
3865:
3861:
3857:
3855:
3852:
3850:
3847:
3846:
3844:
3843:
3840:
3830:
3827:
3825:
3822:
3820:
3817:
3815:
3812:
3810:
3807:
3805:
3802:
3800:
3797:
3795:
3792:
3790:
3787:
3786:
3783:
3776:
3772:
3756:
3753:
3752:
3751:
3748:
3746:
3743:
3739:
3736:
3735:
3734:
3731:
3729:
3726:
3724:
3721:
3719:
3716:
3714:
3713:Encyclopedias
3711:
3710:
3708:
3702:
3700:
3697:
3696:
3693:
3687:
3684:
3682:
3679:
3677:
3674:
3672:
3669:
3665:
3662:
3661:
3660:
3657:
3653:
3650:
3648:
3645:
3644:
3643:
3640:
3638:
3637:Hellenization
3635:
3633:
3630:
3628:
3625:
3623:
3620:
3618:
3615:
3613:
3610:
3608:
3605:
3603:
3600:
3599:
3597:
3595:Everyday life
3593:
3587:
3584:
3582:
3581:
3577:
3573:
3570:
3569:
3568:
3567:Acritic songs
3565:
3563:
3560:
3559:
3557:
3555:
3551:
3545:
3542:
3538:
3535:
3533:
3530:
3528:
3525:
3524:
3523:
3520:
3518:
3515:
3513:
3510:
3508:
3505:
3504:
3502:
3500:
3496:
3490:
3487:
3485:
3482:
3480:
3477:
3473:
3470:
3469:
3468:
3465:
3463:
3460:
3458:
3455:
3453:
3450:
3449:
3447:
3445:
3441:
3431:
3428:
3426:
3423:
3421:
3418:
3416:
3413:
3411:
3410:Hosios Loukas
3408:
3406:
3403:
3402:
3400:
3396:
3390:
3387:
3385:
3382:
3380:
3377:
3376:
3374:
3372:
3368:
3362:
3359:
3357:
3354:
3352:
3349:
3347:
3344:
3342:
3339:
3337:
3334:
3333:
3331:
3329:
3325:
3319:
3316:
3314:
3311:
3309:
3306:
3304:
3301:
3299:
3296:
3294:
3291:
3289:
3286:
3284:
3281:
3279:
3276:
3274:
3271:
3269:
3266:
3265:
3263:
3261:
3257:
3249:
3246:
3244:
3241:
3240:
3239:
3236:
3234:
3231:
3230:
3227:
3224:
3222:
3218:
3214:
3207:
3203:
3189:
3186:
3184:
3181:
3179:
3176:
3174:
3171:
3167:
3164:
3163:
3162:
3159:
3157:
3154:
3153:
3151:
3149:
3145:
3139:
3136:
3132:
3129:
3127:
3124:
3122:
3119:
3117:
3114:
3113:
3111:
3109:
3106:
3104:
3101:
3099:
3096:
3094:
3091:
3089:
3086:
3084:
3083:Monophysitism
3081:
3079:
3076:
3074:
3071:
3067:
3064:
3062:
3059:
3057:
3056:Armenian Rite
3054:
3052:
3049:
3048:
3047:
3044:
3040:
3037:
3035:
3032:
3030:
3027:
3025:
3022:
3020:
3017:
3016:
3015:
3012:
3011:
3009:
3007:
3003:
2999:
2992:
2988:
2974:
2973:Naval battles
2971:
2969:
2966:
2964:
2961:
2959:
2956:
2954:
2951:
2949:
2946:
2942:
2939:
2937:
2934:
2932:
2929:
2928:
2927:
2924:
2922:
2919:
2918:
2916:
2914:
2910:
2900:
2897:
2893:
2890:
2888:
2885:
2884:
2883:
2880:
2876:
2873:
2871:
2868:
2867:
2866:
2863:
2862:
2860:
2856:
2850:
2847:
2845:
2842:
2840:
2837:
2835:
2832:
2830:
2827:
2825:
2822:
2820:
2817:
2815:
2812:
2810:
2807:
2805:
2802:
2801:
2799:
2795:
2787:
2784:
2782:
2779:
2777:
2774:
2772:
2769:
2768:
2767:
2764:
2762:
2759:
2758:
2756:
2752:
2746:
2743:
2741:
2738:
2736:
2733:
2731:
2728:
2726:
2723:
2721:
2718:
2716:
2713:
2711:
2708:
2707:
2704:
2701:
2699:
2695:
2691:
2684:
2680:
2666:
2663:
2661:
2658:
2656:
2653:
2651:
2648:
2647:
2645:
2643:
2639:
2629:
2626:
2624:
2621:
2620:
2618:
2614:
2608:
2605:
2603:
2600:
2598:
2595:
2593:
2590:
2589:
2587:
2583:
2577:
2574:
2572:
2569:
2567:
2564:
2562:
2559:
2557:
2554:
2552:
2549:
2548:
2546:
2542:
2539:
2537:
2533:
2523:
2520:
2518:
2515:
2514:
2512:
2508:
2502:
2499:
2497:
2496:Protasekretis
2494:
2492:
2489:
2487:
2484:
2482:
2479:
2477:
2474:
2472:
2469:
2467:
2464:
2462:
2459:
2458:
2456:
2452:
2446:
2443:
2441:
2438:
2436:
2433:
2431:
2428:
2426:
2423:
2422:
2420:
2416:
2410:
2407:
2403:
2400:
2399:
2398:
2395:
2391:
2388:
2386:
2383:
2381:
2378:
2377:
2376:
2373:
2372:
2369:
2366:
2362:
2358:
2351:
2347:
2333:
2330:
2328:
2325:
2322:
2318:
2316:
2313:
2311:
2308:
2306:
2303:
2301:
2298:
2294:
2291:
2289:
2286:
2285:
2284:
2281:
2279:
2276:
2274:
2271:
2269:
2266:
2264:
2261:
2259:
2256:
2254:
2251:
2249:
2246:
2244:
2241:
2239:
2236:
2234:
2231:
2230:
2228:
2220:
2214:
2211:
2209:
2206:
2204:
2201:
2198:
2194:
2190:
2186:
2182:
2178:
2174:
2170:
2167:
2166:
2165:
2162:
2158:
2155:
2154:
2153:
2150:
2149:
2147:
2141:
2136:
2130:
2127:
2125:
2124:Komnenian era
2122:
2120:
2117:
2115:
2112:
2110:
2107:
2105:
2102:
2100:
2097:
2096:
2094:
2088:
2083:
2077:
2074:
2069:
2065:
2064:
2063:
2062:Heraclian era
2060:
2058:
2057:Justinian era
2055:
2053:
2050:
2048:
2045:
2041:
2038:
2036:
2033:
2032:
2031:
2028:
2027:
2025:
2019:
2014:
2006:
2005:
2001:
2000:
1999:
1996:
1995:
1993:
1990:
1985:
1981:
1977:
1972:
1968:
1963:
1956:
1951:
1949:
1944:
1942:
1937:
1936:
1933:
1925:
1919:
1915:
1910:
1906:
1900:
1896:
1895:
1890:
1886:
1881:
1880:
1868:
1864:
1857:
1851:
1844:
1840:
1834:
1827:
1821:
1812:
1803:
1797:Angold, p. 29
1794:
1787:
1783:
1777:
1768:
1766:
1756:
1749:
1743:
1734:
1727:
1723:
1717:
1715:
1706:
1700:
1696:
1695:
1687:
1679:
1673:
1669:
1668:
1660:
1653:
1649:
1643:
1639:
1638:
1630:
1622:
1618:
1614:
1607:
1600:
1596:
1590:
1586:
1585:
1577:
1569:
1565:
1558:
1551:
1546:
1539:
1534:
1527:
1521:
1514:
1511:
1508:, part 2; in
1507:
1503:
1497:
1490:
1486:
1481:
1479:
1471:
1466:
1458:
1452:
1448:
1447:
1439:
1432:
1428:
1422:
1418:
1417:
1409:
1401:
1395:
1391:
1384:
1376:
1372:
1368:
1361:
1357:
1347:
1344:
1342:
1339:
1337:
1334:
1333:
1324:
1321:
1318:
1315:
1312:
1309:
1306:
1303:
1300:
1297:
1296:
1290:
1288:
1284:
1279:
1275:
1272:
1266:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1244:
1240:
1234:
1232:
1226:
1224:
1221:, written by
1220:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1202:
1200:
1195:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1170:
1167:
1163:
1158:
1149:
1146:
1145:Andronikos II
1142:
1136:
1133:
1128:
1126:
1125:
1113:
1111:
1105:
1103:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1082:
1077:
1068:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1017:In 1242, the
1015:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1001:
997:
994:
990:
985:
983:
979:
978:
970:
966:
961:
952:
951:
947:
943:
938:
936:
932:
928:
924:
920:
916:
912:
908:
904:
900:
895:
893:
890:
886:
882:
878:
874:
870:
866:
861:
859:
855:
851:
847:
843:
839:
834:
832:
828:
824:
820:
816:
812:
809:
794:
792:
788:
784:
780:
775:
773:
769:
764:
762:
758:
754:
750:
746:
742:
738:
734:
730:
726:
723:
719:
718:Nicene Empire
711:
707:
695:
690:
688:
683:
681:
676:
675:
673:
672:
669:
659:
658:
652:
649:
647:
644:
642:
639:
637:
634:
632:
629:
628:
626:
625:
621:
620:
617:
614:
613:
608:
605:
603:
600:
596:
593:
592:
591:
588:
584:
581:
579:
576:
574:
570:
567:
565:
562:
561:
559:
555:
552:
550:
547:
545:
542:
541:
540:
536:
533:
532:
531:
530:
526:
525:
520:
517:
515:
514:Komnenian era
512:
510:
507:
505:
502:
500:
497:
495:
492:
490:
487:
486:
485:
484:
480:
479:
474:
471:
469:
468:Heraclian era
466:
464:
463:Justinian era
461:
459:
456:
454:
451:
448:
444:
440:
437:
435:
434:Tetrarchy era
432:
431:
430:
429:
425:
424:
417:
416:
412:
411:
410:
407:
406:
405:
404:
400:
399:
392:
388:
387:
384:
381:
380:
375:
370:
369:
349:
347:
344:
343:
340:
334:
331:
324:
323:
320:
317:
310:
309:
306:
305:
302:
299:
297:
294:
293:
289:
285:
281:
275:
271:
265:
261:
258:
255:
251:
247:
244:
241:
235:
232:
229:
223:
220:
217:
211:
208:
205:
199:
196:
193:
187:
183:
179:
177:
173:
170:
167:
163:
160:
155:
152:
150:
146:
142:
139:
135:
132:
129:
125:
121:
117:
113:
108:
107:
102:
98:
95:
91:
88:
84:
81:
77:
73:
67:
62:
57:
51:
33:
30:
19:
4294:Latin Empire
4278:
4223:Sahib Ataids
4203:Qara Qoyunlu
4055:(after 1071)
3968:Latin Empire
3929:
3578:
3346:Hagia Sophia
3328:Thessalonica
3303:Hagia Sophia
3283:Chora Church
3221:Architecture
3098:Great Schism
3088:Paulicianism
3066:Miaphysitism
2921:Karabisianoi
2225:or territory
2185:Thessalonica
2176:
2169:Latin Empire
2164:Frankokratia
2139:
2099:Isaurian era
2086:
2017:
2002:
1998:Roman Empire
1988:
1913:
1893:
1866:
1862:
1850:
1842:
1838:
1833:
1825:
1820:
1811:
1802:
1793:
1785:
1781:
1776:
1755:
1747:
1742:
1733:
1725:
1721:
1693:
1686:
1666:
1659:
1651:
1636:
1629:
1620:
1616:
1606:
1598:
1583:
1576:
1567:
1557:
1545:
1533:
1525:
1520:
1512:
1509:
1505:
1501:
1496:
1484:
1469:
1465:
1445:
1438:
1430:
1415:
1408:
1389:
1383:
1374:
1370:
1360:
1287:Michael VIII
1276:
1267:
1235:
1227:
1203:
1196:
1182:. Patriarch
1179:
1176:
1159:
1155:
1137:
1129:
1122:
1119:
1106:
1086:
1057:Michael VIII
1035:
1031:Frederick II
1025:by marrying
1016:
986:
975:
973:
939:
896:
862:
838:Latin Empire
835:
805:
776:
765:
761:Latin Empire
717:
705:
703:
573:Thessalonica
563:
544:Latin Empire
489:Isaurian era
413:
409:Roman Empire
301:Succeeded by
300:
295:
119:
104:
29:
4243:Tanrıbermiş
4238:Tacettinids
4233:Sarukhanids
4213:Shah-Armens
4198:Pervâneoğlu
4183:Mengüjekids
4143:Germiyanids
4123:Dulkadirids
3829:Megali Idea
3804:Byzantinism
3507:Agriculture
3298:Hagia Irene
3131:Kievan Rus'
3108:Mount Athos
2931:Cibyrrhaeot
2875:Vestiaritai
2730:Mercenaries
2607:Catepanates
2466:Sakellarios
2385:Family tree
2310:Mesopotamia
2129:Angelid era
2109:Amorian era
1538:Angold 1999
1319:(1258–1261)
1313:(1254–1258)
1307:(1222–1254)
1301:(1204–1222)
1283:Palaiologoi
1243:Germanos II
1184:Germanos II
935:Paphlagonia
923:Marmara Sea
725:rump states
519:Angelid era
499:Amorian era
296:Preceded by
4319:Categories
4208:Ramadanids
4168:Karamanids
4118:Dilmachids
4073:Aq Qoyunlu
3911:after the
3824:Third Rome
3750:University
3733:Philosophy
3723:Inventions
3586:Historians
3554:Literature
3537:Varangians
3379:San Vitale
3308:Hippodrome
3288:City Walls
3188:Mutilation
3183:Hexabiblos
3103:Bogomilism
3093:Iconoclasm
2963:Megas doux
2953:Greek fire
2936:Aegean Sea
2809:Kleisourai
2786:Excubitors
2776:Bucellarii
2628:Despotates
2597:Kleisourai
2536:Provincial
2380:Coronation
2354:Governance
2119:Doukid era
2052:Leonid era
1617:Βυζαντιακά
1371:Βυζαντιακά
1239:"Hellenes"
1180:new Hellas
1008:Aegean Sea
875:after the
802:Foundation
772:recaptured
636:Government
539:Latin rule
509:Doukid era
458:Leonid era
165:Government
149:Demonym(s)
143:(official)
83:Rump state
4228:Saltukids
4138:Eshrefids
4103:Chobanids
3652:Octoechos
3532:Silk Road
3024:Hesychasm
2892:Paramonai
2839:Hetaireia
2771:Foederati
2660:Diplomacy
2655:Diplomats
2561:Provinces
2390:Empresses
2193:Trebizond
1989:Preceding
1869:, 1 p. 70
1502:Chronicle
1352:Citations
1211:Zorobabel
1116:Aftermath
955:Expansion
881:Baldwin I
877:Bulgarian
850:Trebizond
815:crusaders
806:In 1204,
716:) or the
578:Trebizond
401:Preceding
282:July 1261
137:Religion
116:Kemalpaşa
112:Nymphaion
59:1204–1261
4188:Menteshe
4173:Karasids
4153:Hamidids
4148:Hacıemir
4133:Erzincan
4128:Eretnids
4088:Aydinids
4083:Artuqids
3745:Scholars
3738:Rhetoric
3728:Medicine
3703:Learning
3602:Calendar
3479:Painters
3178:Basilika
3116:Bulgaria
3078:Arianism
3029:Hayhurum
3006:Religion
2968:Admirals
2887:Allagion
2819:Droungos
2725:Generals
2687:Military
2650:Treaties
2556:Dioceses
2375:Emperors
2288:Sardinia
2268:Dalmatia
2248:Bulgaria
2238:Anatolia
2197:Theodoro
2191: /
2187: /
2179: /
1330:See also
1293:Emperors
1251:Marathon
1152:Military
1110:Ottomans
1102:Venetian
1045:conflict
921:and the
901:and the
873:Anatolia
831:Bithynia
768:Laskaris
755:and the
741:Venetian
622:By topic
616:Timeline
583:Theodoro
415:Dominate
374:a series
372:Part of
169:Monarchy
120:de facto
4253:Tzachas
4158:Inalids
3854:Outline
3799:Museums
3699:Science
3676:Slavery
3632:Gardens
3612:Cuisine
3544:Dynatoi
3512:Coinage
3499:Economy
3467:Mosaics
3430:Mystras
3371:Ravenna
3233:Secular
3121:Moravia
2870:Pronoia
2844:Akritai
2829:Tagmata
2804:Themata
2745:Revolts
2715:Battles
2623:Kephale
2592:Themata
2522:Mesazon
2364:Central
2300:Maghreb
2253:Corsica
2243:Armenia
2233:Albania
1976:History
1891:(ed.).
1255:Salamis
1141:beyliks
1063:at the
1019:Mongols
907:Iconium
903:Seljuks
883:in the
797:History
641:Economy
176:Emperor
159:Hellene
106:de jure
93:Capital
85:of the
4370:Nicaea
4078:Alaiye
4011:(1207)
4003:(1205)
3995:(1205)
3987:(1205)
3979:(1205)
3971:(1204)
3961:states
3949:(1205)
3941:(1204)
3933:(1204)
3923:states
3864:Portal
3779:Impact
3659:People
3607:Cities
3457:Enamel
3238:Sacred
3173:Ecloga
3039:Saints
2948:Dromon
2824:Bandon
2814:Tourma
2797:Middle
2720:Beacon
2602:Bandon
2585:Middle
2454:Middle
2409:Senate
2332:Thrace
2315:Serbia
2293:Sicily
2278:Greece
2263:Cyprus
2181:Epirus
2177:Nicaea
2087:Middle
1964:topics
1920:
1901:
1701:
1674:
1644:
1623:: 211.
1591:
1453:
1423:
1396:
1377:: 211.
1166:Manuel
1124:ghazis
1041:Thrace
969:Turkey
854:Nicaea
852:, and
846:Epirus
827:Nicaea
569:Epirus
564:Nicaea
554:others
376:on the
180:
157:later
97:Nicaea
79:Status
46:
4178:Ladik
4098:Canik
3959:Latin
3921:Greek
3849:Index
3681:Death
3671:Women
3642:Music
3622:Dress
3617:Dance
3562:Novel
3522:Trade
3517:Mints
3462:Glass
3452:Icons
3248:Domes
3126:Serbs
2941:Samos
2754:Early
2544:Early
2418:Early
2327:Syria
2305:Malta
2283:Italy
2273:Egypt
2258:Crete
2189:Morea
2018:Early
1887:. In
1570:: 73.
1285:, as
1207:Moses
1188:Greek
1093:Genoa
965:Iznik
919:Mysia
869:Bursa
710:Greek
154:Roman
101:İznik
50:Greek
43:Ελλάς
4248:Teke
4068:Ahis
3647:Lyra
3527:silk
3138:Jews
2913:Navy
2858:Late
2698:Army
2665:Wars
2616:Late
2510:Late
2140:Late
1918:ISBN
1899:ISBN
1699:ISBN
1672:ISBN
1642:ISBN
1589:ISBN
1451:ISBN
1421:ISBN
1394:ISBN
889:Tsar
836:The
777:The
739:and
704:The
651:Navy
646:Army
537:and
272:1204
3444:Art
3148:Law
1487:by
1253:or
1209:or
905:of
829:in
631:Art
118:) (
103:) (
4321::
1865:,
1861:.
1843:31
1841:,
1784:,
1764:^
1713:^
1650:.
1621:32
1619:.
1615:.
1597:.
1566:.
1477:^
1429:.
1375:32
1373:.
1369:.
1225:.
1190::
1067:.
967:,
937:.
848:,
833:.
793:.
712::
445:–
4045:e
4038:t
4031:v
3901:e
3894:t
3887:v
2199:)
2195:–
2183:–
2070:"
2066:"
1954:e
1947:t
1940:v
1926:.
1907:.
1867:1
1786:1
1707:.
1680:.
1513:4
1459:.
1402:.
708:(
693:e
686:t
679:v
571:/
449:)
441:(
122:)
114:(
109:)
99:(
52:)
48:(
20:)
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