Nguyễn Cao Kỳ - Knowledge

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pair had no intention of participating on the arranged rallies with the civilian candidates because they felt that "possible heckling from the audience that would be too humiliating." Thiệu and Kỳ were correct; they made one public campaign appearance at a rally, where a very disapproving crowd in Huế assailed Kỳ as a "hooligan" and "cowboy leader". Kỳ and Thiệu decided to campaign indirectly by appearing at set piece ceremonial appointments, such as transferring land titles to peasants, as hostile elements from the general population were less likely to be present. Thiệu took a restrained and more moderate stance during the campaign toward the issue of democracy, while Kỳ, the public face of the ticket and the incumbent government, went on the attack, damaging the pair's image and supposed commitment to democracy. Kỳ did not hide his distaste for democracy or his opponents and "described the civilian candidates as 'ordure' , 'traitors,' and 'destroyers of the national interest.'" He continued on to say that if his opponents continued to attack him, he would cancel the poll. In the accompanying senate election, Kỳ openly endorsed 11 slates, but only one was successful in gaining one of the six seats.

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arriving at events to meet civilians with his wife in matching black flight suits, boots, blue caps, and silk scarves. He rarely was seen without a cigarette. He was notorious for his love of gambling, women, and glamour, which made American officials wary of him. He was also obsessed with cock fighting, not only hosting such fights in his own house but even traveling to Viet Cong zones without an escort to find fights. One official called him an "unguided missile". When he was a young pilot, Kỳ once landed a helicopter in the road in front of a girlfriend's house in order to impress her, causing the locals to panic and earning the ire of his commander for misusing military equipment. On one occasion, Kỳ is said to have pulled a handgun on a journalist whose questions annoyed him. Many in the South Vietnamese public service, military, and some of the general public disliked his tempestuous and impetuous style and regarded him as a "cowboy". and a "hooligan". At his only public campaign appearance during the 1967 presidential election, the large crowd repeatedly heckled him loudly, calling him a "cowboy leader" and "hooligan" and as a result he did not make any more appearances at rallies.

1184: 570:, a transition to an elected government was scheduled, and after a power struggle within the military, Thiệu ran for the presidency with Kỳ as his running mate. To allow the two to work together, their fellow officers had agreed to have a military body controlled by Kỳ shape policy behind the scenes. The election was rigged to ensure that Thiệu and Kỳ's military ticket would win, and strong executive powers meant that the junta, in effect, still ruled. Leadership tensions persisted, and Thiệu prevailed, sidelining Kỳ supporters from key positions. Thiệu then enacted legislation to restrict candidacy eligibility for the 1971 election, banning almost all would-be opponents; Kỳ and the rest withdrew as they expected the election to be fraudulent; Thiệu went on to win the election uncontested, while Kỳ retired. With the 1135:". Kỳ's comment that Hitler was his hero caused much controversy; although Kỳ had meant that his admiration was based on a view that Hitler had swiftly rebuilt Germany from a defeated state, something Kỳ also desired for South Vietnam, it nonetheless instantly damaged his international image. In an attempt at damage control, the administration of President Johnson denied to the American media that Kỳ had made the remark, claiming it was a fabrication by Moynahan, only to have the air marshal defiantly repeat the statement that Hitler was his only hero. Regarding the upcoming 1967 elections, Kỳ said that if the person elected is "a Communist or a Neutralist, I am going to fight him militarily. In any democratic country you have the right to disagree with the views of others." 926:

strong prime minister, with Thiệu becoming a figurehead president. Kỳ ended the cycle of coups that plagued South Vietnam following the overthrow of Diệm. Kỳ and Thiệu's military junta decided to inaugurate their rule by holding a "no breathing week". They imposed censorship, closed many newspapers that published material deemed unacceptable, and suspended civil liberties. They then sidelined the civilian politicians to a "village of old trees" to "conduct seminars and draw up plans and programs in support of government policy". They decided to ignore religious and other opposition groups "with the stipulation that troublemakers will be shot." The generals began to mobilize the populace into paramilitary organizations. After one month,

819:, introduced a series of measures to expand the anticommunist war effort, notably by widening the terms of conscription. This provoked widespread anti-Hương riots across the country, mainly from conscription-aged students and pro-negotiations Buddhists. Reliant on Buddhist support, Khánh did little to try to contain the protests. Khánh then decided to have the armed forces take over the government. On 27 January, Khánh removed Hương in a bloodless putsch with the support of Thi and Kỳ. He promised to leave politics once the situation was stabilized and hand over power to a civilian body. It was believed that some of the officers supported Khánh's increased power so as to give him an opportunity to fail and thus be removed permanently. 1653: 1490: 1681: 750:'s role in putting down the attempted coup gave them more leverage in Saigon's military politics. Indebted to Kỳ, Thi, and the Young Turks for maintaining his hold on power, Khánh was now weaker. Kỳ's group called on Khánh to remove "corrupt, dishonest, and counterrevolutionary" officers, civil servants, and exploitationists, and threatened to remove him if he did not enact their proposed reforms. Some observers accused Kỳ and Thi of deliberately orchestrating or allowing the plot to develop before putting it down in order to embarrass Khánh and allow himself to gain prominence on the political stage. In later years, Cao Huy Thuần, a professor and Buddhist activist based in the northern town of 1479: 1574: 1036:, who worked in Vietnam, speculated that this would have been a large part of Ky's thinking. A combination of those factors resulted in Thi's dismissal. Kỳ mustered the support of eight of the generals on the 10-man junta, meaning that along with his vote, there were nine officers in favor of Thi's removal. With Thi the only nonsupporter, Kỳ and his colleagues removed Thi from the junta and his corps command on 10 March 1966. Kỳ threatened to resign if the decision was not unanimous, claiming that the junta needed a show of strength, so Thi decided to vote for his own sacking. The junta put Thi under house arrest pending his departure from the country, and then appointed General 544:. His favored tactic was to send fighter jets into the air and threaten large-scale air strikes to force his opponents to back down. After the latter attempt, he also forced the Khánh into exile and became the leading member of the junta in mid-1965 by becoming prime minister, while General Thiệu was a figurehead chief of state. He gained notoriety for his flamboyant manner, womanizing, and risky and brash behavior, which deeply concerned South Vietnam's American allies and angered the Vietnamese public, many of whom regarded him as a "cowboy" and "hooligan". He cared little for public relations, and publicly made numerous controversial statements and threats. 1052:, who commanded American forces in I Corps and was the senior adviser to Thi's ARVN forces. This caused problems during the dispute. The dismissal caused widespread demonstrations in the northern provinces. Civil unrest grew, as civil servants, disaffected military personnel, and the working under-class joined the anti-government demonstrations led by the Buddhists. At first, Kỳ tried to ignore the demonstrations and wait for them to peter out, but the problem escalated and riots broke out in some places. Despite continued American support, senior American foreign policy officials regarded Kỳ, General Thiệu and their regime as of very poor quality. 1552: 946: 1584: 1501: 1241: 1458: 1563: 1595: 1531: 368: 3971: 731:

base. A stand-off of tanks and troops around the perimeter of the base occurred, but it petered away without any violence as the rebels were withdrawn. Kỳ had apparently been angered by comments made by a rebel source who claimed that he was part of the coup attempt. At the same time, Kỳ was known for his hawkish attitude and close relations with the US military establishment in Vietnam, and American opposition to the coup was thought to have been conveyed to him efficiently. Đức mistakenly thought that Kỳ and his subordinates would be joining the coup, but was wrong.

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corruption." Kỳ then gave a series of reasons for dismissing Thi, accusing him of being too left-wing, of ruling the central regions like a warlord, of having a mistress who was suspected of being a communist, and being too conspiratorial. Despite Thi's good relations with the Buddhists in his area, most notably Thích Trí Quang, Kỳ reportedly had the monks' support for Thi's removal. Quang used the crisis to highlight Buddhist calls for civilian rule. There were claims that Quang intended to challenge Kỳ, regardless of whether or not Thi had been cast aside.

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as a warlord, keeping most of the tax money for themselves and sending the rest to the government in Saigon. Knowing that the United States wanted political stability in South Vietnam, initially Kỳ was willing to accept this arrangement, but after hearing Johnson's praise him as a strong leader at the Honolulu summit, he became convinced that the United States would back him if he asserted his authority against the corps commanders-cum-warlords. In particular, Kỳ wanted to bring down General Thi, who ruled central South Vietnam as his own fiefdom.

1709: 1521: 1232:, Thiệu enforced martial law and used the situation to consolidate his personal power. Kỳ's supporters in the military and the administration were quickly removed from power, arrested, or exiled, ending any hopes of Kỳ exerting any power through the SMC or elsewhere. Alienated from Thiệu, Kỳ intended to oppose him in the 1971 elections, but Thiệu introduced laws to stop most of his rivals from running. Realizing that the poll would be rigged, Kỳ withdrew from politics. Thiệu ran unopposed and took 94 percent of the vote. 1613: 1469: 861:, in reality a communist double agent, was locked in a power struggle with junta leader General Khánh, and began plotting a coup against Khánh, who he thought was trying to kill him. Thảo consulted Kỳ—who wanted to seize power for himself—before the plot, and exhorted him to join the coup, but the Air Force chief claimed he would remain neutral. Thảo thus had reason to believe that Kỳ would not intervene. Kỳ had been preparing his own coup plans for a fortnight and was strongly opposed to Thảo and Phát. Kỳ, Thiệu, 1542: 965:, Kỳ was the head of one of the three major South Vietnamese narcotics rings during this period, which also involved his sister and loyal military officers. McCoy States that this organization used the South Vietnamese Air Force to smuggle opium from Laos for Saigon's opium-smoking dens through South Vietnamese Customs. McCoy states that Kỳ's organization also controlled the Saigon port authority and taxed Corsican opium exports to Europe and Chinese opium and morphine shipments to Hong Kong. 1363:, as one of the few people who surprised and impressed her the most relative to their controversial public personas. In the interview, Kỳ decried the corruption and poverty of South Vietnam, lamented about the inability of the government and the United States to solve their problems, compared the Catholics to the Communists, and openly agreed with many of the social aims of Ho Chi Minh and the Viet Cong. When an astounded Fallaci asked if he considered himself on the wrong side, Ky said 4361: 4113: 4056: 1204:. Believing that the mishap was a deliberate attempt to make them look chaotic and disorganized—Thiệu and Kỳ had decided not to attend rallies—the candidates boycotted the event and flew back to Saigon. There they denounced the government bitterly. The leading opposition candidate, Trần Văn Hương, claimed that Thiệu and Kỳ "purposefully arranged the trip to humiliate us and make clowns out of us." As air force chief, Kỳ had previously stranded opposition politicians on a trip to the 1696: 832: 1269: 1445: 4198: 4258: 1640: 1668: 1151: 3949: 743:

corruption. The officers contended that the events in the capital were misinterpreted by observers, as "there was no coup." Kỳ claimed that Khánh was in complete control and that the senior officers involved in the standoff "have agreed to rejoin their units to fight the Communists", and that no further action would be taken against those who were involved with Đức and Phát's activities, but Khánh arrested them two days later.

4233: 1119:, ostensibly to represent the junta at a ceremonial event. With Có out of the country and unable to stage a coup, and Kỳ not within striking distance in case anyone wanted to capture him, news of Có's removal was broken in Saigon. Có expressed a desire to return to Saigon, but was threatened with arrest and trial, and soldiers were deployed to the airport. Có was allowed to return in 1970 after Kỳ's power had waned. 71: 1079:, as well as some riot police and paratroopers. Kỳ took personal command and found that the roads leading into the city had been blocked by Buddhist civilians and pro-Thi portions of the I Corps. After a standoff, Kỳ realized that he could not score a decisive victory and had lost face. He arranged a meeting and media event with Thi loyalist officers, and various Struggle Movement supporters. 1083: 807:(HNC), a junta-appointed civilian advisory body, to get their opinion. The HNC turned down the request. On 19 December, the generals dissolved the HNC and arrested some of the members as well as other civilian politicians, and the older generals, who were removed from the military. The actual arrests were made by a small force commanded by Thi and Kỳ. The deposal prompted US Ambassador 1003:, said that Thi once refused to report to Kỳ in Saigon when requested. On one occasion, Kỳ came to I Corps to remonstrate with him in early March, Thi addressed his staff and asked mockingly, "Should we pay attention to this funny little man from Saigon or should we ignore him?" Thi made this comment rather loudly, within earshot of Kỳ, and the Vietnamese politician 784:. They, and Khánh, wanted to forcibly retire officers with more than 25 years of service as they thought them to be lethargic, out of touch, and ineffective. The unspoken and most important reason, however, was that they viewed the older generals as rivals for power and wanted to conceal this real motive. Specific targets of this proposed policy were Generals Minh, 1095:

struggle to prove our goodwill". After a period of tension and further tensions, Kỳ's forces gained the upper hand in May, pressuring most Struggle Movement members to give up and militarily defeating the rest. He then put Quang under house arrest and finally had Thi exiled, cementing his junta's grip on power and ending the Buddhist movement as a political force.

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deal was struck with Kỳ to end the revolt in exchange for Khánh's removal is disputed, but most analysts believe the latter. Before fleeing, Thảo managed a final radio broadcast, stating that the coup had been effective in removing Khánh. This was not the case yet, but later in the morning, Kỳ and Thi led the Armed Forces Council in adopting a

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tried to start negotiations with the communists, but this only increased the plotting. In early February, Taylor told Kỳ, who then passed on the message to colleagues in the junta, that the United States was "in no way propping up General Khanh or backing him in any fashion." Taylor thought his message had been effective.

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vowed to stage a military operation to regain the territory, thus implying the Buddhists were communist agents. He vowed to kill the mayor of Đà Nẵng, saying "Either Da Nang's mayor is shot or the government will fall." The following evening, Kỳ deployed three battalions of marines to Đà Nẵng. The marines stayed at

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preventing bloodshed and keeping them apart until some further action was planned. Kỳ's work slowed the advance of several Khánh-loyalist units into the capital. During all of these moves, Kỳ's hand was strengthened by the mistaken belief of Khánh and his faction that the Air Force commander supported them.

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revealed the formation of a secret military committee that would control the government after the election. What had happened was that in the negotiations within the military, Kỳ had agreed to stand aside in exchange for behind-the-scenes power through a military committee that would shape policy and

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where his talks with President Johnson persuaded him that he now assert his authority as he believed he had the backing of the United States. After the overthrow of Khánh, South Vietnam had devolved into an alliance of warlords, becoming almost a feudal state with each corps commander ruling his area

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At 8 p.m., Phát and Thảo met Kỳ in a meeting organised by the Americans, and insisted that Khánh be removed from power. The coup collapsed when, around midnight, loyal ARVN forces swept into the city from the south and some loyal to Kỳ from Biên Hòa in the north. Whether the rebels were defeated or a

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Thảo made a radio announcement, stating that the sole objective of his military operation was to get rid of Khánh, whom he described as a "dictator", while some of his fellow rebels made comments extolling Diệm and indicating they would start a hardline Catholic regime. Phát was supposed to seize the

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Kỳ made headlines in 2004 by being the first South Vietnamese leader to return to Vietnam after the reunification, a move that was seen as a shameful one by many anticommunist groups in the Vietnamese American community. Kỳ had previously been critical of the Vietnamese government while in exile and

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Kỳ arrived back in Saigon, where he met with Buddhist leaders for negotiations. The Buddhists demanded an amnesty for rioters and mutinous soldiers, and for Kỳ to withdraw the marines from Đà Nẵng back to Saigon. The monks said they would order the Struggle Movement "temporarily suspend all forms of

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Kỳ gambled by allowing Thi to return to I Corps, ostensibly to restore order. He claimed he allowed Thi to return to his old area of command as a goodwill gesture, to keep central Vietnamese happy, and because he promised Thi a farewell visit before going into exile. Thi received a rousing reception

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Some time after the plotters had made their broadcast, Kỳ consolidated the troops on Saigon's outskirts at Tân Sơn Nhứt Air Base, the largest in the country and where the military was headquartered. He barricaded the soldiers into defensive positions and vowed a "massacre" if the rebels attacked the

693:, for a demonstration low-level flight. Kỳ's flight training graduation gift for himself and his pilots was a flight to Singapore, where he purchased black flight suits, silk scarfs, and cigarette lighters for all hands. Colby was amused by his flight but unhappy with the selection of flashy attire. 1158:

In the presidential election that was held in 1967, the military junta, which Kỳ chaired, intended to endorse only one candidate for the presidency. Kỳ intended to run, but at the last minute changed his mind and backed Thiệu, a move he later called "the biggest mistake of my life." Thiệu nominated

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and military revolt in Thi's I Corps. Within the junta, Thi was seen as Kỳ's main competitor for influence. Many political observers in Saigon thought that Thi wanted to depose Kỳ, and regarded him as the biggest threat to the other officers and the junta's stability. According to Kỳ's memoirs, Thi

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The Americans decided that while they wanted Khánh out, they did not approve of Thảo and Phát, so they began to lobby Kỳ and Thi, the two most powerful officers outside Khánh, to defeat both sides. They unofficially designated Kỳ the duty of moderating between the coup forces and Khánh's loyalists,

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By this time, Taylor's relationship with Khánh had already broken down over the issue of the HNC, and the US became more intent on a regime change as Khánh was reliant on Buddhist support, which they saw as an obstacle to an expansion of the war. Knowing that he was close to being forced out, Khánh

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elements. They took over the city without any firing, and used the national radio station to proclaim the deposal of Khánh's junta. There was little reaction from most of the military commanders. Kỳ had two weeks earlier promised to use his planes against any coup attempt, but there was no reaction

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Kỳ and Thiệu were reluctant to campaign and meet the populace as they saw such events as liabilities rather than opportunities to win over the public, and showed little interest in gaining popular support in any case, as they could always count on a rigging of the ballot. The CIA reported that the

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The adverse publicity embarrassed Washington; instead of hearing reports about progress and good governance in South Vietnam, most reports focused on corruption and fraud. The heavy and negative coverage of the election provoked angry debate in the US Congress, criticising Kỳ's junta and Johnson's

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in the far north of the country on 6 August. Owing to the security situation and the possibility of communist attacks, the politicians were transported to joint campaign events by the military, rather than being free to go to separate events as their strategy dictated. However, the Quảng Trị event

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Buddhists and other antijunta civilian activists joined with I Corps units supportive of Thi to form the Struggle Movement, leading to civil unrest and a halt in I Corps military operations. On 3 April, Kỳ held a press conference during which he claimed that Đà Nẵng was under communist control and

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On 19 June 1965 Kỳ was appointed prime minister by a special joint meeting of military leaders following the voluntary resignation of civilian president Phan Khắc Sửu and Prime Minister Phan Huy Quát, who had been installed by the military. South Vietnam's system of government shifted to that of a

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The announcement of US support for the incumbent helped to deter ARVN officers from joining Lâm and Đức. Khánh returned to Saigon and put down the putsch, aided mainly by Kỳ and the Air Force. Kỳ decided to make a show of force as Phát and Đức began to wilt, and he sent jets to fly low over Saigon

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to angrily berate Thiệu, Thi, Kỳ, and Cang in a private meeting and threaten to cut off aid if they did not reverse their decision. Kỳ later admitted to being stung by Taylor's comments. However, this galvanized the officers around the embattled Khánh for a time, and they ignored Taylor's threats

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to bolster South Vietnam's legitimacy. One visit to Australia in 1967 was somewhat controversial. Over time, Australian attitudes toward South Vietnam became increasingly negative, despite a contribution of ground troops to assist the fight against the communists; the bipartisanship of the 1950s

563:. He publicly threatened to kill the mayor of Đà Nẵng. Three months of large-scale demonstrations and riots paralyzed parts of the country, and after much maneuvering and some military battles, Kỳ's forces finally put down the uprising, and Thi was exiled, entrenching the former's grip on power. 1352:

Kỳ was well known for his flamboyant, colorful conduct and dress during his younger days. His trademark fashion accessory before he faded from public view in the 1970s was a silk scarf, which he wore with his black flight suit. He often raised eyebrows when he was the military prime minister by

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He added, "In another 100 years, the Vietnamese will look back at the war and feel shameful. We should not dwell on it as it will not do any good for Vietnam's future. My main concern at the moment is Vietnam's position on the world map." Kỳ said that he only wanted to help build up Vietnam and

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Kỳ initially stated that Thi was leaving the country to receive medical treatment for his nasal passages. An official announcement said that the junta "had considered and accepted General Thi's application for a vacation". Thi retorted that "The only sinus condition I have is from the stink of

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said of Kỳ and Thi: "Both flamboyant characters who wore gaudy uniforms and sported sinister moustaches, the two young officers had been friends, and their rivalry seemed to typify the personal struggles for power that chronically afflicted South Vietnam. But their dispute mirrored more than

574:, Kỳ fled to the United States. He continued to heavily criticize both the communists and Thiệu, and the former prevented him from returning. However, in 2004, he became the first South Vietnamese leader to return to Vietnam, calling for reconciliation between communists and anti-communists. 742:

As the coup collapsed, Kỳ and Đức appeared with other senior officers at a news conference where they proclaimed that the South Vietnamese military was united, and announced a resolution by the armed forces, signed by them and seven other leading commanders, claiming a united front against

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During the trip to Australia, a power struggle with General Nguyễn Hữu Có, the deputy prime minister and defense minister, climaxed. Kỳ saw Có as a political threat and a magnet for dissidents, while Có deemed Kỳ to be "immature". At the same time as his visit to Australia, Kỳ sent Có to

873:, the residence of head of state Phan Khắc Sửu. The ground troops also missed capturing Kỳ, who fled in a sports car with his wife and mother-in-law. Kỳ ended up at Tân Sơn Nhứt, where he ran into Khánh, and the pair flew off together, while some of their colleagues were arrested there. 916:

and kidnap Kỳ, among others. Several of the arrested were known supporters of Thảo and believed to be abetting him in evading the authorities. In July 1965, he was reported dead in unclear circumstances; an official report claimed that he died of injuries while on a helicopter

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In 1964, Kỳ became prominent in junta politics, and was part of a group of young, aggressive officers dubbed the "Young Turks". Over the next two years, there were numerous successful and failed coup attempts. In September 1964, he helped put down a coup attempt by Generals

1208:. Kỳ and Thiệu maintained that no malice was involved, but their opponents did not believe it. None of the candidates made good on their threat to withdraw, but their strident attacks over the alleged dirty tricks dominated the media coverage of the election for a period. 1111:, stridently denounced Kỳ as a "fascist dictator" and a "butcher" ahead of his 1967 visit. Despite the controversy leading up to the visit, Kỳ's trip was a success. He dealt with the media effectively, despite hostile sentiment from some sections of the press and public. 921:

to Saigon, after having been captured north of the city. However, it is generally assumed that he was hunted down and murdered or tortured to death on the orders of some officials in Kỳ's junta. In his memoirs, Kỳ claimed Thảo was jailed and "probably from a beating."

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and started as an infantry officer before the French sent him off for pilot training. After the French withdrew from Vietnam and the nation was partitioned, Kỳ moved up the ranks of the Republic of Vietnam Air Force to become its leader. In November 1963, Kỳ

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magazine published a piece in February 1966 that claimed that Thi was more dynamic than Kỳ and could seize power at any time. Historian Robert Topmiller claimed Kỳ may have seen the article as destabilizing and therefore decided to move against Thi.

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A CIA report and analysis written after the coup concluded that "Ky's command of the air force made him instrumental" in preventing Khánh from being overrun, "until Ky changed his mind" on Khánh's continuing hold on power. Most of the forces of the

1369:"the only possible leader in a country painfully poor in leaders. Yet he is. And you realize it, with astonishment, when you listen to him for more than ten minutes. The man is not stupid. He has something to say, and he says it without fear." 868:

Shortly before noon on 19 February, Thảo and General Phát used around 50 tanks, and some infantry battalions, to seize control of the military headquarters, the post office, and the radio station of Saigon. He surrounded the home of Khánh and

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had been denied a visa on several occasions. Upon setting foot on Vietnam, Kỳ defended his actions by saying that the Vietnam War was "instigated by foreigners, it was brothers killing each other under the arrangements by foreign countries."

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The Americans were supportive of Kỳ and his prosecution of the war against the communists, and they opposed Thi, regarding him as not being firm enough against communism. Thi did, however, have the support of Marine Lieutenant General

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of South Vietnam, Kỳ had little political experience or ambition initially. After flight training by the French, he returned to Vietnam in 1954 and held a series of commands in the Republic of Vietnam Air Force. Under the regime of

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to prevent Kỳ from mobilising air power against them. The attempt to seize Biên Hòa failed, as Kỳ got there first and took control, before circling Tân Sơn Nhứt, threatening to bomb the rebels.

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community in 1961. While still ranked as a major commanding Tân Sơn Nhứt Air Base, he became the first pilot for South Vietnam's presidential liaison officer, which was organizing to infiltrate

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briefed President Johnson and concluded that the SMC was "in effect, a scheme for 'guided democracy' in which a half dozen generals would decide finally what was good and bad for the country."

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individual ambition." Both were known for the colorful red berets they wore. There were reports that Thi was showing insubordination towards Kỳ. The US military commander in Vietnam, General

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to pick up two companies of South Vietnamese marines who remained loyal to Khánh. Several more battalions of loyal infantry were transported into Saigon. Kỳ's political star began to rise.

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Kỳ did not value democracy and believed that authoritarianism was necessary for South Vietnam to survive, a view shared with many of his fellow generals. In 1965, Kỳ told the journalist

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story was baseless. However, the story was later vindicated, as intelligence sources obtained the charter that told of the functions of the secret Supreme Military Committee (SMC).

5883: 1420:, where he was receiving treatment for "respiratory complications". He was married three times and survived by six children. His ashes are interred at the Buddhist Columbarium of 1316: 1183: 1037: 1195:

The campaign was overshadowed by US media criticism of Kỳ and Thiệu's unfair electoral practices and sneaky tricks. All the candidates were scheduled to attend a rally at

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magazine reported that Thi "ran it like a warlord of yore, obeying those edicts of the central government that suited him and blithely disregarding the rest." Historian

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Kỳ later returned to Vietnam permanently and campaigned for increased foreign investment. Kỳ was involved in organizing trips to Vietnam for potential US investors.

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and the two were elected with 35 percent of the vote in a rigged poll. US policymakers heard rumors that the generals had agreed to subvert the constitution, and

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launched a coup attempt against Khánh before dawn on 13 September, using ten army battalions that they had recruited. Their faction consisted mainly of

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Kỳ was part of a group of younger officers called the Young Turks. The most prominent members, apart from himself, included IV Corps commander General

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Kỳ met and married his first wife, a Frenchwoman, in the 1950s when he was training as a pilot in France. In the 1960s, he divorced her and married

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Nevertheless, Kỳ and Thiệu were able to end the cycle of coups, and the Americans backed their regime. In 1966 Kỳ decided to purge rival General

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He served as vice president to Thiệu, although behind the scenes there was a fierce rivalry that left Kỳ marginalized. In the aftermath of the

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A native of central Vietnam, Thi was the commander of I Corps, which oversaw the five northernmost provinces of South Vietnam and the 1st and

5848: 3829: 3578:

McAllister, James (November 2004). ""A Fiasco of Noble Proportions": The Johnson Administration and the South Vietnamese Elections of 1967".

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flight attendant, who was his spouse during his years in power. He later married for a third time. His daughter from his second marriage,

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and was commissioned in the infantry after attending an officers training school. After a brief period in the field against the communist

3196: 567: 448: 3260: 1822: 1712: 1657: 670:, whose coup Kỳ had supported, he was made an air marshal, replacing Colonel Đỗ Khắc Mai as head of the Republic of Vietnam Air Force. 1387: 355: 5908: 5903: 4029: 3869: 2500: 367: 4505: 3930: 5868: 4645: 513: 438: 5893: 4848: 1587: 1341:

promote national harmony, and assailed critics of his return, saying that "those who bear grudges only care about themselves."

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said that Kỳ may have feared that Thi would secede from Saigon and turn central Vietnam into an independent state. CIA analyst

5898: 4479: 4357: 3401: 1514: 1493: 1482: 804: 3315: 1014:. He was known to have the "deep rooted" loyalty of his soldiers. A large segment of the South Vietnamese military was the 4660: 4474: 4411: 4365: 3923: 1504: 763: 313: 2571: 5853: 5784: 5018: 4883: 4650: 4635: 4530: 1188: 711: 3755: 3732: 3710: 3643: 3568: 3544: 3522: 3489: 3467: 3443: 3424: 2606: 1067:, a Thi loyalist. The local policemen responded by going on strike and demonstrating against their chief's removal. 642:, the main aerial facility in the capital, Saigon. Kỳ then went to the United States to study for six months at the 591: 3897: 3359: 1757: 1489: 1015: 301: 3997: 4520: 4500: 3970: 2866:

Veith, George J. Drawn Swords in a Distant Land: South Vietnam's Shattered Dreams. Encounter Books, 2021, pg. 201

2841:

Veith, George J. Drawn Swords in a Distant Land: South Vietnam's Shattered Dreams. Encounter Books, 2021, pg. 340

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A soldier in the Vietnamese National Army who eventually became commander of the Republic of Vietnam Air Force,

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signed a statement condemning Kỳ's electoral malpractices and threatening a review of US policy in Vietnam.

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stated that the regime "seemed to all of us the bottom of the barrel, absolutely the bottom of the barrel."

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In May 1965, a military tribunal under Kỳ sentenced both Phát and Thảo, who had gone into hiding, to death

723: 2904:

Stone, Oliver and Kuznick, Peter, "The Untold History of the United States" (Gallery Books, 2012), p. 332

2888:

Stone, Oliver and Kuznick, Peter, "The Untold History of the United States" (Gallery Books, 2012), p. 332

2850:

Stone, Oliver and Kuznick, Peter, "The Untold History of the United States" (Gallery Books, 2012), p. 332

2708:

Stone, Oliver and Kuznick, Peter, "The Untold History of the United States" (Gallery Books, 2012), p. 332

1787: 1272: 5800: 4913: 4833: 4718: 3332: 3230: 1685: 1566: 1205: 719: 682: 533: 46:

in English-language text. In accordance with Vietnamese custom, this person should be referred to by the

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policies. Such sentiment came from both houses and political parties. On 10 August 57 members of the

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teams into North Vietnam. He recruited pilots from his command for this intelligence program of the

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without repercussions as the Americans were too intent on defeating the communists to cut funding.

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and Cang were not yet ready to make a coup, and their preparations were well behind that of Thảo.

862: 785: 191: 5640: 5555: 5276: 5060: 4698: 4535: 4495: 4379: 4079: 1630: 1562: 1367:. American officials were outraged by the interview, but Fallaci would praise him in her book as 1307: 1300: 1252: 773: 623: 458: 4898: 4813: 4074: 4020: 4005: 747: 654:, where he learned to speak English. He returned to Vietnam and continued to rise up the ranks. 548: 5776: 5380: 5308: 5260: 5188: 3979: 1827: 1594: 1577: 1530: 1104: 1040:, the erstwhile commander of 1st Division and a Thi subordinate, as the new I Corps commander. 878: 4958: 4928: 4873: 4733: 4723: 4305: 4112: 4055: 3206: 667: 5348: 5148: 4918: 4768: 4612: 4602: 4232: 4010: 1545: 1029: 1007:

thought that the prime minister viewed Thi's comment as a direct challenge to his authority.

902: 800: 686: 678: 639: 3436:

A Nation at War: Australian Politics, Society and Diplomacy During the Vietnam War 1965–1975

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Nguyen, Daisy (11 November 2006). "In Little Saigon, investors bet on change in Vietnam".

2877:

The First Casualty: The War Correspondent as Hero and Myth-maker from the Crimea to Kosovo

715: 529: 8: 5499: 5443: 5292: 5092: 4843: 4783: 4703: 4180: 2576: 2504: 1625: 1534: 1404:. Many Vietnamese Americans called for her sacking after her father returned to Vietnam. 1391: 1168:

control the civilian arm of the government. Kỳ flatly denied these reports to Ambassador

635: 611: 383: 259: 4953: 4838: 4793: 4773: 4197: 4135: 4125: 2908:

New York Times, James Reston, 1 September 1965, "Saigon: The Politics of Texas and Asia"

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had to be canceled after the candidates' plane landed 23 km away at an air base in

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and made no moves against the rebels. Soon after, they were joined by two battalions of

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to train as a pilot. Kỳ gained his wings on 15 September 1954. The French defeat at the

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Grose, Peter (15 September 1964). "Khanh, Back at the Helm, Lauds Younger Officers".

1229: 1196: 980: 974: 931: 836: 808: 674: 552: 453: 4708: 1520: 685:, and flew some of the missions himself after being trained by an expert pilot from 5792: 5515: 5356: 5332: 4963: 4617: 4587: 4047: 3812: 3800: 3611: 3587: 1169: 1063:

and the anti-Kỳ protesters became more fervent. Kỳ then sacked the police chief of

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Kỳ's greatest struggle came in 1966, when he dismissed General Thi, resulting in a

751: 599: 508: 263: 4743: 4270: 4257: 4150: 4089: 3862: 3806: 3602:(2004). "Political Monks: The Militant Buddhist Movement during the Vietnam War". 3261:"A War Remembered/"Body bags, condos and casinos – the new Gold Coast of Vietnam"" 930:

began to call for the removal of Thiệu because he was a member of Diệm's Catholic

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from 1965 to 1967. Then, until his retirement from politics in 1971, he served as

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surrounding the capital disliked both Khánh and the rebels and took no action.

662: 658: 571: 489: 5656: 5016: 3615: 3591: 1949:"Coup collapses in Saigon; Khanh forces in power; U.S. pledges full support". 5832: 5768: 5728: 5688: 5579: 5435: 5196: 5172: 5068: 4582: 4360: 4335: 4189: 4104: 4094: 3687:. Washington, D.C.: American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research. 1927: 1701: 1541: 1450: 1292: 1056: 736: 690: 647: 603: 477: 414: 3703:

The Lotus Unleashed: The Buddhist Peace Movement in South Vietnam, 1964–1966

1365:"Well yeah.... if my destiny had been different, I could have been on side" 5619: 5475: 5411: 5268: 5204: 3477: 1413: 1311: 1160: 1139: 1132: 1033: 831: 583: 279: 5531: 5467: 5459: 5252: 5236: 5132: 5124: 4205: 1383: 1177: 1099: 1087: 433: 2712:

Rupert Cornwell, "Obituary: William Bundy", Independent, 12 October 2000

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Into the Quagmire: Lyndon Johnson and the Escalation of the Vietnam War

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Historian James McAllister openly questioned Kỳ's honesty, saying that

47: 5523: 3393:

Spies and Commandos: How America Lost the Secret War in North Vietnam

1150: 631: 615: 540:, and the following February he thwarted another attempt by Phát and 4798: 3586:(4). Berkeley, California: University of California Press: 619–651. 5808: 5076: 1673: 1645: 1417: 803:

was required to pass the ruling, but he referred the matter to the

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The Politics of Heroin: CIA Complicity in the Global Drug Trade.

1814: 968: 1618: 1283: 1116: 614:, the French military hierarchy sent Kỳ, then a lieutenant, to 480:

military officer and politician who served as the chief of the

70: 2420: 2418: 2416: 1761: 1187:

Nguyễn Cao Kỳ on 24 October 1966 at the Manila Conference of

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became more sympathetic to the communists and their leader,

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and finish off the rebel stand. He also sent two C-47s to

3610:(4). New York City: Cambridge University Press: 749–784. 984:

was a "born intriguer" who had "left-wing inclinations".

689:. At one point, Kỳ took the CIA's Saigon station chief, 5884:

Recipients of the Distinguished Service Order (Vietnam)

3374:"Semakan Penerima Darjah Kebesaran, Bintang dan Pingat" 3790:

Book Review "Buddha's Child: My Fight to Save Vietnam"

2857:, 10 July 1965, "Ky Is Said to Consider Hitler a Hero" 757: 577: 3705:. Lexington, Kentucky: University Press of Kentucky. 2895:, 14 May 1967, "Ky Warns of Fight If 'Reds' Win Vote" 1131:: "People ask me who my heroes are. I have only one: 815:

In January 1965, the junta-appointed prime minister,

3750:. New York City, New York: Oxford University Press. 3419:. Boston, Massachusetts: Boston Publishing Company. 3410: 3333:"Father's Trip to Vietnam Is His Daughter's Baggage" 3194: 3678: 3389: 2611:; "'Re-educated' 12 Years, An Ex-General Reflects"" 1412:Kỳ died on 23 July 2011, aged 80, at a hospital in 3811:is available for free viewing and download at the 3743: 3680: 3412: 2604: 2569: 696: 5859:South Vietnam Air Force generals and air marshals 3577: 3503:. McLean, Virginia: General Research Corporation. 1736:"Nguyen Cao Ky, South Vietnam Leader, Dies at 80" 905:in Khánh, and they assumed control of the junta. 27:Vice President of South Vietnam from 1967 to 1971 5830: 3396:. Lawrence, Kansas: University Press of Kansas. 2879:, (Johns Hopkins University Press, 2000), p. 421 1758:"Former South Vietnam leader Nguyen Cao Ky dies" 3719: 3553: 3507: 3498: 3452: 1820: 1359:, who interviewed him in 1968, included him in 484:in the 1960s, before leading the nation as the 3022: 1172:, and the US Embassy notified Washington that 590:. After completing his secondary schooling in 5002: 4343: 3931: 3638:. New York City: Cambridge University Press. 3482:A Death in November: America in Vietnam, 1963 3227: 2739:"South Viet Nam: The Capital of Discontent". 2692:"South Viet Nam: Smoke, Fire & Welfare". 2364: 1306:and fled to the United States and settled in 1138:In a 1965 interview with American journalist 1090:on his controversial 1967 visit to Australia. 969:Power struggle with Thi and Buddhist Uprising 4978:South Vietnamese military ranks and insignia 3636:Triumph Forsaken: The Vietnam War, 1954–1965 3360:"Ex-South Vietnam leader Nguyen Cao Ky dies" 3245:"Groups look for investment opportunities". 3152:"Vietnam's wartime 'cowboy' softens his act" 2498: 2070:"South Viet Nam: The U.S. v. the Generals". 1965: 1299:, 30 April 1975, Kỳ left Vietnam aboard the 703:September 1964 South Vietnamese coup attempt 444:September 1964 South Vietnamese coup attempt 5879:Recipients of the Gallantry Cross (Vietnam) 5874:Recipients of the National Order of Vietnam 3598: 3362:. The Orange County Register. 24 July 2011. 2501:"The 1966 Buddhist Crisis in South Vietnam" 2453: 2451: 2449: 2447: 1756:Nguyen, Daisy; Yoong, Sean (23 July 2011). 1755: 1733: 857:Between January and February 1965, Colonel 673:Kỳ began his association with the American 449:February 1965 South Vietnamese coup attempt 5009: 4995: 4350: 4336: 3938: 3924: 3539:. New York City, New York: Penguin Books. 3514:The Egoists: Sixteen Surprising Interviews 3390:Conboy, Kenneth J.; Andradé, Dale (2000). 1944: 1942: 1940: 1938: 1361:The Egoists: Sixteen Surprising Interviews 1223: 594:, Hanoi, he enlisted in the French-backed 500:, in a nominally civilian administration. 99:31 October 1967 – 29 October 1971 69: 4030:Provisional Central Government of Vietnam 3898:Vice President of the Republic of Vietnam 3870:Prime Minister of the Republic of Vietnam 3741: 3700: 3330: 3195:Tran, Mai; Anton, Mike (9 January 2004). 3176:. Garden Grove Register. 27 February 2004 2994:"South Viet Nam: A Vote for the Future". 1998:"South Viet Nam: Remaking a Revolution". 1993: 1991: 1823:"How the viet kieu are reshaping Vietnam" 4506:Civilian Irregular Defense Group program 3783:Buddha's Child: My Fight to Save Vietnam 3145: 3143: 3141: 3139: 3137: 3135: 3133: 2822: 2820: 2818: 2653: 2651: 2649: 2647: 2645: 2572:"South Vietnamese Gen. Nguyen Chanh Thi" 2444: 2393: 2391: 2381: 2379: 2291: 2289: 2249:"South Viet Nam: A Trial for Patience". 2242: 2217: 2215: 2171: 2169: 2056: 2054: 1981: 1979: 1849:"South Viet Nam: Pilot with a Mission". 1323:Buddha's Child: My Fight to Save Vietnam 1239: 1182: 1149: 1081: 944: 830: 503:Born in northern Vietnam, Kỳ joined the 476:(8 September 1930 – 23 July 2011) was a 3691: 3563:. New York City: Simon & Schuster. 3462:. New York City: Simon & Schuster. 3433: 3110: 3108: 3106: 3104: 3102: 2980: 2978: 2976: 2974: 2955: 2953: 2916: 2914: 2734: 2732: 2730: 2605:Crossette, Barbara (18 December 1987). 2565: 2563: 2561: 2559: 2557: 2555: 2553: 2551: 2348: 2346: 2205: 2203: 2201: 2123: 2121: 2119: 2013: 2011: 1935: 1920: 1918: 1916: 1807: 1805: 1803: 1801: 1799: 1797: 1751: 1749: 180:19 June 1965 – 28 October 1967 14: 5831: 3694:The Lost Revolution: Vietnam 1945–1965 3531: 3476: 3197:"His Return to Vietnam Crosses a Line" 2987: 2763: 2761: 2720: 2718: 2668: 2635: 2633: 2600: 2598: 2596: 2594: 2532: 2530: 2528: 2526: 2524: 2522: 2063: 2027: 2025: 2023: 1988: 1925:"South Viet Nam: Continued Progress". 1844: 1842: 1840: 1838: 1598:Vietnam Air Service Medal, First Class 1214:United States House of Representatives 1098:During his rule, Kỳ made many foreign 5889:Recipients of the Air Gallantry Cross 4990: 4331: 3919: 3630: 3174:"Vietnam Visit by Ky Called Betrayal" 3130: 2815: 2685: 2675:"World: Politician from the Pagoda". 2642: 2494: 2492: 2490: 2488: 2486: 2388: 2376: 2307: 2286: 2224: 2212: 2191: 2189: 2187: 2185: 2183: 2181: 2166: 2139: 2051: 2042: 1976: 1494:Air Force Distinguished Service Order 1398:and singer on the music variety show 1291:After the defeat of South Vietnam by 5849:Vietnamese people of the Vietnam War 3149: 3099: 2971: 2950: 2911: 2727: 2658:"South Viet Nam: The Storm Breaks". 2548: 2539: 2355: 2343: 2325: 2316: 2277: 2259: 2233: 2198: 2116: 2098: 2089: 2080: 2008: 1959: 1913: 1904: 1886: 1794: 1746: 551:from a command role, which provoked 5914:Burials at Rose Hills Memorial Park 3411:Dougan, Clark; et al. (1983). 3057:"Indo-china: The Privileged Exiles" 2758: 2749: 2715: 2630: 2591: 2570:Sullivan, Patricia (26 June 2007). 2519: 2441:(2003 Revised Edition), pp. 209–222 2428:, New York: Viking, 1983 pp 444–445 2032:"Khanh arrests 5 in coup attempt". 2020: 1835: 1505:Air Force Meritorious Service Medal 1436: 764:December 1964 South Vietnamese coup 758:December 1964 South Vietnamese coup 578:Early years and rising up the ranks 207:Chairman of the National Leadership 24: 5019:Order of the Defender of the Realm 4256: 4231: 4196: 4111: 4054: 3996: 3969: 2483: 2178: 1859: 1658:Order of the Defender of the Realm 937:In February 1966, Kỳ attended the 419:(Thiếu Tướng), Air Force commander 25: 5925: 3765: 3501:The General Offensives of 1968–69 1604: 1145: 439:1963 South Vietnamese coup d'état 5909:Vice presidents of South Vietnam 5904:Prime ministers of South Vietnam 4359: 3947: 3366: 3352: 3324: 3306: 3297: 3288: 3279: 3253: 3238: 3221: 3188: 3166: 2410:, New York: Viking, 1983 pp 444. 2038:. 17 September 1964. p. 10. 1707: 1694: 1679: 1666: 1656:Honorary Grand Commander of the 1651: 1638: 1624: 1611: 1593: 1582: 1572: 1561: 1550: 1540: 1529: 1519: 1509: 1499: 1488: 1483:Army Distinguished Service Order 1477: 1467: 1456: 1443: 1373: 1314:. Kỳ wrote two autobiographies, 1267: 1235: 799:The signature of Chief of State 366: 341: 302:National Social Democratic Front 3808:STAFF FILM REPORT 66-27A (1966) 3777:Speech by General Nguyen Cao Ky 3560:Our Vietnam: the war, 1954–1975 3484:. New York City: E. P. Dutton. 3459:Our Vietnam: the war, 1954–1975 3116:"Vietnam welcomes former enemy" 3090: 3081: 3049: 3040: 3031: 3013: 3004: 2962: 2941: 2932: 2923: 2898: 2882: 2869: 2860: 2844: 2835: 2806: 2797: 2788: 2779: 2770: 2702: 2467:. 25 March 1966. Archived from 2431: 2400: 2334: 2298: 2268: 2157: 2148: 2130: 2107: 1955:. 14 September 1964. p. 1. 1895: 1874:Conboy, Andrade, pp. 33–34, 44. 1821:Jiménez, Marina (5 July 2004). 697:Rise to prominence in the junta 630:ended the colonial presence in 486:prime minister of South Vietnam 337: 168:Prime Minister of South Vietnam 87:Vice President of South Vietnam 5869:Leaders who took power by coup 5761:Abdullah bin Abdulaziz Al Saud 4190:Democratic Republic of Vietnam 3652: 3331:Tran, Mai (15 February 2004). 2370: 1877: 1868: 1727: 634:, and Kỳ came back to the new 13: 1: 5894:Military personnel from Hanoi 5753:Khalifa bin Salman Al Khalifa 4319:head of a military government 4250:Socialist Republic of Vietnam 3838:Republic of Vietnam Air Force 3772:A 4-day Truce - by Hugh Lunn 3701:Topmiller, Robert J. (2006). 3580:The Pacific Historical Review 3150:Pham, Nga (14 January 2004). 3065:. 12 May 1975. Archived from 3010:Dougan and Weiss, pp. 124–25. 1788:"How we lost the vietnam war" 1721: 835:Kỳ (far right), US President 644:Air Command and Staff College 582:A northerner, Kỳ was born in 482:Republic of Vietnam Air Force 394:Republic of Vietnam Air Force 42:, but is often simplified to 5899:South Vietnamese politicians 5745:Sultan bin Abdulaziz Al Saud 5673:Nawwaf bin Abdulaziz Al Saud 3801:Who's Who in Vietnam in 1967 3679:Penniman, Howard R. (1972). 2503:. Historynet. Archived from 1734:Seth Mydans (23 July 2011). 1629:Special Grand Cordon of the 1394:entertainment industry as a 1103:evaporated. The centre-left 1054:Assistant Secretary of State 7: 5801:Mohamed bin Zayed Al Nahyan 3231:The San Diego Union-Tribune 2812:Edwards (1997), pp. 143–46. 2803:Edwards (1997), pp. 141–42. 2499:Brush, Peter (April 2005). 1686:Order of the White Elephant 1567:Vietnam Staff Service Medal 1317:How We Lost the Vietnam War 683:Central Intelligence Agency 10: 5930: 5705:Fahd bin Abdulaziz Al Saud 3954:Prime ministers of Vietnam 3683:Elections in South Vietnam 3517:. Chicago: H. Regnery Co. 3383: 2827:"South Viet Nam: Low Ky". 2794:Edwards (1997), pp. 83–85. 1713:Presidential Unit Citation 1684:Knight Grand Cross of the 1525:Vietnamese Gallantry Cross 972: 853:1965 South Vietnamese coup 850: 826: 761: 700: 293:, Whittier, California, US 128:Trần Văn Hương (1968–1969) 29: 5854:Generals of South Vietnam 5540:Zein al-Sharaf bint Jamil 5398: 5389:Wan Junaidi Tuanku Jaafar 5229:Abang Muhammad Salahuddin 5181:Sharifah Rodziah Barakbah 5025: 4972: 4679: 4626: 4565: 4544: 4488: 4410: 4372: 4366:Military of South Vietnam 4313: 4248: 4236:Republic of South Vietnam 4225:Republic of South Vietnam 4223: 4188: 4103: 4046: 4028: 3988: 3961: 3904: 3895: 3886: 3876: 3867: 3859: 3854: 3844: 3834: 3826: 3821: 3742:VanDeMark, Brian (1991). 3616:10.1017/S0026749X04001295 3592:10.1525/phr.2004.73.4.619 3028:Dougan and Weiss, p. 126. 2397:Moyar (2004), pp. 781–82. 2304:Moyar (2006), pp. 363–64. 2136:Moyar (2004), pp. 774–75. 1463:National Order of Vietnam 1431: 1295:, on the last day of the 1276:interview with Nguyễn on 1266: 1261: 707:In January 1964, General 467: 426: 407: 399: 389: 379: 374: 362: 351: 319: 307: 297: 286: 269: 246: 241: 237: 227: 215: 205: 184: 173: 165: 153: 141: 113: 103: 92: 84: 80: 68: 61: 5017:Grand Commanders of the 3786:by General Nguyễn Cao Kỳ 3696:. London: André Deutsch. 3692:Shaplen, Robert (1966). 3499:Hoang Ngoc Lung (1978). 2609:Ho Chi Minh City Journal 1556:Armed Forces Honor Medal 1422:Rose Hills Memorial Park 1407: 1347: 1122: 847:together in October 1966 782:Republic of Vietnam Navy 596:Vietnamese National Army 514:participated in the coup 505:Vietnamese National Army 496:to bitter rival General 291:Rose Hills Memorial Park 5641:James Beveridge Thomson 4536:Combined Action Program 4001:Republic of Cochinchina 3990:Republic of Cochinchina 3434:Edwards, P. G. (1997). 3318:5 November 2012 at the 2947:McAllister, pp. 646–47. 2929:McAllister, pp. 640–41. 1631:Order of Brilliant Star 1390:, is well known in the 1308:Westminster, California 1253:Operation Frequent Wind 1224:1967–71: vice president 1086:Kỳ with Prime Minister 624:Battle of Điện Biên Phủ 516:that deposed president 459:Battle of Saigon (1968) 5777:Pier Ferdinando Casini 5381:Ahmad Fuzi Abdul Razak 5309:Syed Ahmad Shahabuddin 5189:Abdul Aziz Abdul Majid 4262: 4237: 4202: 4117: 4060: 4002: 3975: 3118:. BBC. 14 January 2004 2459:"The Saigon Thi Party" 1828:Toronto Globe and Mail 1588:Military Service Medal 1578:Vietnam Campaign Medal 1396:mistress of ceremonies 1256: 1192: 1155: 1105:Australian Labor Party 1091: 958: 848: 592:Chu Văn An High School 5634:1966: Chang Kay Young 5349:Abdullah Ahmad Badawi 5149:Pengiran Ahmad Raffae 4849:Nguyễn Phước Vĩnh Lộc 4260: 4235: 4200: 4115: 4058: 4000: 3973: 3725:Journal of a Vietcong 3438:. Allen & Unwin. 3037:Penniman, pp. 126–46. 2385:Moyar (2004), p. 781. 2340:Langguth, pp. 346–47. 2322:Moyar (2006), p. 364. 2239:Moyar (2006), p. 363. 2145:Moyar (2006), p. 775. 2086:Moyar (2006), p. 344. 2060:Moyar (2004), p. 769. 1910:Moyar (2006), p. 327. 1892:Moyar (2006), p. 326. 1515:Special Service Medal 1461:Grand Officer of the 1243: 1186: 1153: 1085: 1030:George McTurnan Kahin 948: 903:vote of no confidence 834: 805:High National Council 679:military intelligence 640:Tân Sơn Nhứt Air Base 507:of the French-backed 400:Years of service 264:French Indochina 5864:Vietnamese Buddhists 5420:Djuanda Kartawidjaja 5301:Mohammad Said Keruak 5277:Tunku Ibrahim Ismail 5245:Mohamad Adnan Robert 5221:Mohd Hamdan Abdullah 5157:Syed Sheh Shahabudin 3604:Modern Asian Studies 3415:Nineteen Sixty-Eight 3000:. 15 September 1967. 2471:on 30 September 2007 2352:Shaplen, pp. 338–44. 2195:Shaplen, pp. 310–12. 2004:. 25 September 1964. 1931:. 18 September 1964. 1883:Shaplen, pp. 228–40. 1473:Military Merit Medal 1426:Whittier, California 1001:William Westmoreland 841:William Westmoreland 522:Diệm's assassination 340: 1964; 5737:Maha Vajiralongkorn 5500:Prapas Charusathien 5444:Thanom Kittikachorn 5293:Hamdan Sheikh Tahir 5261:Abdul Rahman Ya'kub 5093:Abdul Razak Hussein 4105:Republic of Vietnam 3294:Fallaci, pp. 69-71. 3096:McAllister, p. 641. 3087:McAllister, p. 621. 2984:McAllister, p. 645. 2959:McAllister, p. 647. 2938:Karnow, pp. 465–66. 2776:Karnow, pp. 460–65. 2577:The Washington Post 2255:. 26 February 1965. 2113:Karnow, pp. 398–99. 1855:. 18 February 1966. 1811:McAllister, p. 646. 1535:Air Gallantry Cross 1392:overseas Vietnamese 1388:Nguyễn Cao Kỳ Duyên 636:Republic of Vietnam 612:First Indochina War 384:Republic of Vietnam 356:Nguyễn Cao Kỳ Duyên 5697:Kriangsak Chamanan 5612:Hussein ibn Nasser 5588:Muhammad bin Talal 5341:Mohd Khalil Yaakob 5325:Ahmadshah Abdullah 5285:Ahmad Zaidi Adruce 5165:Syed Sheh Barakbah 5101:Henry Lee Hau Shik 5061:Tengku Yahya Petra 4973:Ranks and insignia 4531:Presidential Guard 4263: 4238: 4203: 4118: 4061: 4003: 3976: 3855:Political offices 3537:Vietnam: A history 3313:Kỳ's personal life 3247:Saigon Times Daily 3209:on 3 November 2012 3069:on 16 October 2008 2831:. 3 February 1967. 2785:Kahin, pp. 425–30. 2616:The New York Times 2274:Kahin, pp. 300–01. 2163:Kahin, pp. 294–96. 2154:Kahin, pp. 255–60. 2127:Kahin, pp. 267–69. 2035:The New York Times 1969:The New York Times 1952:The New York Times 1901:Kahin, pp. 228–32. 1740:The New York Times 1257: 1193: 1174:The New York Times 1165:The New York Times 1156: 1092: 1077:Vietnamese Rangers 959: 957:in Hawaiʻi in 1966 849: 780:, the head of the 5826: 5825: 5721:Prem Tinsulanonda 5628:Zakaria Mohieddin 5572:Hussein el-Shafei 5452:Norodom Monineath 5365:Abdul Taib Mahmud 5117:Abdul Malek Yusuf 4984: 4983: 4894:Nguyễn Viết Thanh 4854:Nguyễn Trọng Luật 4545:ARVN Sub-branches 4325: 4324: 3974:Empire of Vietnam 3963:Empire of Vietnam 3914: 3913: 3905:Succeeded by 3877:Succeeded by 3845:Succeeded by 3822:Military offices 3666:Missing or empty 3403:978-0-7006-1002-0 3338:Los Angeles Times 3202:Los Angeles Times 2875:Knightly, Philip 2767:Topmiller, p. 53. 2724:Topmiller, p. 38. 2639:Topmiller, p. 35. 2536:Topmiller, p. 34. 2437:McCoy, Alfred W. 2426:Vietnam A History 2408:Vietnam A History 2331:VanDeMark, p. 82. 2283:VanDeMark, p. 80. 2209:VanDeMark, p. 81. 2076:. 1 January 1965. 1310:, where he ran a 1289: 1288: 1206:Central Highlands 981:Buddhist Uprising 975:Buddhist Uprising 879:Biên Hòa Air Base 837:Lyndon B. Johnson 809:Maxwell D. Taylor 675:covert operations 628:Geneva Conference 586:, a town west of 471: 470: 454:Buddhist Uprising 16:(Redirected from 5921: 5819: 5811: 5803: 5795: 5793:Moza bint Nasser 5787: 5779: 5771: 5763: 5755: 5747: 5739: 5731: 5723: 5715: 5707: 5699: 5691: 5683: 5675: 5667: 5659: 5651: 5643: 5635: 5630: 5622: 5614: 5606: 5598: 5590: 5582: 5574: 5566: 5558: 5556:Hassan bin Talal 5550: 5542: 5534: 5526: 5518: 5516:Abdel Hakim Amer 5510: 5502: 5494: 5486: 5478: 5470: 5462: 5454: 5446: 5438: 5430: 5422: 5414: 5391: 5383: 5375: 5367: 5359: 5357:Juhar Mahiruddin 5351: 5343: 5335: 5333:Mahathir Mohamad 5327: 5319: 5311: 5303: 5295: 5287: 5279: 5271: 5263: 5255: 5247: 5239: 5231: 5223: 5215: 5207: 5199: 5191: 5183: 5175: 5167: 5159: 5151: 5143: 5135: 5127: 5119: 5111: 5103: 5095: 5087: 5079: 5071: 5063: 5055: 5047: 5039: 5011: 5004: 4997: 4988: 4987: 4944:Trần Thiện Khiêm 4939:Trần Thanh Phong 4924:Phan Trọng Chinh 4899:Nguyễn Vĩnh Nghi 4879:Nguyễn Văn Thiệu 4859:Nguyễn Văn Chuân 4819:Nguyễn Đức Thắng 4814:Nguyễn Chánh Thi 4804:Ngô Quang Trưởng 4364: 4363: 4352: 4345: 4338: 4329: 4328: 4301:Nguyễn Xuân Phúc 4211:Huỳnh Thúc Kháng 4171:Trần Thiện Khiêm 4146:Nguyễn Xuân Oánh 4131:Nguyễn Xuân Oánh 4070:Nguyễn Phan Long 4048:State of Vietnam 4006:Nguyễn Văn Thinh 3952: 3951: 3950: 3940: 3933: 3926: 3917: 3916: 3887:Preceded by 3860:Preceded by 3827:Preceded by 3819: 3818: 3813:Internet Archive 3761: 3749: 3738: 3727:. London: Cape. 3716: 3697: 3688: 3686: 3675: 3669: 3664: 3662: 3654: 3649: 3627: 3595: 3574: 3550: 3528: 3504: 3495: 3478:Hammer, Ellen J. 3473: 3449: 3430: 3418: 3407: 3378: 3377: 3370: 3364: 3363: 3356: 3350: 3349: 3347: 3345: 3328: 3322: 3310: 3304: 3303:Fallaci, pp. 66. 3301: 3295: 3292: 3286: 3285:Fallaci, pp. 65. 3283: 3277: 3276: 3274: 3272: 3257: 3251: 3250: 3242: 3236: 3235: 3225: 3219: 3218: 3216: 3214: 3205:. 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J. 3547: 3533:Karnow, Stanley 3525: 3509:Fallaci, Oriana 3492: 3470: 3454:Langguth, A. J. 3446: 3427: 3404: 3386: 3381: 3372: 3371: 3367: 3358: 3357: 3353: 3343: 3341: 3329: 3325: 3320:Wayback Machine 3311: 3307: 3302: 3298: 3293: 3289: 3284: 3280: 3270: 3268: 3259: 3258: 3254: 3249:. 25 July 2005. 3244: 3243: 3239: 3226: 3222: 3212: 3210: 3193: 3189: 3179: 3177: 3172: 3171: 3167: 3157: 3155: 3148: 3131: 3121: 3119: 3114: 3113: 3100: 3095: 3091: 3086: 3082: 3072: 3070: 3055: 3054: 3050: 3046:Karnow, p. 457. 3045: 3041: 3036: 3032: 3027: 3023: 3018: 3014: 3009: 3005: 2993: 2992: 2988: 2983: 2972: 2968:Karnow, p. 465. 2967: 2963: 2958: 2951: 2946: 2942: 2937: 2933: 2928: 2924: 2920:Karnow, p. 466. 2919: 2912: 2903: 2899: 2887: 2883: 2874: 2870: 2865: 2861: 2855:Washington Post 2849: 2845: 2840: 2836: 2826: 2825: 2816: 2811: 2807: 2802: 2798: 2793: 2789: 2784: 2780: 2775: 2771: 2766: 2759: 2754: 2750: 2745:. 8 April 1966. 2738: 2737: 2728: 2723: 2716: 2707: 2703: 2691: 2690: 2686: 2674: 2673: 2669: 2657: 2656: 2643: 2638: 2631: 2621: 2619: 2603: 2592: 2582: 2580: 2568: 2549: 2545:Karnow, p. 460. 2544: 2540: 2535: 2520: 2510: 2508: 2507:on 17 July 2011 2497: 2484: 2474: 2472: 2457: 2456: 2445: 2436: 2432: 2423: 2414: 2405: 2401: 2396: 2389: 2384: 2377: 2369: 2365: 2361:Hammer, p. 249. 2360: 2356: 2351: 2344: 2339: 2335: 2330: 2326: 2321: 2317: 2312: 2308: 2303: 2299: 2294: 2287: 2282: 2278: 2273: 2269: 2264: 2260: 2248: 2247: 2243: 2238: 2234: 2229: 2225: 2220: 2213: 2208: 2199: 2194: 2179: 2174: 2167: 2162: 2158: 2153: 2149: 2144: 2140: 2135: 2131: 2126: 2117: 2112: 2108: 2104:Karnow, p. 399. 2103: 2099: 2095:Karnow, p. 398. 2094: 2090: 2085: 2081: 2069: 2068: 2064: 2059: 2052: 2047: 2043: 2031: 2030: 2021: 2017:Karnow, p. 396. 2016: 2009: 1997: 1996: 1989: 1984: 1977: 1964: 1960: 1948: 1947: 1936: 1924: 1923: 1914: 1909: 1905: 1900: 1896: 1891: 1887: 1882: 1878: 1873: 1869: 1864: 1860: 1848: 1847: 1836: 1819: 1815: 1810: 1795: 1786: 1785: 1781: 1771: 1769: 1768:on 25 July 2011 1754: 1747: 1732: 1728: 1724: 1695: 1693: 1667: 1665: 1660:(S.M.N.) 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4605: 4600: 4595: 4590: 4585: 4580: 4575: 4569: 4567: 4563: 4562: 4560: 4559: 4554: 4552:Special Forces 4548: 4546: 4542: 4541: 4539: 4538: 4533: 4528: 4523: 4518: 4516:Popular Forces 4513: 4508: 4503: 4498: 4492: 4490: 4486: 4485: 4483: 4482: 4477: 4472: 4467: 4462: 4457: 4452: 4447: 4442: 4437: 4432: 4427: 4422: 4416: 4414: 4408: 4407: 4405: 4404: 4399: 4398: 4397: 4387: 4382: 4376: 4374: 4370: 4369: 4355: 4354: 4347: 4340: 4332: 4323: 4322: 4320: 4317: 4314: 4311: 4310: 4308: 4303: 4298: 4293: 4288: 4283: 4278: 4273: 4268: 4255: 4253: 4252:(1976–present) 4246: 4245: 4243: 4241:Huỳnh Tấn Phát 4230: 4228: 4221: 4220: 4218: 4213: 4208: 4195: 4193: 4186: 4185: 4183: 4178: 4173: 4168: 4166:Trần Văn Hương 4163: 4161:Nguyễn Văn Lộc 4158: 4153: 4148: 4143: 4141:Trần Văn Hương 4138: 4133: 4128: 4123: 4110: 4108: 4101: 4100: 4098: 4097: 4092: 4087: 4082: 4080:Nguyễn Văn Tâm 4077: 4072: 4067: 4053: 4051: 4044: 4043: 4041: 4036: 4034: 4026: 4025: 4023: 4018: 4013: 4008: 3995: 3993: 3986: 3985: 3983: 3982: 3980:Trần Trọng Kim 3968: 3966: 3959: 3958: 3943: 3942: 3935: 3928: 3920: 3912: 3911: 3908:Trần Văn Hương 3906: 3903: 3894: 3888: 3884: 3883: 3880:Nguyễn Văn Lộc 3878: 3875: 3866: 3861: 3857: 3856: 3852: 3851: 3846: 3843: 3833: 3828: 3824: 3823: 3817: 3816: 3803: 3798: 3787: 3779: 3774: 3767: 3766:External links 3764: 3763: 3762: 3756: 3739: 3733: 3717: 3711: 3698: 3689: 3676: 3650: 3644: 3628: 3596: 3575: 3569: 3551: 3545: 3529: 3523: 3505: 3496: 3490: 3474: 3468: 3450: 3444: 3431: 3425: 3408: 3402: 3385: 3382: 3380: 3379: 3365: 3351: 3323: 3305: 3296: 3287: 3278: 3267:. 18 June 2010 3252: 3237: 3220: 3187: 3165: 3129: 3098: 3089: 3080: 3048: 3039: 3030: 3021: 3019:Hoang, p. 142. 3012: 3003: 2986: 2970: 2961: 2949: 2940: 2931: 2922: 2910: 2897: 2893:New York Times 2881: 2868: 2859: 2843: 2834: 2814: 2805: 2796: 2787: 2778: 2769: 2757: 2748: 2726: 2714: 2701: 2684: 2667: 2641: 2629: 2590: 2547: 2538: 2518: 2482: 2443: 2430: 2412: 2399: 2387: 2375: 2373:, p. 116. 2363: 2354: 2342: 2333: 2324: 2315: 2313:Kahin, p. 301. 2306: 2297: 2295:Kahin, p. 302. 2285: 2276: 2267: 2258: 2241: 2232: 2230:Kahin, p. 299. 2223: 2221:Kahin, p. 300. 2211: 2197: 2177: 2175:Kahin, p. 298. 2165: 2156: 2147: 2138: 2129: 2115: 2106: 2097: 2088: 2079: 2062: 2050: 2048:Kahin, p. 498. 2041: 2019: 2007: 1987: 1985:Kahin, p. 232. 1975: 1958: 1934: 1912: 1903: 1894: 1885: 1876: 1867: 1858: 1834: 1813: 1793: 1779: 1745: 1725: 1723: 1720: 1719: 1718: 1717: 1716: 1691: 1690: 1689: 1663: 1662: 1661: 1635: 1634: 1633: 1606: 1605:Foreign honour 1603: 1602: 1601: 1600: 1599: 1591: 1590:, Second Class 1580: 1570: 1559: 1548: 1538: 1527: 1517: 1507: 1497: 1486: 1475: 1465: 1438: 1435: 1433: 1430: 1409: 1406: 1401:Paris By Night 1380:Đặng Tuyết Mai 1375: 1372: 1357:Oriana Fallaci 1349: 1346: 1331:Buddha's Child 1297:fall of Saigon 1287: 1286: 1278:Buddha's Child 1264: 1263: 1255:in April 1975. 1237: 1234: 1225: 1222: 1147: 1146:1967 elections 1144: 1129:Brian Moynahan 1124: 1121: 1109:Arthur Calwell 1020:Popular Forces 996:Stanley Karnow 973:Main article: 970: 967: 951:Lyndon Johnson 859:Phạm Ngọc Thảo 851:Main article: 828: 825: 817:Trần Văn Hương 778:Chung Tấn Cang 762:Main article: 759: 756: 701:Main article: 698: 695: 668:Dương Văn Minh 663:vice president 659:prime minister 579: 576: 572:fall of Saigon 542:Phạm Ngọc Thảo 494:vice president 490:military junta 469: 468: 465: 464: 462: 461: 456: 451: 446: 441: 436: 430: 428: 424: 423: 421: 420: 417: 411: 409: 405: 404: 401: 397: 396: 391: 390:Branch/service 387: 386: 381: 377: 376: 372: 371: 364: 360: 359: 353: 349: 348: 333: 329: 326:Đặng Tuyết Mai 324: 323: 321: 317: 316: 311: 305: 304: 299: 295: 294: 288: 284: 283: 277:(aged 80) 271: 267: 266: 248: 244: 243: 239: 238: 235: 234: 233:Nguyễn Văn Lộc 231: 225: 224: 219: 213: 212: 209: 203: 202: 200: 199: 194: 188: 186: 182: 181: 171: 170: 163: 162: 160:Trần Văn Hương 157: 151: 150: 145: 139: 138: 136: 135: 129: 126: 123:Nguyễn Văn Lộc 119: 117: 115:Prime Minister 111: 110: 105: 101: 100: 90: 89: 82: 81: 78: 77: 74: 66: 65: 62: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5926: 5915: 5912: 5910: 5907: 5905: 5902: 5900: 5897: 5895: 5892: 5890: 5887: 5885: 5882: 5880: 5877: 5875: 5872: 5870: 5867: 5865: 5862: 5860: 5857: 5855: 5852: 5850: 5847: 5845: 5842: 5840: 5837: 5836: 5834: 5818: 5813: 5810: 5805: 5802: 5797: 5794: 5789: 5786: 5781: 5778: 5773: 5770: 5769:Marcello Pera 5765: 5762: 5757: 5754: 5749: 5746: 5741: 5738: 5733: 5730: 5729:Jefri Bolkiah 5725: 5722: 5717: 5714: 5709: 5706: 5701: 5698: 5693: 5690: 5689:Kukrit Pramoj 5685: 5682: 5677: 5674: 5669: 5666: 5661: 5658: 5653: 5650: 5645: 5642: 5637: 5632: 5629: 5624: 5621: 5616: 5613: 5608: 5605: 5604:Nguyễn Cao Kỳ 5600: 5597: 5592: 5589: 5584: 5581: 5580:Chung Il-kwon 5576: 5573: 5568: 5565: 5560: 5557: 5552: 5549: 5544: 5541: 5536: 5533: 5528: 5525: 5520: 5517: 5512: 5509: 5504: 5501: 5496: 5493: 5488: 5485: 5480: 5477: 5472: 5469: 5464: 5461: 5456: 5453: 5448: 5445: 5440: 5437: 5436:Thanat Khoman 5432: 5429: 5424: 5421: 5416: 5413: 5408: 5407: 5405: 5397: 5390: 5385: 5382: 5377: 5374: 5369: 5366: 5361: 5358: 5353: 5350: 5345: 5342: 5337: 5334: 5329: 5326: 5321: 5318: 5313: 5310: 5305: 5302: 5297: 5294: 5289: 5286: 5281: 5278: 5273: 5270: 5265: 5262: 5257: 5254: 5249: 5246: 5241: 5238: 5233: 5230: 5225: 5222: 5217: 5214: 5209: 5206: 5201: 5198: 5197:Fuad Stephens 5193: 5190: 5185: 5182: 5177: 5174: 5173:Tuanku Bujang 5169: 5166: 5161: 5158: 5153: 5150: 5145: 5142: 5137: 5134: 5129: 5126: 5121: 5118: 5113: 5110: 5105: 5102: 5097: 5094: 5089: 5086: 5081: 5078: 5073: 5070: 5069:Leong Yew Koh 5065: 5062: 5057: 5054: 5053:Tunku Munawir 5049: 5046: 5041: 5038: 5033: 5032: 5030: 5024: 5020: 5012: 5007: 5005: 5000: 4998: 4993: 4992: 4989: 4979: 4975: 4971: 4965: 4962: 4960: 4957: 4955: 4952: 4950: 4947: 4945: 4942: 4940: 4937: 4935: 4934:Tôn Thất Đính 4932: 4930: 4927: 4925: 4922: 4920: 4917: 4915: 4912: 4910: 4909:Phạm Phú Quốc 4907: 4905: 4902: 4900: 4897: 4895: 4892: 4890: 4889:Nguyễn Văn Vy 4887: 4885: 4882: 4880: 4877: 4875: 4872: 4870: 4867: 4865: 4862: 4860: 4857: 4855: 4852: 4850: 4847: 4845: 4842: 4840: 4837: 4835: 4832: 4830: 4829:Nguyễn Hữu Có 4827: 4825: 4822: 4820: 4817: 4815: 4812: 4810: 4809:Nguyễn Cao Kỳ 4807: 4805: 4802: 4800: 4797: 4795: 4792: 4790: 4787: 4785: 4782: 4780: 4777: 4775: 4772: 4770: 4767: 4765: 4762: 4760: 4757: 4755: 4752: 4750: 4749:Lâm Quang Thơ 4747: 4745: 4744:Lâm Quang Thi 4742: 4740: 4739:Huỳnh Văn Cao 4737: 4735: 4732: 4730: 4729:Hoàng Cơ Minh 4727: 4725: 4722: 4720: 4719:Dương Văn Đức 4717: 4715: 4712: 4710: 4707: 4705: 4702: 4700: 4697: 4695: 4692: 4690: 4687: 4686: 4684: 4678: 4672: 4669: 4667: 4664: 4662: 4661:December 1964 4659: 4657: 4654: 4652: 4649: 4647: 4644: 4642: 4639: 4637: 4634: 4633: 4631: 4627:Coup attempts 4625: 4619: 4616: 4614: 4611: 4609: 4606: 4604: 4601: 4599: 4596: 4594: 4591: 4589: 4586: 4584: 4581: 4579: 4576: 4574: 4571: 4570: 4568: 4564: 4558: 4555: 4553: 4550: 4549: 4547: 4543: 4537: 4534: 4532: 4529: 4527: 4524: 4522: 4519: 4517: 4514: 4512: 4509: 4507: 4504: 4502: 4499: 4497: 4494: 4493: 4491: 4487: 4481: 4478: 4476: 4473: 4471: 4468: 4466: 4463: 4461: 4458: 4456: 4453: 4451: 4448: 4446: 4443: 4441: 4438: 4436: 4433: 4431: 4428: 4426: 4423: 4421: 4418: 4417: 4415: 4413: 4409: 4403: 4400: 4396: 4393: 4392: 4391: 4388: 4386: 4383: 4381: 4378: 4377: 4375: 4371: 4367: 4362: 4353: 4348: 4346: 4341: 4339: 4334: 4333: 4330: 4318: 4315: 4312: 4307: 4304: 4302: 4299: 4297: 4294: 4292: 4291:Phan Văn Khải 4289: 4287: 4284: 4282: 4279: 4277: 4274: 4272: 4269: 4267: 4266:Phạm Văn Đồng 4264: 4259: 4254: 4251: 4247: 4242: 4239: 4234: 4229: 4226: 4222: 4217: 4216:Phạm Văn Đồng 4214: 4212: 4209: 4207: 4204: 4201:North Vietnam 4199: 4194: 4191: 4187: 4182: 4179: 4177: 4176:Nguyễn Bá Cẩn 4174: 4172: 4169: 4167: 4164: 4162: 4159: 4157: 4156:Nguyễn Cao Kỳ 4154: 4152: 4151:Phan Huy Quát 4149: 4147: 4144: 4142: 4139: 4137: 4134: 4132: 4129: 4127: 4124: 4122: 4119: 4116:South Vietnam 4114: 4109: 4106: 4102: 4096: 4095:Ngô Đình Diệm 4093: 4091: 4090:Phan Huy Quát 4088: 4086: 4083: 4081: 4078: 4076: 4073: 4071: 4068: 4066: 4063: 4062: 4059:South Vietnam 4057: 4052: 4049: 4045: 4040: 4037: 4035: 4031: 4027: 4022: 4019: 4017: 4014: 4012: 4009: 4007: 4004: 3999: 3994: 3991: 3987: 3981: 3978: 3977: 3972: 3967: 3964: 3960: 3955: 3941: 3936: 3934: 3929: 3927: 3922: 3921: 3918: 3909: 3900: 3899: 3891: 3885: 3881: 3872: 3871: 3864: 3863:Phan Huy Quát 3858: 3853: 3849: 3848:Trần Văn Minh 3840: 3839: 3831: 3825: 3820: 3814: 3810: 3809: 3804: 3802: 3799: 3797: 3796: 3791: 3788: 3785: 3784: 3780: 3778: 3775: 3773: 3770: 3769: 3759: 3757:0-19-509650-9 3753: 3748: 3747: 3740: 3736: 3734:0-224-02819-7 3730: 3726: 3722: 3718: 3714: 3712:0-8131-9166-1 3708: 3704: 3699: 3695: 3690: 3685: 3684: 3677: 3673: 3660: 3651: 3647: 3645:0-521-86911-0 3641: 3637: 3633: 3629: 3625: 3621: 3617: 3613: 3609: 3605: 3601: 3597: 3593: 3589: 3585: 3581: 3576: 3572: 3570:0-684-81202-9 3566: 3562: 3561: 3556: 3552: 3548: 3546:0-670-84218-4 3542: 3538: 3534: 3530: 3526: 3524:9789990898965 3520: 3516: 3515: 3510: 3506: 3502: 3497: 3493: 3491:0-525-24210-4 3487: 3483: 3479: 3475: 3471: 3469:0-684-81202-9 3465: 3461: 3460: 3455: 3451: 3447: 3445:1-86448-282-6 3441: 3437: 3432: 3428: 3426:0-939526-06-9 3422: 3417: 3416: 3409: 3405: 3399: 3395: 3394: 3388: 3387: 3375: 3369: 3361: 3355: 3340: 3339: 3334: 3327: 3321: 3317: 3314: 3309: 3300: 3291: 3282: 3266: 3265:Westport News 3262: 3256: 3248: 3241: 3233: 3232: 3224: 3208: 3204: 3203: 3198: 3191: 3175: 3169: 3153: 3146: 3144: 3142: 3140: 3138: 3136: 3134: 3117: 3111: 3109: 3107: 3105: 3103: 3093: 3084: 3068: 3064: 3063: 3058: 3052: 3043: 3034: 3025: 3016: 3007: 2999: 2998: 2990: 2981: 2979: 2977: 2975: 2965: 2956: 2954: 2944: 2935: 2926: 2917: 2915: 2907: 2901: 2894: 2891: 2885: 2878: 2872: 2863: 2856: 2853: 2847: 2838: 2830: 2823: 2821: 2819: 2809: 2800: 2791: 2782: 2773: 2764: 2762: 2755:Wiest, p. 59. 2752: 2744: 2743: 2735: 2733: 2731: 2721: 2719: 2711: 2705: 2697: 2696: 2688: 2680: 2679: 2671: 2663: 2662: 2654: 2652: 2650: 2648: 2646: 2636: 2634: 2618: 2617: 2612: 2610: 2601: 2599: 2597: 2595: 2579: 2578: 2573: 2566: 2564: 2562: 2560: 2558: 2556: 2554: 2552: 2542: 2533: 2531: 2529: 2527: 2525: 2523: 2506: 2502: 2495: 2493: 2491: 2489: 2487: 2470: 2466: 2465: 2460: 2454: 2452: 2450: 2448: 2440: 2434: 2427: 2421: 2419: 2417: 2409: 2403: 2394: 2392: 2382: 2380: 2372: 2367: 2358: 2349: 2347: 2337: 2328: 2319: 2310: 2301: 2292: 2290: 2280: 2271: 2265:Tang, p. 363. 2262: 2254: 2253: 2245: 2236: 2227: 2218: 2216: 2206: 2204: 2202: 2192: 2190: 2188: 2186: 2184: 2182: 2172: 2170: 2160: 2151: 2142: 2133: 2124: 2122: 2120: 2110: 2101: 2092: 2083: 2075: 2074: 2066: 2057: 2055: 2045: 2037: 2036: 2028: 2026: 2024: 2014: 2012: 2003: 2002: 1994: 1992: 1982: 1980: 1971: 1970: 1962: 1954: 1953: 1945: 1943: 1941: 1939: 1930: 1929: 1921: 1919: 1917: 1907: 1898: 1889: 1880: 1871: 1862: 1854: 1853: 1845: 1843: 1841: 1839: 1830: 1829: 1824: 1817: 1808: 1806: 1804: 1802: 1800: 1798: 1789: 1783: 1767: 1763: 1759: 1752: 1750: 1741: 1737: 1730: 1726: 1714: 1710: 1706: 1705: 1703: 1692: 1687: 1682: 1678: 1677: 1675: 1664: 1659: 1654: 1650: 1649: 1647: 1636: 1632: 1627: 1623: 1622: 1620: 1609: 1608: 1596: 1592: 1589: 1585: 1581: 1579: 1575: 1571: 1569:, First Class 1568: 1564: 1560: 1558:, First Class 1557: 1553: 1549: 1547: 1543: 1539: 1536: 1532: 1528: 1526: 1522: 1518: 1516: 1512: 1508: 1506: 1502: 1498: 1496:, First Class 1495: 1491: 1487: 1485:, First Class 1484: 1480: 1476: 1474: 1470: 1466: 1464: 1459: 1455: 1454: 1452: 1451:South Vietnam 1441: 1440: 1429: 1427: 1423: 1419: 1415: 1405: 1403: 1402: 1397: 1393: 1389: 1385: 1381: 1374:Personal life 1371: 1370: 1366: 1362: 1358: 1354: 1345: 1342: 1338: 1334: 1332: 1327: 1325: 1324: 1319: 1318: 1313: 1309: 1305: 1304: 1298: 1294: 1293:North Vietnam 1285: 1281: 1279: 1275: 1265: 1260: 1254: 1250: 1249: 1242: 1236:Life in exile 1233: 1231: 1230:Tết Offensive 1221: 1217: 1215: 1209: 1207: 1203: 1198: 1190: 1185: 1181: 1179: 1175: 1171: 1166: 1162: 1152: 1143: 1141: 1136: 1134: 1130: 1120: 1118: 1112: 1110: 1106: 1101: 1096: 1089: 1084: 1080: 1078: 1074: 1068: 1066: 1060: 1058: 1057:William Bundy 1055: 1051: 1045: 1041: 1039: 1035: 1031: 1027: 1023: 1021: 1017: 1013: 1012:2nd Divisions 1008: 1006: 1002: 997: 992: 989: 988: 982: 976: 966: 964: 961:According to 956: 952: 947: 943: 940: 935: 933: 932:Cần Lao party 929: 923: 920: 915: 914:Phan Huy Quát 911: 906: 904: 898: 894: 892: 888: 882: 880: 874: 872: 866: 864: 860: 854: 846: 842: 838: 833: 824: 820: 818: 813: 810: 806: 802: 801:Phan Khắc Sửu 797: 795: 791: 787: 783: 779: 775: 771: 765: 755: 753: 749: 744: 740: 738: 732: 728: 725: 721: 720:Dương Văn Đức 717: 713: 710: 704: 694: 692: 691:William Colby 688: 684: 680: 676: 671: 669: 664: 660: 655: 653: 649: 648:Maxwell Field 645: 641: 637: 633: 629: 625: 621: 617: 613: 609: 605: 601: 597: 593: 589: 585: 575: 573: 569: 564: 562: 558: 554: 550: 545: 543: 539: 535: 534:Dương Văn Đức 531: 525: 523: 519: 518:Ngô Đình Diệm 515: 510: 506: 501: 499: 495: 491: 487: 483: 479: 475: 474:Nguyễn Cao Kỳ 466: 460: 457: 455: 452: 450: 447: 445: 442: 440: 437: 435: 432: 431: 429: 425: 418: 416: 415:Major general 413: 412: 410: 406: 402: 398: 395: 392: 388: 385: 382: 378: 373: 369: 365: 361: 357: 354: 350: 327: 322: 318: 315: 312: 306: 303: 300: 296: 292: 289: 287:Resting place 285: 281: 272: 268: 265: 261: 249: 245: 240: 236: 232: 226: 223: 222:Phan Huy Quát 220: 214: 210: 208: 204: 198: 195: 193: 192:Nguyễn Hữu Có 190: 189: 187: 183: 177: 172: 169: 164: 161: 158: 152: 149: 146: 140: 133: 130: 127: 124: 121: 120: 118: 112: 109: 106: 102: 96: 91: 88: 83: 79: 72: 67: 63:Nguyễn Cao Kỳ 60: 57: 53: 49: 45: 41: 37: 33: 19: 18:Nguyen Cao Ky 5620:Wasfi al-Tal 5603: 5476:Hayato Ikeda 5412:Lim Yew Hock 5269:Awang Hassan 5205:Sardon Jubir 5045:Tunku Ismail 4954:Trần Văn Hai 4949:Trần Văn Đôn 4919:Phạm Văn Phú 4839:Nguyễn Khánh 4808: 4794:Mai Hữu Xuân 4769:Lê Nguyên Vỹ 4754:Lâm Văn Phát 4714:Dư Quốc Đống 4689:Cao Văn Viên 4651:January 1964 4629:and mutinies 4613:Tan Son Nhut 4285: 4155: 4136:Nguyễn Khánh 4126:Nguyễn Khánh 4075:Trần Văn Hữu 4021:Trần Văn Hữu 4011:Lê Văn Hoạch 3896: 3868: 3835: 3807: 3793: 3781: 3745: 3724: 3702: 3693: 3682: 3668:|title= 3635: 3607: 3603: 3583: 3579: 3559: 3536: 3513: 3500: 3481: 3458: 3435: 3414: 3392: 3368: 3354: 3342:. 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