New wave of British heavy metal

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recordings. Nevertheless, these bands and their diverse output offered a blueprint that counterparts across the Western world would later emulate and expand. The collision of styles that characterised the NWOBHM is now seen as key to the diversification of heavy metal in the second half of the 1980s into various subgenres that came to the fore in the 1990s. The stardom of Def Leppard in the US provided a catalyst for the growth of glam metal, just as bands like Angel Witch, Witchfynde, Cloven Hoof and especially Venom generated the music, lyrics, cover art and attitude that sparked black metal in its various forms in Europe and America. Motörhead, Iron Maiden, Raven, Tank, Venom and several minor groups are viewed as precursors of

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no recording contract or had signed to small, independent labels. Moreover, music videos exalted the visual appeal of a band, an area where some British metal groups were deficient. So the NWOBHM suffered the same decline as other musical phenomena that were based on low-budget productions and an underground following. Many of its leaders, such as Diamond Head, Tygers of Pan Tang, Angel Witch and Samson, were unable to follow up on their initial success; their attempts to update their look and sound to match new expectations of the wider audience not only failed, but also alienated their original fans.

1719:, thanks to their successful fusion of hard rock and romantic pop, also became very popular in the UK, with the former even headlining the 1987 Monsters of Rock Festival. Record companies latched on to the more polished glam metal subgenre over the NWOBHM bands, which maintained a fan base elsewhere in Europe, but found themselves crowded out of the UK and US markets by the success of these American groups. While the attention devoted to the NWOBHM bands waned, a new succession of far less mainstream metal subgenres began to emerge and attract many British metalheads. 854:

large part to low-budget productions, but also to the amateurish talents of many young bands. Those young musicians were also linked by a shared inspiration from the works of the aforementioned successful heavy rock bands of the late 1960s and 1970s, and kept a sort of continuity with the earlier acts, whose music had temporarily gone out of fashion, but was still thriving underground. However, the media of the 1980s and the promotional literature of record labels typically placed rock music that employed loud guitars, but was not classifiable as "punk" under the

1080: 315: 1890: 716: 517: 551:'s Zeus. Their previous experience is one element which divides critics and fans over whether the band belongs to the new wave of British heavy metal. Some believe that the band should be considered an inspiration for the movement, but not part of it, because they had signed recording contracts, toured the country, and had chart success before any NWOBHM band had stepped out of their local club scene. Motörhead were also the only metal band of the period recording songs with veteran 346:. During this period, the mass of young people, deprived of the prospect of even relatively low-skill jobs that were available to the previous generations, searched for different ways to earn money in the music and entertainment businesses. The explosion of new bands and new musical styles coming from the UK in the late 1970s was a result of their efforts to make a living in the economic depression that hit the country before and during the governments of Prime Minister 915: 11760: 1368:, White Spirit and Praying Mantis were dropped after the release of their debut albums, while Tygers of Pan Tang, Samson, More, Demon and Girlschool had more success and lasted longer on major labels' line-ups. The new releases by these bands were better produced and some of them, with the support of intensive tours in the UK and Europe, obtained good chart results. The best chart performances of that period were for Iron Maiden's debut album 1766:, tried to break through in the US market signing with American labels, but their attempts were unsuccessful. Two of the more popular bands of the movement, however, went on to considerable, lasting success. Iron Maiden has since become one of the most commercially successful and influential heavy metal bands of all time, even after adopting a more progressive style. Def Leppard became even more successful, targeting the American 1659: 624: 1095:

chart-topping disco music, because their use as rock music clubs was considered less profitable. Like most British bands in the past, the new groups spent their formative years playing live in clubs, pubs, dance halls and social circles for low wages; this training honed their skills, created a dedicated local fan base and enabled them to come in contact with managers and record label agents.

244:. As a reaction to their bleak reality, they created a community separate from mainstream society to enjoy each other's company and their favourite loud music. The NWOBHM was heavily criticised for the excessive hype generated by local media in favour of mostly talentless musicians. Nonetheless, it generated a renewal in the genre of heavy metal music and furthered the progress of the 1305: 1157:, often an extension of record shops and independent recording studios, which sometimes produced both punk and metal releases. Indie labels are considered important to the movement's evolution, because they removed the intrusion of corporate business which had hindered rock music in the late 1970s, giving local bands the chance to experiment with more extreme forms of music. 1523: 1758:

self-produced singles. The record labels' lack of interest, poor management of bands, internal struggles and musical choices that turned off much of their original fan base, resulted in most groups disbanding and disappearing by the end of the decade. A few of the best known groups, such as Praying Mantis in Japan and Saxon, Demon and

1866:. Their debt to the NWOBHM was acknowledged for example by Metallica's Lars Ulrich, an active fan and avid collector of NWOBHM recordings and memorabilia. Under his influence, the setlists of Metallica's early shows were filled with covers of British metal groups. The sound of the NWOBHM even "cross-pollinated" a subgenre of punk, as 1598:

labels exploited enthusiasm for heavy metal. Coincidentally, in the same year, the Bandwagon was closed and the Prince of Wales pub was subsequently demolished to build a restaurant. Although the movement had lost some of its appeal for diehard fans, as evidenced by the increased popularity of American-influenced

377:. They wore short and spiked hairstyles or shaved heads, often with safety pins and ripped clothes, and considered musical prowess unimportant as long as the music was simple and loud. However, not all working-class male youths embraced the punk movement; some preferred to escape from their grim reality in 1842:

The NWOBHM triggered a renaissance in a stagnant rock genre, but took on heavy criticism for the excessive local media hype surrounding a legion of typically mediocre musicians. Detractors think that, unlike heavy metal of the preceding decades, their music was unoriginal and included no classic rock

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s first run, championed the NWOBHM revival and continues to focus much of its attention on rock acts from the 1980s. Starting in the 2000s, many reunited bands recorded new albums and revisited their original styles, abandoned in the second half of the 1980s. Their presence, at metal festivals and on

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As proof of the successful revival of the British hard rock and metal scene, tours and gigs of old and new acts were sold out, both at home and in other European countries, where the movement had spread. Groups arising from the NWOBHM were no longer precluded from world tours and were often chosen as

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were the most important metal bands founded between 1975 and 1977 that animated the club scene in their respective cities and towns. The first bands of the newborn musical movement competed for space in venues with punk outfits, often causing clubs to specialise, presenting only punk or only rock and

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British writer John Tucker writes that NWOBHM bands were in general fuelled by their first experiences with adult life and "their lyrics rolled everything into one big youthful fantasy". They usually avoided social and political themes in their lyrics, or treated them in a shallow "street-level" way,

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and featured keyboards, acoustic instruments and melodic and soaring vocals. After the peak of the movement in 1981, this style was favoured by the media and gained greater acceptance among the British audience; it became prevalent when bands usually playing the more aggressive style of metal adapted

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The NWOBHM – comprising bands with very different influences and styles – was promoted as both a movement and a distinct music genre only in its formative years during the mid-to-late 1970s. Especially in those early years, what characterised the flood of new music was its raw sound, due in

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opening acts for major bands in arenas and stadiums. Iron Maiden supported Kiss in Europe in 1980, embarking on their first world tour as headliners in 1981, as well as opening for Judas Priest and UFO in the US. Def Leppard visited the US for the first time in 1980 for a three-month trek supporting

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started broadcasting in 1982, the importance of videos abruptly grew, changing the video from an occasional promotional tool to an indispensable means of reaching an audience. MTV filled its programmes with many hard rock and heavy metal videos, but these were too expensive for bands who either had

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called The Bandwagon in Kingsbury, North West London, housed in the back-room of the Prince of Wales pub and equipped with a massive sound system. He transformed his nights at The Bandwagon into The Heavy Metal Soundhouse, a spot specialising in hard rock and heavy metal music and a place to listen

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Other critics view Motörhead as the first significant exponent of the movement and the first band to fully implement a crossover between punk rock and heavy metal. Their fast music, the renunciation of technical virtuosity in favour of sheer loudness, and their uncompromising attitude were welcomed

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agents still did not recognise the rising new trend. Thus, most new bands signed contracts with small independent labels, which could afford only limited printings of singles and albums and usually offered only national distribution. Many other bands, including Iron Maiden, Def Leppard and Diamond

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The success of the music produced by the movement and its passage from underground phenomenon to mainstream genre, prompted its main promoter Geoff Barton to declare the NWOBHM finished in 1981. He felt disappointed by the low quality of the new bands and frustrated by the ease with which record

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by Malc Macmillan lists more than 500 recording bands established in the decade between 1975 and 1985 and related to the movement. Probably as many bands launched in the same period, but never emerged from their local club scene, or recorded nothing more than demo tapes or limited pressings of

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The widespread popularity of the Internet in the late 1990s/early 2000s helped NWOBHM fans and musicians to reconnect and rekindle their shared enthusiasm. The NWOBHM experienced a minor underground revival, highlighted by the good sales of old vinyl and collectibles and by the demand for new

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in 1980, and were quickly promoted to headliners for the 1981 and 1982 events. The 1980 edition was also remarkable for the violent protests against Def Leppard, whose declared interest in the American market was received badly by British fans. In addition to Reading, a new festival called

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Popular heavy rock bands such as Thin Lizzy, UFO and Judas Priest were already major successes and playing international arenas, when new heavy metal bands, composed of younger people, debuted in small venues in many cities in the UK. The country's larger venues were usually reserved for

1297:. Along with John Peel's broadcast, Vance's was the only mainstream radio show to feature songs from underground metal acts, many of whom were invited to play live at BBC studios under the supervision of long-time collaborator and producer, Tony Wilson. Alice's Restaurant Rock Radio, a 1612:

at the beginning of 1983, an album with a more melodic and FM-friendly approach in comparison with the more aggressive sound of their earlier music. The band's goal of reaching a wider international audience, which included many female fans, was attained completely in the US, where

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campaigning that it reached the public consciousness and gained radio airplay, recognition and success in the UK. The movement involved mostly young, white, male and working-class musicians and fans, who suffered the hardships brought on by rising unemployment for years after the

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cover art shows in vivid colours Iron Maiden's ghoulish mascot Eddie manipulating the Devil as a puppet while condemned souls burn in Hell. According to US professor Bryan A. Bardine the message is clear: "this album evokes power, passion and music that present darker themes and

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to the more popular sound, which resembled that of mainstream American acts. These changes in musical direction disoriented some fans and led them to reject those bands which were perceived as having compromised key elements of their musical identity in the pursuit of success.

338:, the unemployment rate was exceptionally high, especially among working class youth. It continued to rise in the early 1980s, peaking in February 1983. The discontent of so many people caused social unrest with frequent strikes, and culminated in a series of riots, including 1224:

competitions and watching live shows, the audience could also vote for Kay's selections. The DJ made a weekly Heavy Metal Top 100 list of the most requested songs at The Soundhouse, by both newcomers and established bands and sent it to record shops and to the music journal

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reflect precisely the condition of British metalheads in those years of great enthusiasm. Access to this male-dominated world for female musicians and fans was not easy, and only women who adapted to their male counterparts' standards and codes were accepted, as attested by

608:, describes the rise and growth of the movement as the achievement of maturity for heavy metal, after its birth in the early 1970s and before branching out into various subgenres in the following years. British heavy metal fans, commonly known as muthas, metalheads, or 757:

The music, philosophy and lifestyle of heavy metal bands and fans were often panned by both left-wing critics and conservative public opinion, described as senseless, ridiculous to the limit of self-parody, and even dangerous for the young generation. The 1984

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and the intensity of punk rock, implementing to various degrees the crossover of genres started by Motörhead; in general they shunned ballads, de-emphasised harmonies and produced shorter songs with fast tempos and a very aggressive sound based on

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guitarists and vocalists, viewing the live show as the full realisation of their status. The fans were very loyal to the music, to each other and to the bands with whom they shared origins and from whom they required coherence with their values,

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even transferred to England to be part of the British metal scene. Germany, Sweden, Denmark, Belgium, Netherlands, France, Spain, Yugoslavia and Mexico promptly welcomed the new British bands and spawned imitators almost immediately. Acts like

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Although encompassing diverse styles inherited from rock music, the music of the NWOBHM is best remembered for drawing on the heavy metal of the 1970s and infusing it with the intensity of punk rock to produce fast and aggressive songs. The

417:, and Deep Purple disbanded. As a consequence, the whole movement lost much of its momentum and media interest, which were refocused on what British writer Malc Macmillan calls "the more fashionable or lucrative markets of the day" such as 1593:

topping the UK Albums Chart on 10 April 1982 and staying at number 1 for two weeks. The album charted at number 33 in the US, where the band acquired a reputation as Devil-worshippers due to the album cover's depiction of a hellish scene.

413:. Each of these bands was in crisis in the mid-to-late 1970s: Led Zeppelin were plagued by discord and personal tragedies and had drastically reduced their activities, Black Sabbath finally fired their charismatic but unreliable frontman 1783:, the re-issues of old albums and the production of new thoroughly edited compilations, attracted the media's attention and encouraged many of the original groups to reunite for festival appearances and tours. According to Macmillan and 472:, all of which had multiple chart entries in the UK and had conducted successful international tours. The British chart results of the period show that there was still a vast audience for heavy metal in the country, and upcoming bands 1678:

By the mid-1980s, glam metal, which often emphasized a band's appearance and featured lyrics about love and sex, quickly replaced other styles of metal in the tastes of many British rock fans; this sub-genre emanating from Hollywood's

1231:, the only paper that showed interest in the developing scene. Many young musicians realised that they were not alone in playing metal only through that weekly list, which included bands from all over the country. At the time, 1959:

had a continuous exchange with the other side of the Atlantic, where their music was appreciated by British metalheads. In this climate of reciprocity, Manowar and Virgin Steele initially signed with the British indie label

647:. In the same article, she wrote that British heavy metal: "is not racist, despite its uniformly white performers, and its lyrics are devoid of racial references." Another characteristic of the subculture was its latent 1874:

blended punk music with elements of metal. The birth of speed metal in the early 1980s was also pivotal for the evolution of power metal in the latter half of the decade, as exemplified by Helloween from Germany, and

1587:. The attention of international media meant more record sales and more world tours for NWOBHM bands, whose albums entered many foreign charts. Their attempts to climb the British charts culminated in Iron Maiden's 734: 1276:

is one of the best known collections of such demos. As Barton recalled: "There were hundreds of these bands. Maybe even thousands. Barely a day would go by without a clutch of new NWOBHM singles arriving in the

790:. The common elements were long hair and jeans, black or white T-shirts with band logos and cover art and leather jackets or denim vests adorned with patches. Following the example of Judas Priest, elements of 1727:, both stemming from the NWOBHM and maintaining much of its ethos, were gaining critical acclaim and commercial success in the second half of the 1980s with their even faster and heavier sound. Bands such as 910:

and Venom stretched to produce even more extreme results. Critics consider this new approach to heavy metal the greatest musical accomplishment of the NWOBHM and an important evolutionary step for the genre.

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calls it a "collective affirmation of heterosexuality", and in a journal British sociologist John Clarke regards it as "a reaction against the erosion of traditionally available stereotypes of masculinity".

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NWOBHM bands had been touring steadily in the United States, but had not yet received enough FM radio airplay there to make a significant impression on American charts. Def Leppard remedied that, releasing

1166:. It was a cunning ruse to boost circulation. Having said that, it did represent a lot of bands that were utterly ignored by the mainstream media. Because of that it became real and people got behind it. 767:

addressed many idiosyncrasies of British metal bands, showing comic sides of that world which external observers would judge absurd. Instead metal musicians regarded the movie's content as much too real.

581:. Motörhead's musical style became very popular during the NWOBHM, making them a fundamental reference for the nascent movement and for musicians of various metal subgenres in the following decades. 389:

The UK was a cradle of the first wave of heavy metal, which was born at the end of the 1960s and flowered in the early 1970s. Of the many British bands that came to prominence during that period,

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These two styles do not exhaust all of the musical influences found in the British heavy metal music of the early 1980s, because many bands were also inspired by progressive rock (Iron Maiden,

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Radovanović, Bojana (2019). "Heavy metal na jugoslovenski način': Nastanak i razvoj metal scene u Jugoslaviji". In Veselinović Hoffman, Mirjana; Atanasofski, Srdan; Sovtić, Nemanja (eds.).

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releases on sales-based national polls, it retained enough vitality to launch a second wave of bands, which rose from the underground and released their first albums in 1982 and 1983.

1266:, Heavy Metal Records and Ebony Records, companies that became leaders in the independent metal label market during the 1980s. The fresh outlet of Neal Kay's chart, the attention of 335: 732: 2072:

from the Soviet Union formed between 1978 and the beginning of the new decade and were heavily influenced by the sound of the NWOBHM. Many of these bands signed with the Dutch

1906: 1243:, and in an attempt to find a common stylistic element in the bands' music, he used the term "New Wave of British Heavy Metal" for the first time in his review of a gig on the 1239:

who wrote features on the new up-and-coming metal bands and was pivotal in directing the developing subculture of metalheads with his articles. At the suggestion of his editor

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Head, self-produced their first releases and sold them through mail order or at concerts. Saxon were the first to sign with an internationally distributed label, the French

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achieved worldwide success and critical acclaim. The success of the music genre, usually called heavy rock at the time, generated a community of UK fans with strong ties to

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Starting around 1982, distant points such as North America, West Germany, and Brazil each became the locus of its own distinctive thrash metal scenes – East Coast and

7865: 7770: 733: 1404:. The emergence of many new bands in the period between 1978 and 1980 was another remarkable effect of the promotion of the movement to a relevant national phenomenon. 1907: 1139:

hard rock. Differences in ideology, attitude and looks also caused heated rivalries between the two audiences. What punk and NWOBHM musicians had in common was their

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and a UK tour of the bands that had contributed to the compilation, eventually signing Angel Witch (who were dropped after the release of their first single) and

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In the second half of the 1970s, the United Kingdom was in a state of social unrest and widespread poverty as a result of the ineffective social politics of both

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Iron Maiden's Eddie in a horror/sci-fi setting. Horror and science fiction were recurring themes in both lyrics, show scenography and cover art for NWOBHM bands.

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subgenres of the mid/late 1980s and 1990s. Many bands from the NWOBHM reunited in the 2000s and remained active through live performances and new studio albums.

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The NWOBHM involved both musicians and fans who were largely young, male and white and shared class origin, ethics, and aesthetic values. American sociologist

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The momentum behind the NWOBHM also benefited already established bands, which reclaimed the spotlight with new and acclaimed releases. Ex-Deep Purple singer

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equally by punks and heavy metal fans. Motörhead were supported by many NWOBHM bands on tour, and they also shared the stage with Lemmy's friends' punk band

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Top 50. The immediate consequence of that success was increased media coverage for metal bands, which included appearances on the British music TV shows

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a poor review, but the album was nevertheless a commercial success and may have been instrumental in encouraging major labels to sign a few more bands.

8575: 11030: 9445: 1789: 10987: 10918: 1501:. Saxon opened for Judas Priest in Europe and for Rush and AC/DC in the US in 1981. NWOBHM bands were already present on the roster of the famous 1751:

captured much of the market share of those metalheads who were not content with the sound or style of more mainstream, pop-oriented metal bands.

8058: 7504: 1642:, the album had sold more than six millions copies in the US by 1984 and made Def Leppard superstars. The overwhelming international success of 802:, such as bullet belts and insignia, were also introduced at this time. This style of dress quickly became the uniform of metalheads worldwide. 794:

fashion entered the metal wardrobe of the 1980s and it became typical to show off metallic studs and ornaments, or for metal musicians to wear

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for the violent, rhythmic shaking of their heads in time to the music, dismissed the simplistic image of rebellious youth inherited from the

381:, which was equally effective in providing fun, stress relief, and peer companionship – otherwise denied because of their unemployment. 291:, while reaching limited chart success, never achieved popularity of the above-mentioned bands, but were a major influence on the successful 182:) was a nationwide musical movement that started in England in the mid-1970s and achieved international attention by the early 1980s. Editor 1979:

and other minor groups was also influenced by the NWOBHM, whose British sound engineers were used for their early albums. The Japanese band

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attitude toward the music business and the consequent practice of self-production and self-distribution of recorded material in the form of

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and the many compilations issued by independent labels, focused the efforts of the new bands on producing demos and singles. Iron Maiden's

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Most bands of the NWOBHM had the same look as their fans and produced rock shows without special visual effects. A notable exception was

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Diamond Head's "Am I Evil?" was one of the cover songs played by Metallica in their early days and is still part of their live setlist.

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in June 1981. Lemmy himself said, "the NWOBHM ... didn't do us much good", because Motörhead "came along a bit too early for it".

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induced both American and British bands to follow Def Leppard's example, giving a decisive boost to the more commercial and melodic

639:. According to Deena Weinstein's analysis, their male camaraderie and the general absence of women in their ranks did not turn into 370: 11784: 8923: 1831: 7415: 7408:

We don't do gigs, we do shows. It's fucking massive. If you stand at the front of the stage you're gonna get your head blown off!

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was an unexpected success and soon became the reference magazine for metalheads worldwide, followed shortly by the American

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The dress code of the British headbangers reflected the newly found cohesion of the movement and recalled the look of 1960s

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Headbangers showed little interest in political and social problems, finding in each other's company, in the consumption of

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were also part of the NWOBHM and their albums are considered among the best examples of that already established subgenre.

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and the psychedelic attachments characteristic of heavy rock in the 1970s, updating the shared principles and codes of the

248:, whose updated behavioural and visual codes were quickly adopted by metal fans worldwide after the spread of the music to 10938: 10812: 10495: 8807: 11809: 11804: 163: 11814: 11789: 9201: 9181: 1458: 1217:. NWOBHM International Heroes' lead singer and songwriter, Sean T. Wright, was a renowned cassette trader at the time. 725: 437:

acts and other mainstream music groups of the 1970s, heavy rock bands were viewed as – in the words of journalist

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By some estimates, the movement spawned as many as a thousand heavy metal bands, but only a few survived the advent of

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phenomenon growing in parallel to punk and largely ignored by the media. It was only through the promotion of rock DJ

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The desperation and the violent reaction of a generation robbed of a safe future are well-represented by the British

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attitude of the new metal bands led to the spread of raw-sounding, self-produced recordings and a proliferation of

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The crisis of British heavy rock giants left space for the rise of other rock bands in the mid-1970s, including

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station in London, also championed the new bands on air and with their own "roadshow" in rock pubs and clubs.

1287:, a BBC radio host, took notice of the phenomenon and played singles by the new metal bands on his late night 11720: 8643: 1555:, a colour magazine directed by Geoff Barton devoted exclusively to hard rock and heavy metal, in June 1981. 1427: 1240: 183: 9384: 8585: 1380:

by Saxon, which reached No. 4 and No. 5 on the UK Albums Chart respectively, while their singles "

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of Iron Maiden. Di'Anno's appearance and personality made him look more like a punk singer than a metalhead.

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and thrash metal, two subgenres which carried forward the crossover with punk, incorporating elements of

1502: 1453:. 1980 saw several other entries by hard rock and heavy metal bands in the top 10 of the British charts: 1319:

Despite the transition of the young bands from being local attractions to touring extensively in the UK,

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Towards the end of the 1970s, British metalheads coalesced into a closed community of peers that exalted

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and in the music, the means to escape their bleak reality; for this reason they were often accused of

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metal movement remained underground until 1978, largely ignored by popular music magazines such as

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Angel Witch, Iron Maiden, Praying Mantis and Samson from London, Son of a Bitch (later Saxon) from

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Johnson, Rick (October 1979). "Is Heavy Metal Dead? Last Drum Solo at the Power Chord Corral".

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journalist Geoff Barton. It was released in 1990 as a double CD, featuring bands as obscure as

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as a stage prop to enrich their performances very early in their career. Other exceptions were

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to albums of established acts and to demos of new bands, which circulated among fans through

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in mainland Europe, survived in foreign markets. Some others, namely Raven, Girlschool and

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music of the 1980s. These self-proclaimed punks were politically militant, relishing their

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The Big Book of Hair Metal: The Illustrated Oral History of Heavy Metal's Debauched Decade

858:"heavy metal", subsuming the entire spectrum of NWOBHM bands within a single music genre. 627:

Patches with band logos and cover art are usually sewn on the denim jackets of metalheads.

8: 11715: 11677: 11632: 11627: 11587: 11232: 10187: 9926: 9869: 9831: 9583: 9281: 9265: 8769: 8664: 8284: 8134: 7933: 7649: 7088:(19 May 1979). "If You Want Blood (and Flashbombs and Dry Ice and Confetti) You Got It". 2025: 1989: 1952: 1599: 1370: 1320: 1190: 1131: 1079: 1047: 943: 923: 895: 878:, featuring vocals ranging from high pitched wails to gruff and low growls. Iron Maiden, 783: 777: 445:

and new wave. Some writers even declared the premature demise of heavy metal altogether.

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reviewer Eduardo Rivadavia, probably the most important of those compilation albums was

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in December 1979. In early 1980, EMI tested the market with the Neal Kay-compiled album

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and continuous accessibility. To depart from this strict code meant being marked as a "

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and by radio stations. News about the bands and music circulated by word-of-mouth and

861:

Following a largely organic and uncalculated impulse, many of these new bands infused

740:"Denim and Leather" is an anthem which celebrates the NWOBHM movement and its members. 693: 11672: 11567: 11430: 11368: 11175: 11170: 11165: 11147: 10451: 10429: 10297: 10143: 9545: 8987: 8748: 8507: 8484: 8458: 8454: 8435: 8409: 8360: 8338: 8288: 8260: 8233: 8214: 8191: 8067: 8043: 8022: 7996: 7970: 7870: 7850: 7827: 7797: 7775: 7735: 7705: 7678: 7653: 7572: 7542: 7472: 7453: 7427: 7383: 7332: 7301: 7239: 7200: 7143: 7101: 7090: 2203: 2077: 1961: 1779:

performances. Statements of appreciation by metal bands of the 1990s, the success of

1608: 1561: 1445: 1433: 1422: 1333: 1259: 1251:

in London on 8 May 1979. The term soon became the identifier for the whole movement.

1227: 578: 465: 378: 347: 339: 327: 197: 192: 153: 42: 10231: 9793: 9736: 9469: 7910: 11488: 11465: 11343: 10970: 10473: 10319: 10003: 9774: 9660: 8374: 7940: 7917: 7701: 2013: 1871: 1688: 1511: 1507: 1450: 1389: 1342: 1289: 1144: 1107: 883: 497: 434: 430: 57: 10060: 9907: 9139: 8851: 8706: 1209: 314: 11687: 11637: 11455: 11217: 10787: 9367: 9140:"Mausoleum: The story behind the legendary heavy metal label. Part I (1982–1986)" 8449: 8447:

Dunn, Sam; McFadyen, Scot (10 December 2011). "New Wave of British Heavy Metal".

8328: 8324: 8278: 8204: 7532: 7273: 2224: 2122: 2061: 1972: 1767: 1708: 1625: 1394: 1376: 1329: 1171: 1083: 1031: 601: 564: 520:

Ian "Lemmy" Kilmister of Motörhead was a reference figure for the whole movement.

469: 354: 9302: 8377:; Moore, Geoffrey H. (October 1977). "The Recession and Recovery of 1973–1976". 11647: 11301: 8811: 8166: 2130: 2017: 1997: 1980: 1956: 1948: 1940: 1867: 1838:

of Venom. Venom are considered precursors of both black metal and thrash metal.

1534:

The NWOBHM eventually found space in newspapers and music magazines other than

810: 668: 362: 205: 118: 11096: 10896: 6615: 11778: 11286: 11281: 11200: 8425: 8334: 8251:

This Ain't the Summer of Love: Conflict and Crossover in Heavy Metal and Punk

8010: 7992: 7984: 7846: 7823: 7568: 7328: 7287: 7278: 7235: 7184: 2166: 2114: 2021: 2005: 1993: 1985: 1976: 1880: 1848: 1716: 1618: 1549:

publisher exploited his support of the movement to launch the first issue of

1481: 1418: 927: 903: 822: 548: 457: 438: 414: 394: 292: 143: 9949: 9205: 9185: 2080:, independent labels that also published recordings of British NWOBHM acts. 2037: 224:

themes, such as mythology, fantasy, horror and the rock 'n' roll lifestyle.

11740: 11547: 11510: 11472: 11460: 11450: 11440: 11405: 11390: 11348: 11338: 11323: 11296: 11259: 11051: 10766: 8963: 7495: 7441: 7397: 7320: 7085: 4301: 2220: 2187: 2158: 2154: 2150: 2142: 2126: 2049: 1932: 1780: 1724: 1680: 1635: 1583: 1577: 1381: 1298: 1263: 1232: 1196: 1147: 1059: 1039: 963: 955: 855: 830: 814: 759: 706: 697: 540: 536: 477: 449: 390: 374: 284: 276: 187: 103: 9429:"Colin Noble: ARfm – Our Presenters – Unsigned Show / Sunday Morning Show" 8378: 2053: 1538:, as journalists caught up with the "next big thing" happening in the UK. 1417:

in 1979 and was on the forefront of the British metal scene with his band

1262:

featuring bands from the nascent movement started to circulate, issued by

1204:, or through interested DJs, who travelled the country from club to club. 524: 480:, also had tangible success and media coverage in the late 1970s. Foreign 272: 11725: 11562: 11542: 11532: 11445: 11425: 11400: 11353: 11276: 11227: 11185: 11180: 9298: 8352: 8189:

Smith, Richard (11 May 1978). "Will Heavy Metal Survive the Seventies?".

7966: 7811: 7793: 7379: 7225: 7188: 7168: 2216: 2191: 2170: 2134: 2069: 1936: 1844: 1835: 1794: 1759: 1720: 1700: 1667: 1567: 1498: 1490: 1365: 1312: 1308: 1294: 1284: 1103: 1063: 1035: 999: 983: 935: 914: 891: 879: 875: 834: 826: 806: 689: 636: 609: 493: 489: 461: 426: 402: 398: 268: 264: 98: 93: 83: 20: 8967: 7987:; Layden, Joe (2010). "Lars and Me, or What Am I Getting Myself Into?". 1437:(1981). Black Sabbath recovered and returned to success with the albums 1178:

While British and international media covered punk intensively, the new

1038:. Songs about romance and lust were rare, but the frequent lyrics about 871: 516: 11505: 11415: 11410: 11313: 11308: 11291: 11271: 11254: 11222: 10858: 10833: 10808: 8511: 8488: 8470: 8462: 8439: 8413: 7556: 7297: 5067: 2118: 2001: 1923: 1692: 1647: 1494: 1425:

also climbed the UK charts with his hard rock group Rainbow's releases

1408: 1221: 1179: 1119: 1115: 1007: 1003: 979: 959: 947: 931: 838: 749: 702: 648: 532: 501: 473: 260: 88: 8280:

Running with the Devil: Power, Gender and Madness in Heavy Metal Music

7962:

Lords of Chaos – The Bloody Rise of the Satanic Metal Underground

1542:

even published a weekly heavy metal chart based on record shop sales.

825:, which used various props, costumes and tricks in their shows, while 657:

Running with the Devil: Power, Gender and Madness in Heavy Metal Music

11753: 11537: 11493: 11435: 11420: 11363: 11328: 11318: 11249: 11212: 9449: 9327: 8903: 8808:"HM Soundhouse Special Features: The New Wave of British Heavy Metal" 8210: 7788:

McGee, Hal (2 June 1992). "Cause and Effect". In James, Robin (ed.).

7423: 6448: 4615: 4613: 3335: 3333: 2666: 2664: 2199: 1736: 1728: 1684: 1150:, or privately pressed singles, aimed initially at local supporters. 1140: 1135: 1127: 1123: 1111: 1019: 995: 951: 899: 799: 556: 481: 442: 422: 366: 331: 213: 201: 158: 47: 8066:(in Serbian). Matica: Muzikološko društvo Srbije. pp. 249–256. 1662:

Blitzkrieg are one of the NWOBHM bands which re-formed in the 2000s.

1634:. Thanks to a string of hit singles and the heavy rotation of their 679:. In contrast with punks, they loved musicianship and made idols of 527:

were founded in 1975 by already experienced musicians. Their leader

11395: 11358: 11073: 11013: 10742: 10720: 10698: 10676: 10654: 10632: 10610: 10588: 10566: 10544: 10522: 10500: 10478: 10456: 10434: 10412: 10390: 10368: 10346: 10324: 10302: 10280: 10258: 10236: 10214: 10192: 10170: 10148: 10126: 10104: 10082: 10044: 9971: 9411: 9249: 9227: 9165: 9122: 9100: 9078: 9056: 9034: 9012: 8774: 8753: 8732: 8711: 8690: 8669: 8648: 8627: 8606: 8580: 8554: 8533: 8421: 8315: 8304: 8302:

Watts, Chris (19 November 1988). "Once Bitten ... Twice Dry".

8180: 7619: 7599: 7588: 7402: 7311: 7231:

Sound of the Beast: The Complete Headbanging History of Heavy Metal

7216: 7163: 7123: 7112: 6067: 1944: 1823:

the international rock club circuit, has been constant ever since.

1784: 1744: 1732: 1712: 1551: 1205: 1099: 842: 680: 676: 672: 652: 644: 640: 453: 232: 221: 7597:

Johnson, Howard (5 April 1984). "Don't Fear the Reaper ...".

7372:

Duncombe, Stephen; Tremblay, Maxwell; et al. (25 July 2011).

4610: 4598: 4508: 3330: 2857: 2855: 2853: 2661: 1964:, while Twisted Sister recorded their first two albums in London. 1658: 1050:

is often present in the lyrics and cover art, as is the figure of

922:

A style more melodic and more akin to the hard rock of bands like

9851:"Official Albums Chart Results Matching: The Number Of The Beast" 5394: 2941: 2594: 1876: 1201: 1055: 1027: 795: 9849: 5691: 4985: 2740: 2606: 2433: 2240:

The black metal subgenre takes its name from Venom's 1982 album

2041: 11735: 11333: 7563:

Iron Man: My Journey through Heaven and Hell with Black Sabbath

6376: 5450: 3296: 3294: 3197: 3141: 2850: 2791: 2728: 2065: 1740: 1696: 1361: 1324: 1304: 1162:

NWOBHM was a fiction, really, an invention of Geoff Barton and

1043: 1023: 987: 508:

from Australia, climbed the British charts in the same period.

441: – "lumbering dinosaurs" by a music press infatuated with 406: 11116: 6743: 6695: 5992: 5696: 4449: 4385: 4111: 4087: 4020: 3895: 3680: 3654: 3652: 3650: 2757: 2755: 2618: 2570: 11266: 7639: 7630: 6328: 6223: 6211: 5958: 5956: 5954: 5920: 5812: 5800: 5708: 5266: 5218: 5194: 5146: 5110: 4932: 4421: 4361: 4337: 3692: 3422: 2916: 2914: 2879: 2113:

In chronological order of formation, the most notable being:

1931:

Since the beginning of the NWOBHM, North American bands like

1051: 709:, the only notable all-female heavy metal bands of that era. 623: 528: 505: 418: 9887: 8015:

The Collector's Guide to Heavy Metal: Volume 2: The Eighties

7734:(3 ed.). Berlin, Germany: I.P. Verlag Jeske/Mader GbR. 7719:

Ling, Dave (18 December 1999). "Interview with Gerry Bron".

5438: 5426: 5306: 5047: 5021: 4963: 4961: 4959: 4884: 4872: 4049: 4047: 3998: 3996: 3749: 3747: 3318: 3291: 3209: 3117: 2969: 2803: 2779: 2582: 2348: 2182:

Notable bands that moved into the spotlight after 1981 are:

1514:, England, to showcase only hard rock and heavy metal acts. 10897:"30 metal bands who pioneered heavy music in Latin America" 10757: 8178:

Sinclair, David (5 April 1984). "Only the Strong Survive".

7531:

Hatch, David; Millward, Stephen (1987). "After the Flood".

7347:"Decibel Hall of Fame – No. 74 -Mercyful Fate Melissa" 7309:

Crampton, Luke (30 December 1982). "Best Sellers of 1982".

7064: 6855: 6853: 6627: 6364: 6094: 5788: 4461: 3647: 3481: 3479: 3477: 2752: 2558: 1704: 9366:. Metallica Official Website. 25 June 2008. Archived from 8924:"Future hires ex-Kerrang! editor in Classic Rock overhaul" 8871:"The Old Grey Whistle Test: BBC Two England, 8 April 1982" 7696:

The Decency Wars: The Campaign to Cleanse American Culture

7110:

Barton, Geoff (September 1981). "The Night of the Demon".

6408: 6055: 5951: 5516: 5504: 5382: 5098: 4756: 4562: 4059: 4032: 3883: 3704: 3396: 3394: 3062: 2911: 2716: 2704: 2505: 2503: 2406: 898:

are notable performers of this style, which bands such as

8945:"The Living Archive of Underground Music: Sean T. Wright" 8878: 8855: 8503: 8230:

Suzie Smiled ... The New Wave of British Heavy Metal

6947: 6935: 6814: 6777: 6775: 6762: 6760: 6758: 6707: 6436: 6121: 5968: 5848: 5824: 5559: 5370: 5278: 5242: 5230: 5206: 5182: 5170: 5158: 5134: 5122: 4973: 4956: 4944: 4908: 4896: 4397: 4373: 4349: 4325: 4313: 4099: 4044: 4008: 3993: 3919: 3907: 3871: 3835: 3759: 3744: 2692: 2649: 2338: 2336: 2323: 2321: 2319: 2259: 1671: 1639: 1337: 1184: 552: 256: 8922: 8313:

Watts, Chris (19 December 1992). "Where Are They Now?".

7020: 6850: 6651: 6454: 6235: 6199: 6172: 6148: 5860: 5836: 5591: 5589: 5462: 5254: 4780: 4744: 4704: 4482: 4480: 4478: 4476: 4214: 4202: 3981: 3859: 3515: 3474: 3446: 3264: 3237: 3153: 3074: 3050: 3038: 3028: 3026: 3024: 3009: 2867: 1421:

in the following years. His former Deep Purple bandmate

1315:

were a characteristic of heavy metal music in the 1980s.

934:

was equally represented during the NWOBHM. The music of

9506: 6731: 6639: 6138: 6136: 5360: 4672: 4409: 4277: 3847: 3391: 2815: 2546: 2500: 2488: 2291: 2289: 1851:

while amplifying volume, velocity and aggressive tone.

10496:"New Wave of British Heavy Metal '79 Revisited review" 9640: 7932: 7909: 7901:

Miller, Paul (1986). "The Madder They Come ...".

7534:

From Blues to Rock: An Analytical History of Pop Music

6787: 6772: 6755: 6719: 6513: 6073: 5554: 4716: 4289: 4162: 4138: 3771: 3619: 3254: 3252: 3107: 3105: 2670: 2333: 2316: 2306: 2304: 1247:

tour featuring Angel Witch, Iron Maiden and Samson at

1208:

was one of those DJs; he started to work in 1975 at a

620:

and definitely separating it from mainstream society.

16:

Heavy metal movement of the late 1970s and early 1980s

10002: 9620: 9563: 9487: 9385:"Inside the World of New Wave of British Heavy Metal" 9200: 9180: 8982: 8476:

Classic Albums: Iron Maiden – The Number of the Beast

8380:

Explorations in Economic Research, Volume 4, number 4

7586:

Johnson, Howard (19 May 1983). "Warning from Tokyo".

7121:

Barton, Geoff (September 1981). "Armed & Ready".

6995: 6838: 6340: 6023: 5908: 5776: 5764: 5586: 5058: 5039: 4920: 4860: 4848: 4768: 4619: 4604: 4545: 4530: 4514: 4473: 4150: 3503: 3129: 3021: 2600: 279:

also had considerable success. Other groups, such as

200:

bands in the mid to late 1970s, during the period of

10059: 9925: 9868: 9830: 9582: 6984: 6900: 6826: 6352: 6316: 6160: 6133: 5980: 5400: 5043: 4997: 4190: 2767: 2746: 2612: 2365: 2363: 2286: 958:

as much as riffs, often retained a closer link with

19:"NWOBHM" redirects here. For the Darkthrone EP, see 10969: 9944: 9811: 9697: 9296: 8499:

The History of Iron Maiden – Part 1: The Early Days

8434:(Documentary). Montreal, Canada: Seville Pictures. 8406:

Iron Maiden and the New Wave of British Heavy Metal

7617:Johnson, Howard (30 October 1986). "Hear No Evil". 6980: 5606: 5604: 4991: 4574: 4272: 3716: 3491: 3434: 3249: 3102: 2997: 2861: 2734: 2476: 2301: 1311:, lead guitarist of Def Leppard. Extended virtuoso 1074: 563:programme and the first to reach No. 1 in the 330:governments during a three-year period of economic 190:in a May 1979 issue of the British music newspaper 11048:"And the bands played on ... and on ..." 10781: 10020:"RIAA Searchable Database: search for "Pyromania"" 9716: 9601: 8621: 8248: 8157:Roland, Paul (1984). "The State of Independents". 7815: 7693: 7560: 7214:Charles, D. W. (December 1981). "Captain Gillan". 6496: 6494: 6010: 5752: 4550: 3371: 2624: 2576: 1517: 9754: 9362: 9346: 8768: 8747: 8726: 8705: 8684: 8663: 8642: 8600: 8574: 8548: 8527: 7955: 7469:Burning Britain: The History of UK Punk 1980–1984 7325:The Story of Judas Priest: Defenders of the Faith 6749: 6701: 6598: 6582: 6481: 6398: 6190: 6089: 6085: 5702: 5660: 5344: 5009: 4232: 4117: 4093: 4077: 4026: 3901: 3809: 3541: 3351: 3339: 3171: 3096: 2897: 2360: 2354: 11776: 11095: 11028: 10953: 10937: 10894: 10018: 9544: 8984:"Nicko McBrain Biography, Videos & Pictures" 8420: 7670:Bang Your Head: The Rise and Fall of Heavy Metal 7371: 7038: 5926: 5676: 5672: 5601: 5089: 3147: 2905: 2588: 2385: 1818:, featuring Barton and many of the writers from 1770:market with their more refined hard rock sound. 1153:It also led to the birth and diffusion of small 10852: 10827: 10802: 9986: 9792: 9735: 9468: 9348:"July 15, 2007, Olympic Stadium, Helsinki, FIN" 9266:"Infodisc.fr Note: You must select Iron Maiden" 7559:; Lammers, T. J. (2011). "Bill goes to shits". 7511:(in Spanish). No. 10. 1982. Archived from 7099:Barton, Geoff (4 October 1980). "Scrap Metal". 6491: 5649: 5484: 5062: 4268: 4264: 2761: 2564: 2525: 848: 9773: 9659: 9297:Johansson, Henrik; Grain, Rob; Aylmer, Chris; 9280: 9264: 8576:"Iron Maiden – The Number of the Beast awards" 8479:(Documentary). London, UK: Isis Productions / 8373: 7983: 7638: 7375:White Riot: Punk Rock and the Politics of Race 6610: 5668: 5664: 3428: 2959: 2947: 2885: 2809: 2797: 2785: 2722: 2710: 2265: 651:, less violent, but not dissimilar to British 11132: 10735: 10713: 10691: 10669: 10515: 10449: 10097: 9906: 9678: 9525: 8869: 8789: 8133: 8110: 8087: 7530: 7418:. In Martinez, Sìlvia; Fouce, Héctor (eds.). 7183: 7049: 6969: 6965: 5714: 5641: 5577: 5522: 5510: 5499: 5456: 5444: 5432: 5388: 5104: 5085: 5073: 4890: 4878: 4762: 4065: 4038: 3889: 3710: 3589: 3464: 3191: 2698: 2655: 2521: 2439: 2090:List of new wave of British heavy metal bands 1790:New Wave of British Heavy Metal '79 Revisited 1683:was spearheaded already in the late 1970s by 1670:pioneers. When the music video cable channel 263:in the second half of the 1980s. Among them, 10988:"Metal Muthas: How the NWOBHM Got its Start" 10647: 10625: 10603: 10581: 10559: 10537: 10493: 10471: 10427: 10405: 10383: 10361: 10339: 10317: 10295: 10273: 10251: 10229: 10207: 10185: 10163: 10141: 10119: 10075: 9317: 8850: 8446: 8408:(Documentary). New Malden, UK: Prism Films. 7555: 7413: 7010: 6941: 6820: 6809: 6713: 6550: 6546: 6470: 6442: 6295: 6291: 6257: 6127: 6116: 6018: 6014: 5998: 5946: 5376: 4950: 4914: 4902: 4798: 4635: 4455: 4443: 4427: 4133: 4105: 4014: 4002: 3952: 3925: 3913: 3877: 3765: 3753: 3734: 3686: 3605: 3521: 3485: 3231: 2873: 2832: 2830: 2635: 2633: 1809:right through to the major acts of the era. 1411:returned to sing heavy metal with the album 9137: 9115: 9093: 9071: 9049: 9027: 9002: 8838: 8826: 8232:. Shropshire, UK: Independent Music Press. 8056: 7892:Miller, Paul (1986). "The Men from Ungol". 7060: 7026: 6194: 6178: 6154: 5692:The Number of the Beast Chart & n.d.(a) 3865: 2821: 2467: 2424: 2281: 2277: 1130:, Raven and Tygers of Pan Tang from around 11139: 11125: 10037: 9988:"When Dinosaurs Roamed The Earth ..." 9948:. Picture Official Website. Archived from 9680:"Michael Schenker Group – Official Charts" 9158: 8896:"What Is New Wave of British Heavy Metal?" 8042:. Minneapolis, Minnesota: Voyageur Press. 7818:Justice for All: The Truth About Metallica 7503: 7400:(30 December 1982). "Kwotes of the Year". 7014: 6737: 6466: 1467:at No. 6, Judas Priest's best-seller 11045: 10895:Smith-Engelhardt, Joe (9 November 2020). 10024:Recording Industry Association of America 9404: 9282:"Infodisc.fr Note: You must select Saxon" 8962: 8323: 8206:Smoke on the Water: The Deep Purple Story 7729: 7355:. No. 78. April 2011. Archived from 7272: 6890: 6875: 6859: 6793: 6725: 6554: 6426: 6394: 6370: 6334: 6287: 6253: 6241: 6229: 6217: 6205: 6100: 5942: 5854: 5842: 5830: 5818: 5806: 5794: 5614: 5480: 5412: 5284: 5272: 5260: 5248: 5236: 5224: 5212: 5200: 5188: 5176: 5164: 5152: 5140: 5128: 5116: 5093: 4979: 4938: 4834: 4786: 4631: 4595:, The Origin of Air-guitar with Neal Kay. 4568: 4502: 4403: 4391: 4379: 4367: 4355: 4343: 4331: 4319: 4307: 4220: 4208: 4184: 4053: 3956: 3698: 3641: 3561: 3452: 3416: 3400: 3355: 3324: 3312: 3300: 3270: 3243: 3215: 3159: 3123: 3080: 3068: 3044: 3015: 2991: 2975: 2840: 2827: 2682: 2639: 2630: 2509: 2455: 2412: 2400: 2327: 1254: 11031:"1970s Punk Fashion History Development" 11006: 9964: 9426: 9382: 8893: 8495: 8199: 8177: 7768: 7608:Johnson, Howard (1984). "The Big Read". 7607: 7596: 7485: 7308: 6844: 6535: 6346: 6268: 6112: 6045: 5770: 5630: 5581: 5416: 5348: 5312: 5296: 4838: 4774: 4734: 4647: 4486: 3941: 3553: 3382: 3367: 3286: 3282: 2932: 2773: 2552: 2494: 2471: 1830: 1826: 1657: 1521: 1449:(1981), featuring the ex-Rainbow singer 1303: 1078: 913: 622: 515: 313: 11066: 10985: 10166:"Black Rose – Boys Will Be Boys review" 9242: 9220: 8246: 8165: 7900: 7891: 7882: 7627: 7616: 7585: 7466: 7420:Made in Spain: Studies in Popular Music 7345: 7319: 7224: 7213: 7156: 7120: 7109: 7098: 6953: 6930: 6918: 6906: 6886: 6871: 6832: 6805: 6781: 6766: 6689: 6685: 6645: 6633: 6621: 6519: 6504: 6322: 6306: 6166: 6142: 5902: 5746: 5726: 5626: 5610: 5550: 5538: 5324: 5048:Tygers of Pan Tang Charts & n.d.(a) 5003: 4722: 4698: 4651: 4467: 4295: 4252: 4248: 4236: 4168: 4129: 4081: 3813: 3805: 3793: 3789: 3670: 3658: 3637: 3625: 3573: 3557: 3533: 3509: 3497: 3468: 3412: 3386: 3203: 3032: 3003: 2920: 2901: 2643: 2536: 2295: 384: 11777: 10672:"Tygers of Pan Tang – Wild Cat review" 9443: 8942: 8805: 8469: 8330:Heavy Metal: The Music and Its Culture 8273: 8227: 8161:. No. 1. pp. 23, 24, 26, 46. 8156: 8035: 8009: 7863: 7840: 7810: 7446:Animal Instinct: The Def Leppard Story 7440: 7414:Fouce, Héctor; del Val, Feràn (2013). 7286: 7084: 7065:Roadrunner Records staff & n.d.(a) 6926: 6922: 6894: 6673: 6669: 6657: 6606: 6602: 6586: 6570: 6566: 6500: 6485: 6430: 6414: 6402: 6382: 6310: 6272: 6061: 6049: 6029: 5962: 5914: 5898: 5886: 5882: 5866: 5782: 5742: 5730: 5687: 5645: 5595: 5534: 5495: 5468: 5420: 5364: 5340: 5328: 5300: 5027: 4967: 4926: 4866: 4854: 4842: 4830: 4818: 4814: 4802: 4750: 4738: 4710: 4694: 4690: 4678: 4667: 4663: 4580: 4498: 4439: 4144: 3987: 3972: 3960: 3937: 3829: 3825: 3777: 3738: 3722: 3674: 3613: 3593: 3577: 3175: 3135: 2963: 2936: 2844: 2686: 2451: 2381: 2369: 2342: 2310: 833:became well known for their elaborate 606:Heavy Metal: The Music and Its Culture 11120: 11103:from the original on 14 November 2021 10921:. Metal Express Radio. Archived from 10916: 10877: 10362:Rivadavia, Eduardo (20 August 2006). 8403: 8351: 8312: 8301: 8188: 7989:Mustaine – A Heavy Metal Memoire 7787: 7666: 7131: 6999: 6624:, p. 88, 92–93,108–111, 132–135. 6531: 6508: 6358: 6276: 6041: 5974: 5938: 5878: 5758: 5565: 4592: 4556: 4541: 4526: 4415: 4283: 4196: 4180: 4156: 3976: 3853: 3841: 3609: 3440: 3258: 3227: 3187: 3111: 3092: 3056: 2987: 2836: 2540: 2482: 2428: 2396: 1650:and heralding the end of the NWOBHM. 1336:in August 1979, and Iron Maiden with 809:, which created the grisly character 589: 10919:"Yves Campion (Nightmare) interview" 9889:"Tygers of Pan Tang Official Charts" 9527:"Blue Oyster Cult – Official Charts" 9364:"Kerrang! Iron Maiden Tribute Album" 9146:from the original on 17 January 2011 8388:National Bureau of Economic Research 7718: 7691: 7396: 5986: 5015: 3537: 1042:and the rock lifestyle contain many 259:and the rise of the more commercial 11830:Youth culture in the United Kingdom 10955:"Saxon – Denim and Leather (Album)" 8550:"Def Leppard – High 'N' Dry awards" 7276:(15 November 1990). "Metal Mania". 6455:Brand Republic staff & 2004 (a) 1461:peaked at No. 8, Whitesnake's 359:rebellion against the establishment 13: 9204:. HMsoundhouse.com. Archived from 9184:. HMsoundhouse.com. Archived from 9161:"Hell – Human Remains review" 8986:. Drum Lessons.com. Archived from 8968:"Virgin Steele Official Biography" 8810:. HMsoundhouse.com. Archived from 8496:Matthews, Amos (8 November 2004). 7883:Miller, Paul (1986). "UK Dekay?". 5361:Black Sabbath Charts & n.d.(a) 1888: 1793:, compiled by Metallica's drummer 726:Saxon – "Denim and Leather" (1981) 714: 584: 186:coined the term for an article by 14: 11851: 11097:"Hit & Run TOTP – Girlschool" 11067:Yabroff, Jennie (11 April 2009). 11046:Wilkinson, Roy (2 January 2009). 9508:"Black Sabbath – Official Charts" 9138:Falckenbach, Alfie (March 2002). 8852:"Keeping It Peel – Peel Sessions" 8828:"1974 Feb: Hung parliament looms" 8644:"New Wave of British Heavy Metal" 8036:Popoff, Martin (15 August 2014). 7965:. Port Townsend, Washington, US: 7282:. No. 591. pp. 100–104. 7132:Bayer, Gerd; et al. (2009). 2671:Judas Priest Charts & n.d.(a) 798:or leather trousers. Elements of 771: 220:. Song lyrics were usually about 196:to describe the emergence of new 71:Mid-to-late 1970s, United Kingdom 11759: 11758: 11658:New wave of American heavy metal 11069:""Spinal Tap" and Its Influence" 9642:"Judas Priest – Official Charts" 8840:"1974 Oct: Wilson makes it four" 8806:Barton, Geoff (16 August 2005). 8453:(Documentary). Toronto, Canada: 7769:Makowski, Pete (9 August 1980). 7471:. London, UK: Cherry Red Books. 7054: 7043: 7032: 7004: 6996:Drum Lessons staff & n.d.(a) 6989: 6974: 6959: 6912: 6880: 6865: 6799: 6679: 6663: 6592: 6576: 6560: 6540: 6525: 6475: 6460: 6420: 6388: 6300: 6281: 6262: 6247: 6184: 6106: 6079: 6035: 6004: 5932: 5892: 5872: 5736: 5720: 5681: 5654: 5635: 5620: 5571: 5544: 5528: 5489: 5474: 5406: 5354: 5334: 5318: 5290: 5079: 5059:Iron Maiden Charts & n.d.(a) 5052: 5040:Def Leppard Charts & n.d.(a) 5033: 4824: 4808: 4792: 4728: 4684: 4657: 4641: 4625: 4620:HMSoundhouse staff & n.d.(b) 4605:HMSoundhouse staff & n.d.(a) 4546:HMSoundhouse staff & n.d.(a) 4535: 4531:HMSoundhouse staff & n.d.(a) 4520: 4515:Radio Rewind.co.uk & n.d.(a) 4492: 4433: 4310:, p. 34, 307, 446, 501–502. 4258: 4242: 4226: 4174: 4123: 4071: 3966: 3946: 3931: 3819: 3799: 3783: 3728: 3664: 2601:Bad Company Charts & n.d.(a) 2234: 2209: 2176: 2107: 1922:Problems playing this file? See 1904: 1075:Underground movement (1975–1978) 748:Problems playing this file? See 730: 303: 204:'s decline and the dominance of 11785:New wave of British heavy metal 11663:New wave of British heavy metal 11146: 10986:Vaughan, Andrew (9 June 2010). 10939:"Iron Maiden – Killers (Album)" 9489:"Bad Company – Official Charts" 9383:Mitchell, Ben (13 April 2014). 8943:Campau, Don (27 October 2011). 8319:. No. 423. pp. 36–37. 8308:. No. 214. pp. 28–29. 8017:. Burlington, Ontario, Canada: 7841:McIver, Joel (1 October 2010). 7667:Konow, David (2 January 2003). 7623:. No. 132. pp. 10–11. 7486:Hammonds, Steve (August 1983). 7193:Iron Maiden – Running Free 7157:Bonutto, Dante (28 July 1983). 7077: 6985:Regular Rocker.nl & n.d.(a) 5401:Whitesnake Charts & n.d.(a) 5044:Girlschool Charts & n.d.(a) 3631: 3599: 3583: 3567: 3547: 3527: 3458: 3406: 3376: 3361: 3345: 3306: 3276: 3221: 3181: 3165: 3086: 2981: 2962:, pp. 181, 197, 211, 252; 2953: 2926: 2891: 2747:Thin Lizzy Charts & n.d.(a) 2676: 2613:Status Quo Charts & n.d.(a) 2530: 2515: 2461: 2445: 2418: 2390: 1900:Metallica – "Am I Evil?" (1984) 1518:Into the mainstream (1981–1985) 1332:, followed by Def Leppard with 176:new wave of British heavy metal 31:New wave of British heavy metal 10878:Shore, Robert (January 2009). 9927:"Whitesnake – Official Charts" 9870:"Thin Lizzy – Official Charts" 9832:"Status Quo – Official Charts" 8396: 8257:University of California Press 7864:Millar, Robbi (1 March 1980). 7592:. No. 42. pp. 24–26. 7467:Glasper, Ian (1 August 2004). 7416:"From el Rollo to Heavy Metal" 7220:. No. 6. pp. 10, 12. 6981:Picture official & n.d.(a) 4992:Johansson et al. & n.d.(a) 4273:Thin Lizzy Guide & n.d.(a) 2906:Dunn, McFadyen & Wise 2005 2862:Motorhead Charts & n.d.(a) 2735:Scorpions Charts & n.d.(a) 2375: 2271: 1687:and followed by bands such as 1054:, used more as a shocking and 504:from Ireland , and especially 318:A miners' strike rally in 1984 1: 11099:. YouTube. 30 December 2006. 9813:"Scorpions – Official Charts" 9622:"Iron Maiden Official Charts" 9565:"Def Leppard Official Charts" 9202:"The Soundhouse Story part 2" 9182:"The Soundhouse Story part 1" 8431:Metal: A Headbanger's Journey 7959:; Søderlind, Difdrik (1998). 7896:. No. 4. pp. 18–19. 7887:. No. 1. pp. 30–31. 7732:The N.W.O.B.H.M. Encyclopedia 7505:"Explosion Heavy en el Norte" 7167:. No. 47. Archived from 6583:Moynihan & Søderlind 1998 6482:Moynihan & Søderlind 1998 6011:AllMusic staff & n.d.(d1) 4233:Moynihan & Søderlind 1998 4183:, pp. 110–122, 127–133; 3810:Moynihan & Søderlind 1998 3542:Moynihan & Søderlind 1998 3372:Rotten Tomatoes & n.d.(a) 3352:Moynihan & Søderlind 1998 3340:Moynihan & Søderlind 1998 3172:Moynihan & Søderlind 1998 3097:Moynihan & Søderlind 1998 2625:Nazareth Charts & n.d.(a) 2577:Hawkwind Charts & n.d.(a) 2253: 2215:The last notable ones being: 1755:The N.W.O.B.H.M. Encyclopedia 1485:by AC/DC reached number one. 357:movement of 1977–1978, whose 298: 10990:. Gibson.com. Archived from 10917:Stein, Lior (9 April 2010). 10828:Sharpe-Young, Garry (2009). 9718:"Nazareth – Official Charts" 9603:"Hawkwind – Official Charts" 9584:"Girlschool Official Charts" 8428:; Wise, Jessica Joy (2005). 8386:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: 8359:. London, UK: Bobcat Books. 8173:. No. 4. pp. 8–11. 8019:Collector's Guide Publishing 7567:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: 7135:Heavy Metal Music in Britain 6750:Metallica live & n.d.(a) 6702:AllMusic staff & n.d.(i) 6599:AllMusic staff & n.d.(i) 6399:Metallica news & 2008(a) 6191:AllMusic staff & n.d.(i) 6090:AllMusic staff & n.d.(i) 6086:AllMusic staff & n.d.(f) 5703:AllMusic staff & n.d.(c) 5661:AllMusic staff & n.d.(b) 5345:Rainbow Charts & n.d.(a) 4118:AllMusic staff & n.d.(k) 4094:AllMusic staff & n.d.(d) 4078:AllMusic staff & n.d.(j) 4027:AllMusic staff & n.d.(g) 3902:AllMusic staff & n.d.(h) 3148:Duncombe & Tremblay 2011 2898:AllMusic staff & n.d.(e) 2355:AllMusic staff & n.d.(a) 1967:The sound of Japanese bands 1617:peaked at No. 2 on the 1386:747 (Strangers in the Night) 849:Musical and lyrical elements 511: 7: 11840:Counterculture of the 1980s 11835:Counterculture of the 1970s 11668:Early Norwegian black metal 10364:"Handsome Beasts Biography" 10004:"Roadshow: The Early Years" 9756:"Rainbow – Official Charts" 9699:"Motorhead Official Charts" 9405:Monger, James Christopher. 8520: 8502:(Documentary). London, UK: 8283:. Middletown, Connecticut: 8142:Reading and Leeds Festivals 8119:Reading and Leeds Festivals 8096:Reading and Leeds Festivals 7692:Lane, Frederick S. (2006). 7634:. Vol. II, no. 5. 7539:Manchester University Press 7406:. No. 32. p. 13. 7116:. No. 3. pp. 6–7. 6074:Monsters of Rock staff 1987 5927:RIAA database & n.d.(a) 5677:Swedishcharts & n.d.(b) 5673:Swedishcharts & n.d.(a) 5555:Monsters of Rock staff 1980 3095:, pp. 24–25, 145–146; 2589:Budgie Charts & n.d.(a) 2386:Weston Thomas & n.d.(a) 2083: 1943:, Manowar, Virgin Steele, 1666:The UK had been a home for 954:and many others, contained 655:' disposition; in his book 614:counterculture of the 1960s 531:was a former member of the 252:, North America and Japan. 10: 11856: 11810:1980s in heavy metal music 11805:1970s in heavy metal music 10759:"About Roadrunner Records" 10562:"Praying Mantis biography" 10276:"Ethel the Frog biography" 9546:"Budgie – Official Charts" 9444:Norton, Justin M. (2010). 9116:Erlewine, Stephen Thomas. 9094:Erlewine, Stephen Thomas. 9072:Erlewine, Stephen Thomas. 9050:Erlewine, Stephen Thomas. 9028:Erlewine, Stephen Thomas. 8184:. No. 65. p. 29. 7866:"The Dinosaur's Daughters" 7845:(2 ed.). London, UK: 7843:The Bloody Reign of Slayer 7822:(2 ed.). London, UK: 7603:. No. 65. p. 11. 7072: 6611:Mustaine & Layden 2010 5650:Sharpe-Young & n.d.(b) 5485:Sharpe-Young & n.d.(b) 5063:Saxon Charts & n.d.(a) 4269:Sharpe-Young & n.d.(c) 4265:Sharpe-Young & n.d.(a) 3429:Kilmister & Garza 2004 2960:Kilmister & Garza 2004 2948:Kilmister & Garza 2004 2886:Kilmister & Garza 2004 2810:Kilmister & Garza 2004 2798:Kilmister & Garza 2004 2786:Kilmister & Garza 2004 2762:AC/DC Charts & n.d.(a) 2565:Queen Charts & n.d.(a) 2526:Punk77.co.uk & n.d.(a) 2266:Zarnowitz & Moore 1977 1773: 1653: 1384:", "Wheels of Steel" and " 1069: 775: 593: 307: 18: 11815:20th-century music genres 11790:British heavy metal music 11749: 11696: 11578: 11481: 11154: 10040:"Virgin Steele Biography" 9737:"Queen – Official Charts" 9470:"AC/DC – Official Charts" 9030:"Curtis Knight Biography" 8060:Yugoslav Idea About Music 7905:. No. 4. p. 29. 7612:. No. 1. p. 38. 7499:. No. 1. p. 33. 7315:. No. 32. p. 3. 7127:. No. 3. p. 12. 5715:Bushell & Halfin 1984 5669:Infodisc.fr & n.d.(b) 5665:Infodisc.fr & n.d.(a) 5642:Bushell & Halfin 1984 5578:Bushell & Halfin 1984 5457:Bushell & Halfin 1984 5445:Bushell & Halfin 1984 5433:Bushell & Halfin 1984 5086:Bushell & Halfin 1984 5074:Bushell & Halfin 1984 4891:Bushell & Halfin 1984 4879:Bushell & Halfin 1984 3590:Bushell & Halfin 1984 3465:Bushell & Halfin 1984 3192:Bushell & Halfin 1984 2723:Rush Charts & n.d.(a) 2711:Kiss Charts & n.d.(a) 2522:Bushell & Halfin 1984 2440:Hatch & Millward 1987 1812:A new publication called 1638:on the recently launched 1401:The Old Grey Whistle Test 1220:Besides participating in 1155:independent record labels 978:, Demon, Saracen, Shiva, 570:No Sleep 'til Hammersmith 373:and stage practices like 361:continued diluted in the 271:became superstars, while 218:independent record labels 178:(commonly abbreviated as 139: 134: 129: 124: 117: 112: 76: 66: 35: 30: 11029:Weston Thomas, Pauline. 10716:"White Spirit biography" 9775:"Rush – Official Charts" 9661:"Kiss – Official Charts" 9446:"Grave Digger Interview" 9074:"Led Zeppelin Biography" 9004:Erlewine, Stephen Thomas 8255:. Berkeley, California: 7730:Macmillan, Malc (2012). 7642:; Garza, Janiss (2004). 7050:Rivadavia & n.d.(a8) 7011:Fouce & del Val 2013 6970:Rivadavia & n.d.(a6) 6966:Rivadavia & n.d.(a7) 6547:Dunn & McFadyen 2011 6385:, pp. 157–162, 167. 5999:Dunn & McFadyen 2011 5389:MSG Charts & n.d.(a) 5377:Iommi & Lammers 2011 5105:BBC Genome & n.d.(a) 5076:, p. 70, 74, 77–78. 4799:Dunn & McFadyen 2011 4763:AMFM staff & n.d.(a) 4636:Dunn & McFadyen 2011 4456:Dunn & McFadyen 2011 4444:Dunn & McFadyen 2011 4428:Dunn & McFadyen 2011 4066:Rivadavia & n.d.(a3) 4039:Rivadavia & n.d.(a5) 3953:Dunn & McFadyen 2011 3890:Rivadavia & n.d.(a4) 3711:Rivadavia & n.d.(a2) 3687:Dunn & McFadyen 2011 3232:Dunn & McFadyen 2011 3206:, pp. 178, 219–220. 2699:BOC Charts & n.d.(a) 2656:UFO Charts & n.d.(a) 2100: 11608:Bangladeshi heavy metal 11598:Australian thrash metal 11009:"Iron Maiden Biography" 10540:"Pagan Altar Biography" 10342:"Grim Reaper biography" 10078:"Angel Witch Biography" 9931:Official Charts Company 9912:Official Charts Company 9908:"UFO – Official Charts" 9893:Official Charts Company 9874:Official Charts Company 9855:Official Charts Company 9836:Official Charts Company 9817:Official Charts Company 9798:Official Charts Company 9794:"Saxon Official Charts" 9779:Official Charts Company 9760:Official Charts Company 9741:Official Charts Company 9722:Official Charts Company 9703:Official Charts Company 9684:Official Charts Company 9665:Official Charts Company 9646:Official Charts Company 9626:Official Charts Company 9607:Official Charts Company 9588:Official Charts Company 9569:Official Charts Company 9550:Official Charts Company 9531:Official Charts Company 9512:Official Charts Company 9493:Official Charts Company 9474:Official Charts Company 9052:"Def Leppard biography" 8247:Waksman, Steve (2009). 7138:. Farnham, Surrey, UK: 6942:Rivadavia & n.d.(h) 6821:Rivadavia & n.d.(n) 6810:Rivadavia & n.d.(v) 6714:Marsicano & n.d.(a) 6551:Rivadavia & n.d.(s) 6471:Rivadavia & n.d.(p) 6443:Rivadavia & n.d.(s) 6296:Rivadavia & n.d.(y) 6292:Rivadavia & n.d.(u) 6258:Rivadavia & n.d.(s) 6128:Rivadavia & n.d.(o) 6117:Marsicano & n.d.(a) 6019:Rivadavia & n.d.(m) 6015:Rivadavia & n.d.(l) 5947:Rivadavia & n.d.(d) 4951:Rivadavia & n.d.(c) 4915:Rivadavia & n.d.(i) 4903:Rivadavia & n.d.(a) 4134:Rivadavia & n.d.(t) 4106:Rivadavia & n.d.(k) 4015:Rivadavia & n.d.(w) 4003:Rivadavia & n.d.(e) 3926:Rivadavia & n.d.(f) 3914:Rivadavia & n.d.(j) 3878:Rivadavia & n.d.(u) 3766:Rivadavia & n.d.(b) 3754:Rivadavia & n.d.(r) 3735:Rivadavia & n.d.(z) 3606:Rivadavia & n.d.(s) 3522:Rivadavia & n.d.(t) 3486:Rivadavia & n.d.(g) 2874:BBC staff & n.d.(a) 2095:Second British Invasion 1590:The Number of the Beast 1527:The Number of the Beast 1510:was created in 1980 at 1018:preferring topics from 227:The NWOBHM began as an 11800:1980s in British music 11795:1970s in British music 11731:Heavy metal subculture 11643:Indigenous metal music 11618:Brazilian thrash metal 11603:Australian heavy metal 10973:. Thin Lizzy Guide.com 10738:"Witchfynde biography" 10188:"Blitzkrieg biography" 9320:"What Is Power Metal?" 8770:"Wrathchild Biography" 8404:Anon. (10 June 2008). 7159:"Male Orientated Rock" 6672:, pp. 23–25, 32; 6195:Erlewine & n.d.(a) 6179:Erlewine & n.d.(e) 6155:Erlewine & n.d.(f) 5580:, pp. 74, 77–78; 3866:Erlewine & n.d.(c) 3640:, pp. 30, 34–36; 2822:Erlewine & n.d.(b) 2468:Erlewine & n.d.(d) 2425:Erlewine & n.d.(d) 2282:BBC News & 2005(b) 2278:BBC News & 2005(a) 2024:from the Netherlands, 1893: 1864:Brazilian thrash metal 1839: 1663: 1531: 1316: 1309:Steve "Steaming" Clark 1255:First wave (1979–1981) 1168: 1091: 1010:bands Pagan Altar and 930:, UFO, Thin Lizzy and 919: 865:with the immediacy of 719: 628: 618:heavy metal subculture 596:Heavy metal subculture 521: 334:. As a consequence of 319: 246:heavy metal subculture 11683:Teutonic thrash metal 11613:Bay Area thrash metal 11593:Argentine heavy metal 11208:Blackened death metal 11089:registration required 10880:"NWOBHM: 30 Years On" 10853:Sharpe-Young, Garry. 10803:Sharpe-Young, Garry. 10518:"Ostrogoth Biography" 10408:"Helloween Biography" 10210:"Dedringer biography" 10122:"Atomkraft Biography" 9303:"The Story of Samson" 9118:"Metallica Biography" 8602:"Le Griffe Biography" 8228:Tucker, John (2006). 8169:(1986). "'Lock Jaw". 7700:. Amherst, New York: 7039:Smith-Engelhardt 2020 6738:Reesman & n.d.(a) 6467:Freeman & n.d.(a) 5090:Girlschool video 2006 5030:, pp. 64–65, 69. 1892: 1834: 1827:Influences and legacy 1661: 1525: 1479:at No. 4, while 1307: 1160: 1134:, and Holocaust from 1082: 917: 718: 626: 547:had been a member of 529:Ian "Lemmy" Kilmister 519: 317: 308:Further information: 11623:Canadian heavy metal 10783:"This Is Spinal Tap" 10736:Rivadavia, Eduardo. 10714:Rivadavia, Eduardo. 10692:Rivadavia, Eduardo. 10670:Rivadavia, Eduardo. 10648:Rivadavia, Eduardo. 10626:Rivadavia, Eduardo. 10604:Rivadavia, Eduardo. 10584:"The Rods Biography" 10582:Rivadavia, Eduardo. 10560:Rivadavia, Eduardo. 10538:Rivadavia, Eduardo. 10516:Rivadavia, Eduardo. 10494:Rivadavia, Eduardo. 10472:Rivadavia, Eduardo. 10450:Rivadavia, Eduardo. 10428:Rivadavia, Eduardo. 10406:Rivadavia, Eduardo. 10384:Rivadavia, Eduardo. 10340:Rivadavia, Eduardo. 10318:Rivadavia, Eduardo. 10296:Rivadavia, Eduardo. 10274:Rivadavia, Eduardo. 10252:Rivadavia, Eduardo. 10230:Rivadavia, Eduardo. 10208:Rivadavia, Eduardo. 10186:Rivadavia, Eduardo. 10164:Rivadavia, Eduardo. 10142:Rivadavia, Eduardo. 10120:Rivadavia, Eduardo. 10098:Rivadavia, Eduardo. 10076:Rivadavia, Eduardo. 10006:. Radio Rewind.co.uk 9223:"Savatage Biography" 9142:. Music-Avenue.net. 9096:"Megadeth Biography" 8791:"Alice's Restaurant" 8728:"Speed/Thrash Metal" 8473:(26 November 2001). 7771:"Back to Schooldays" 7650:Simon & Schuster 6876:DeFeis & n.d.(a) 6794:DeFeis & n.d.(a) 6726:Monger & n.d.(a) 6534:, pp. 190–191; 6290:, pp. 22, 528; 6275:, pp. 129–154; 5690:, pp. 170–171; 5088:, p. 70 ; 3975:, pp. 129–154; 3230:, pp. 163–165; 2399:, pp. 145–146; 2076:or with the Belgian 2046:Ángeles del Infierno 1273:The Soundhouse Tapes 1114:, White Spirit from 1102:, Diamond Head from 1058:subject than as the 567:with the live album 385:Heavy rock in the UK 11825:Musical subcultures 11820:Underground culture 11678:Swedish death metal 11633:Florida death metal 11628:Chinese heavy metal 11588:African heavy metal 11386:Neue Deutsche Härte 10957:. Swedishcharts.com 10941:. Swedishcharts.com 10606:"Saracen Biography" 10386:"Hellion Biography" 10254:"EF Band biography" 10063:. Regular Rocker.nl 9967:"Lemmy – Biography" 9952:on 17 November 2015 9946:"Picture Biography" 9407:"Manowar Biography" 9350:. LiveMetallica.com 9305:. Book of Hours.net 9188:on 14 December 2014 9008:"Anthrax Biography" 8970:. virgin-steele.com 8930:. 17 September 2004 8814:on 17 November 2015 8623:"Mammoth Biography" 8285:Wesleyan University 8209:. Toronto, Canada: 8171:Mega Metal Kerrang! 8013:(1 November 2005). 7903:Mega Metal Kerrang! 7894:Mega Metal Kerrang! 7885:Mega Metal Kerrang! 7518:on 17 November 2015 7359:on 17 November 2015 6536:Bowar & n.d.(a) 6417:, pp. 163–169. 6347:Weber & n.d.(a) 6337:, pp. 262–263. 6232:, pp. 645–646. 6220:, pp. 120–121. 6113:Bowar & n.d.(a) 6064:, pp. 120–121. 5977:, pp. 133–134. 5965:, pp. 129–154. 5821:, pp. 627–628. 5809:, pp. 672–673. 5568:, pp. 133–134. 5315:, pp. 217–219. 5119:, pp. 520–521. 4775:Noble & n.d.(a) 4697:, pp. 95–102; 4470:, pp. 186–189. 4394:, p. 467, 663. 4370:, pp. 680–681. 3844:, pp. 127–133. 3661:, pp. 197–202. 3554:Bowar & n.d.(a) 3303:, pp. 484–485. 3218:, pp. 217–218. 3126:, pp. 105–106. 3059:, pp. 145–146. 2978:, pp. 101–102. 2950:, pp. 119–120. 2923:, pp. 170–171. 2774:Prato & n.d.(a) 2442:, pp. 167–168. 2139:Witchfinder General 1321:major record labels 1185:New Musical Express 1126:, Def Leppard from 1048:Christian symbolism 1012:Witchfinder General 863:classic heavy metal 778:Heavy metal fashion 500:from West Germany, 336:deindustrialisation 310:1973–1975 recession 11653:Les Légions Noires 11381:Neoclassical metal 11191:National Socialist 10763:Roadrunner Records 10694:"Vardis biography" 10452:"Killer Biography" 10430:"Jaguar biography" 10298:"Gaskin biography" 10144:"A II Z biography" 10061:"Bodine Biography" 9628:. 23 February 1980 9245:"Slayer Biography" 8910:on 27 January 2006 8749:"Spider Biography" 8562:on 19 January 2013 8135:"Reading Rock '82" 8112:"Reading Rock '81" 8089:"Reading Rock '80" 7934:"Monsters of Rock" 7911:"Monsters of Rock" 7814:(9 January 2006). 7675:Three Rivers Press 7537:. Manchester, UK: 7140:Ashgate Publishing 6897:, pp. 129–154 6636:, p. 136–139. 6609:, pp. 20–21; 6605:, pp. 18–22; 6589:, pp. 74, 417 6585:, pp. 11–14; 6573:, pp. 129–154 6484:, pp. 11–14; 6405:, pp. 169–172 6397:, pp. 22–23; 6256:, pp. 24–27; 6167:Huey & n.d.(b) 6143:Huey & n.d.(a) 6052:, pp. 123–124 6044:, pp. 22–23; 5905:, pp. 202–206 5885:, pp. 83–84; 5648:, pp. 58–64; 5541:, pp. 202–206 5523:Reading staff 1982 5511:Reading staff 1981 5500:Reading staff 1980 5498:, pp. 62–64; 5423:, pp. 129–154 5351:, pp. 221–222 5331:, pp. 131–132 5275:, p. 319–320. 5227:, p. 684–685. 5203:, p. 514–515. 5155:, p. 155–156. 4970:, pp. 95–102. 4941:, p. 21, 756. 4845:, pp. 120–121 4837:, pp. 24–27; 4833:, pp. 25–27; 4701:, pp. 186–189 4654:, pp. 175–181 4346:, p. 717–718. 4255:, pp. 197–202 4239:, pp. 192–195 4235:, pp. 11–14; 3963:, pp. 129–154 3940:, pp. 96–97; 3816:, pp. 192–195 3812:, pp. 11–14; 3796:, pp. 189–192 3701:, p. 294–295. 3673:, pp. 40–42; 3467:, pp. 13–16; 3415:, pp. 72–74; 3358:, pp. 237–239 3327:, p. 237–239. 2074:Roadrunner Records 1894: 1840: 1664: 1532: 1317: 1260:Compilation albums 1118:, Witchfynde from 1092: 920: 888:Tygers of Pan Tang 764:This Is Spinal Tap 720: 629: 590:Identity and style 522: 344:another in Toxteth 320: 250:continental Europe 11772: 11771: 11431:Progressive metal 11176:Beatdown hardcore 11171:Avant-garde metal 11166:Alternative metal 11033:. Fashion Era.com 10902:Alternative Press 10628:"Saxon Biography" 10232:"Demon biography" 8686:"Shiva Biography" 8455:Banger Films, Inc 8375:Zarnowitz, Victor 8366:978-0-7119-1738-5 8344:978-0-306-80970-5 8294:978-0-8195-6260-9 8266:978-0-520-94388-9 8239:978-0-9549704-7-5 8220:978-1-55022-618-8 8140:(Press release). 8117:(Press release). 8094:(Press release). 8073:978-86-7946-306-7 8049:978-0-7603-4546-7 8028:978-1-894959-31-5 8002:978-0-06-199703-7 7991:. New York City: 7976:978-0-922915-48-4 7957:Moynihan, Michael 7939:(Press release). 7916:(Press release). 7856:978-1-84938-386-8 7833:978-1-84449-828-4 7803:978-0-936756-69-1 7792:. New York City: 7741:978-3-931624-16-3 7711:978-1-59102-427-9 7684:978-0-609-80732-3 7673:. New York City: 7659:978-0-684-85868-5 7648:. New York City: 7578:978-0-306-82054-0 7548:978-0-7190-1489-5 7478:978-1-901447-24-8 7459:978-0-946391-55-4 7433:978-0-203-12703-2 7422:. New York City: 7389:978-1-84467-688-0 7338:978-1-84772-707-7 7327:. New York City: 7302:Sanctuary Records 7288:Corich, Robert M. 7245:978-0-380-81127-4 7234:. New York City: 7206:978-0-946391-50-9 7149:978-0-7546-6423-9 7094:. pp. 28–29. 6956:, pp. 48–54. 6660:, pp. 23–25. 6373:, pp. 24–27. 6103:, pp. 49–50. 5471:, pp. 50–55. 5459:, pp. 92–93. 4821:, pp. 95–102 4753:, pp. 55–56. 4713:, pp. 81–88. 3990:, pp. 96–97. 3856:, pp. 39–41. 3342:, pp. 11–14. 3071:, pp. 97–98. 2800:, pp. 69–95. 2646:, pp. 16, 23 2415:, pp. 14–18. 2345:, pp. 24–25. 2078:Mausoleum Records 2064:from Yugoslavia, 1962:Music for Nations 1909: 1868:UK 82 street punk 1464:Ready an' Willing 1434:Difficult to Cure 1423:Ritchie Blackmore 1249:The Music Machine 1235:was a staffer at 1062:device of 1990s' 994:, Le Griffe) and 735: 371:anarchic attitude 348:Margaret Thatcher 242:1973–75 recession 172: 171: 154:progressive metal 36:Stylistic origins 11847: 11762: 11761: 11711:Environmentalism 11482:Musical elements 11466:Crossover thrash 11344:Industrial metal 11141: 11134: 11127: 11118: 11117: 11112: 11110: 11108: 11092: 11085: 11083: 11081: 11063: 11061: 11059: 11042: 11040: 11038: 11025: 11023: 11021: 11003: 11001: 10999: 10982: 10980: 10978: 10966: 10964: 10962: 10950: 10948: 10946: 10934: 10932: 10930: 10913: 10911: 10909: 10891: 10889: 10887: 10882:. Planetrock.com 10874: 10872: 10870: 10861:. Archived from 10849: 10847: 10845: 10840:on 17 April 2015 10836:. Archived from 10824: 10822: 10820: 10811:. Archived from 10799: 10797: 10795: 10778: 10776: 10774: 10765:. Archived from 10754: 10752: 10750: 10732: 10730: 10728: 10710: 10708: 10706: 10688: 10686: 10684: 10666: 10664: 10662: 10650:"Tank Biography" 10644: 10642: 10640: 10622: 10620: 10618: 10600: 10598: 10596: 10578: 10576: 10574: 10556: 10554: 10552: 10534: 10532: 10530: 10512: 10510: 10508: 10490: 10488: 10486: 10474:"More biography" 10468: 10466: 10464: 10446: 10444: 10442: 10424: 10422: 10420: 10402: 10400: 10398: 10380: 10378: 10376: 10358: 10356: 10354: 10336: 10334: 10332: 10320:"Girl Biography" 10314: 10312: 10310: 10292: 10290: 10288: 10270: 10268: 10266: 10248: 10246: 10244: 10226: 10224: 10222: 10204: 10202: 10200: 10182: 10180: 10178: 10160: 10158: 10156: 10138: 10136: 10134: 10116: 10114: 10112: 10100:"Aria Biography" 10094: 10092: 10090: 10072: 10070: 10068: 10056: 10054: 10052: 10038:Reesman, Bryan. 10034: 10032: 10030: 10015: 10013: 10011: 9999: 9997: 9995: 9983: 9981: 9979: 9961: 9959: 9957: 9941: 9939: 9937: 9922: 9920: 9918: 9903: 9901: 9899: 9884: 9882: 9880: 9865: 9863: 9861: 9846: 9844: 9842: 9827: 9825: 9823: 9808: 9806: 9804: 9789: 9787: 9785: 9770: 9768: 9766: 9751: 9749: 9747: 9732: 9730: 9728: 9713: 9711: 9709: 9694: 9692: 9690: 9675: 9673: 9671: 9656: 9654: 9652: 9637: 9635: 9633: 9617: 9615: 9613: 9598: 9596: 9594: 9579: 9577: 9575: 9560: 9558: 9556: 9541: 9539: 9537: 9522: 9520: 9518: 9503: 9501: 9499: 9484: 9482: 9480: 9465: 9463: 9461: 9452:. Archived from 9440: 9438: 9436: 9423: 9421: 9419: 9401: 9399: 9397: 9379: 9377: 9375: 9359: 9357: 9355: 9343: 9341: 9339: 9334:on 25 April 2009 9330:. Archived from 9318:Marsicano, Dan. 9314: 9312: 9310: 9293: 9291: 9289: 9277: 9275: 9273: 9261: 9259: 9257: 9239: 9237: 9235: 9217: 9215: 9213: 9197: 9195: 9193: 9177: 9175: 9173: 9155: 9153: 9151: 9134: 9132: 9130: 9112: 9110: 9108: 9090: 9088: 9086: 9068: 9066: 9064: 9046: 9044: 9042: 9024: 9022: 9020: 8999: 8997: 8995: 8990:on 24 March 2015 8979: 8977: 8975: 8959: 8957: 8955: 8939: 8937: 8935: 8919: 8917: 8915: 8906:. Archived from 8890: 8888: 8886: 8866: 8864: 8862: 8847: 8835: 8823: 8821: 8819: 8802: 8800: 8798: 8786: 8784: 8782: 8765: 8763: 8761: 8744: 8742: 8740: 8723: 8721: 8719: 8702: 8700: 8698: 8681: 8679: 8677: 8660: 8658: 8656: 8639: 8637: 8635: 8618: 8616: 8614: 8597: 8595: 8593: 8584:. Archived from 8571: 8569: 8567: 8558:. Archived from 8545: 8543: 8541: 8515: 8492: 8466: 8443: 8417: 8391: 8390:. pp. 1–87. 8385: 8370: 8348: 8325:Weinstein, Deena 8320: 8309: 8298: 8270: 8254: 8243: 8224: 8196: 8185: 8174: 8162: 8153: 8151: 8149: 8139: 8130: 8128: 8126: 8116: 8107: 8105: 8103: 8093: 8084: 8082: 8080: 8065: 8053: 8032: 8006: 7980: 7952: 7950: 7948: 7941:Monsters of Rock 7938: 7929: 7927: 7925: 7918:Monsters of Rock 7915: 7906: 7897: 7888: 7879: 7878:on 27 July 2010. 7874:. Archived from 7860: 7837: 7821: 7807: 7784: 7783:on 27 July 2010. 7779:. Archived from 7765: 7759: 7755: 7753: 7745: 7726: 7715: 7702:Prometheus Books 7699: 7688: 7663: 7645:White Line Fever 7635: 7624: 7613: 7604: 7593: 7582: 7566: 7552: 7527: 7525: 7523: 7517: 7500: 7492: 7482: 7463: 7437: 7410: 7393: 7368: 7366: 7364: 7342: 7316: 7305: 7283: 7274:Considine, J. D. 7269: 7263: 7259: 7257: 7249: 7221: 7210: 7180: 7178: 7176: 7153: 7128: 7117: 7106: 7095: 7067: 7061:Falckenbach 2002 7058: 7052: 7047: 7041: 7036: 7030: 7027:Radovanović 2019 7024: 7018: 7017:, pp. 18–22 7008: 7002: 6993: 6987: 6978: 6972: 6963: 6957: 6951: 6945: 6939: 6933: 6916: 6910: 6904: 6898: 6884: 6878: 6869: 6863: 6857: 6848: 6842: 6836: 6830: 6824: 6818: 6812: 6803: 6797: 6791: 6785: 6779: 6770: 6764: 6753: 6747: 6741: 6735: 6729: 6723: 6717: 6711: 6705: 6699: 6693: 6683: 6677: 6676:, pp. 41–43 6667: 6661: 6655: 6649: 6643: 6637: 6631: 6625: 6619: 6613: 6596: 6590: 6580: 6574: 6564: 6558: 6544: 6538: 6529: 6523: 6517: 6511: 6498: 6489: 6488:, pp. 20–21 6479: 6473: 6464: 6458: 6452: 6446: 6440: 6434: 6424: 6418: 6412: 6406: 6392: 6386: 6380: 6374: 6368: 6362: 6356: 6350: 6344: 6338: 6332: 6326: 6320: 6314: 6304: 6298: 6285: 6279: 6266: 6260: 6251: 6245: 6239: 6233: 6227: 6221: 6215: 6209: 6203: 6197: 6188: 6182: 6176: 6170: 6164: 6158: 6152: 6146: 6140: 6131: 6125: 6119: 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music 411:biker subculture 77:Derivative forms 72: 67:Cultural origins 58:progressive rock 28: 27: 11855: 11854: 11850: 11849: 11848: 11846: 11845: 11844: 11775: 11774: 11773: 11768: 11745: 11692: 11688:Ukrainian metal 11638:Hungarian metal 11580: 11574: 11516:Gallop drumbeat 11477: 11456:Symphonic metal 11218:Christian metal 11157: 11150: 11145: 11115: 11106: 11104: 11086: 11079: 11077: 11057: 11055: 11036: 11034: 11019: 11017: 10997: 10995: 10976: 10974: 10960: 10958: 10944: 10942: 10928: 10926: 10925:on 18 July 2011 10907: 10905: 10885: 10883: 10868: 10866: 10865:on 7 April 2016 10843: 10841: 10818: 10816: 10793: 10791: 10788:Rotten Tomatoes 10772: 10770: 10748: 10746: 10726: 10724: 10704: 10702: 10682: 10680: 10660: 10658: 10638: 10636: 10616: 10614: 10594: 10592: 10572: 10570: 10550: 10548: 10528: 10526: 10506: 10504: 10484: 10482: 10462: 10460: 10440: 10438: 10418: 10416: 10396: 10394: 10374: 10372: 10352: 10350: 10330: 10328: 10308: 10306: 10286: 10284: 10264: 10262: 10242: 10240: 10220: 10218: 10198: 10196: 10176: 10174: 10154: 10152: 10132: 10130: 10110: 10108: 10088: 10086: 10066: 10064: 10050: 10048: 10028: 10026: 10009: 10007: 9993: 9991: 9977: 9975: 9955: 9953: 9935: 9933: 9916: 9914: 9897: 9895: 9878: 9876: 9859: 9857: 9840: 9838: 9821: 9819: 9802: 9800: 9783: 9781: 9764: 9762: 9745: 9743: 9726: 9724: 9707: 9705: 9688: 9686: 9669: 9667: 9650: 9648: 9631: 9629: 9611: 9609: 9592: 9590: 9573: 9571: 9554: 9552: 9535: 9533: 9516: 9514: 9497: 9495: 9478: 9476: 9459: 9457: 9456:on 5 April 2015 9434: 9432: 9417: 9415: 9395: 9393: 9373: 9371: 9370:on 28 June 2008 9353: 9351: 9337: 9335: 9324:Heavy Metal 101 9308: 9306: 9287: 9285: 9271: 9269: 9255: 9253: 9233: 9231: 9211: 9209: 9208:on 4 March 2016 9191: 9189: 9171: 9169: 9159:Freeman, Phil. 9149: 9147: 9128: 9126: 9106: 9104: 9084: 9082: 9062: 9060: 9040: 9038: 9018: 9016: 8993: 8991: 8973: 8971: 8953: 8951: 8933: 8931: 8913: 8911: 8900:Heavy Metal 101 8884: 8882: 8860: 8858: 8846:. 5 April 2005. 8834:. 5 April 2005. 8817: 8815: 8796: 8794: 8780: 8778: 8759: 8757: 8738: 8736: 8717: 8715: 8707:"Shy biography" 8696: 8694: 8675: 8673: 8654: 8652: 8633: 8631: 8612: 8610: 8591: 8589: 8565: 8563: 8539: 8537: 8523: 8518: 8450:Metal Evolution 8399: 8394: 8383: 8367: 8345: 8295: 8277:(15 May 1993). 8267: 8240: 8221: 8203:(August 2004). 8195:. No. 181. 8167:Simmons, Sylvie 8147: 8145: 8137: 8124: 8122: 8114: 8101: 8099: 8091: 8078: 8076: 8074: 8063: 8050: 8029: 8003: 7977: 7946: 7944: 7936: 7923: 7921: 7913: 7857: 7834: 7804: 7790:Cassette Mythos 7757: 7756: 7747: 7746: 7742: 7712: 7685: 7660: 7579: 7549: 7521: 7519: 7515: 7490: 7479: 7460: 7434: 7390: 7362: 7360: 7339: 7261: 7260: 7251: 7250: 7246: 7207: 7174: 7172: 7171:on 4 March 2016 7150: 7080: 7075: 7070: 7059: 7055: 7048: 7044: 7037: 7033: 7025: 7021: 7015:Heavy Rock 1982 7013:, p. 128; 7009: 7005: 6994: 6990: 6979: 6975: 6964: 6960: 6952: 6948: 6940: 6936: 6929:, p. 325; 6917: 6913: 6905: 6901: 6885: 6881: 6870: 6866: 6858: 6851: 6843: 6839: 6831: 6827: 6819: 6815: 6804: 6800: 6792: 6788: 6780: 6773: 6765: 6756: 6748: 6744: 6736: 6732: 6724: 6720: 6712: 6708: 6700: 6696: 6684: 6680: 6668: 6664: 6656: 6652: 6644: 6640: 6632: 6628: 6620: 6616: 6597: 6593: 6581: 6577: 6565: 6561: 6545: 6541: 6530: 6526: 6518: 6514: 6499: 6492: 6480: 6476: 6465: 6461: 6453: 6449: 6441: 6437: 6429:, p. 765; 6425: 6421: 6413: 6409: 6393: 6389: 6381: 6377: 6369: 6365: 6357: 6353: 6345: 6341: 6333: 6329: 6321: 6317: 6305: 6301: 6286: 6282: 6267: 6263: 6252: 6248: 6240: 6236: 6228: 6224: 6216: 6212: 6204: 6200: 6189: 6185: 6177: 6173: 6165: 6161: 6153: 6149: 6141: 6134: 6126: 6122: 6111: 6107: 6099: 6095: 6084: 6080: 6072: 6068: 6060: 6056: 6040: 6036: 6028: 6024: 6009: 6005: 5997: 5993: 5985: 5981: 5973: 5969: 5961: 5952: 5945:, p. 528; 5937: 5933: 5925: 5921: 5913: 5909: 5897: 5893: 5877: 5873: 5865: 5861: 5853: 5849: 5841: 5837: 5829: 5825: 5817: 5813: 5805: 5801: 5793: 5789: 5781: 5777: 5769: 5765: 5757: 5753: 5745:, p. 154; 5741: 5737: 5725: 5721: 5713: 5709: 5701: 5697: 5686: 5682: 5659: 5655: 5640: 5636: 5625: 5621: 5609: 5602: 5594: 5587: 5576: 5572: 5564: 5560: 5549: 5545: 5533: 5529: 5521: 5517: 5509: 5505: 5494: 5490: 5483:, p. 527; 5479: 5475: 5467: 5463: 5455: 5451: 5443: 5439: 5431: 5427: 5411: 5407: 5399: 5395: 5387: 5383: 5375: 5371: 5359: 5355: 5343:, p. 279; 5339: 5335: 5323: 5319: 5311: 5307: 5299:, p. 213; 5295: 5291: 5283: 5279: 5271: 5267: 5259: 5255: 5247: 5243: 5235: 5231: 5223: 5219: 5211: 5207: 5199: 5195: 5187: 5183: 5175: 5171: 5163: 5159: 5151: 5147: 5139: 5135: 5127: 5123: 5115: 5111: 5103: 5099: 5084: 5080: 5072: 5068: 5057: 5053: 5038: 5034: 5026: 5022: 5014: 5010: 5002: 4998: 4990: 4986: 4978: 4974: 4966: 4957: 4949: 4945: 4937: 4933: 4925: 4921: 4913: 4909: 4901: 4897: 4889: 4885: 4877: 4873: 4865: 4861: 4853: 4849: 4829: 4825: 4813: 4809: 4797: 4793: 4785: 4781: 4773: 4769: 4761: 4757: 4749: 4745: 4733: 4729: 4721: 4717: 4709: 4705: 4689: 4685: 4677: 4673: 4662: 4658: 4646: 4642: 4630: 4626: 4618: 4611: 4603: 4599: 4591: 4587: 4579: 4575: 4571:, p. 304,. 4567: 4563: 4555: 4551: 4540: 4536: 4525: 4521: 4513: 4509: 4497: 4493: 4485: 4474: 4466: 4462: 4454: 4450: 4438: 4434: 4426: 4422: 4414: 4410: 4402: 4398: 4390: 4386: 4378: 4374: 4366: 4362: 4354: 4350: 4342: 4338: 4330: 4326: 4318: 4314: 4306: 4302: 4294: 4290: 4282: 4278: 4263: 4259: 4247: 4243: 4231: 4227: 4219: 4215: 4207: 4203: 4195: 4191: 4179: 4175: 4167: 4163: 4155: 4151: 4143: 4139: 4128: 4124: 4116: 4112: 4104: 4100: 4092: 4088: 4076: 4072: 4064: 4060: 4052: 4045: 4037: 4033: 4025: 4021: 4013: 4009: 4001: 3994: 3986: 3982: 3971: 3967: 3951: 3947: 3936: 3932: 3924: 3920: 3912: 3908: 3900: 3896: 3888: 3884: 3876: 3872: 3864: 3860: 3852: 3848: 3840: 3836: 3824: 3820: 3804: 3800: 3788: 3784: 3776: 3772: 3764: 3760: 3752: 3745: 3733: 3729: 3721: 3717: 3709: 3705: 3697: 3693: 3685: 3681: 3669: 3665: 3657: 3648: 3636: 3632: 3624: 3620: 3604: 3600: 3588: 3584: 3572: 3568: 3560:, p. 209; 3552: 3548: 3532: 3528: 3520: 3516: 3508: 3504: 3496: 3492: 3484: 3475: 3463: 3459: 3451: 3447: 3439: 3435: 3427: 3423: 3411: 3407: 3399: 3392: 3381: 3377: 3366: 3362: 3350: 3346: 3338: 3331: 3323: 3319: 3311: 3307: 3299: 3292: 3281: 3277: 3269: 3265: 3257: 3250: 3242: 3238: 3226: 3222: 3214: 3210: 3202: 3198: 3186: 3182: 3170: 3166: 3158: 3154: 3146: 3142: 3134: 3130: 3122: 3118: 3110: 3103: 3091: 3087: 3079: 3075: 3067: 3063: 3055: 3051: 3043: 3039: 3031: 3022: 3014: 3010: 3002: 2998: 2986: 2982: 2974: 2970: 2958: 2954: 2946: 2942: 2931: 2927: 2919: 2912: 2896: 2892: 2884: 2880: 2872: 2868: 2860: 2851: 2835: 2828: 2820: 2816: 2808: 2804: 2796: 2792: 2784: 2780: 2772: 2768: 2760: 2753: 2745: 2741: 2733: 2729: 2721: 2717: 2709: 2705: 2697: 2693: 2681: 2677: 2669: 2662: 2654: 2650: 2638: 2631: 2623: 2619: 2611: 2607: 2599: 2595: 2587: 2583: 2575: 2571: 2563: 2559: 2551: 2547: 2535: 2531: 2520: 2516: 2508: 2501: 2493: 2489: 2481: 2477: 2466: 2462: 2450: 2446: 2438: 2434: 2423: 2419: 2411: 2407: 2395: 2391: 2380: 2376: 2368: 2361: 2353: 2349: 2341: 2334: 2326: 2317: 2309: 2302: 2294: 2287: 2276: 2272: 2264: 2260: 2256: 2251: 2250: 2239: 2235: 2214: 2210: 2181: 2177: 2112: 2108: 2103: 2086: 2068:from Mexico or 2002:E. F. Band 1929: 1928: 1920: 1918: 1917: 1916: 1915: 1912: 1905: 1902: 1895: 1889: 1829: 1776: 1768:mainstream rock 1711:New Jersey act 1656: 1626:Michael Jackson 1546: 1520: 1440:Heaven and Hell 1395:Top of the Pops 1377:Wheels of Steel 1330:Carrere Records 1299:pirate FM radio 1257: 1176: 1172:Bruce Dickinson 1170: 1077: 1072: 1032:science fiction 851: 788:American bikers 780: 774: 755: 754: 746: 744: 743: 742: 741: 738: 731: 728: 721: 715: 635:and celebrated 602:Deena Weinstein 598: 592: 587: 585:Characteristics 565:UK Albums Chart 535:band Hawkwind, 514: 429:, new wave and 387: 312: 306: 301: 168: 125:Regional scenes 108: 70: 62: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 11853: 11843: 11842: 11837: 11832: 11827: 11822: 11817: 11812: 11807: 11802: 11797: 11792: 11787: 11770: 11769: 11767: 11766: 11756: 11750: 11747: 11746: 11744: 11743: 11738: 11733: 11728: 11723: 11718: 11713: 11708: 11702: 11700: 11694: 11693: 11691: 11690: 11685: 11680: 11675: 11670: 11665: 11660: 11655: 11650: 11648:Japanese metal 11645: 11640: 11635: 11630: 11625: 11620: 11615: 11610: 11605: 11600: 11595: 11590: 11584: 11582: 11579:Notable scenes 11576: 11575: 11573: 11572: 11571: 11570: 11565: 11557: 11552: 11551: 11550: 11545: 11540: 11535: 11530: 11520: 11519: 11518: 11513: 11508: 11498: 11497: 11496: 11485: 11483: 11479: 11478: 11476: 11475: 11470: 11469: 11468: 11458: 11453: 11448: 11443: 11438: 11433: 11428: 11423: 11418: 11413: 11408: 11403: 11398: 11393: 11388: 11383: 11378: 11377: 11376: 11371: 11361: 11356: 11351: 11346: 11341: 11336: 11331: 11326: 11321: 11316: 11311: 11306: 11305: 11304: 11302:Medieval metal 11299: 11289: 11284: 11279: 11274: 11269: 11264: 11263: 11262: 11252: 11247: 11245:Death 'n' roll 11242: 11241: 11240: 11235: 11225: 11220: 11215: 11210: 11205: 11204: 11203: 11198: 11193: 11183: 11178: 11173: 11168: 11162: 11160: 11152: 11151: 11144: 11143: 11136: 11129: 11121: 11114: 11113: 11093: 11064: 11043: 11026: 11007:Weber, Barry. 11004: 10994:on 31 May 2016 10983: 10971:"Tour History" 10967: 10951: 10935: 10914: 10892: 10875: 10850: 10825: 10815:on 13 May 2016 10805:"Judas Priest" 10800: 10779: 10769:on 10 May 2016 10755: 10733: 10711: 10689: 10667: 10645: 10623: 10601: 10579: 10557: 10535: 10513: 10491: 10469: 10447: 10425: 10403: 10381: 10359: 10337: 10315: 10293: 10271: 10249: 10227: 10205: 10183: 10161: 10139: 10117: 10095: 10073: 10057: 10035: 10016: 10000: 9984: 9962: 9942: 9923: 9904: 9885: 9866: 9847: 9828: 9809: 9790: 9771: 9752: 9733: 9714: 9695: 9676: 9657: 9638: 9618: 9599: 9580: 9561: 9542: 9523: 9504: 9485: 9466: 9441: 9427:Noble, Colin. 9424: 9402: 9380: 9360: 9344: 9315: 9294: 9278: 9262: 9240: 9218: 9198: 9178: 9156: 9135: 9113: 9091: 9069: 9047: 9025: 9000: 8980: 8960: 8940: 8928:Brand Republic 8920: 8891: 8881:. 8 April 1982 8867: 8848: 8836: 8824: 8803: 8787: 8766: 8745: 8724: 8703: 8682: 8661: 8640: 8619: 8598: 8588:on 8 June 2012 8572: 8546: 8529:"British Punk" 8524: 8522: 8519: 8517: 8516: 8493: 8467: 8444: 8426:McFadyen, Scot 8418: 8400: 8398: 8395: 8393: 8392: 8371: 8365: 8349: 8343: 8321: 8310: 8299: 8293: 8275:Walser, Robert 8271: 8265: 8244: 8238: 8225: 8219: 8201:Thompson, Dave 8197: 8186: 8175: 8163: 8159:Extra Kerrang! 8154: 8131: 8108: 8085: 8072: 8054: 8048: 8033: 8027: 8011:Popoff, Martin 8007: 8001: 7985:Mustaine, Dave 7981: 7975: 7953: 7930: 7907: 7898: 7889: 7880: 7861: 7855: 7838: 7832: 7808: 7802: 7785: 7766: 7740: 7727: 7716: 7710: 7689: 7683: 7664: 7658: 7640:Kilmister, Ian 7636: 7625: 7614: 7610:Extra Kerrang! 7605: 7594: 7583: 7577: 7553: 7547: 7528: 7501: 7483: 7477: 7464: 7458: 7448:. London, UK: 7438: 7432: 7411: 7394: 7388: 7378:. London, UK: 7369: 7343: 7337: 7317: 7306: 7296:(CD booklet). 7293:The Collection 7284: 7270: 7244: 7222: 7211: 7205: 7195:. London, UK: 7185:Bushell, Garry 7181: 7154: 7148: 7129: 7118: 7107: 7096: 7081: 7079: 7076: 7074: 7071: 7069: 7068: 7053: 7042: 7031: 7019: 7003: 6988: 6973: 6958: 6946: 6934: 6921:, p. 43; 6911: 6899: 6893:, p. 22; 6891:Macmillan 2012 6889:, p. 44; 6879: 6864: 6860:Macmillan 2012 6849: 6837: 6825: 6813: 6798: 6786: 6771: 6754: 6742: 6730: 6718: 6706: 6694: 6688:, p. 47; 6678: 6662: 6650: 6648:, p. 106. 6638: 6626: 6614: 6591: 6575: 6569:, p. 38; 6559: 6555:Weinstein 2000 6539: 6524: 6512: 6503:, p. 19; 6490: 6474: 6459: 6447: 6435: 6433:, pp. 159 6427:Macmillan 2012 6419: 6407: 6395:Macmillan 2012 6387: 6375: 6371:Macmillan 2012 6363: 6351: 6339: 6335:Macmillan 2012 6327: 6315: 6299: 6288:Macmillan 2012 6280: 6261: 6254:Macmillan 2012 6246: 6242:Macmillan 2012 6234: 6230:Macmillan 2012 6222: 6218:Macmillan 2012 6210: 6206:Macmillan 2012 6198: 6183: 6171: 6159: 6147: 6132: 6120: 6105: 6101:Weinstein 2000 6093: 6078: 6066: 6054: 6034: 6022: 6003: 5991: 5989:, p. 126. 5979: 5967: 5950: 5943:Macmillan 2012 5941:, p. 47; 5931: 5919: 5907: 5901:, p. 50; 5891: 5881:, p. 44; 5871: 5859: 5857:, p. 489. 5855:Macmillan 2012 5847: 5843:Macmillan 2012 5835: 5833:, p. 199. 5831:Macmillan 2012 5823: 5819:Macmillan 2012 5811: 5807:Macmillan 2012 5799: 5795:Macmillan 2012 5787: 5775: 5763: 5751: 5735: 5719: 5717:, p. 101. 5707: 5695: 5680: 5653: 5644:, p. 97; 5634: 5629:, p. 85; 5619: 5615:Macmillan 2012 5613:, p. 38; 5600: 5585: 5570: 5558: 5553:, p. 37; 5543: 5537:, p. 57; 5527: 5515: 5503: 5488: 5481:Macmillan 2012 5473: 5461: 5449: 5437: 5425: 5415:, p. 22; 5413:Macmillan 2012 5405: 5393: 5381: 5369: 5353: 5333: 5317: 5305: 5289: 5287:, p. 608. 5285:Macmillan 2012 5277: 5273:Macmillan 2012 5265: 5261:Macmillan 2012 5253: 5251:, p. 601. 5249:Macmillan 2012 5241: 5239:, p. 439. 5237:Macmillan 2012 5229: 5225:Macmillan 2012 5217: 5215:, p. 261. 5213:Macmillan 2012 5205: 5201:Macmillan 2012 5193: 5191:, p. 729. 5189:Macmillan 2012 5181: 5179:, p. 220. 5177:Macmillan 2012 5169: 5167:, p. 371. 5165:Macmillan 2012 5157: 5153:Macmillan 2012 5145: 5143:, p. 647. 5141:Macmillan 2012 5133: 5131:, p. 244. 5129:Macmillan 2012 5121: 5117:Macmillan 2012 5109: 5097: 5094:Wilkinson 2009 5078: 5066: 5051: 5032: 5020: 5008: 4996: 4984: 4982:, p. 448. 4980:Macmillan 2012 4972: 4955: 4943: 4939:Macmillan 2012 4931: 4919: 4907: 4895: 4883: 4871: 4859: 4847: 4835:Macmillan 2012 4823: 4807: 4791: 4787:Weinstein 2000 4779: 4767: 4755: 4743: 4727: 4715: 4703: 4683: 4671: 4656: 4640: 4632:Considine 1990 4624: 4609: 4597: 4585: 4573: 4569:Macmillan 2012 4561: 4549: 4534: 4519: 4507: 4503:Weinstein 2000 4501:, p. 89; 4491: 4472: 4460: 4448: 4432: 4420: 4408: 4406:, p. 294. 4404:Macmillan 2012 4396: 4392:Macmillan 2012 4384: 4382:, p. 148. 4380:Macmillan 2012 4372: 4368:Macmillan 2012 4360: 4358:, p. 732. 4356:Macmillan 2012 4348: 4344:Macmillan 2012 4336: 4334:, p. 379. 4332:Macmillan 2012 4324: 4322:, p. 169. 4320:Macmillan 2012 4312: 4308:Macmillan 2012 4300: 4288: 4276: 4257: 4251:, p. 34; 4241: 4225: 4221:Weinstein 2000 4213: 4209:Weinstein 2000 4201: 4189: 4185:Weinstein 2000 4173: 4161: 4159:, p. 155. 4149: 4147:, p. 173. 4137: 4132:, p. 40; 4122: 4110: 4098: 4086: 4070: 4058: 4056:, p. 526. 4054:Macmillan 2012 4043: 4031: 4019: 4007: 3992: 3980: 3965: 3959:, p. 22; 3957:Macmillan 2012 3945: 3930: 3918: 3906: 3894: 3882: 3870: 3858: 3846: 3834: 3818: 3808:, p. 42; 3798: 3792:, p. 37; 3782: 3780:, p. 178. 3770: 3758: 3743: 3727: 3715: 3703: 3699:Macmillan 2012 3691: 3679: 3663: 3646: 3642:Weinstein 2000 3630: 3628:, p. 209. 3618: 3598: 3592:, p. 32; 3582: 3576:, p. 34; 3566: 3562:Weinstein 2000 3546: 3536:, p. 42; 3526: 3514: 3502: 3490: 3473: 3457: 3455:, p. 215. 3453:Weinstein 2000 3445: 3433: 3431:, p. 224. 3421: 3417:Weinstein 2000 3405: 3401:Weinstein 2000 3390: 3375: 3360: 3356:Weinstein 2000 3344: 3329: 3325:Weinstein 2000 3317: 3313:Weinstein 2000 3305: 3301:Macmillan 2012 3290: 3275: 3273:, p. 105. 3271:Weinstein 2000 3263: 3248: 3246:, p. 137. 3244:Weinstein 2000 3236: 3220: 3216:Weinstein 2000 3208: 3196: 3190:, p. 37; 3180: 3164: 3162:, p. 135. 3160:Weinstein 2000 3152: 3150:, p. 119. 3140: 3138:, p. 130. 3128: 3124:Weinstein 2000 3116: 3101: 3085: 3083:, p. 139. 3081:Weinstein 2000 3073: 3069:Weinstein 2000 3061: 3049: 3047:, p. 110. 3045:Weinstein 2000 3037: 3020: 3018:, p. 122. 3016:Weinstein 2000 3008: 2996: 2992:Weinstein 2000 2990:, p. 21; 2980: 2976:Weinstein 2000 2968: 2952: 2940: 2925: 2910: 2904:, p. 35; 2890: 2888:, p. 150. 2878: 2866: 2849: 2843:, p. 19; 2841:Macmillan 2012 2826: 2814: 2802: 2790: 2778: 2766: 2751: 2739: 2727: 2715: 2703: 2691: 2685:, p. 19; 2683:Macmillan 2012 2675: 2660: 2648: 2642:, p. 19; 2640:Macmillan 2012 2629: 2617: 2605: 2593: 2581: 2569: 2557: 2555:, p. 201. 2545: 2539:, p. 42; 2529: 2524:, p. 24; 2514: 2510:Macmillan 2012 2499: 2497:, p. 191. 2487: 2475: 2460: 2456:Weinstein 2000 2444: 2432: 2417: 2413:Weinstein 2000 2405: 2401:Macmillan 2012 2389: 2374: 2359: 2347: 2332: 2328:Macmillan 2012 2315: 2300: 2285: 2270: 2257: 2255: 2252: 2249: 2248: 2233: 2208: 2175: 2105: 2104: 2102: 2099: 2098: 2097: 2092: 2085: 2082: 2016:from Belgium, 2008:from Denmark, 2000:from Germany, 1941:Twisted Sister 1919: 1913: 1903: 1898: 1897: 1896: 1887: 1886: 1885: 1828: 1825: 1775: 1772: 1655: 1652: 1519: 1516: 1388:" entered the 1348:Ethel the Frog 1256: 1253: 1159: 1145:audio cassette 1122:, Vardis from 1076: 1073: 1071: 1068: 940:Praying Mantis 890:, Girlschool, 850: 847: 811:Eddie the Head 776:Main article: 773: 772:Visual aspects 770: 745: 739: 729: 724: 723: 722: 713: 712: 711: 604:, in her book 594:Main article: 591: 588: 586: 583: 513: 510: 484:acts, such as 409:doctrines and 386: 383: 340:one in Brixton 305: 302: 300: 297: 206:new wave music 170: 169: 167: 166: 161: 156: 151: 146: 140: 137: 136: 132: 131: 130:United Kingdom 127: 126: 122: 121: 115: 114: 110: 109: 107: 106: 101: 96: 91: 86: 80: 78: 74: 73: 68: 64: 63: 61: 60: 55: 50: 45: 39: 37: 33: 32: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 11852: 11841: 11838: 11836: 11833: 11831: 11828: 11826: 11823: 11821: 11818: 11816: 11813: 11811: 11808: 11806: 11803: 11801: 11798: 11796: 11793: 11791: 11788: 11786: 11783: 11782: 11780: 11765: 11757: 11755: 11752: 11751: 11748: 11742: 11739: 11737: 11734: 11732: 11729: 11727: 11724: 11722: 11719: 11717: 11714: 11712: 11709: 11707: 11704: 11703: 11701: 11699: 11695: 11689: 11686: 11684: 11681: 11679: 11676: 11674: 11671: 11669: 11666: 11664: 11661: 11659: 11656: 11654: 11651: 11649: 11646: 11644: 11641: 11639: 11636: 11634: 11631: 11629: 11626: 11624: 11621: 11619: 11616: 11614: 11611: 11609: 11606: 11604: 11601: 11599: 11596: 11594: 11591: 11589: 11586: 11585: 11583: 11581:and movements 11577: 11569: 11566: 11564: 11561: 11560: 11558: 11556: 11553: 11549: 11546: 11544: 11541: 11539: 11536: 11534: 11531: 11529: 11526: 11525: 11524: 11521: 11517: 11514: 11512: 11509: 11507: 11504: 11503: 11502: 11499: 11495: 11492: 11491: 11490: 11487: 11486: 11484: 11480: 11474: 11471: 11467: 11464: 11463: 11462: 11459: 11457: 11454: 11452: 11449: 11447: 11444: 11442: 11439: 11437: 11434: 11432: 11429: 11427: 11424: 11422: 11419: 11417: 11414: 11412: 11409: 11407: 11404: 11402: 11399: 11397: 11394: 11392: 11389: 11387: 11384: 11382: 11379: 11375: 11372: 11370: 11367: 11366: 11365: 11362: 11360: 11357: 11355: 11352: 11350: 11347: 11345: 11342: 11340: 11337: 11335: 11332: 11330: 11327: 11325: 11322: 11320: 11317: 11315: 11312: 11310: 11307: 11303: 11300: 11298: 11295: 11294: 11293: 11290: 11288: 11287:Extreme metal 11285: 11283: 11282:Electronicore 11280: 11278: 11275: 11273: 11270: 11268: 11265: 11261: 11258: 11257: 11256: 11253: 11251: 11248: 11246: 11243: 11239: 11236: 11234: 11231: 11230: 11229: 11226: 11224: 11221: 11219: 11216: 11214: 11211: 11209: 11206: 11202: 11199: 11197: 11194: 11192: 11189: 11188: 11187: 11184: 11182: 11179: 11177: 11174: 11172: 11169: 11167: 11164: 11163: 11161: 11159: 11158:fusion genres 11156:Subgenres and 11153: 11149: 11142: 11137: 11135: 11130: 11128: 11123: 11122: 11119: 11102: 11098: 11094: 11090: 11076: 11075: 11070: 11065: 11054: 11053: 11049: 11044: 11032: 11027: 11016: 11015: 11010: 11005: 10993: 10989: 10984: 10972: 10968: 10956: 10952: 10940: 10936: 10924: 10920: 10915: 10904: 10903: 10898: 10893: 10881: 10876: 10864: 10860: 10856: 10851: 10839: 10835: 10831: 10826: 10814: 10810: 10806: 10801: 10790: 10789: 10784: 10780: 10768: 10764: 10760: 10756: 10745: 10744: 10739: 10734: 10723: 10722: 10717: 10712: 10701: 10700: 10695: 10690: 10679: 10678: 10673: 10668: 10657: 10656: 10651: 10646: 10635: 10634: 10629: 10624: 10613: 10612: 10607: 10602: 10591: 10590: 10585: 10580: 10569: 10568: 10563: 10558: 10547: 10546: 10541: 10536: 10525: 10524: 10519: 10514: 10503: 10502: 10497: 10492: 10481: 10480: 10475: 10470: 10459: 10458: 10453: 10448: 10437: 10436: 10431: 10426: 10415: 10414: 10409: 10404: 10393: 10392: 10387: 10382: 10371: 10370: 10365: 10360: 10349: 10348: 10343: 10338: 10327: 10326: 10321: 10316: 10305: 10304: 10299: 10294: 10283: 10282: 10277: 10272: 10261: 10260: 10255: 10250: 10239: 10238: 10233: 10228: 10217: 10216: 10211: 10206: 10195: 10194: 10189: 10184: 10173: 10172: 10167: 10162: 10151: 10150: 10145: 10140: 10129: 10128: 10123: 10118: 10107: 10106: 10101: 10096: 10085: 10084: 10079: 10074: 10062: 10058: 10047: 10046: 10041: 10036: 10025: 10021: 10017: 10005: 10001: 9989: 9985: 9974: 9973: 9968: 9965:Prato, Greg. 9963: 9951: 9947: 9943: 9932: 9928: 9924: 9913: 9909: 9905: 9894: 9890: 9886: 9875: 9871: 9867: 9856: 9852: 9848: 9837: 9833: 9829: 9818: 9814: 9810: 9799: 9795: 9791: 9780: 9776: 9772: 9761: 9757: 9753: 9742: 9738: 9734: 9723: 9719: 9715: 9704: 9700: 9696: 9685: 9681: 9677: 9666: 9662: 9658: 9647: 9643: 9639: 9627: 9623: 9619: 9608: 9604: 9600: 9589: 9585: 9581: 9570: 9566: 9562: 9551: 9547: 9543: 9532: 9528: 9524: 9513: 9509: 9505: 9494: 9490: 9486: 9475: 9471: 9467: 9455: 9451: 9447: 9442: 9430: 9425: 9414: 9413: 9408: 9403: 9392: 9391: 9386: 9381: 9369: 9365: 9361: 9349: 9345: 9333: 9329: 9325: 9321: 9316: 9304: 9300: 9295: 9284:. Infodisc.fr 9283: 9279: 9268:. Infodisc.fr 9267: 9263: 9252: 9251: 9246: 9243:Huey, Steve. 9241: 9230: 9229: 9224: 9221:Huey, Steve. 9219: 9207: 9203: 9199: 9187: 9183: 9179: 9168: 9167: 9162: 9157: 9145: 9141: 9136: 9125: 9124: 9119: 9114: 9103: 9102: 9097: 9092: 9081: 9080: 9075: 9070: 9059: 9058: 9053: 9048: 9037: 9036: 9031: 9026: 9015: 9014: 9009: 9005: 9001: 8989: 8985: 8981: 8969: 8965: 8964:DeFeis, David 8961: 8950: 8949:DonCampau.com 8946: 8941: 8929: 8925: 8921: 8909: 8905: 8901: 8897: 8894:Bowar, Chad. 8892: 8880: 8876: 8872: 8868: 8857: 8853: 8849: 8845: 8841: 8837: 8833: 8829: 8825: 8813: 8809: 8804: 8793:. AMFM.org.uk 8792: 8788: 8777: 8776: 8771: 8767: 8756: 8755: 8750: 8746: 8735: 8734: 8729: 8725: 8714: 8713: 8708: 8704: 8693: 8692: 8687: 8683: 8672: 8671: 8666: 8665:"Power metal" 8662: 8651: 8650: 8645: 8641: 8630: 8629: 8624: 8620: 8609: 8608: 8603: 8599: 8587: 8583: 8582: 8577: 8573: 8561: 8557: 8556: 8551: 8547: 8536: 8535: 8530: 8526: 8525: 8513: 8509: 8505: 8501: 8500: 8494: 8490: 8486: 8482: 8478: 8477: 8472: 8468: 8464: 8460: 8456: 8452: 8451: 8445: 8441: 8437: 8433: 8432: 8427: 8423: 8419: 8415: 8411: 8407: 8402: 8401: 8389: 8382: 8381: 8376: 8372: 8368: 8362: 8358: 8357:Black Sabbath 8354: 8350: 8346: 8340: 8336: 8335:Da Capo Press 8332: 8331: 8326: 8322: 8318: 8317: 8311: 8307: 8306: 8300: 8296: 8290: 8286: 8282: 8281: 8276: 8272: 8268: 8262: 8258: 8253: 8252: 8245: 8241: 8235: 8231: 8226: 8222: 8216: 8212: 8208: 8207: 8202: 8198: 8194: 8193: 8187: 8183: 8182: 8176: 8172: 8168: 8164: 8160: 8155: 8144:. August 1982 8143: 8136: 8132: 8121:. August 1981 8120: 8113: 8109: 8098:. August 1980 8097: 8090: 8086: 8075: 8069: 8062: 8061: 8055: 8051: 8045: 8041: 8040: 8034: 8030: 8024: 8020: 8016: 8012: 8008: 8004: 7998: 7994: 7993:HarperCollins 7990: 7986: 7982: 7978: 7972: 7968: 7964: 7963: 7958: 7954: 7943:. August 1987 7942: 7935: 7931: 7920:. August 1980 7919: 7912: 7908: 7904: 7899: 7895: 7890: 7886: 7881: 7877: 7873: 7872: 7867: 7862: 7858: 7852: 7848: 7847:Omnibus Press 7844: 7839: 7835: 7829: 7825: 7824:Omnibus Press 7820: 7819: 7813: 7809: 7805: 7799: 7795: 7791: 7786: 7782: 7778: 7777: 7772: 7767: 7763: 7751: 7743: 7737: 7733: 7728: 7725:. No. 9. 7724: 7723: 7717: 7713: 7707: 7703: 7698: 7697: 7690: 7686: 7680: 7676: 7672: 7671: 7665: 7661: 7655: 7651: 7647: 7646: 7641: 7637: 7633: 7632: 7626: 7622: 7621: 7615: 7611: 7606: 7602: 7601: 7595: 7591: 7590: 7584: 7580: 7574: 7570: 7569:Da Capo Press 7565: 7564: 7558: 7554: 7550: 7544: 7540: 7536: 7535: 7529: 7514: 7510: 7506: 7502: 7498: 7497: 7489: 7484: 7480: 7474: 7470: 7465: 7461: 7455: 7451: 7447: 7443: 7442:Fricke, David 7439: 7435: 7429: 7425: 7421: 7417: 7412: 7409: 7405: 7404: 7399: 7398:Dunn, Jeffrey 7395: 7391: 7385: 7381: 7377: 7376: 7370: 7358: 7354: 7353: 7348: 7344: 7340: 7334: 7330: 7329:Omnibus Press 7326: 7322: 7321:Daniels, Neil 7318: 7314: 7313: 7307: 7303: 7299: 7295: 7294: 7289: 7285: 7281: 7280: 7279:Rolling Stone 7275: 7271: 7267: 7255: 7247: 7241: 7237: 7236:HarperCollins 7233: 7232: 7227: 7223: 7219: 7218: 7212: 7208: 7202: 7198: 7194: 7190: 7186: 7182: 7170: 7166: 7165: 7160: 7155: 7151: 7145: 7141: 7137: 7136: 7130: 7126: 7125: 7119: 7115: 7114: 7108: 7105:. p. 39. 7104: 7103: 7097: 7093: 7092: 7087: 7086:Barton, Geoff 7083: 7082: 7066: 7062: 7057: 7051: 7046: 7040: 7035: 7028: 7023: 7016: 7012: 7007: 7001: 6997: 6992: 6986: 6982: 6977: 6971: 6967: 6962: 6955: 6950: 6943: 6938: 6932: 6928: 6924: 6920: 6915: 6908: 6903: 6896: 6892: 6888: 6883: 6877: 6873: 6868: 6862:, p. 22. 6861: 6856: 6854: 6846: 6845:Hammonds 1983 6841: 6834: 6829: 6822: 6817: 6811: 6807: 6802: 6795: 6790: 6784:, p. 50. 6783: 6778: 6776: 6769:, p. 44. 6768: 6763: 6761: 6759: 6751: 6746: 6739: 6734: 6727: 6722: 6715: 6710: 6703: 6698: 6692:, p. 238 6691: 6687: 6682: 6675: 6671: 6666: 6659: 6654: 6647: 6642: 6635: 6630: 6623: 6618: 6612: 6608: 6604: 6600: 6595: 6588: 6584: 6579: 6572: 6568: 6563: 6556: 6552: 6548: 6543: 6537: 6533: 6528: 6522:, p. 83. 6521: 6516: 6510: 6506: 6502: 6497: 6495: 6487: 6483: 6478: 6472: 6468: 6463: 6456: 6451: 6444: 6439: 6432: 6428: 6423: 6416: 6411: 6404: 6400: 6396: 6391: 6384: 6379: 6372: 6367: 6361:, p. 44. 6360: 6355: 6348: 6343: 6336: 6331: 6324: 6319: 6313:, p. 101 6312: 6308: 6303: 6297: 6293: 6289: 6284: 6278: 6274: 6270: 6269:Sinclair 1984 6265: 6259: 6255: 6250: 6244:, p. 63. 6243: 6238: 6231: 6226: 6219: 6214: 6208:, p. 55. 6207: 6202: 6196: 6192: 6187: 6180: 6175: 6168: 6163: 6156: 6151: 6144: 6139: 6137: 6129: 6124: 6118: 6114: 6109: 6102: 6097: 6091: 6087: 6082: 6075: 6070: 6063: 6058: 6051: 6047: 6046:Sinclair 1984 6043: 6038: 6032:, p. 90. 6031: 6026: 6020: 6016: 6012: 6007: 6000: 5995: 5988: 5983: 5976: 5971: 5964: 5959: 5957: 5955: 5948: 5944: 5940: 5935: 5928: 5923: 5917:, p. 12. 5916: 5911: 5904: 5900: 5895: 5888: 5884: 5880: 5875: 5868: 5863: 5856: 5851: 5845:, p. 46. 5844: 5839: 5832: 5827: 5820: 5815: 5808: 5803: 5796: 5791: 5785:, p. 81. 5784: 5779: 5772: 5771:Crampton 1982 5767: 5760: 5755: 5749:, p. 191 5748: 5744: 5739: 5732: 5728: 5723: 5716: 5711: 5704: 5699: 5693: 5689: 5684: 5678: 5674: 5670: 5666: 5662: 5657: 5651: 5647: 5643: 5638: 5632: 5631:Johnson 1984b 5628: 5623: 5616: 5612: 5607: 5605: 5598:, p. 19. 5597: 5592: 5590: 5583: 5582:Johnson 1984a 5579: 5574: 5567: 5562: 5556: 5552: 5547: 5540: 5536: 5531: 5524: 5519: 5512: 5507: 5501: 5497: 5492: 5486: 5482: 5477: 5470: 5465: 5458: 5453: 5447:, p. 89. 5446: 5441: 5435:, p. 78. 5434: 5429: 5422: 5418: 5417:Sinclair 1984 5414: 5409: 5402: 5397: 5390: 5385: 5378: 5373: 5366: 5362: 5357: 5350: 5349:Thompson 2004 5346: 5342: 5337: 5330: 5326: 5321: 5314: 5313:Thompson 2004 5309: 5302: 5298: 5297:Thompson 2004 5293: 5286: 5281: 5274: 5269: 5263:, p. 81. 5262: 5257: 5250: 5245: 5238: 5233: 5226: 5221: 5214: 5209: 5202: 5197: 5190: 5185: 5178: 5173: 5166: 5161: 5154: 5149: 5142: 5137: 5130: 5125: 5118: 5113: 5106: 5101: 5095: 5091: 5087: 5082: 5075: 5070: 5064: 5060: 5055: 5049: 5045: 5041: 5036: 5029: 5024: 5017: 5012: 5005: 5000: 4993: 4988: 4981: 4976: 4969: 4964: 4962: 4960: 4952: 4947: 4940: 4935: 4929:, p. 82. 4928: 4923: 4916: 4911: 4904: 4899: 4893:, p. 67. 4892: 4887: 4881:, p. 31. 4880: 4875: 4869:, p. 39. 4868: 4863: 4857:, p. 29. 4856: 4851: 4844: 4840: 4839:Matthews 2004 4836: 4832: 4827: 4820: 4816: 4811: 4804: 4800: 4795: 4789:, p. 24. 4788: 4783: 4776: 4771: 4764: 4759: 4752: 4747: 4740: 4736: 4735:Mitchell 2014 4731: 4725:, p. 34. 4724: 4719: 4712: 4707: 4700: 4696: 4692: 4687: 4680: 4675: 4669: 4665: 4660: 4653: 4649: 4648:Mitchell 2014 4644: 4637: 4633: 4628: 4621: 4616: 4614: 4606: 4601: 4594: 4589: 4582: 4577: 4570: 4565: 4558: 4553: 4547: 4543: 4538: 4532: 4528: 4523: 4516: 4511: 4505:, p. 137 4504: 4500: 4495: 4488: 4487:Mitchell 2014 4483: 4481: 4479: 4477: 4469: 4464: 4457: 4452: 4445: 4441: 4436: 4429: 4424: 4417: 4412: 4405: 4400: 4393: 4388: 4381: 4376: 4369: 4364: 4357: 4352: 4345: 4340: 4333: 4328: 4321: 4316: 4309: 4304: 4298:, p. 32. 4297: 4292: 4285: 4280: 4274: 4270: 4266: 4261: 4254: 4250: 4245: 4238: 4234: 4229: 4223:, p. 39. 4222: 4217: 4211:, p. 37. 4210: 4205: 4199:, p. 25. 4198: 4193: 4186: 4182: 4177: 4171:, p. 36. 4170: 4165: 4158: 4153: 4146: 4141: 4135: 4131: 4126: 4119: 4114: 4107: 4102: 4095: 4090: 4083: 4079: 4074: 4067: 4062: 4055: 4050: 4048: 4040: 4035: 4028: 4023: 4016: 4011: 4004: 3999: 3997: 3989: 3984: 3978: 3974: 3969: 3962: 3958: 3954: 3949: 3943: 3942:Sinclair 1984 3939: 3934: 3927: 3922: 3915: 3910: 3903: 3898: 3891: 3886: 3879: 3874: 3867: 3862: 3855: 3850: 3843: 3838: 3832:, p. 100 3831: 3827: 3822: 3815: 3811: 3807: 3802: 3795: 3791: 3786: 3779: 3774: 3767: 3762: 3755: 3750: 3748: 3740: 3736: 3731: 3724: 3719: 3712: 3707: 3700: 3695: 3688: 3683: 3676: 3672: 3667: 3660: 3655: 3653: 3651: 3643: 3639: 3634: 3627: 3622: 3615: 3611: 3607: 3602: 3595: 3591: 3586: 3580:, p. 173 3579: 3575: 3570: 3563: 3559: 3555: 3550: 3543: 3539: 3535: 3530: 3523: 3518: 3512:, p. 39. 3511: 3506: 3499: 3494: 3487: 3482: 3480: 3478: 3470: 3466: 3461: 3454: 3449: 3443:, p. 27. 3442: 3437: 3430: 3425: 3418: 3414: 3409: 3403:, p. 30. 3402: 3397: 3395: 3388: 3384: 3383:Mitchell 2014 3379: 3373: 3369: 3368:Mitchell 2014 3364: 3357: 3354:, p. X; 3353: 3348: 3341: 3336: 3334: 3326: 3321: 3314: 3309: 3302: 3297: 3295: 3288: 3287:Mitchell 2014 3284: 3283:Makowski 1980 3279: 3272: 3267: 3261:, p. 19. 3260: 3255: 3253: 3245: 3240: 3233: 3229: 3224: 3217: 3212: 3205: 3200: 3193: 3189: 3184: 3178:, p. 112 3177: 3174:, p. X; 3173: 3168: 3161: 3156: 3149: 3144: 3137: 3132: 3125: 3120: 3114:, p. 18. 3113: 3108: 3106: 3098: 3094: 3089: 3082: 3077: 3070: 3065: 3058: 3053: 3046: 3041: 3035:, p. 37. 3034: 3029: 3027: 3025: 3017: 3012: 3005: 3000: 2993: 2989: 2984: 2977: 2972: 2965: 2961: 2956: 2949: 2944: 2938: 2934: 2933:Mitchell 2014 2929: 2922: 2917: 2915: 2907: 2903: 2899: 2894: 2887: 2882: 2875: 2870: 2863: 2858: 2856: 2854: 2846: 2842: 2838: 2833: 2831: 2823: 2818: 2812:, p. 98. 2811: 2806: 2799: 2794: 2788:, p. 99. 2787: 2782: 2775: 2770: 2763: 2758: 2756: 2748: 2743: 2736: 2731: 2724: 2719: 2712: 2707: 2700: 2695: 2688: 2684: 2679: 2672: 2667: 2665: 2657: 2652: 2645: 2641: 2636: 2634: 2626: 2621: 2614: 2609: 2602: 2597: 2590: 2585: 2578: 2573: 2566: 2561: 2554: 2553:Thompson 2004 2549: 2542: 2538: 2533: 2527: 2523: 2518: 2512:, p. 19. 2511: 2506: 2504: 2496: 2495:Thompson 2004 2491: 2485:, p. 85. 2484: 2479: 2473: 2472:Mitchell 2014 2469: 2464: 2457: 2454:, p. 3; 2453: 2448: 2441: 2436: 2430: 2426: 2421: 2414: 2409: 2402: 2398: 2393: 2387: 2383: 2378: 2371: 2366: 2364: 2356: 2351: 2344: 2339: 2337: 2330:, p. 21. 2329: 2324: 2322: 2320: 2313:, p. 22. 2312: 2307: 2305: 2298:, p. 30. 2297: 2292: 2290: 2283: 2279: 2274: 2267: 2262: 2258: 2245: 2244: 2237: 2230: 2226: 2222: 2218: 2212: 2205: 2201: 2197: 2193: 2189: 2185: 2179: 2172: 2168: 2164: 2160: 2156: 2152: 2148: 2144: 2140: 2136: 2132: 2128: 2124: 2120: 2116: 2110: 2106: 2096: 2093: 2091: 2088: 2087: 2081: 2079: 2075: 2071: 2067: 2063: 2059: 2058:Divlje Jagode 2055: 2051: 2047: 2043: 2039: 2036:from France, 2035: 2031: 2027: 2023: 2019: 2015: 2011: 2007: 2006:Mercyful Fate 2004:from Sweden, 2003: 1999: 1995: 1991: 1987: 1982: 1978: 1974: 1970: 1965: 1963: 1958: 1954: 1950: 1946: 1942: 1938: 1934: 1927: 1925: 1901: 1884: 1883:from the US. 1882: 1881:Virgin Steele 1878: 1873: 1869: 1865: 1861: 1857: 1852: 1850: 1846: 1837: 1833: 1824: 1821: 1817: 1816: 1810: 1808: 1807:Hollow Ground 1804: 1800: 1796: 1792: 1791: 1786: 1782: 1781:tribute bands 1771: 1769: 1765: 1761: 1756: 1752: 1750: 1746: 1742: 1738: 1734: 1730: 1726: 1722: 1718: 1714: 1710: 1706: 1702: 1698: 1694: 1690: 1686: 1682: 1676: 1673: 1669: 1660: 1651: 1649: 1645: 1641: 1637: 1633: 1632: 1627: 1624:chart behind 1623: 1621: 1616: 1611: 1610: 1603: 1601: 1595: 1592: 1591: 1586: 1585: 1580: 1579: 1575:, the German 1574: 1570: 1569: 1564: 1563: 1558: 1554: 1553: 1545: 1541: 1537: 1528: 1524: 1515: 1513: 1509: 1504: 1500: 1496: 1492: 1486: 1484: 1483: 1482:Back in Black 1478: 1477: 1476:Ace of Spades 1472: 1471: 1470:British Steel 1466: 1465: 1460: 1456: 1452: 1448: 1447: 1442: 1441: 1436: 1435: 1430: 1429: 1428:Down to Earth 1424: 1420: 1416: 1415: 1410: 1405: 1403: 1402: 1397: 1396: 1391: 1387: 1383: 1379: 1378: 1373: 1372: 1367: 1363: 1359: 1355: 1351: 1349: 1345: 1344: 1339: 1335: 1331: 1326: 1322: 1314: 1310: 1306: 1302: 1300: 1296: 1292: 1291: 1286: 1282: 1280: 1275: 1274: 1269: 1265: 1261: 1252: 1250: 1246: 1245:Metal Crusade 1242: 1238: 1234: 1230: 1229: 1223: 1218: 1216: 1211: 1207: 1203: 1199: 1198: 1193: 1192: 1187: 1186: 1181: 1175: 1173: 1167: 1165: 1158: 1156: 1151: 1149: 1146: 1142: 1137: 1133: 1129: 1125: 1121: 1117: 1113: 1109: 1105: 1101: 1096: 1089: 1085: 1081: 1067: 1065: 1061: 1060:antireligious 1057: 1053: 1049: 1045: 1041: 1037: 1033: 1029: 1025: 1021: 1015: 1013: 1009: 1005: 1001: 997: 993: 989: 985: 981: 977: 973: 968: 965: 964:power ballads 961: 957: 953: 949: 945: 941: 937: 933: 929: 925: 916: 912: 909: 905: 901: 897: 893: 889: 885: 881: 877: 873: 868: 864: 859: 857: 846: 844: 840: 836: 832: 828: 824: 820: 816: 812: 808: 803: 801: 797: 793: 789: 785: 779: 769: 766: 765: 761: 753: 751: 727: 710: 708: 704: 699: 695: 691: 687: 682: 678: 674: 670: 665: 662: 661:Robert Walser 658: 654: 650: 646: 642: 638: 634: 625: 621: 619: 615: 611: 607: 603: 597: 582: 580: 574: 572: 571: 566: 562: 561:Peel Sessions 558: 554: 550: 549:Curtis Knight 546: 542: 538: 534: 530: 526: 518: 509: 507: 503: 499: 496:from Canada, 495: 492:from the US, 491: 487: 483: 479: 475: 471: 467: 463: 459: 455: 451: 446: 444: 440: 439:Garry Bushell 436: 432: 428: 424: 420: 416: 415:Ozzy Osbourne 412: 408: 404: 400: 396: 395:Black Sabbath 392: 382: 380: 376: 372: 368: 364: 360: 356: 351: 349: 345: 341: 337: 333: 329: 325: 316: 311: 304:Social unrest 296: 294: 293:extreme metal 290: 286: 282: 278: 274: 270: 266: 262: 258: 253: 251: 247: 243: 238: 234: 230: 225: 223: 219: 215: 209: 207: 203: 199: 195: 194: 189: 185: 181: 177: 165: 162: 160: 157: 155: 152: 150: 147: 145: 144:Extreme metal 142: 141: 138: 133: 128: 123: 120: 116: 113:Fusion genres 111: 105: 102: 100: 97: 95: 92: 90: 87: 85: 82: 81: 79: 75: 69: 65: 59: 56: 54: 51: 49: 46: 44: 41: 40: 38: 34: 29: 26: 22: 11662: 11548:Shred guitar 11511:Cymbal choke 11473:Viking metal 11461:Thrash metal 11451:Stoner metal 11441:Sludge metal 11406:Pirate metal 11391:Nintendocore 11349:Kawaii metal 11339:Groove metal 11324:Gothic metal 11297:Celtic metal 11260:Funeral doom 11105:. 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England: 7262:|work= 7197:Zomba Books 6927:Popoff 2005 6923:Norton 2010 6895:Tucker 2006 6674:Tucker 2006 6670:McIver 2006 6658:McIver 2006 6607:McIver 2010 6603:McIver 2006 6587:Popoff 2005 6571:Tucker 2006 6567:Popoff 2014 6501:McIver 2006 6486:McIver 2010 6431:Tucker 2006 6415:Tucker 2006 6403:Tucker 2006 6383:Tucker 2006 6311:Tucker 2006 6273:Tucker 2006 6062:Walser 1993 6050:Tucker 2006 6030:Tucker 2006 5963:Tucker 2006 5915:Fricke 1987 5899:Fricke 1987 5887:Popoff 2005 5883:Fricke 1987 5867:Kirkby 2001 5783:Tucker 2006 5743:Tucker 2006 5731:Tucker 2006 5688:Popoff 2005 5646:Fricke 1987 5596:Tucker 2006 5535:Fricke 1987 5496:Tucker 2006 5469:Fricke 1987 5421:Tucker 2006 5365:Popoff 2005 5341:Popoff 2005 5329:Popoff 2005 5301:Tucker 2006 5028:Tucker 2006 4968:Tucker 2006 4927:Tucker 2006 4867:Fricke 1987 4855:Tucker 2006 4843:Tucker 2006 4831:Fricke 1987 4819:Tucker 2006 4815:Roland 1984 4803:Tucker 2006 4751:Tucker 2006 4739:Fricke 1987 4711:Tucker 2006 4695:Tucker 2006 4691:Roland 1984 4679:Kirkby 2001 4668:Barton 2005 4664:Barton 1979 4581:Campau 2011 4499:Tucker 2006 4440:Barton 2005 4145:Tucker 2006 3988:Popoff 2005 3973:Tucker 2006 3961:Tucker 2006 3938:Popoff 2005 3830:Tucker 2006 3826:Barton 2005 3778:Tucker 2006 3739:Tucker 2006 3723:Corich 1998 3675:Tucker 2006 3614:Tucker 2006 3594:Tucker 2006 3578:Tucker 2006 3176:Walser 1993 3136:Walser 1993 3099:, p. X 2994:, p. 8 2964:McIver 2006 2937:Millar 1980 2845:Tucker 2006 2687:Tucker 2006 2452:Walser 1993 2382:Barton 2005 2370:Barton 2005 2343:Tucker 2006 2311:Tucker 2006 2243:Black Metal 2217:Baby Tuckoo 2192:Tokyo Blade 2147:Grim Reaper 2131:Mama's Boys 1969:Earthshaker 1870:bands like 1845:speed metal 1797:and former 1795:Lars Ulrich 1764:Grim Reaper 1760:Tokyo Blade 1721:Power metal 1701:Great White 1689:Mötley Crüe 1668:music video 1568:Hit Parader 1499:Sammy Hagar 1491:Pat Travers 1459:first album 1443:(1980) and 1431:(1979) and 1371:Iron Maiden 1285:Tommy Vance 1104:Stourbridge 1064:black metal 1046:allusions. 984:boogie rock 962:, included 936:Def Leppard 880:Angel Witch 835:scenography 827:Pagan Altar 819:Cloven Hoof 807:Iron Maiden 637:masculinity 610:headbangers 462:Bad Company 427:mod revival 403:psychedelia 399:Deep Purple 379:heavy metal 269:Def Leppard 265:Iron Maiden 229:underground 198:heavy metal 99:speed metal 94:power metal 84:Black metal 43:Heavy metal 21:NWOBHM (EP) 11779:Categories 11528:Distortion 11506:Blast beat 11416:Post-metal 11411:Pornogrind 11314:Glam metal 11309:Funk metal 11292:Folk metal 11272:Doom metal 11255:Death-doom 11223:Crust punk 10859:MusicMight 10834:MusicMight 10809:MusicMight 8512:B0006B29Z2 8489:B00005QJIA 8463:B007GFYC0Q 8440:B000EGEJIY 8414:B0016GLZ4M 7509:Heavy Rock 7304:(CMDD014). 7298:Girlschool 7000:Stein 2010 6532:Bayer 2009 6509:Shore 2009 6359:Bayer 2009 6277:Watts 1992 6042:Bayer 2009 5975:Konow 2003 5939:Bayer 2009 5879:Bayer 2009 5759:Watts 1992 5566:Bayer 2009 4593:Anon. 2008 4557:McGee 1992 4542:Anon. 2008 4527:Anon. 2008 4416:Anon. 2008 4284:Anon. 2008 4197:Bayer 2009 4181:Bayer 2009 4157:Bayer 2009 3977:Watts 1988 3854:Bayer 2009 3842:Bayer 2009 3610:Shore 2009 3441:Bayer 2009 3259:Bayer 2009 3228:Bayer 2009 3188:Bayer 2009 3112:Bayer 2009 3093:Bayer 2009 3057:Bayer 2009 2988:Bayer 2009 2837:Anon. 2008 2541:Smith 1978 2483:Welch 1988 2429:Welch 1988 2397:Bayer 2009 2254:References 2229:Battlezone 2204:Rogue Male 2163:Blitzkrieg 2119:Girlschool 2038:Barón Rojo 1924:media help 1693:Quiet Riot 1648:glam metal 1495:Ted Nugent 1409:Ian Gillan 1241:Alan Lewis 1222:air guitar 1210:disco club 1180:grassroots 1120:Derbyshire 1116:Hartlepool 1008:Doom metal 1004:Wrathchild 980:Witchfynde 976:Blitzkrieg 960:blues rock 950:, Gaskin, 932:Whitesnake 839:shock rock 750:media help 703:Girlschool 649:homophobia 579:The Damned 533:space rock 502:Thin Lizzy 466:Status Quo 299:Background 261:glam metal 184:Alan Lewis 89:glam metal 11754:Hard rock 11721:Festivals 11568:Screaming 11494:Fuzz bass 11436:Rap metal 11421:Pop metal 11364:Metalcore 11329:Grindcore 11319:Goregrind 11250:Deathcore 11238:Technical 11213:Blackgaze 11196:Symphonic 11080:9 January 10908:20 August 10773:10 August 9978:28 August 9450:About.com 9328:About.com 8904:About.com 8422:Dunn, Sam 8211:ECW Press 7760:ignored ( 7750:cite book 7488:"Exciter" 7424:Routledge 7264:ignored ( 7254:cite book 6549:, 42:53; 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