471:
694:
632:
44:
649:
766:
In 1630, the managers of the West India
Company, in order to tempt the ambition of capitalists, offered certain exclusive privileges to the members of the company. The realization that greater inducements had to be offered to increase the development of the colony led the West India Company to the
673:
and given the authority to make contracts and alliances with princes and natives, build forts, administer justice, appoint and discharge governors, soldiers, and public officers, and promote trade in New
Netherland. The colonial administration was relatively autonomous and the Company preferred to
1200:
as the official religious institution of New
Netherland, the early Dutch settlers planted the concept of tolerance as a legal right in North America as per explicit orders in 1624. They had to attract, "through attitude and by example", the natives and nonbelievers to God's word "without, on the
799:. The first of this vast estate or colony was established in 1630, on the banks of the Hudson River. Over a period of four years was entitled to a plot with 25 miles of front to the river, with exclusive rights to hunting and fishing, and civil jurisdiction and criminal on earth. In turn, the
771:". In 1629, the West India Company issued its charter of "Freedoms and Exemptions" by which it was declared that any member of the Company who could bring to and settle 50 persons over the age of 15 in New Netherland, should receive a liberal grant of land to hold as
1233:
or manufactured goods was perceived as trade agreement and defense alliance which included farming, hunting, and fishing rights. Often, the
Indians did not vacate the property or reappeared as their migrational patterns dictated. The River Indians, such as the
1165:. In mid-seventeenth century, for political and religious unrest in England, emigrated to the Atlantic coast of North America, numerous Protestant Puritans, who settled in New Amsterdam. Among the early English settlers were two religious leaders,
1283:(Swan Valley). The colony had a short existence, as in 1632 a local band of Lenape Indians killed the 32 Dutch settlers after a misunderstanding escalated over Lenape defacement of the insignia of the Dutch West India Company. In 1634, the
1051:
islands. By 1490 were 2,000 Flemings living in the islands of
Terceira, Pico, Faial, São Jorge and Flores. Because there was such a large Flemish settlement, the Azores became known as the Flemish Islands or the Isles of Flanders. Prince
1257:
along the Hudson. The Lenape's quick adoption of trade goods, and their need to trap furs to meet high
European demand, resulted in their disastrous over-harvesting of the beaver population in the lower
685:, plantations were worked by native Indians and African slaves. There were around 1,000 whites there, joined by Brazilian Jews, attracted by religious freedom which was granted to all the settlers.
803:
brought livestock, implements and buildings. Tenants pay rent to the agent and gave him first option on surplus crops. The only restriction was that the colony had to be outside the island of
1018:
populated the São Tomé and Príncipe islands, in the slave trade route, with about 2,000 entrepreneur
Sephardic Jews refugees after their expulsion from Spain. The first group of
618:) for two centuries. The concepts of civil liberties and pluralism introduced in the colony are supposed to have later become a mainstay of American political and social life.
1799:
724:
The southern outpost on the
Delaware Bay was discontinued to focus the Company's resources on the area around New Amsterdam. The Dutch finally established a garrison at
1291:
went to war with the Lenape over access to trade with the Dutch at New
Amsterdam. They defeated the Lenape, and some scholars believe that the Lenape may have become
1047:
colonized islands in the
Atlantic. Colonization was a success and provided a growing population for other Atlantic colonies. The route from Europe passed through the
841:(1643–1645). He stepped up his denouncements when Kieft tried to place a tax on beer. Bogardus himself has been described as a stout and rarely sober individual. A
783:. This land could have a frontage of 16 miles (26 km) if on one side of a river, or 8 miles (13 km) if situated on both sides. The patroon would be chief
1209:
The arrival of the immigrants did not necessarily mean the departure of the indigenous people. There were fundamental differences in conceptions of
125:
776:
1266:. While the Lenape produced wampum in the vicinity of Manhattan Island, temporarily forestalling the negative effects of this decline in trade,
1420:
1407:
1636:
1840:
822:
583:
Though the colony officially existed only between 1609 and 1674, the descendants of the original settlers played a prominent role in
1246:, within whose territories many European settlements were established, had regular and frequent contact with the New Netherlanders.
1585:
1391:
522:
497:
872:
in 1674, it retained its "Dutch" character for many years as early settlers and their descendants developed the land and economy.
1546:
Both in the way it was set up and in the extent of its rights, the council of Twelve Men, as did the two later advisory bodies...
1070:, from Venice, is regarded as the first Italian settler in what is now New York State, having arrived in New Amsterdam in 1635.
1796:
1443:
997:
949:
889:
854:
1700:
1997:
1774:
Bergen, Teunis G. (1876). "The Bergen Family - or the descendants of Hans Hansen Bergen". J. Munsell, Albany, New York.
1320:
1057:
918:
429:
1118:
in world trade, and settlement by individuals or groups of English-speakers started early. The arrival of refugees from
1652:
358:
1924:
1872:
1865:
The Island at the Center of the World: The Epic Story of Dutch Manhattan and the Forgotten Colony that Shaped America
1785:
The Island at the Center of the World, The Epic Story of Dutch Manhattan and the Forgotten Colony That Shaped America
1539:
1474:
1340:
670:
1249:
After the Dutch arrival in the 1620s, the Lenape were successful in restricting Dutch settlement until the 1660s to
961:
572:(Jews of Spanish and Portuguese backgrounds) both from the Netherlands itself and the then-recently lost colony of
132:
1201:
other hand, to persecute someone by reason of his religion, and to leave everyone the freedom of his conscience."
1676:
526:
92:
988:. The black population is dated to the importation of eleven black slaves in 1625. African slaves belonging the
1515:
740:, who had authorized the construction of a fort at the tip of Manhattan Island. Fort Amsterdam was designed by
1461:
1325:
733:
710:
490:
163:
153:
1621:
1019:
289:
1355:
1350:
1151:
1036:
850:
826:
792:
748:
588:
208:
706:
158:
148:
693:
1193:
989:
830:
808:
760:
666:
1529:
1797:
14 Generations: New Yorkers Since 1624, the Rapaljes Are On a Mission to Keep Their History Alive
1712:
Paumgarten, Nick (September 2009). "Useless Beauty - What is to be done with Governors Island?".
1633:
1254:
1250:
600:
483:
339:
274:
254:
1142:, could have been transacted simultaneously in any of a number of tongues. In some cases people
732:. Due to a war between the Mohawk and Mahican tribes in 1625, the women and children upriver at
1837:
881:
725:
714:
698:
553:
393:
369:
284:
249:
244:
1936:
1688:
1563:
1559:"Journal of New Netherland 1647. Written in the Years 1641, 1642, 1643, 1644, 1645, and 1646"
1197:
1067:
1000:. When the colony fell, the company freed all its slaves, establishing early on a nucleus of
837:
and famously denouncing Willem Kieft from the pulpit during the colony's disastrously bloody
818:
462:
319:
1119:
1086:
of the colony, it was but one of many spoken there, as many as eighteen by the 1630s. The
1015:
957:
922:
561:
334:
556:(Germans, Scandinavians, French, Scots, English, Irish, Italians, and Croats); indigenous
8:
1296:
1127:
1053:
309:
304:
299:
1941:
The Dutch-Munsee Encounter in America: The Struggle for Sovereignty in the Hudson Valley
1589:
1388:
1957:
1826:
1815:
1463:
Yankees, cookies en dollars De invloed van het Nederlands op de Noord-Amerikaanse talen
1449:
1308:
1279:
1262:. With the fur resources exhausted, the Dutch shifted their operations to present-day
1169:
1115:
1087:
1032:
was the first female child of European parentage born in the colony of New Netherland.
1023:
834:
814:
401:
324:
1920:
1868:
1717:
1535:
1470:
1439:
1114:
may have spoken their mother tongues as well. English was on the rise to become the
1079:
969:
314:
234:
193:
1435:
Cookies, Coleslaw, and Stoops The Influence of Dutch on the North American Languages
1213:
between the Europeans and the Lenape. The concept of ownership as understood by the
1335:
1263:
1239:
1131:
869:
741:
417:
269:
219:
188:
62:
1734:
861:
was created. Peter Stuyvesant arrived in New Amsterdam on May 11, 1647 to replace
1844:
1803:
1640:
1395:
1270:
1210:
1177:
1173:
1099:
1064:
who ruled Flanders. There were also Portuguese and Basque fishermen and sailors.
1061:
857:
due to the murder of Claes Swits. the council was not permanent, The next time a
737:
615:
542:
377:
294:
229:
1860:
1622:
New York: History - Islands Draw Native American, Dutch, and English Settlement
1330:
1135:
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838:
729:
655:
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608:
569:
518:
183:
178:
143:
116:
104:
49:
470:
1991:
1721:
1288:
1259:
1181:
1083:
1029:
1007:
973:
846:
796:
718:
596:
592:
530:
224:
20:
1656:
16:
Historical cultural group of colonial New York, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania
1453:
1433:
1345:
1235:
1011:
985:
862:
752:
604:
577:
573:
552:, but had a variety of ethnic and linguistic backgrounds, including: other
549:
538:
534:
409:
385:
259:
173:
1749:
Root and Branch: African Americans in New York and East Jersey, 1613-1863
1609:
1431:
1295:
to the Susquehannock. Lenape population fell, due mostly to epidemics of
1292:
1162:
1158:
1143:
1139:
1103:
942:
557:
329:
279:
198:
168:
1971:
Narratives of Early Pennsylvania, West New Jersey and Delaware 1630-1707
1166:
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842:
784:
611:
443:
264:
239:
66:
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953:
858:
804:
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565:
448:
19:"Holland Dutch" redirects here. For people from the Netherlands, see
1558:
1304:
1274:
1243:
1091:
1044:
1040:
1035:
An early settler from Africa was a wealthy Muslim, and land owner,
977:
934:
930:
756:
682:
669:
was founded for the purpose of trade. The WIC was chartered by the
453:
70:
1751:. Chapel Hill, North Carolina: University of North Carolina Press.
736:
were re-located. In the spring of 1626, Minuit arrived to succeed
587:
America. New Netherland culture characterized the region (today's
1300:
1107:
938:
788:
768:
648:
349:
1230:
1123:
1111:
1048:
981:
965:
885:
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On the Atlantic coast were their bases for the slave trade and
584:
631:
43:
1531:
New Netherland: A Dutch Colony In Seventeenth-Century America
1677:
Honoring Juan Rodriguez, a Settler of New York - NYTimes.com
1138:
speakers. Commercial activity in the harbor, which included
763:. Minuit purchased the island of Manhattan from the Lenape.
1765:, Boston and New York: Houghton Mifflin, 1902, Chapter XVII
945:
people, who are sometimes called "New Netherland Dutch".
548:
The population of New Netherland was not all ethnically
1891:, qualified this type of abuse as "Batavian disguise".
1679:. Cityroom.blogs.nytimes.com. Retrieved on 2013-07-23.
1887:
The American historian Charles W. Baird, in his book
1150:
and official language, which also greatly influenced
823:
the oldest established church in present-day New York
728:, which allowed settlement west of the Hudson within
1432:
Nicoline van der Sijs; Nederlandse Taalunie (2009),
1421:"What was New Netherland?", New Netherland Institute
1408:"Who lived there? :: New Netherland Institute"
1634:A brief outline of Dutch history of New Netherland
865:as Director-General of the New Netherland colony.
521:, the seventeenth-century colonial outpost of the
1946:
1737:. Innerexplorations.com. Retrieved on 2013-07-23.
1367:
1056:was responsible for this settlement. His sister,
580:, the last mostly having been brought as slaves.
1989:
1838:A Brief Outline of the History of New Netherland
1184:, who sought refuge from religious persecution.
1909:
1269:Dutch settlers founded a colony at present-day
976:. Early ships to the new colony carried mostly
1855:
1853:
1516:The Dutch and English on the Hudson: Chapter 4
1157:English language speakers mostly arrived from
1889:History of the Huguenot Emigration to America
1180:(née Fones), niece of Massachusetts Governor
984:brought as slaves, many of whom later became
491:
1459:
1378:. Princeton University. pp. 78, 79, 81.
1376:Year Book of the Holland Society of New-York
1204:
1176:, who took refuge in the colony, as well as
917:Among the many settlers who sailed from the
681:. In the Caribbean and partly in Brazil and
674:rule through agreements with local leaders.
1850:
1489:
1487:
1373:
992:may have been brought directly, or via the
1711:
1518:. Kellscraft.com. Retrieved on 2013-07-23.
787:on his land, but disputes of more than 50
498:
484:
1903:A Basic History of Lutheranism in America
1691:. Ccny.cuny.edu. Retrieved on 2013-07-23.
1624:. City-data.com. Retrieved on 2013-07-23.
1588:. Bergencountyhistory.org. Archived from
833:colony, going up against the often-drunk
1847:. Coins.nd.edu. Retrieved on 2013-07-23.
1763:The Dutch and Quaker Colonies in America
1484:
713:in 1624, both named for the Dutch noble
692:
523:Republic of the Seven United Netherlands
1816:Un-Pilgrims - Article by Russell Shorto
1610:Joan Blaeu, Nova Belgica et Anglia Nova
1389:Un-Pilgrims - Article by Russell Shorto
1229:. The exchange of gifts in the form of
845:was chosen on 1641 by the residents of
827:Director-General of the New Netherlands
1990:
1859:
1746:
1645:
1527:
1146:their names to conform with the Dutch
853:, Willem Kieft, on relations with the
807:. A pattern of these colonies was the
1973:. Charles Scribner's Sons, 1912, p. 9
1806:, Steve Wick, Newsday, March 28, 2009
1716:(LXXXV, No 26 ed.). p. 56.
1930:
825:, frequently was combative with the
57:Regions with significant populations
1551:
1504:An impartial description of Surinam
1321:Category:People from New Netherland
1026:(New Amsterdam) in September 1654.
919:United Provinces of the Netherlands
775:, or lord, with the exception, per
13:
1612:. Kbr.be. Retrieved on 2013-07-23.
1106:brought their tongues, as did the
888:population and do not include the
469:
359:Charter of Freedoms and Exemptions
14:
2009:
1943:. New York: Berghahn Press, 2006.
1900:
1341:Huguenot Street Historic District
880:Population estimates are for the
1655:. Nysm.nysed.gov. Archived from
1277:, on June 3, 1631, and named it
744:. Construction started in 1625.
647:
630:
42:
1976:
1963:
1927:(Hope Farm Press, 3rd ed, 2001)
1917:Indian Tribes of Hudson's River
1894:
1881:
1831:
1820:
1809:
1790:
1777:
1768:
1755:
1740:
1728:
1705:
1694:
1682:
1670:
1627:
1615:
1603:
1578:
1460:van der Sijs, Nicoline (2009),
1307:, to which they had no natural
912:
1747:Hodges, Russel Graham (1999).
1521:
1509:
1496:
1469:, Amsterdam University Press,
1438:, Amsterdam University Press,
1425:
1414:
1400:
1382:
1299:carried by Europeans, such as
1:
1361:
875:
701:, a colonial New Netherlander
621:
1954:Colonial Delaware: A History
1326:Congregation Shearith Israel
1041:religious refugee from Spain
960:(Jan Rodrigues in Dutch), a
829:and their management of the
705:The Dutch set up two forts,
7:
1960:: KTO Press; 1978; pp. 9-12
1314:
1187:
1073:
1020:Spanish and Portuguese Jews
868:Though the region became a
817:the second minister of the
767:creation of the so-called "
10:
2014:
1998:People from New Netherland
1356:Toponymy of New Netherland
1351:New Netherland settlements
1037:Anthony Janszoon van Salee
1010:arrived after the loss of
851:Director of New Netherland
749:Director of New Netherland
688:
18:
1205:Relations with the Lenape
791:could be appealed to the
103:
98:
91:
86:
81:
76:
61:
56:
41:
34:
1982:Jennings (2000), p. 117.
1783:Shorto, Russell (2004).
1689:Juan Rodriguez monograph
1194:Dutch West India Company
990:Dutch West India Company
831:Dutch West India Company
809:Manor of Rensselaerswyck
761:Dutch West India Company
667:Dutch West India Company
430:People of New Netherland
1586:"Indigenous Population"
1502:Warren, George. (1667)
1062:Duke Philip of Burgundy
998:other European colonies
658:colony in North America
1787:. Doubleday. New York.
1653:"New Netherland Dutch"
1126:may have brought more
715:House of Orange-Nassau
702:
699:Diedrich Knickerbocker
554:European ethnic groups
474:
394:Sebastiaen Jansen Krol
370:Cornelius Jacobsen May
1827:accessed June 3, 2000
1564:World Digital Library
1528:Jacobs, Jaap (2005).
1221:, was foreign to the
1078:Though Dutch was the
1068:Pietro Cesare Alberti
843:Council of Twelve Men
819:Dutch Reformed Church
721:was founded in 1624.
696:
473:
463:Flushing Remonstrance
99:Related ethnic groups
1969:Cook, Albert Myers.
1493:Sylvester, pp. 27-30
1374:Jaap Jacobs (1887).
1196:had established the
1016:Manuel I of Portugal
859:council of eight men
755:, was a German-born
697:A 1906 rendition of
517:, were residents of
513:, also known as the
1297:infectious diseases
1090:had many dialects.
1054:Henry the Navigator
795:and his Council in
779:, of the island of
759:who worked for the
601:western Long Island
159:Fort Nassau (South)
149:Fort Nassau (North)
36:Nieuwe Nederlanders
31:
1958:Millwood, New York
1843:2009-05-02 at the
1802:2007-11-28 at the
1639:2009-07-13 at the
1394:2008-12-08 at the
1170:Lady Deborah Moody
1116:vehicular language
1088:Algonquin language
835:Wouter van Twiller
815:Everardus Bogardus
703:
533:, centered on the
527:northeastern coast
475:
402:Wouter van Twiller
350:The Patroon System
29:
1952:Munroe, John A.:
1445:978-90-8964-124-3
1219:salt water people
1082:, and likely the
1080:official language
1060:, was married to
905:1650: 800 - 1,000
511:New Netherlanders
508:
507:
194:Fort Nya Korsholm
110:
109:
30:New Netherlanders
2005:
1983:
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1915:Ruttenber, E.M.,
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1878:
1867:. Random House.
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1386:
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1371:
1336:German Palatines
1264:upstate New York
1178:Elizabeth Hallet
1098:tended to speak
972:descent born in
890:Native Americans
855:Native Americans
742:Cryn Fredericksz
651:
634:
589:Capital District
500:
493:
486:
439:New Netherlander
418:Peter Stuyvesant
310:Nieuw Amersfoort
230:Rensselaerswijck
189:Fort Beversreede
120:
112:
111:
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32:
28:
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1861:Shorto, Russell
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1804:Wayback Machine
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1396:Wayback Machine
1387:
1383:
1372:
1368:
1364:
1317:
1253:in present-day
1211:property rights
1207:
1198:Reformed Church
1190:
1174:Anne Hutchinson
1076:
980:passengers and
950:Native American
915:
878:
738:Willem Verhulst
691:
663:
662:
661:
660:
659:
652:
643:
642:
641:
635:
624:
616:Delaware Valley
560:tribes such as
543:Delaware Valley
504:
378:Willem Verhulst
344:
225:Nieuw Amsterdam
203:
164:Fort Goede Hoop
115:
105:Dutch Americans
52:
37:
27:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
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1714:The New Yorker
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1333:
1331:Dutch American
1328:
1323:
1316:
1313:
1206:
1203:
1189:
1186:
1136:Judaeo-Spanish
1075:
1072:
958:Juan Rodriguez
948:The first non-
914:
911:
910:
909:
906:
903:
900:
897:
877:
874:
870:British colony
849:to advise the
769:patroon system
730:New Netherland
690:
687:
671:States-General
656:New Netherland
653:
646:
645:
644:
638:New Netherland
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629:
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570:Sephardic Jews
519:New Netherland
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47:
39:
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15:
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3:
2:
2010:
1999:
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1925:0-910746-98-2
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1874:1-4000-7867-9
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1735:Black History
1731:
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1673:
1659:on 2016-03-03
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1592:on 2008-05-17
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1289:Susquehannock
1286:
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1260:Hudson Valley
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1192:Although the
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1084:lingua franca
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1033:
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1030:Sarah Rapelje
1027:
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1008:Sephardi Jews
1005:
1003:
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995:
991:
987:
983:
979:
975:
974:Santo Domingo
971:
967:
963:
959:
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952:to settle in
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719:New Amsterdam
716:
712:
708:
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695:
686:
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675:
672:
668:
665:In 1621, the
657:
650:
639:
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619:
617:
613:
610:
606:
602:
598:
597:New York City
594:
593:Hudson Valley
590:
586:
581:
579:
578:West Africans
575:
571:
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551:
546:
544:
541:, and in the
540:
536:
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531:North America
528:
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515:Holland Dutch
512:
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220:Noten Eylandt
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33:
22:
21:Netherlanders
1978:
1970:
1965:
1953:
1948:
1940:
1932:
1916:
1911:
1905:. p. 6.
1902:
1896:
1888:
1883:
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1770:
1762:
1757:
1748:
1742:
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1713:
1707:
1696:
1684:
1672:
1661:. Retrieved
1657:the original
1647:
1629:
1617:
1605:
1594:. Retrieved
1590:the original
1580:
1569:. Retrieved
1562:
1553:
1545:
1530:
1523:
1511:
1503:
1498:
1462:
1434:
1427:
1416:
1402:
1384:
1375:
1369:
1346:Jersey Dutch
1278:
1268:
1248:
1236:Wecquaesgeek
1226:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1208:
1191:
1172:in 1645 and
1156:
1152:place naming
1144:Batavianized
1077:
1066:
1043:. From 1340
1034:
1028:
1012:Dutch Brazil
1006:
947:
943:Scandinavian
916:
913:Demographics
879:
867:
863:Willem Kieft
813:
800:
772:
765:
753:Peter Minuit
746:
723:
709:in 1614 and
704:
676:
664:
582:
574:Dutch Brazil
547:
539:New York Bay
535:Hudson River
514:
510:
509:
438:
420:
412:
410:Willem Kieft
404:
396:
388:
386:Peter Minuit
380:
372:
335:Nieuw Amstel
260:Vriessendael
174:Fort Casimir
26:Ethnic group
1567:. 1641–1647
1454:j.ctt45kf9d
1293:tributaries
1280:Zwaanendael
1255:Jersey City
1163:Long Island
1159:New England
1140:pirateering
1120:New Holland
1022:arrived in
1002:free negros
908:1664: 9,000
839:Kieft's War
777:Article III
734:Fort Orange
711:Fort Orange
707:Fort Nassau
562:Algonquians
330:Swaanendael
280:Colen Donck
209:Settlements
179:Fort Altena
154:Fort Orange
126:Exploration
1937:Otto, Paul
1663:2008-11-01
1596:2008-11-01
1571:2013-08-01
1362:References
1287:-speaking
1240:Hackensack
1215:Swannekins
1167:Anabaptist
1148:vernacular
1128:Portuguese
970:Portuguese
876:Population
785:magistrate
747:The third
622:Background
614:, and the
612:New Jersey
566:Iroquoians
558:Amerindian
444:Twelve Men
340:Nieuw Dorp
305:Breuckelen
300:Gravesende
275:Oude Dorpe
270:Vlissingen
265:Achter Col
240:Beverwijck
199:De Rondout
67:New Jersey
1722:0028-792X
1534:. BRILL.
1285:Iroquoian
1096:Huguenots
994:Caribbean
962:Dominican
954:Manhattan
902:1640: 500
899:1630: 300
896:1628: 270
805:Manhattan
781:Manhattan
679:smuggling
449:Eight Men
421:(1647–64)
413:(1638–47)
405:(1633–38)
397:(1632–33)
389:(1626–32)
381:(1625–26)
373:(1620–25)
290:Heemstede
285:Greenwich
77:Languages
1992:Category
1863:(2004).
1841:Archived
1800:Archived
1637:Archived
1392:Archived
1315:See also
1309:immunity
1305:smallpox
1275:Delaware
1244:Canarsee
1188:Religion
1112:Africans
1092:Walloons
1074:Language
1045:Portugal
1024:New York
982:Africans
935:Huguenot
882:European
793:Director
789:guilders
757:Huguenot
683:Suriname
605:northern
585:colonial
454:Nine Men
295:Rustdorp
245:Wiltwijk
87:Religion
82:multiple
71:Delaware
63:New York
48:Flag of
1901:Wentz.
1301:measles
1251:Pavonia
1227:natives
1132:Spanish
1108:Germans
1014:. King
978:Walloon
966:African
964:man of
931:Walloon
927:Flemish
886:African
801:patroon
773:patroon
689:History
609:central
525:on the
325:Boswijk
315:Midwout
255:Pavonia
1923:
1871:
1720:
1538:
1473:
1452:
1442:
1242:, and
1231:sewant
1223:Wilden
1134:, and
1124:Brazil
1100:French
1058:Isabel
1049:Azores
941:, and
939:German
726:Bergen
576:; and
250:Bergen
169:De Wal
119:series
1939:, 91
1467:(PDF)
1450:JSTOR
1271:Lewes
1225:, or
1217:, or
923:Dutch
921:were
550:Dutch
1921:ISBN
1869:ISBN
1718:ISSN
1536:ISBN
1471:ISBN
1440:ISBN
1303:and
1161:and
1094:and
986:free
968:and
956:was
884:and
654:The
640:flag
607:and
564:and
537:and
1122:in
996:or
529:of
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211::
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
