1731:
obese women and not in their leaner counterparts, analysing human hypothalamus' for NPY concentration however is more difficult than rats. During weaning in rats there is an early expression of gene mutations that increase hypothalamic release of NPY in rats, however in humans multiple genes are commonly associated with the results of obesity and metabolic syndrome. In most obesity cases the increased secretion of NPY is a central / hypothalamic resistance to energy excess hormone signals such as leptin, that can be a result of a variety of reasons in the CNS. In rodents resistant to obesity when fed on an obesogenic diet they had a significantly lower amount of NPY receptor in the hypothalamus suggesting an increased activity of NPY neurons in obese rats meaning that the reduction in the release of NPY may be beneficial to the reduction of obesity incidence alongside the consumption of a healthy diet and exercise. This would need to be seen in human research before looking at this avenue of weight loss although currently there is some evidence that suggests NPY is a significant predictor in weight regain after weight loss to maintain old levels of energy storage.
1682:
et al. demonstrated the effects of the activation of the NPY autoreceptor Y2, which has been shown to inhibit the release of NPY and thus acts to regulate food intake upon its activation. In this study a highly selective Y2 antagonist, BIIE0246 was administered locally into the ARC. Radioimmunoassay data, following the injection of BIIE0246, shows a significant increase in NPY release compared to the control group. Though the pharmacological half-life of exogenous NPY, other agonists, and antagonist is still obscure, the effects are not long lasting and the rat body employs an excellent ability to regulate and normalize abnormal NPY levels and therefore food consumption.
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increases food intake compared to baseline data in rats. The effects of NPYergic activity on food intake is also demonstrated by the blockade of certain NPY receptors (Y1 and Y5 receptors), which, as was expected, inhibited NPYergic activity; thus, decreases food intake. However, a 1999 study by King
1730:
In obesity chronically elevated levels of NPY can be seen, this has been seen in rats fed on a high fat diet for 22 weeks and resulted in a hormonal derangement that increased NPY release, due to a defective leptin signal compared to control rats. In humans increased levels of free NPY were found in
1562:
by specifically activating Y1 receptors in the ERK1/2 pathway. Additionally, NPY was found in neuronal fibers that pass through the sub-ventricular zone and extend to other brain areas. A variety of other effects and physiological processes involving NPY in the sub-ventricular zone have been
62:
1750:. In addition, high levels of glucocorticosteroids causes an increase of NPY by directly activating type II glucocorticosteroids receptors (which are activated only by relatively high levels of glucocorticosteroids) and, indirectly, by abolishing the negative feedback of
1407:
like 7-transmembrane GPCR family. Five subtypes of the NPY receptor have been identified in mammals, four of which are functional in humans. Subtypes Y1 and Y5 have known roles in the stimulation of feeding while Y2 and Y4 seem to have roles in appetite inhibition
2373:
Michel MC, Beck-Sickinger A, Cox H, Doods HN, Herzog H, Larhammar D, et al. (March 1998). "XVI. International Union of
Pharmacology recommendations for the nomenclature of neuropeptide Y, peptide YY, and pancreatic polypeptide receptors".
1449:
NPY is able to modulate the mitochondrial network by affecting the expression of many genes involved in mitochondrial functions and dynamics. It has been found that in breast muscle, ATP production genes (uncoupling protein,
1853:, mRNA or neuropeptide levels are not influenced by long-term alcohol consumption, but changes do occur during withdrawal from alcohol. These findings show that neuropeptide Y has varying effects on alcohol consumption.
1313:) is a 36 amino-acid neuropeptide that is involved in various physiological and homeostatic processes in both the central and peripheral nervous systems. It is secreted alongside other neurotransmitters such as
326:
225:
1840:
and stimulate Y1 receptors, alcohol consumption was successfully decreased in rats. Additionally, another similar study identified that NPY expression may be connected to behavioral regulation in relation to
2234:
Kuo LE, Kitlinska JB, Tilan JU, Li L, Baker SB, Johnson MD, et al. (July 2007). "Neuropeptide Y acts directly in the periphery on fat tissue and mediates stress-induced obesity and metabolic syndrome".
36:
2799:
Haas DA, George SR (October 1989). "Neuropeptide Y-induced effects on hypothalamic corticotropin-releasing factor content and release are dependent on noradrenergic/adrenergic neurotransmission".
2403:"Mechanisms of neuropeptide Y, peptide YY, and pancreatic polypeptide inhibition of identified green fluorescent protein-expressing GABA neurons in the hypothalamic neuroendocrine arcuate nucleus"
1758:(ObRb) results in the abolition of inhibition of NPYergic activity and ultimately food intake via other negative feedback mechanisms to regulate them. Obesity in rats was significantly reduced by
2576:
Howell OW, Doyle K, Goodman JH, Scharfman HE, Herzog H, Pringle A, et al. (May 2005). "Neuropeptide Y stimulates neuronal precursor proliferation in the post-natal and adult dentate gyrus".
1832:
target for alcoholism. As stated before, NPY levels and ethanol intake show an inverse relationship, therefore, increasing NPY availability could decrease alcohol intake. By creating a chemical
2963:
King PJ, Widdowson PS, Doods HN, Williams G (August 1999). "Regulation of neuropeptide Y release by neuropeptide Y receptor ligands and calcium channel antagonists in hypothalamic slices".
2619:
Malva JO, Xapelli S, Baptista S, Valero J, Agasse F, Ferreira R, Silva AP (December 2012). "Multifaces of neuropeptide Y in the brain--neuroprotection, neurogenesis and neuroinflammation".
3351:"Fabrication of an ultrasensitive and single-use graphite paper based immunosensor for Neuropeptide Y detection: A promising biosensing system for early detection of childhood obesity"
1635:
The latter became a hallmark paper in NPY studies. A significant amount of work had already been done in the 1970s on CRH and its involvement in stress and eating disorders such as
2495:
Dhamad A, Zampiga M, Greene ES, Sirri F, Dridi S (September 2021). "Neuropeptide Y and its receptors are expressed in chicken skeletal muscle and regulate mitochondrial function".
3141:
Dryden S, Pickavance L, Frankish HM, Williams G (September 1995). "Increased neuropeptide Y secretion in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus of obese (fa/fa) Zucker rats".
3008:"Interaction of the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus and central nucleus of the amygdala in naloxone blockade of neuropeptide Y-induced feeding revealed by c-fos expression"
1340:, and is thought to have several functions, including: increasing food intake and storage of energy as fat, reducing anxiety and stress, reducing pain perception, affecting the
3703:
Yehuda R, Brand S, Yang RK (April 2006). "Plasma neuropeptide Y concentrations in combat exposed veterans: relationship to trauma exposure, recovery from PTSD, and coping".
2330:
Kask A, Harro J, von Hörsten S, Redrobe JP, Dumont Y, Quirion R (May 2002). "The neurocircuitry and receptor subtypes mediating anxiolytic-like effects of neuropeptide Y".
1867:
in which a type of NPY receptor has been removed show a higher voluntary intake of alcohol and a higher resistance to alcohol's sedating effects, compared to normal mice;
1602:
in 1982, researchers began to speculate about the involvement of NPY in hypothalamic-mediated functions. In a 1983 study, NPY-ergic axon terminals were located in the
5492:
5152:
2928:
White BD, Dean RG, Edwards GL, Martin RJ (May 1994). "Type II corticosteroid receptor stimulation increases NPY gene expression in basomedial hypothalamus of rats".
1952:. Researchers believe that by manipulating levels of NPY, they could eliminate fat from areas where it was not desired and accumulate at sites where it is needed.
1738:, which subsequently causes an increase of blood glucose that activates the release of insulin to regulate glucose levels by causing its reuptake and storage as
1670:(which activates NPY in the basomedial hypothalamus), or N-acetyl NPY (24-36) are injected into the third ventricle or at the level of the hypothalamus with a
2882:
Hanson ES, Dallman MF (April 1995). "Neuropeptide Y (NPY) may integrate responses of hypothalamic feeding systems and the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis".
3057:
King PJ, Williams G, Doods H, Widdowson PS (May 2000). "Effect of a selective neuropeptide Y Y(2) receptor antagonist, BIIE0246 on neuropeptide Y release".
2533:
Decressac M, Wright B, David B, Tyers P, Jaber M, Barker RA, Gaillard A (March 2011). "Exogenous neuropeptide Y promotes in vivo hippocampal neurogenesis".
4663:
852:
1289:
833:
1878:. The levels of neuropeptide F are lowered in sexually frustrated male flies, and this causes the flies to increase their voluntary intake of alcohol.
148:
4363:
4358:
4348:
1875:
5751:
4393:
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5142:
5120:
5095:
5085:
4930:
3747:
5482:
5432:
5374:
5369:
3191:"Hungry for life: How the arcuate nucleus and neuropeptide Y may play a critical role in mediating the benefits of calorie restriction"
3279:
Yukimura Y, Bray GA (1978). "Effects of adrenalectomy on body weight and the size and number of fat cells in the Zucker (fatty) rat".
2713:
Allen YS, Adrian TE, Allen JM, Tatemoto K, Crow TJ, Bloom SR, Polak JM (August 1983). "Neuropeptide Y distribution in the rat brain".
5696:
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Furthermore, these studies unanimously demonstrate that the stimulation of NPYergic activity via the administration of certain NPY
5676:
5167:
4656:
3939:
5661:
5656:
1446:. Neuropeptide Y1 receptors have been found in highest density in the dentate gyrus along with a variety of other brain areas.
1742:
in the tissues in the body. In the case of obesity, which researchers speculate to have a strong genetic and a dietary basis,
3833:
3898:
2025:
1663:
studies to confirm that elevating NPY-ergic activity does indeed increase food intake. In these studies, exogenous NPY, the
5906:
1894:
peptide and its levels can be modulated by stress. NPY has connections to the HPA axis and is believed to be necessary for
59:
3853:
1296:
2004:
1534:, a process modulated by various internal factors including neuropeptide Y. Reduction or elimination of NPY released by
4649:
3314:
Powley TL, Morton SA (April 1976). "Hypophysectomy and regulation of body weight in the genetically obese Zucker rat".
1579:, the amount of olfactory precursor cells decreased by half. This in turn caused the mice to develop a lower amount of
3593:
4433:
2215:
2173:
1817:
levels are dependent on the brain area of interest. This indicates that baseline NPY levels could possibly influence
1381:
312:
1438:. The arcuate nucleus has been found to have one of the highest concentrations of NPY. This allows NPY to regulate
1361:
1734:
Furthermore, these factors correlate with each other. The sustained high levels of glucocorticosteroids stimulate
4752:
4303:
2029:
2008:
1629:
1482:< 0.05) genes involved in mitochondrial biogenesis (D-loop, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma,
289:
4792:
1751:
1613:
Six years later, in 1989, Morris et al. homed in on the location of NPYergic nuclei in the brain. Furthermore,
897:
4615:
1922:
1895:
1632:(CRH) in the rat brain, proving that NPYergic activity directly stimulates the release and synthesis of CRH.
1628:
In 1989, Haas & George reported that local injection of NPY into the PVN resulted in an acute release of
2842:
Edwardson JA, Hough CA (April 1975). "The pituitary-adrenal system of the genetically obese (ob/ob) mouse".
878:
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211:
186:
128:
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Hansel DE, Eipper BA, Ronnett GV (April 2001). "Neuropeptide Y functions as a neuroproliferative factor".
1754:(CRF) on NPY synthesis and release. Meanwhile, obesity-induced insulin resistance and the mutation of the
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4502:
3932:
3883:
1409:
1200:
1189:
3495:"Central neuropeptide Y modulates binge-like ethanol drinking in C57BL/6J mice via Y1 and Y2 receptors"
2156:
Robinson SL, Thiele TE (2017). "The Role of
Neuropeptide y (NPY) in Alcohol and Drug Abuse Disorders".
1400:
1385:
1377:
1373:
1329:
3393:
Ciccocioppo R, Gehlert DR, Ryabinin A, Kaur S, Cippitelli A, Thorsell A, et al. (November 2009).
1769:
A study showed that neuropeptide Y can be used as a biosensor in early detection of childhood obesity
1336:
and also causes growth of fat tissue. In the brain, it is produced in various locations including the
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224:
5522:
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4557:
4338:
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318:
217:
115:
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Morris BJ (December 1989). "Neuronal localisation of neuropeptide Y gene expression in rat brain".
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and with dampening the fear response, allowing individuals to perform better under extreme stress.
1918:
1555:
1216:
136:
2452:
Kautz M, Charney DS, Murrough JW (May 2017). "Neuropeptide Y, resilience, and PTSD therapeutics".
1344:, reducing voluntary alcohol intake, lowering blood pressure, and controlling epileptic seizures.
3751:
3350:
2108:
Decressac M, Barker RA (December 2012). "Neuropeptide Y and its role in CNS disease and repair".
1871:
1603:
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in various parts of the brain. Two particular brain areas where NPY affects neurogenesis are the
1369:
1786:
due to its diverse range of physiological effects. NPY neurons have been shown to interact with
1035:
1014:
988:
967:
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5240:
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4388:
3925:
1610:, and the highest levels of NPY immunoreactivity was found within the PVN of the hypothalamus.
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Dumont Y, Quirion R (December 2014). "Neuropeptide Y pathways in anxiety-related disorders".
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G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway, coupled to cyclic nucleotide second messenger
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8:
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1806:
1639:. These studies, collectively, marked the beginning for understanding the role of NPY in
1559:
1499:
1443:
1439:
1124:
156:
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Sparrow AM, Lowery-Gionta EG, Pleil KE, Li C, Sprow GM, Cox BR, et al. (May 2012).
3098:
Philosophical
Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences
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Similar to the dentate gyrus, NPY has been found to increase cellular proliferation and
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decreased cell growth in this brain area. NPY affects neurogenesis by interacting with
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The role of neuropeptide Y has gained substantial attention for its involvement with
1747:
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52:
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3732:
3689:
2911:
2828:
2785:
2359:
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2137:
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Heilig M, Widerlöv E (1995). "Neurobiology and clinical aspects of neuropeptide Y".
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prevents high blood glucose regulation, resulting in morbid levels of glucose and
1422:
High concentrations of neuropeptide Y synthesis and action have been found in the
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5402:
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4910:
4900:
4495:
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4078:
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Acuna-Goycolea C, Tamamaki N, Yanagawa Y, Obata K, van den Pol AN (August 2005).
2210:. Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology. Vol. 162. Springer. pp. 2–15.
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transmission activity, but the Y2 receptor has also been found to be involved in
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380:
164:
3544:"Voluntary alcohol consumption is controlled via the neuropeptide Y Y1 receptor"
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National Center for
Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine
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National Center for
Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine
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2158:
The Role of
Neuropeptides in Addiction and Disorders of Excessive Consumption
1966:
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diet—stimulate the release of neuropeptide Y, causing fat to build up in the
1906:. Additionally, the Y1 receptor has been linked to anxiolytic effects in the
1759:
1667:
1527:
1503:
1435:
1389:
592:
4641:
4418:
3094:"Neuropeptide Y in normal eating and in genetic and dietary-induced obesity"
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419:
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2160:. International Review of Neurobiology. Vol. 136. pp. 177–197.
1898:. It has been shown that higher levels of the Y1 and Y5 receptors in the
1656:
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1531:
1511:
1507:
1427:
1365:
942:
923:
5866:
5811:
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5507:
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4772:
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4017:
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1783:
1640:
1270:
1144:
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antimicrobial humoral immune response mediated by antimicrobial peptide
297:
194:
144:
20:
4398:
1542:. Additionally, NPY acting on and stimulating Y1 receptors present on
85:
81:
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5831:
5816:
5791:
5721:
5636:
5616:
5567:
5502:
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4935:
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4712:
4707:
4620:
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4308:
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4144:
4127:
3984:
2683:
1907:
1580:
1515:
1404:
1353:
1318:
797:
364:
351:
263:
250:
152:
5826:
5781:
5671:
5631:
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5542:
5389:
5250:
4882:
4877:
4867:
4600:
4517:
4298:
4277:
4272:
4216:
3395:"Stress-related neuropeptides and alcoholism: CRH, NPY, and beyond"
2400:
2248:
1971:
1899:
1802:
1739:
1716:
1678:
1083:
1694:. Four underlying factors that contribute to obesity in rats are:
1690:
A study in genetically obese rats demonstrated the role of NPY in
1494:
Neuropeptide Y has been indicated as playing an important role in
5472:
5452:
5447:
5354:
5290:
5055:
5030:
5025:
5020:
5015:
5010:
5005:
4950:
4767:
4732:
4610:
4462:
4343:
4328:
3948:
1981:
1949:
1903:
1837:
1791:
1710:
1691:
1671:
1636:
1617:
results from the study showed the highest cellular levels of NPY
909:
864:
782:
778:
3140:
132:
5457:
5442:
5359:
5320:
5285:
5162:
5080:
5075:
5040:
5000:
4702:
4630:
4264:
1933:
1818:
1720:
1412:). Some of these receptors are among the most highly conserved
1325:
1180:
1067:
819:
572:
3811:
3392:
1466:< 0.05) at a low dose of NPY, while a high dose decreased (
5417:
5344:
4995:
4697:
4552:
4177:
3444:"Neuropeptide Y in Alcohol Addiction and Affective Disorders"
1945:
1929:
2372:
1205:
5394:
4887:
3492:
2575:
2329:
1911:
1618:
1470:< 0.05) markers of mitochondrial dynamics (mitofusin 2,
1352:
Neuropeptide Y has been identified as being synthesized in
1314:
3056:
2962:
2618:
4403:
2532:
1941:
1655:
are the model organism, have been done collectively with
1652:
1595:
Following the isolation of neuropeptide Y (NPY) from the
1583:
cells overall. This study exemplified NPY's influence on
1575:
It was found that after blocking NPY expression in mouse
2712:
2494:
1917:
Conversely, higher levels of NPY may be associated with
388:
4753:
3005:
1845:. Administration of neuropeptide Y was found to reduce
1388:. All receptors have been indicated as participants in
3748:"Research shows why some soldiers are cool under fire"
2927:
5395:
4888:
553:
2451:
1874:
has a neuropeptide that is similar to NPY, known as
5578:
3541:
3388:
3386:
3384:
2661:
2233:
1856:Two results suggest that NPY might protect against
1546:membranes in order to increase cell proliferation.
3594:"Deprived of Sex, Jilted Flies Drink More Alcohol"
3006:Pomonis JD, Levine AS, Billington CJ (July 1997).
2021:
2019:
2017:
2000:
1998:
1996:
1836:for a Y2 receptor that would indirectly act as an
1651:Behavioral assays in orexigenic studies, in which
5523:
5231:
3542:Thiele TE, Koh MT, Pedrazzini T (February 2002).
3188:
2528:
2526:
1442:release of various hypothalamic hormones such as
1324:In the autonomic system it is produced mainly by
335:
234:
5898:
3907:: NMR SOLUTION STRUCTURE OF HUMAN NEUROPEPTIDE Y
3381:
2103:
2101:
3775:"Research points to way to eliminate belly fat"
3702:
3610:
3348:
3189:Minor RK, Chang JW, de Cabo R (February 2009).
2151:
2149:
2147:
2107:
2014:
1993:
1849:behavior. Although, it has been shown that NPY
1399:The receptor protein that NPY operates on is a
1132:
5533:
5241:
4394:Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating peptide
3862:: PORCINE NEUROPEPTIDE Y BOUND TO DPC MICELLES
2877:
2875:
2873:
2841:
2523:
2277:
2155:
2077:
2026:GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000029819
4671:
4657:
4448:
4434:
4314:Cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript
3933:
3827:
3659:
3441:
3184:
3182:
3180:
2881:
2706:
2098:
3696:
3535:
3313:
3278:
2923:
2921:
2325:
2323:
2144:
1646:
763:G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway
3947:
3745:
2870:
2792:
2749:
2005:GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000122585
4664:
4650:
4441:
4427:
3940:
3926:
3834:
3820:
3177:
2835:
2798:
2197:
2195:
2193:
1805:, respectively. NPY expression levels and
1219:
768:intestinal epithelial cell differentiation
119:, PYY4, Neuropeptid Y gene, neuropeptide Y
3804:at the U.S. National Library of Medicine
3636:
3569:
3559:
3518:
3469:
3459:
3418:
3255:
3214:
3117:
3033:
3023:
2918:
2428:
2418:
2320:
2303:
1809:preference have been shown to exhibit an
1368:. NPY exerts most of its effects through
1168:
758:regulation of signaling receptor activity
703:central nervous system neuron development
3349:Özcan B, Sezgintürk MK (December 2022).
2201:
1772:
1726:an increase in NPY mRNA and NPY release.
1685:
1474:OPA1 mitochondrial dynamin-like GTPase,
4793:Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEA-S)
4758:Tooltip Calcitonin gene-related peptide
3611:Reichmann F, Holzer P (February 2016).
2271:
2190:
1824:Previous studies have identified NPY's
1549:
1215:
16:Mammalian protein found in Homo sapiens
5899:
3237:
2755:
2366:
2332:Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews
1910:while Y2 has been associated with the
1887:Neuropeptide Y is considered to be an
4645:
4422:
3921:
3815:
3772:
2497:General and Comparative Endocrinology
2229:
2227:
2204:"Neuropeptide Y and Related Peptides"
1882:
1454:; nuclear factor erythroid 2 like 2,
1188:
340:
301:
296:
239:
198:
193:
3613:"Neuropeptide Y: A stressful review"
3195:Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology
3091:
2758:The Journal of Comparative Neurology
2278:Colmers WF, El Bahh B (March 2003).
2208:Neuropeptide Y: History and Overview
1458:) and a dynamics gene (mitofusin 1,
5583:Tooltip 3,4,5-Trimethoxyamphetamine
3746:Steenhuysen J (February 16, 2009).
606:G protein-coupled receptor activity
13:
3561:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.22-03-j0006.2002
3316:The American Journal of Physiology
3025:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.17-13-05175.1997
2977:10.1046/j.1471-4159.1999.0730641.x
2930:The American Journal of Physiology
2896:10.1111/j.1365-2826.1995.tb00757.x
2224:
1563:discovered, many of which involve
631:G protein-coupled receptor binding
616:calcium channel regulator activity
14:
5923:
5757:Chlorphenamine (chlorpheniramine)
5528:Tooltip N,N-Diisopropyltryptamine
5236:Tooltip N,N-Diisopropyltryptamine
3790:
3281:Endocrine Research Communications
1570:
1364:. Neuropeptide Y is expressed in
3897:
3882:
3867:
3852:
3328:10.1152/ajplegacy.1976.230.4.982
3244:The Clinical Biochemist. Reviews
3240:"Insulin and insulin resistance"
3059:European Journal of Pharmacology
2942:10.1152/ajpregu.1994.266.5.R1523
2590:10.1111/j.1471-4159.2005.03057.x
2296:10.1046/j.1535-7597.2003.03208.x
2080:Critical Reviews in Neurobiology
1521:
1254:
1248:
562:
324:
317:
311:
288:
223:
216:
210:
185:
34:
4491:Dronabinol/Tetrahydrocannabinol
4304:Calcitonin gene-related peptide
3841:
3766:
3739:
3653:
3604:
3586:
3486:
3435:
3342:
3307:
3272:
3231:
3134:
3085:
3050:
2999:
2956:
2655:
2612:
2569:
2488:
2445:
2394:
2122:10.1016/j.expneurol.2012.09.004
1709:insensitivity or resistance to
1630:corticotropin-releasing hormone
683:positive regulation of appetite
636:neuropeptide Y receptor binding
5538:Tooltip N,N-Dipropyltryptamine
5246:Tooltip N,N-Dipropyltryptamine
4946:Pentoxyverine (carbetapentane)
3717:10.1016/j.biopsych.2005.08.027
3674:10.1016/j.biopsych.2014.09.015
3355:Materials Today Communications
2420:10.1523/jneurosci.1008-05.2005
2071:
2053:
2035:
1752:corticotropin-releasing factor
1489:
1260:
1242:
748:chemical synaptic transmission
733:neuropeptide signaling pathway
573:More reference expression data
542:More reference expression data
1:
5887:Receptor/signaling modulators
4783:Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA)
4616:Melanin-concentrating hormone
3892:: -PNPY BOUND TO DPC MICELLES
3442:Thorsell A, Mathé AA (2017).
3411:10.1016/j.alcohol.2009.08.003
3071:10.1016/S0014-2999(00)00230-2
2884:Journal of Neuroendocrinology
2344:10.1016/s0149-7634(01)00066-5
2280:"Neuropeptide Y and Epilepsy"
1987:
1923:posttraumatic stress disorder
1777:
1540:ERK kinase signaling pathways
1530:is significantly involved in
1514:and proliferation occur into
738:neuron projection development
723:cell population proliferation
621:neuropeptide hormone activity
309:
208:
4319:Delta-sleep-inducing peptide
3797:EMBL receptor database entry
3367:10.1016/j.mtcomm.2022.104797
3155:10.1016/0006-8993(95)00628-4
2844:The Journal of Endocrinology
2813:10.1016/0006-8993(89)91112-8
2466:10.1016/j.neulet.2016.11.061
1590:
698:regulation of blood pressure
7:
5907:Genes on human chromosome 7
4971:Racemethorphan (methorphan)
4503:Medroxyprogesterone acetate
3548:The Journal of Neuroscience
3012:The Journal of Neuroscience
2509:10.1016/j.ygcen.2021.113798
2407:The Journal of Neuroscience
1955:
1902:result in reduced level of
1625:(ARC) of the hypothalamus.
1347:
713:cerebral cortex development
10:
5930:
3629:10.1016/j.npep.2015.09.008
3448:Frontiers in Endocrinology
2633:10.1016/j.npep.2012.09.001
2166:10.1016/bs.irn.2017.06.005
1921:against and recovery from
1401:G protein-coupled receptor
1330:sympathetic nervous system
1232:Chemical and physical data
626:signaling receptor binding
508:medial ganglionic eminence
18:
5880:
5606:
5329:
4682:
4571:
4461:
4339:Gastrin-releasing peptide
4286:
4263:
4232:
4176:
4167:
4110:
4087:
4059:
4036:
3983:
3974:
3959:
3847:
3773:Maugh TH (July 2, 2007).
3293:10.1080/07435807809083752
3207:10.1016/j.mce.2008.10.044
2965:Journal of Neurochemistry
2578:Journal of Neurochemistry
2061:"Mouse PubMed Reference:"
2043:"Human PubMed Reference:"
1647:Connection to food intake
1286:
1269:
1236:
1231:
1199:
1179:
1159:
1143:
1123:
1118:
1098:
1093:
1089:
1082:
1066:
1047:
1032:
1028:
1011:
1007:
1000:
985:
981:
964:
960:
953:
940:
936:
921:
917:
908:
895:
891:
876:
872:
863:
850:
846:
831:
827:
818:
803:
796:
792:
776:
591:
587:
570:
561:
552:
539:
488:
479:
426:
417:
387:
379:
375:
358:
345:
308:
287:
278:
274:
257:
244:
207:
184:
175:
171:
126:
123:
113:
106:
101:
78:
73:
56:
51:
46:
42:
33:
28:
4848:Fabomotizole (afobazole)
4823:Dimethyltryptamine (DMT)
3806:Medical Subject Headings
3461:10.3389/fendo.2017.00178
1510:. These areas are where
1370:Neuropeptide Y receptors
1356:neurons and to act as a
19:Not to be confused with
5812:Mepyramine (pyrilamine)
5493:3-Methoxydextrallorphan
5153:3-Methoxydextrallorphan
4976:Racemorphan (morphanol)
4601:Cortisol/Hydrocortisone
3499:Neuropsychopharmacology
2936:(5 Pt 2): R1523–R1529.
2735:10.1126/science.6136091
2376:Pharmacological Reviews
1604:paraventricular nucleus
1332:and serves as a strong
1053:Chr 7: 24.28 – 24.29 Mb
5867:Tiospirone (BMY-13859)
5807:Gevotroline (WY-47384)
5732:18-Methoxycoronaridine
5719:Allosteric modulators:
5478:Panamesine (EMD-57455)
5428:Siramesine (Lu 28-179)
5365:Ditolylguanidine (DTG)
5128:Allosteric modulators:
5091:Panamesine (EMD-57455)
5036:BMY-14802 (BMS-181100)
4828:Ditolylguanidine (DTG)
4808:Dextromethorphan (DXM)
4591:Agouti-related peptide
4389:Pancreatic polypeptide
3110:10.1098/rstb.2006.1855
2206:. In Michel MC (ed.).
2110:Experimental Neurology
1828:effects to a possible
1430:, specifically in the
1362:cellular communication
1060:Chr 6: 49.8 – 49.81 Mb
728:innate immune response
718:regulation of appetite
688:adult feeding behavior
504:superior frontal gyrus
342:6 B2.3|6 24.04 cM
5138:Methylphenylpiracetam
4713:Alazocine (SKF-10047)
3705:Biological Psychiatry
3662:Biological Psychiatry
3238:Wilcox G (May 2005).
2856:10.1677/joe.0.0650099
2770:10.1002/cne.902900305
1821:alcohol preferences.
1773:Clinical significance
1686:Connection to obesity
1661:in situ hybridization
1615:in situ hybridization
743:calcium ion transport
512:primary visual cortex
4961:Pregnenolone sulfate
4773:Cutamesine (SA-4503)
4334:Galanin-like peptide
3754:on February 19, 2009
3511:10.1038/npp.2011.327
3092:Beck B (July 2006).
2454:Neuroscience Letters
1811:inverse relationship
1577:olfactory epithelium
1560:sub-ventricular zone
1550:Sub-ventricular zone
1500:sub-ventricular zone
1462:) were upregulated (
662:extracellular region
528:primary motor cortex
454:middle frontal gyrus
303:Chromosome 6 (mouse)
201:Chromosome 7 (human)
74:List of PDB id codes
47:Available structures
5111:Rimcazole (BW-234U)
4450:Appetite stimulants
3104:(1471): 1159–1185.
2727:1983Sci...221..877A
2676:2001Natur.410..940H
2202:Tatemoto K (2004).
1936:show that repeated
1700:glucocorticosteroid
1444:luteinizing hormone
1115:
667:extracellular space
520:inferior colliculus
430:ganglionic eminence
4868:Igmesine (JO-1784)
4797:prasterone sulfate
4581:ACTH/Corticotropin
4533:Omega-3 fatty acid
2547:10.1002/hipo.20765
1883:Stress and anxiety
1843:alcohol dependence
1744:insulin resistance
1702:concentrations in
1532:cell proliferation
1111:
898:ENSMUSG00000029819
676:Biological process
645:Cellular component
599:Molecular function
5894:
5893:
5729:Unknown/unsorted:
5490:Unknown/unsorted:
5225:
5150:Unknown/unsorted:
4813:Dextrorphan (DXO)
4639:
4638:
4631:Orexin/Hypocretin
4508:Megestrol acetate
4416:
4415:
4412:
4411:
4163:
4162:
3915:
3914:
3877:: -NEUROPEPTIDE Y
3600:. March 15, 2012.
3018:(13): 5175–5182.
2721:(4613): 877–879.
2670:(6831): 940–944.
2413:(32): 7406–7419.
2284:Epilepsy Currents
1896:stress modulation
1799:nucleus accumbens
1748:diabetes mellitus
1478:) and increased (
1304:
1303:
1201:CompTox Dashboard
1109:
1108:
1105:
1104:
1078:
1077:
1043:
1042:
1022:
1021:
996:
995:
975:
974:
949:
948:
930:
929:
904:
903:
885:
884:
859:
858:
840:
839:
788:
787:
583:
582:
579:
578:
548:
547:
535:
534:
524:entorhinal cortex
516:prefrontal cortex
473:
472:
458:prefrontal cortex
446:nucleus accumbens
371:
370:
270:
269:
97:
96:
93:
92:
57:Ortholog search:
5919:
5584:
5580:
5539:
5535:
5529:
5525:
5398:(midomafetamine)
5397:
5247:
5243:
5237:
5233:
5223:
4891:(midomafetamine)
4890:
4759:
4755:
4666:
4659:
4652:
4643:
4642:
4443:
4436:
4429:
4420:
4419:
4174:
4173:
3981:
3980:
3942:
3935:
3928:
3919:
3918:
3901:
3886:
3871:
3856:
3836:
3829:
3822:
3813:
3812:
3785:
3784:
3770:
3764:
3763:
3761:
3759:
3750:. Archived from
3743:
3737:
3736:
3700:
3694:
3693:
3657:
3651:
3650:
3640:
3608:
3602:
3601:
3598:UCSF News Center
3590:
3584:
3583:
3573:
3563:
3539:
3533:
3532:
3522:
3505:(6): 1409–1421.
3490:
3484:
3483:
3473:
3463:
3439:
3433:
3432:
3422:
3390:
3379:
3378:
3346:
3340:
3339:
3311:
3305:
3304:
3276:
3270:
3269:
3259:
3235:
3229:
3228:
3218:
3186:
3175:
3174:
3138:
3132:
3131:
3121:
3089:
3083:
3082:
3054:
3048:
3047:
3037:
3027:
3003:
2997:
2996:
2960:
2954:
2953:
2925:
2916:
2915:
2879:
2868:
2867:
2839:
2833:
2832:
2796:
2790:
2789:
2753:
2747:
2746:
2710:
2704:
2703:
2684:10.1038/35073601
2659:
2653:
2652:
2616:
2610:
2609:
2573:
2567:
2566:
2530:
2521:
2520:
2492:
2486:
2485:
2449:
2443:
2442:
2432:
2422:
2398:
2392:
2391:
2370:
2364:
2363:
2327:
2318:
2317:
2307:
2275:
2269:
2268:
2231:
2222:
2221:
2199:
2188:
2187:
2153:
2142:
2141:
2105:
2096:
2095:
2086:(2–3): 115–136.
2075:
2069:
2068:
2057:
2051:
2050:
2039:
2033:
2023:
2012:
2002:
1962:Anorexia nervosa
1872:common fruit fly
1830:therapeutic drug
1643:or food intake.
1565:neuron migration
1358:neurotransmitter
1342:circadian rhythm
1300:
1299:
1292:
1281:
1279:
1262:
1256:
1250:
1244:
1224:
1223:
1209:
1207:
1192:
1172:
1136:
1116:
1114:
1110:
1091:
1090:
1062:
1055:
1038:
1026:
1025:
1017:
1005:
1004:
1001:RefSeq (protein)
991:
979:
978:
970:
958:
957:
934:
933:
915:
914:
889:
888:
870:
869:
844:
843:
825:
824:
794:
793:
708:feeding behavior
611:hormone activity
589:
588:
575:
566:
559:
558:
544:
484:
482:Top expressed in
477:
476:
422:
420:Top expressed in
415:
414:
394:
393:
377:
376:
367:
354:
343:
328:
321:
315:
304:
292:
276:
275:
266:
253:
242:
227:
220:
214:
203:
189:
173:
172:
167:
118:
111:
88:
71:
70:
65:
44:
43:
38:
26:
25:
5929:
5928:
5922:
5921:
5920:
5918:
5917:
5916:
5897:
5896:
5895:
5890:
5876:
5796:St. John's wort
5622:Ethylketazocine
5602:
5582:
5537:
5527:
5403:Methamphetamine
5334:
5325:
5311:Trifluoperazine
5245:
5235:
4911:Methylphenidate
4901:Methamphetamine
4757:
4687:
4678:
4670:
4640:
4635:
4567:
4457:
4447:
4417:
4408:
4364:Neuropeptide VF
4359:Neuropeptide SF
4354:Neuropeptide FF
4349:Neuropeptide AF
4282:
4259:
4228:
4169:
4159:
4106:
4083:
4055:
4032:
4001:
3976:Opioid peptides
3970:
3955:
3946:
3916:
3911:
3908:
3902:
3893:
3887:
3878:
3872:
3863:
3857:
3843:
3840:
3793:
3788:
3780:Chicago Tribune
3771:
3767:
3757:
3755:
3744:
3740:
3701:
3697:
3668:(11): 834–835.
3658:
3654:
3609:
3605:
3592:
3591:
3587:
3540:
3536:
3491:
3487:
3440:
3436:
3391:
3382:
3347:
3343:
3312:
3308:
3277:
3273:
3236:
3232:
3187:
3178:
3139:
3135:
3090:
3086:
3055:
3051:
3004:
3000:
2961:
2957:
2926:
2919:
2880:
2871:
2840:
2836:
2797:
2793:
2754:
2750:
2711:
2707:
2660:
2656:
2617:
2613:
2574:
2570:
2531:
2524:
2493:
2489:
2450:
2446:
2399:
2395:
2371:
2367:
2328:
2321:
2276:
2272:
2237:Nature Medicine
2232:
2225:
2218:
2200:
2191:
2176:
2154:
2145:
2106:
2099:
2076:
2072:
2059:
2058:
2054:
2041:
2040:
2036:
2024:
2015:
2003:
1994:
1990:
1958:
1885:
1851:gene expression
1780:
1775:
1756:leptin receptor
1736:gluconeogenesis
1698:an increase in
1688:
1649:
1623:arcuate nucleus
1593:
1585:precursor cells
1573:
1556:differentiation
1552:
1544:progenitor cell
1524:
1492:
1432:arcuate nucleus
1350:
1334:vasoconstrictor
1295:
1293:
1290:(what is this?)
1287:
1277:
1275:
1265:
1259:
1253:
1247:
1227:
1203:
1195:
1175:
1155:
1139:
1100:View/Edit Mouse
1095:View/Edit Human
1058:
1051:
1048:Location (UCSC)
1034:
1013:
987:
966:
879:ENSG00000122585
772:
671:
657:Golgi apparatus
640:
571:
540:
531:
526:
522:
518:
514:
510:
506:
502:
498:
496:arcuate nucleus
494:
492:median eminence
480:
469:
464:
462:cingulate gyrus
460:
456:
452:
448:
444:
440:
438:caudate nucleus
436:
432:
418:
362:
349:
341:
331:
330:
329:
322:
302:
279:Gene location (
261:
248:
240:
230:
229:
228:
221:
199:
176:Gene location (
165:NPY - orthologs
127:
114:
107:
80:
58:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5927:
5926:
5915:
5914:
5909:
5892:
5891:
5881:
5878:
5877:
5875:
5874:
5869:
5864:
5859:
5854:
5849:
5844:
5839:
5834:
5829:
5824:
5819:
5814:
5809:
5804:
5799:
5789:
5784:
5779:
5774:
5769:
5764:
5762:Chlorpromazine
5759:
5754:
5749:
5744:
5739:
5734:
5725:
5724:
5715:
5714:
5709:
5704:
5699:
5694:
5689:
5684:
5679:
5674:
5669:
5664:
5659:
5650:
5649:
5644:
5639:
5634:
5629:
5624:
5619:
5610:
5608:
5604:
5603:
5601:
5600:
5595:
5590:
5585:
5575:
5570:
5565:
5560:
5555:
5550:
5545:
5540:
5530:
5520:
5515:
5510:
5505:
5500:
5495:
5486:
5485:
5480:
5475:
5470:
5465:
5460:
5455:
5450:
5445:
5436:
5435:
5430:
5425:
5420:
5415:
5410:
5405:
5400:
5392:
5387:
5382:
5377:
5372:
5367:
5362:
5357:
5352:
5347:
5338:
5336:
5332:
5327:
5326:
5324:
5323:
5318:
5313:
5308:
5303:
5298:
5293:
5288:
5283:
5278:
5273:
5268:
5263:
5258:
5253:
5248:
5238:
5228:
5220:
5215:
5210:
5205:
5203:Chlorpromazine
5200:
5195:
5190:
5185:
5180:
5175:
5170:
5165:
5160:
5155:
5146:
5145:
5140:
5124:
5123:
5118:
5113:
5108:
5103:
5098:
5093:
5088:
5083:
5078:
5073:
5068:
5063:
5058:
5056:E-52862 (S1RA)
5053:
5048:
5043:
5038:
5033:
5028:
5023:
5018:
5013:
5008:
5003:
4998:
4989:
4988:
4983:
4978:
4973:
4968:
4963:
4958:
4953:
4948:
4943:
4938:
4933:
4928:
4923:
4921:Neuropeptide Y
4918:
4913:
4908:
4903:
4898:
4893:
4885:
4880:
4875:
4870:
4865:
4860:
4855:
4850:
4845:
4840:
4835:
4830:
4825:
4820:
4815:
4810:
4805:
4803:Dextrallorphan
4800:
4790:
4780:
4775:
4770:
4765:
4760:
4750:
4745:
4740:
4735:
4730:
4725:
4720:
4715:
4710:
4705:
4700:
4691:
4689:
4685:
4680:
4679:
4673:Sigma receptor
4669:
4668:
4661:
4654:
4646:
4637:
4636:
4634:
4633:
4628:
4626:Neuropeptide Y
4623:
4618:
4613:
4608:
4603:
4598:
4593:
4588:
4583:
4577:
4575:
4569:
4568:
4566:
4565:
4560:
4555:
4550:
4545:
4543:Pentoxifylline
4540:
4535:
4530:
4525:
4520:
4515:
4510:
4505:
4500:
4488:
4483:
4481:Cyproheptadine
4478:
4473:
4467:
4465:
4459:
4458:
4446:
4445:
4438:
4431:
4423:
4414:
4413:
4410:
4409:
4407:
4406:
4401:
4396:
4391:
4386:
4381:
4376:
4374:Neuropeptide Y
4371:
4369:Neuropeptide S
4366:
4361:
4356:
4351:
4346:
4341:
4336:
4331:
4326:
4321:
4316:
4311:
4306:
4301:
4296:
4290:
4288:
4284:
4283:
4281:
4280:
4275:
4269:
4267:
4261:
4260:
4258:
4257:
4252:
4247:
4242:
4236:
4234:
4230:
4229:
4227:
4226:
4225:
4224:
4219:
4211:
4210:
4209:
4204:
4199:
4188:
4182:
4180:
4171:
4165:
4164:
4161:
4160:
4158:
4157:
4152:
4147:
4142:
4137:
4136:
4135:
4125:
4120:
4114:
4112:
4108:
4107:
4105:
4104:
4102:Leu-enkephalin
4099:
4097:Met-enkephalin
4093:
4091:
4085:
4084:
4082:
4081:
4076:
4071:
4065:
4063:
4057:
4056:
4054:
4053:
4048:
4042:
4040:
4034:
4033:
4031:
4030:
4028:β-Neoendorphin
4025:
4023:α-Neoendorphin
4020:
4015:
4010:
4005:
4004:
4003:
3999:
3989:
3987:
3978:
3972:
3971:
3963:
3961:
3957:
3956:
3945:
3944:
3937:
3930:
3922:
3913:
3912:
3910:
3909:
3903:
3896:
3894:
3888:
3881:
3879:
3873:
3866:
3864:
3858:
3851:
3848:
3845:
3844:
3839:
3838:
3831:
3824:
3816:
3810:
3809:
3802:Neuropeptide Y
3799:
3792:
3791:External links
3789:
3787:
3786:
3765:
3738:
3711:(7): 660–663.
3695:
3652:
3603:
3585:
3534:
3485:
3434:
3405:(7): 491–498.
3380:
3341:
3322:(4): 982–987.
3306:
3287:(3): 189–198.
3271:
3230:
3176:
3149:(2): 185–188.
3143:Brain Research
3133:
3084:
3049:
2998:
2971:(2): 641–646.
2955:
2917:
2890:(4): 273–279.
2869:
2834:
2807:(2): 333–338.
2801:Brain Research
2791:
2764:(3): 358–368.
2748:
2705:
2654:
2627:(6): 299–308.
2611:
2584:(3): 560–570.
2568:
2541:(3): 233–238.
2522:
2487:
2444:
2393:
2382:(1): 143–150.
2365:
2338:(3): 259–283.
2319:
2270:
2249:10.1038/nm1611
2243:(7): 803–811.
2223:
2216:
2189:
2174:
2143:
2116:(2): 265–272.
2097:
2070:
2052:
2034:
2013:
1991:
1989:
1986:
1985:
1984:
1979:
1974:
1969:
1964:
1957:
1954:
1884:
1881:
1880:
1879:
1876:neuropeptide F
1868:
1865:knock-out mice
1847:binge-drinking
1779:
1776:
1774:
1771:
1764:hypophysectomy
1728:
1727:
1724:
1714:
1707:
1687:
1684:
1665:glucocorticoid
1648:
1645:
1592:
1589:
1572:
1571:Olfactory bulb
1569:
1551:
1548:
1523:
1520:
1491:
1488:
1440:neuroendocrine
1349:
1346:
1307:Neuropeptide Y
1302:
1301:
1284:
1283:
1273:
1267:
1266:
1263:
1257:
1251:
1245:
1240:
1234:
1233:
1229:
1228:
1226:
1225:
1212:
1210:
1197:
1196:
1194:
1193:
1185:
1183:
1177:
1176:
1174:
1173:
1165:
1163:
1157:
1156:
1154:
1153:
1149:
1147:
1141:
1140:
1138:
1137:
1129:
1127:
1121:
1120:
1113:Neuropeptide Y
1107:
1106:
1103:
1102:
1097:
1087:
1086:
1080:
1079:
1076:
1075:
1073:
1071:
1064:
1063:
1056:
1049:
1045:
1044:
1041:
1040:
1030:
1029:
1023:
1020:
1019:
1009:
1008:
1002:
998:
997:
994:
993:
983:
982:
976:
973:
972:
962:
961:
955:
951:
950:
947:
946:
938:
937:
931:
928:
927:
919:
918:
912:
906:
905:
902:
901:
893:
892:
886:
883:
882:
874:
873:
867:
861:
860:
857:
856:
848:
847:
841:
838:
837:
829:
828:
822:
816:
815:
810:
805:
801:
800:
790:
789:
786:
785:
774:
773:
771:
770:
765:
760:
755:
750:
745:
740:
735:
730:
725:
720:
715:
710:
705:
700:
695:
690:
685:
679:
677:
673:
672:
670:
669:
664:
659:
654:
648:
646:
642:
641:
639:
638:
633:
628:
623:
618:
613:
608:
602:
600:
596:
595:
585:
584:
581:
580:
577:
576:
568:
567:
556:
550:
549:
546:
545:
537:
536:
533:
532:
530:
529:
525:
521:
517:
513:
509:
505:
501:
497:
493:
489:
486:
485:
474:
471:
470:
468:
467:
463:
459:
455:
451:
447:
443:
439:
435:
431:
427:
424:
423:
411:
410:
402:
391:
385:
384:
381:RNA expression
373:
372:
369:
368:
360:
356:
355:
347:
344:
339:
333:
332:
323:
316:
310:
306:
305:
300:
294:
293:
285:
284:
272:
271:
268:
267:
259:
255:
254:
246:
243:
238:
232:
231:
222:
215:
209:
205:
204:
197:
191:
190:
182:
181:
169:
168:
125:
121:
120:
112:
104:
103:
99:
98:
95:
94:
91:
90:
76:
75:
67:
66:
55:
49:
48:
40:
39:
31:
30:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5925:
5924:
5913:
5912:Neuropeptides
5910:
5908:
5905:
5904:
5902:
5889:
5888:
5885:
5879:
5873:
5870:
5868:
5865:
5863:
5860:
5858:
5855:
5853:
5850:
5848:
5845:
5843:
5840:
5838:
5835:
5833:
5830:
5828:
5825:
5823:
5820:
5818:
5815:
5813:
5810:
5808:
5805:
5803:
5800:
5797:
5793:
5790:
5788:
5785:
5783:
5780:
5778:
5775:
5773:
5770:
5768:
5765:
5763:
5760:
5758:
5755:
5753:
5750:
5748:
5745:
5743:
5740:
5738:
5735:
5733:
5730:
5727:
5726:
5723:
5720:
5717:
5716:
5713:
5710:
5708:
5705:
5703:
5700:
5698:
5695:
5693:
5690:
5688:
5685:
5683:
5680:
5678:
5675:
5673:
5670:
5668:
5665:
5663:
5660:
5658:
5655:
5652:
5651:
5648:
5647:Tenocyclidine
5645:
5643:
5640:
5638:
5635:
5633:
5630:
5628:
5625:
5623:
5620:
5618:
5615:
5612:
5611:
5609:
5605:
5599:
5596:
5594:
5591:
5589:
5586:
5581:
5576:
5574:
5571:
5569:
5566:
5564:
5561:
5559:
5556:
5554:
5551:
5549:
5546:
5544:
5541:
5536:
5531:
5526:
5521:
5519:
5516:
5514:
5511:
5509:
5506:
5504:
5501:
5499:
5496:
5494:
5491:
5488:
5487:
5484:
5481:
5479:
5476:
5474:
5471:
5469:
5466:
5464:
5461:
5459:
5456:
5454:
5451:
5449:
5446:
5444:
5441:
5438:
5437:
5434:
5431:
5429:
5426:
5424:
5423:Phencyclidine
5421:
5419:
5416:
5414:
5411:
5409:
5406:
5404:
5401:
5399:
5393:
5391:
5388:
5386:
5383:
5381:
5378:
5376:
5373:
5371:
5368:
5366:
5363:
5361:
5358:
5356:
5353:
5351:
5348:
5346:
5343:
5340:
5339:
5337:
5335:
5328:
5322:
5319:
5317:
5314:
5312:
5309:
5307:
5304:
5302:
5299:
5297:
5294:
5292:
5289:
5287:
5284:
5282:
5279:
5277:
5274:
5272:
5269:
5267:
5264:
5262:
5259:
5257:
5254:
5252:
5249:
5244:
5239:
5234:
5229:
5227:
5221:
5219:
5216:
5214:
5211:
5209:
5206:
5204:
5201:
5199:
5196:
5194:
5193:Amitriptyline
5191:
5189:
5186:
5184:
5181:
5179:
5176:
5174:
5171:
5169:
5166:
5164:
5161:
5159:
5156:
5154:
5151:
5148:
5147:
5144:
5141:
5139:
5136:
5132:
5129:
5126:
5125:
5122:
5119:
5117:
5114:
5112:
5109:
5107:
5104:
5102:
5099:
5097:
5094:
5092:
5089:
5087:
5084:
5082:
5079:
5077:
5074:
5072:
5069:
5067:
5064:
5062:
5059:
5057:
5054:
5052:
5049:
5047:
5044:
5042:
5039:
5037:
5034:
5032:
5029:
5027:
5024:
5022:
5019:
5017:
5014:
5012:
5009:
5007:
5004:
5002:
4999:
4997:
4994:
4991:
4990:
4987:
4984:
4982:
4979:
4977:
4974:
4972:
4969:
4967:
4964:
4962:
4959:
4957:
4954:
4952:
4949:
4947:
4944:
4942:
4939:
4937:
4934:
4932:
4929:
4927:
4924:
4922:
4919:
4917:
4914:
4912:
4909:
4907:
4906:Methoxetamine
4904:
4902:
4899:
4897:
4894:
4892:
4886:
4884:
4881:
4879:
4876:
4874:
4871:
4869:
4866:
4864:
4861:
4859:
4856:
4854:
4851:
4849:
4846:
4844:
4841:
4839:
4836:
4834:
4831:
4829:
4826:
4824:
4821:
4819:
4816:
4814:
4811:
4809:
4806:
4804:
4801:
4798:
4794:
4791:
4788:
4784:
4781:
4779:
4776:
4774:
4771:
4769:
4766:
4764:
4761:
4756:
4751:
4749:
4746:
4744:
4741:
4739:
4736:
4734:
4731:
4729:
4726:
4724:
4721:
4719:
4716:
4714:
4711:
4709:
4706:
4704:
4701:
4699:
4696:
4693:
4692:
4690:
4688:
4681:
4677:
4674:
4667:
4662:
4660:
4655:
4653:
4648:
4647:
4644:
4632:
4629:
4627:
4624:
4622:
4619:
4617:
4614:
4612:
4609:
4607:
4604:
4602:
4599:
4597:
4594:
4592:
4589:
4587:
4584:
4582:
4579:
4578:
4576:
4574:
4570:
4564:
4561:
4559:
4556:
4554:
4551:
4549:
4546:
4544:
4541:
4539:
4536:
4534:
4531:
4529:
4526:
4524:
4521:
4519:
4516:
4514:
4511:
4509:
4506:
4504:
4501:
4498:
4497:
4492:
4489:
4487:
4486:Dexamethasone
4484:
4482:
4479:
4477:
4474:
4472:
4471:Amitriptyline
4469:
4468:
4466:
4464:
4460:
4455:
4451:
4444:
4439:
4437:
4432:
4430:
4425:
4424:
4421:
4405:
4402:
4400:
4397:
4395:
4392:
4390:
4387:
4385:
4382:
4380:
4377:
4375:
4372:
4370:
4367:
4365:
4362:
4360:
4357:
4355:
4352:
4350:
4347:
4345:
4342:
4340:
4337:
4335:
4332:
4330:
4327:
4325:
4322:
4320:
4317:
4315:
4312:
4310:
4307:
4305:
4302:
4300:
4297:
4295:
4292:
4291:
4289:
4285:
4279:
4276:
4274:
4271:
4270:
4268:
4266:
4262:
4256:
4253:
4251:
4248:
4246:
4243:
4241:
4238:
4237:
4235:
4231:
4223:
4220:
4218:
4215:
4214:
4212:
4208:
4205:
4203:
4200:
4198:
4195:
4194:
4192:
4189:
4187:
4184:
4183:
4181:
4179:
4175:
4172:
4170:neuropeptides
4166:
4156:
4153:
4151:
4148:
4146:
4143:
4141:
4138:
4134:
4131:
4130:
4129:
4126:
4124:
4121:
4119:
4116:
4115:
4113:
4109:
4103:
4100:
4098:
4095:
4094:
4092:
4090:
4086:
4080:
4077:
4075:
4072:
4070:
4067:
4066:
4064:
4062:
4058:
4052:
4051:Endomorphin-2
4049:
4047:
4046:Endomorphin-1
4044:
4043:
4041:
4039:
4035:
4029:
4026:
4024:
4021:
4019:
4016:
4014:
4013:Big dynorphin
4011:
4009:
4006:
4002:
3996:
3995:
3994:
3991:
3990:
3988:
3986:
3982:
3979:
3977:
3973:
3969:
3968:
3962:
3958:
3954:
3953:neuropeptides
3950:
3943:
3938:
3936:
3931:
3929:
3924:
3923:
3920:
3906:
3900:
3895:
3891:
3885:
3880:
3876:
3870:
3865:
3861:
3855:
3850:
3849:
3846:
3837:
3832:
3830:
3825:
3823:
3818:
3817:
3814:
3807:
3803:
3800:
3798:
3795:
3794:
3782:
3781:
3776:
3769:
3753:
3749:
3742:
3734:
3730:
3726:
3722:
3718:
3714:
3710:
3706:
3699:
3691:
3687:
3683:
3679:
3675:
3671:
3667:
3663:
3656:
3648:
3644:
3639:
3634:
3630:
3626:
3622:
3618:
3617:Neuropeptides
3614:
3607:
3599:
3595:
3589:
3581:
3577:
3572:
3567:
3562:
3557:
3553:
3549:
3545:
3538:
3530:
3526:
3521:
3516:
3512:
3508:
3504:
3500:
3496:
3489:
3481:
3477:
3472:
3467:
3462:
3457:
3453:
3449:
3445:
3438:
3430:
3426:
3421:
3416:
3412:
3408:
3404:
3400:
3396:
3389:
3387:
3385:
3376:
3372:
3368:
3364:
3360:
3356:
3352:
3345:
3337:
3333:
3329:
3325:
3321:
3317:
3310:
3302:
3298:
3294:
3290:
3286:
3282:
3275:
3267:
3263:
3258:
3253:
3249:
3245:
3241:
3234:
3226:
3222:
3217:
3212:
3208:
3204:
3200:
3196:
3192:
3185:
3183:
3181:
3172:
3168:
3164:
3160:
3156:
3152:
3148:
3144:
3137:
3129:
3125:
3120:
3115:
3111:
3107:
3103:
3099:
3095:
3088:
3080:
3076:
3072:
3068:
3064:
3060:
3053:
3045:
3041:
3036:
3031:
3026:
3021:
3017:
3013:
3009:
3002:
2994:
2990:
2986:
2982:
2978:
2974:
2970:
2966:
2959:
2951:
2947:
2943:
2939:
2935:
2931:
2924:
2922:
2913:
2909:
2905:
2901:
2897:
2893:
2889:
2885:
2878:
2876:
2874:
2865:
2861:
2857:
2853:
2850:(1): 99–107.
2849:
2845:
2838:
2830:
2826:
2822:
2818:
2814:
2810:
2806:
2802:
2795:
2787:
2783:
2779:
2775:
2771:
2767:
2763:
2759:
2752:
2744:
2740:
2736:
2732:
2728:
2724:
2720:
2716:
2709:
2701:
2697:
2693:
2689:
2685:
2681:
2677:
2673:
2669:
2665:
2658:
2650:
2646:
2642:
2638:
2634:
2630:
2626:
2622:
2621:Neuropeptides
2615:
2607:
2603:
2599:
2595:
2591:
2587:
2583:
2579:
2572:
2564:
2560:
2556:
2552:
2548:
2544:
2540:
2536:
2529:
2527:
2518:
2514:
2510:
2506:
2502:
2498:
2491:
2483:
2479:
2475:
2471:
2467:
2463:
2459:
2455:
2448:
2440:
2436:
2431:
2426:
2421:
2416:
2412:
2408:
2404:
2397:
2389:
2385:
2381:
2377:
2369:
2361:
2357:
2353:
2349:
2345:
2341:
2337:
2333:
2326:
2324:
2315:
2311:
2306:
2301:
2297:
2293:
2289:
2285:
2281:
2274:
2266:
2262:
2258:
2254:
2250:
2246:
2242:
2238:
2230:
2228:
2219:
2217:9783540405818
2213:
2209:
2205:
2198:
2196:
2194:
2185:
2181:
2177:
2175:9780128124734
2171:
2167:
2163:
2159:
2152:
2150:
2148:
2139:
2135:
2131:
2127:
2123:
2119:
2115:
2111:
2104:
2102:
2093:
2089:
2085:
2081:
2074:
2066:
2062:
2056:
2048:
2044:
2038:
2031:
2027:
2022:
2020:
2018:
2010:
2006:
2001:
1999:
1997:
1992:
1983:
1980:
1978:
1975:
1973:
1970:
1968:
1967:Antianalgesia
1965:
1963:
1960:
1959:
1953:
1951:
1947:
1943:
1939:
1935:
1931:
1926:
1924:
1920:
1915:
1913:
1909:
1905:
1901:
1897:
1893:
1890:
1877:
1873:
1869:
1866:
1863:
1862:
1861:
1859:
1854:
1852:
1848:
1844:
1839:
1835:
1831:
1827:
1822:
1820:
1816:
1812:
1808:
1804:
1800:
1796:
1793:
1789:
1785:
1770:
1767:
1765:
1761:
1760:adrenalectomy
1757:
1753:
1749:
1745:
1741:
1737:
1732:
1725:
1723:receptor; and
1722:
1718:
1715:
1712:
1708:
1705:
1701:
1697:
1696:
1695:
1693:
1683:
1680:
1675:
1673:
1669:
1668:dexamethasone
1666:
1662:
1658:
1654:
1644:
1642:
1638:
1633:
1631:
1626:
1624:
1620:
1616:
1611:
1609:
1606:(PVN) of the
1605:
1601:
1598:
1588:
1586:
1582:
1578:
1568:
1566:
1561:
1557:
1547:
1545:
1541:
1537:
1533:
1529:
1528:dentate gyrus
1522:Dentate gyrus
1519:
1517:
1513:
1509:
1505:
1504:dentate gyrus
1501:
1497:
1487:
1485:
1481:
1477:
1473:
1469:
1465:
1461:
1457:
1453:
1447:
1445:
1441:
1437:
1436:dentate gyrus
1433:
1429:
1425:
1420:
1418:
1415:
1411:
1406:
1402:
1397:
1395:
1391:
1390:post-synaptic
1387:
1383:
1379:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1345:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1331:
1327:
1322:
1320:
1316:
1312:
1308:
1298:
1291:
1285:
1274:
1272:
1268:
1241:
1239:
1235:
1230:
1222:
1218:
1217:DTXSID4037164
1214:
1213:
1211:
1202:
1198:
1191:
1187:
1186:
1184:
1182:
1178:
1171:
1167:
1166:
1164:
1162:
1158:
1151:
1150:
1148:
1146:
1142:
1135:
1131:
1130:
1128:
1126:
1122:
1117:
1101:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1085:
1081:
1074:
1072:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1039:
1037:
1031:
1027:
1024:
1018:
1016:
1010:
1006:
1003:
999:
992:
990:
984:
980:
977:
971:
969:
963:
959:
956:
954:RefSeq (mRNA)
952:
945:
944:
939:
935:
932:
926:
925:
920:
916:
913:
911:
907:
900:
899:
894:
890:
887:
881:
880:
875:
871:
868:
866:
862:
855:
854:
849:
845:
842:
836:
835:
830:
826:
823:
821:
817:
814:
811:
809:
806:
802:
799:
795:
791:
784:
780:
775:
769:
766:
764:
761:
759:
756:
754:
751:
749:
746:
744:
741:
739:
736:
734:
731:
729:
726:
724:
721:
719:
716:
714:
711:
709:
706:
704:
701:
699:
696:
694:
691:
689:
686:
684:
681:
680:
678:
675:
674:
668:
665:
663:
660:
658:
655:
653:
650:
649:
647:
644:
643:
637:
634:
632:
629:
627:
624:
622:
619:
617:
614:
612:
609:
607:
604:
603:
601:
598:
597:
594:
593:Gene ontology
590:
586:
574:
569:
565:
560:
557:
555:
551:
543:
538:
527:
523:
519:
515:
511:
507:
503:
500:adrenal gland
499:
495:
491:
490:
487:
483:
478:
475:
465:
461:
457:
453:
449:
445:
441:
437:
433:
429:
428:
425:
421:
416:
413:
412:
409:
407:
403:
401:
400:
396:
395:
392:
390:
386:
382:
378:
374:
366:
361:
357:
353:
348:
338:
334:
327:
320:
314:
307:
299:
295:
291:
286:
282:
277:
273:
265:
260:
256:
252:
247:
237:
233:
226:
219:
213:
206:
202:
196:
192:
188:
183:
179:
174:
170:
166:
162:
158:
154:
150:
146:
142:
138:
134:
130:
122:
117:
110:
105:
100:
89:
87:
83:
77:
72:
69:
68:
64:
61:
54:
50:
45:
41:
37:
32:
27:
22:
5883:
5882:
5837:Promethazine
5822:Perphenazine
5802:Fluphenazine
5777:Clocapramine
5752:Carvotroline
5728:
5718:
5654:Antagonists:
5653:
5613:
5489:
5440:Antagonists:
5439:
5341:
5213:Clomipramine
5149:
5134:
5127:
5106:Progesterone
4993:Antagonists:
4992:
4956:Pregnenolone
4920:
4843:Escitalopram
4763:Cloperastine
4738:Blarcamesine
4694:
4625:
4558:Testosterone
4494:
4379:Neurophysins
4373:
4207:Neurokinin B
4202:Neurokinin A
4038:Endomorphins
3964:
3904:
3889:
3874:
3859:
3778:
3768:
3758:February 17,
3756:. Retrieved
3752:the original
3741:
3708:
3704:
3698:
3665:
3661:
3655:
3620:
3616:
3606:
3597:
3588:
3554:(3): RC208.
3551:
3547:
3537:
3502:
3498:
3488:
3451:
3447:
3437:
3402:
3398:
3358:
3354:
3344:
3319:
3315:
3309:
3284:
3280:
3274:
3250:(2): 19–39.
3247:
3243:
3233:
3201:(1): 79–88.
3198:
3194:
3146:
3142:
3136:
3101:
3097:
3087:
3065:(1): R1–R3.
3062:
3058:
3052:
3015:
3011:
3001:
2968:
2964:
2958:
2933:
2929:
2887:
2883:
2847:
2843:
2837:
2804:
2800:
2794:
2761:
2757:
2751:
2718:
2714:
2708:
2667:
2663:
2657:
2624:
2620:
2614:
2581:
2577:
2571:
2538:
2534:
2500:
2496:
2490:
2457:
2453:
2447:
2410:
2406:
2396:
2379:
2375:
2368:
2335:
2331:
2290:(2): 53–58.
2287:
2283:
2273:
2240:
2236:
2207:
2157:
2113:
2109:
2083:
2079:
2073:
2064:
2055:
2046:
2037:
1977:Neuropeptide
1940:—and a high-
1927:
1916:
1886:
1855:
1823:
1788:dopaminergic
1781:
1768:
1733:
1729:
1689:
1676:
1657:immunoassays
1650:
1641:orexigenesis
1634:
1627:
1612:
1608:hypothalamus
1600:hypothalamus
1594:
1574:
1553:
1536:interneurons
1525:
1496:neurogenesis
1493:
1483:
1479:
1475:
1471:
1467:
1463:
1459:
1455:
1451:
1448:
1424:hypothalamus
1421:
1414:neuropeptide
1398:
1396:processing.
1394:pre-synaptic
1366:interneurons
1351:
1338:hypothalamus
1323:
1310:
1306:
1305:
1294:
1288:
1190:ChEMBL267633
1033:
1012:
986:
965:
941:
922:
896:
877:
851:
832:
812:
807:
404:
397:
124:External IDs
79:
5872:Venlafaxine
5852:Remoxipride
5842:Propranolol
5767:Cinnarizine
5667:Lamotrigine
5563:Pentazocine
5558:Noribogaine
5548:Nemonapride
5380:Haloperidol
5306:Spipethiane
5271:Noribogaine
5266:Nemonapride
5261:KCR-12-83.1
5101:Pentazocine
5061:Haloperidol
4966:Pridopidine
4941:Pentazocine
4858:Fluvoxamine
4778:Cyclazocine
4586:Adiponectin
4563:Thalidomide
4538:Oxandrolone
4513:Mirtazapine
4384:Neurotensin
4294:Angiotensin
4233:Neuromedins
4222:Physalaemin
4197:Substance P
4191:Tachykinins
4186:Bradykinins
4133:Hemorphin-4
4118:Adrenorphin
4089:Enkephalins
4079:γ-Endorphin
4074:β-Endorphin
4069:α-Endorphin
4008:Dynorphin B
3998:Dynorphin A
3993:Dynorphin A
3842:PDB gallery
2535:Hippocampus
2460:: 164–169.
1928:Studies of
1790:reward and
1512:cell growth
1508:hippocampus
1490:Cell growth
1428:hippocampus
1282: g·mol
1119:Identifiers
363:49,806,487
350:49,799,690
262:24,291,862
249:24,284,188
102:Identifiers
5901:Categories
5857:SL 82.0715
5772:Cinuperone
5747:Caramiphen
5742:Butaclamol
5642:Tapentadol
5573:Safinamide
5553:Nepinalone
5518:Clemastine
5513:5-MeO-DiPT
5508:5-MeO-DALT
5385:Ifenprodil
5350:Arketamine
5301:Selegiline
5296:Safinamide
5256:Imipramine
5218:Clorgiline
5208:Clemastine
5198:Azidopamil
5188:5-MeO-DiPT
5183:5-MeO-DALT
5116:Sertraline
4916:Nepinalone
4863:Ifenprodil
4853:Fluoxetine
4818:Dimemorfan
4787:prasterone
4748:Citalopram
4743:Captodiame
4723:Arketamine
4718:Amantadine
4676:modulators
4596:Anandamide
4573:Endogenous
4548:Prednisone
4528:Olanzapine
4523:Nandrolone
4213:amphibian
4150:Spinorphin
4140:Nociceptin
4123:Amidorphin
4061:Endorphins
4018:Leumorphin
3985:Dynorphins
3623:: 99–109.
3361:: 104797.
2503:: 113798.
2032:, May 2017
2011:, May 2017
1988:References
1919:resilience
1892:endogenous
1889:anxiolytic
1858:alcoholism
1834:antagonist
1826:anxiolytic
1815:Expression
1784:alcoholism
1778:Alcoholism
1567:patterns.
1434:(ARC) and
1271:Molar mass
1170:BY7U39XXK0
1145:ChemSpider
1134:82785-45-3
1125:CAS Number
408:(ortholog)
145:HomoloGene
21:Peptide YY
5884:See also:
5862:SR-31747A
5847:Quinidine
5832:Proadifen
5817:Molindone
5792:Hypericin
5787:EMD-59983
5737:BMY-13980
5722:SKF-83959
5637:Naluzotan
5617:Berberine
5614:Agonists:
5568:RS-67,333
5503:4-MeO-PCP
5498:3-MeO-PCE
5413:Opipramol
5408:OPC-14523
5342:Agonists:
5281:RS-67,333
5226:-Deprenyl
5178:4-MeO-PCP
5158:3-MeO-PCP
5143:SOMCL-668
5135:Positive:
5131:Phenytoin
5121:SR-31742A
5096:PD-144418
5086:NPC-16377
4936:Opipramol
4931:OPC-14523
4926:Noscapine
4896:Memantine
4838:Eliprodil
4833:Donepezil
4708:5-MeO-DMT
4695:Agonists:
4621:Melatonin
4606:Cortisone
4476:Clonidine
4463:Exogenous
4324:FMRFamide
4309:Carnosine
4193:: mammal
4155:Valorphin
4145:Opiorphin
4128:Hemorphin
3375:253229487
1908:forebrain
1591:Discovery
1581:olfactory
1516:adulthood
1417:receptors
1405:rhodopsin
1372:, mainly
1354:GABAergic
1319:glutamate
1036:NP_075945
1015:NP_000896
989:NM_023456
968:NM_000905
798:Orthologs
652:cytoplasm
442:beta cell
153:GeneCards
5827:Pimozide
5782:Dezocine
5672:Naloxone
5632:Metaphit
5627:Fourphit
5607:Unsorted
5543:Ibogaine
5483:SAS-0132
5433:UKH-1114
5390:Ketamine
5375:DKR-1051
5370:DKR-1005
5251:Ibogaine
4883:L-687384
4878:Ketamine
4518:Nabilone
4496:Cannabis
4299:Bombesin
4217:Kassinin
3967:hormones
3960:Hormones
3949:Peptides
3733:33677746
3725:16325152
3690:38147315
3682:25439997
3647:26441327
3580:11826154
3529:22218088
3480:28824541
3429:19913192
3266:16278749
3225:19041366
3128:16874931
3079:10822055
2985:10428060
2912:25471741
2829:36802464
2786:36876107
2692:11309620
2641:23116540
2598:15836615
2555:20095007
2517:33961876
2474:27913193
2439:16093392
2360:34688422
2352:12034130
2314:15309085
2265:25675166
2257:17603492
2184:29056151
2138:15088613
2130:23022456
2028:–
2007:–
1972:Incretin
1956:See also
1900:amygdala
1803:amygdala
1795:pathways
1740:glycogen
1717:mutation
1679:agonists
1502:and the
1348:Function
1321:.
1297:(verify)
1084:Wikidata
777:Sources:
466:prostate
450:amygdala
5697:UMB-116
5692:UMB-103
5687:UMB-101
5682:UMB-100
5473:MIN-101
5463:CT-1812
5453:BD-1067
5448:BD-1008
5355:BD-1047
5291:Saffron
5276:RHL-033
5046:Dup-734
5031:BD-1067
5026:BD-1063
5021:BD-1060
5016:BD-1047
5011:BD-1031
5006:BD-1008
4951:PRE-084
4768:Cocaine
4733:BD-1052
4611:Ghrelin
4399:RVD-Hpα
4344:Ghrelin
4329:Galanin
4265:Orexins
3638:4830398
3571:6758511
3520:3327846
3471:5534438
3454:: 178.
3420:2804869
3399:Alcohol
3336:1267030
3257:1204764
3216:2668104
3171:1857168
3163:8535835
3119:1642692
3044:9185555
3035:6573318
2993:8022493
2950:8203629
2904:7647769
2821:2551461
2778:2592617
2743:6136091
2723:Bibcode
2715:Science
2700:4421740
2672:Bibcode
2649:9366746
2606:1531546
2563:4014094
2482:3821043
2430:6725307
2388:9549761
2092:8581979
2030:Ensembl
2009:Ensembl
1982:Obesity
1950:abdomen
1944:, high-
1934:monkeys
1904:anxiety
1838:agonist
1807:alcohol
1797:in the
1792:emotion
1711:insulin
1692:obesity
1672:cannula
1637:obesity
1621:in the
1597:porcine
1558:in the
1506:of the
1410:satiety
1403:in the
1360:during
1328:of the
1326:neurons
1238:Formula
910:UniProt
865:Ensembl
804:Species
783:QuickGO
434:putamen
383:pattern
109:Aliases
5712:YZ-185
5707:YZ-069
5702:YZ-011
5593:UMB-82
5588:UMB-23
5468:LR-172
5458:CM-156
5443:AC-927
5360:BD1063
5321:YKP10A
5286:RTI-55
5173:4-IPBS
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5076:MS-377
5071:LR-172
5066:LR-132
5051:E-5842
5041:CM-156
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4986:UMB-82
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4698:3-PPP
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4168:Other
3729:S2CID
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3371:S2CID
3167:S2CID
2989:S2CID
2908:S2CID
2825:S2CID
2782:S2CID
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2602:S2CID
2559:S2CID
2478:S2CID
2356:S2CID
2261:S2CID
2134:S2CID
1946:sugar
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779:Amigo
406:Mouse
399:Human
346:Start
281:Mouse
245:Start
178:Human
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5657:AHD1
5598:W-18
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