Neuroendocrine tumor

2442: 2306: 646: 32: 2462: 2391:(including endoscopic ultrasound) are commonly used. Multiphase CT and MRI are typically used both for diagnostics and for evaluation of therapy. The multiphase CT should be performed before and after an intravenous injection of an iodine-based contrast agent, both in the late arterial phase and in the portal venous phase (triple-phase study). While MRI is generally superior to CT, both for detection of the primary tumor and for evaluation of metastases, CECT is more widely available, even at academic institutions. Therefore, multiphase CT is often the modality of choice. 63: 556: 2718:

treatment for GEP-NETS. In this study, lanreotide showed a statistically significant improvement in progression-free survival, meeting its primary endpoint. The disease in sixty-five percent of patients treated with lanreotide in the study had not progressed or caused death at 96 weeks, the same was true of 33% of patients on placebo. This represented a 53% reduction in risk of disease progression or death with lanreotide based on a hazard ratio of .47.

2919:(HACE), sometimes called transarterial chemoembolization (TACE), combines hepatic artery embolization with hepatic artery chemoinfusion: embospheres bound with chemotherapy agents, injected into the hepatic artery, lodge in downstream capillaries. The spheres not only block blood flow to the lesions, but by halting the chemotherapy agents in the neighborhood of the lesions, they provide much better targeting leverage than chemoinfusion provides. 2244: 2931:, the lesions need not overexpress peptide receptors. The mechanical targeting delivers the radiation from the yttrium-labeled microspheres selectively to the tumors without unduly affecting the normal liver. This type of treatment is FDA approved for liver metastases secondary to colorectal carcinoma and is under investigation for treatment of other liver malignancies, including neuroendocrine malignancies. 2913:(HAE) occludes the blood flow to the tumors, achieving significant tumor shrinkage in over 80%. In hepatic artery chemotherapy, the chemotherapy agents are given into the hepatic artery, often by steady infusion over hours or even days. Compared with systemic chemotherapy, a higher proportion of the chemotherapy agents are (in theory) delivered to the lesions in the liver. 2544:. Histologically, NETs are an example of "small blue cell tumors," showing uniform cells which have a round to oval stippled nucleus and scant, pink granular cytoplasm. The cells may align variously in islands, glands or sheets. High power examination shows bland cytopathology. Electron microscopy can identify secretory granules. There is usually minimal 259:, although recognized as a factor associated with a potentially worse prognosis, is not included in the grading of NETs of the gastrointestinal or pancreaticobiliary tract. However, the absence or presence of tumor necrosis is a component of the grading of NETs of many other origins, such as the upper aerodigestive tract, the lung and the thymus. 1953:. Many carcinoids are asymptomatic and are discovered only upon surgery for unrelated causes. These coincidental carcinoids are common; one study found that one person in ten has them. Many tumors do not cause symptoms even when they have metastasized. Other tumors even if very small can produce adverse effects by secreting hormones. 2751:

Most gastrointestinal carcinoid tumors tend not to respond to chemotherapy agents, showing 10 to 20% response rates that are typically less than 6 months. Combining chemotherapy medications has not usually been of significant improvement showing 25 to 35% response rates that are typically less than 9

2709:

These medications may also anatomically stabilize or shrink tumors, as suggested by the PROMID study (Placebo-controlled prospective randomized study on the antiproliferative efficacy of Octreotide LAR in patients with metastatic neuroendocrine MIDgut tumors): at least in this subset of NETs, average

2432:

The combination of somatostatin receptor and FDG PET imaging is able to quantify somatostatin receptor cell surface (SSTR) expression and glycolytic metabolism, respectively. The ability to perform this as a whole body study is highlighting the limitations of relying on histopathology obtained from a

2887:

and other isotopes including alpha emitters. This is a highly targeted and effective therapy with minimal side effects in tumors with high levels of somatostatin cell surface expression, because the radiation is absorbed at the sites of the tumor, or excreted in the urine. The radioactively labelled

2394:

Advances in nuclear medicine imaging, also known as molecular imaging, have improved diagnostic and treatment paradigms in patients with neuroendocrine tumors. This is because of its ability to not only identify sites of disease but also characterize them. Neuroendocrine tumours express somatostatin

2301:

Symptoms from secreted hormones may prompt measurement of the corresponding hormones in the blood or their associated urinary products, for initial diagnosis or to assess the interval change in the tumor. Secretory activity of the tumor cells is sometimes dissimilar to the tissue immunoreactivity to

6390:

Rinke A, Müller HH, Schade-Brittinger C, Klose KJ, Barth P, Wied M, et al. (October 2009). "Placebo-controlled, double-blind, prospective, randomized study on the effect of octreotide LAR in the control of tumor growth in patients with metastatic neuroendocrine midgut tumors: a report from the

2905:

Metastases to the liver can be treated by several types of hepatic artery treatments based on the observation that tumor cells get nearly all their nutrients from the hepatic artery, while the normal cells of the liver get about 70–80 percent of their nutrients and 50% their oxygen supply from the

653:

Currently there is no one staging system for all neuroendocrine neoplasms. Well-differentiated lesions generally have their own staging system based on anatomical location, whereas poorly differentiated and mixed lesions are staged as carcinomas of that location. For example, gastric NEC and mixed

2999:

study of the pancreas in people who died from unrelated causes discovered a remarkably high incidence of tiny asymptomatic NETs. Routine microscopic study of three random sections of the pancreas found NETs in 1.6%, and multiple sections identified NETs in 10%. As diagnostic imaging increases in

2425:

Imaging with fluorine-18 fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) PET may be valuable to image some neuroendocrine tumors. This scan is performed by injected radioactive sugar intravenously. Tumors that grow more quickly use more sugar. Using this scan, the aggressiveness of the tumor can be assessed. However,

3019:

However, in 1938 it was recognized that some of these small bowel tumors could be malignant. Despite the differences between these two original categories, and further complexities due to subsequent inclusion of other NETs of pancreas and pulmonary origin, all NETs are sometimes (incorrectly)

2717:

The CLARINET study (a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study on the antiproliferative effects of lanreotide in patients with enteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors) further demonstrated the antiproliferative potential of lanreotide, a somatostatin analog and recently approved FDA

2010:

A carcinoid crisis with profound flushing, bronchospasm, tachycardia, and widely and rapidly fluctuating blood pressure can occur if large amounts of hormone are acutely secreted, which is occasionally triggered by factors such as diet, alcohol, surgery chemotherapy, embolization therapy or

417:

appendix, including well differentiated NETs (benign); well differentiated NETs (uncertain malignant potential); well differentiated neuroendocrine carcinoma (with low malignant potential); mixed exocrine-neuroendocrine carcinoma (goblet cell carcinoma, also called adenocarcinoid and mucous

2613:

Midgut NETs are argentaffin positive, can produce high levels of serotonin 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), kinins, prostaglandins, substance P (SP), and other vasoactive peptides, and sometimes produce corticotropic hormone (previously adrenocorticotropic hormone ). Bone metastasis is

2610:(5-HTP), histamine, and several polypeptide hormones. There may be associated atypical carcinoid syndrome, acromegaly, Cushing disease, other endocrine disorders, telangiectasia, or hypertrophy of the skin in the face and upper neck. These tumors can metastasize to bone. 2505:(pan-neuroendocrine tissue markers) and may secrete various peptides and hormones. There is a lengthy list of potential markers in neuroendocrine tumors; several reviews provide assistance in understanding these markers. Widely used neuroendocrine tissue markers are various 2631:). Observation may be feasible for non-functioning low-grade neuroendocrine tumors. If the tumor is locally advanced or has metastasized, but is nonetheless slowly growing, treatment that relieves symptoms may often be preferred over immediate challenging surgeries. 266:

high-grade neuroendocrine neoplasms and a designation of tumor grade is therefore redundant. Lung and thymic neuroendocrine neoplasms are classified in a similar manner, including typical and atypical carcinoids, small cell and large cell neuroendocrine carincomas.

547:

Neuroendocrine lesions are graded histologically according to markers of cellular proliferation, rather than cellular polymorphism. The following grading scheme is currently recommended for all gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms by the

2094:

guidelines. Historically, PanNETs have also been referred to by a variety of terms, and are still often called "islet cell tumors" or "pancreatic endocrine tumors". originate within the pancreas. PanNETs are quite distinct from the usual form of

4371:

Usmani S, Orevi M, Stefanelli A, Zaniboni A, Gofrit ON, Bnà C, et al. (June 2019). "Neuroendocrine differentiation in castration resistant prostate cancer. Nuclear medicine radiopharmaceuticals and imaging techniques: A narrative review".

2316:

Given the diverse secretory activity of NETs there are many other potential markers, but a limited panel is usually sufficient for clinical purposes. Aside from the hormones of secretory tumors, the most important markers are:

2927:(SIRT) for neuroendocrine metastases to the liver delivers radioactive microsphere therapy (RMT) by injection into the hepatic artery, lodging (as with HAE and HACE) in downstream capillaries. In contrast to hormone-delivered 6634:

Kashyap R, Hofman MS, Michael M, Kong G, Akhurst T, Eu P, et al. (February 2015). "Favourable outcomes of (177)Lu-octreotate peptide receptor chemoradionuclide therapy in patients with FDG-avid neuroendocrine tumours".

5912:"Insulinoma-associated protein 1 (INSM1) is a sensitive and highly specific marker of neuroendocrine differentiation in primary lung neoplasms: an immunohistochemical study of 345 cases, including 292 whole-tissue sections" 2106:

tumors; neuroendocrine cancer (NEC) (synonymous with islet cell carcinoma) is more aggressive. Up to 60% of PanNETs are nonsecretory or nonfunctional, which either don't secrete, or the quantity or type of products such as

2626:

Several issues help define appropriate treatment of a neuroendocrine tumor, including its location, invasiveness, hormone secretion, and metastasis. Treatments may be aimed at curing the disease or at relieving symptoms

2147:, or may be associated with weakness, nausea, weight loss, night sweats, neuralgia, and Cushing's syndrome. Some are asymptomatic.Animal neuroendocrine tumors include neuroendocrine cancer of the liver in dogs, and 3015:

Small intestinal neuroendocrine tumors were first distinguished from other tumors in 1907. They were named carcinoid tumors because their slow growth was considered to be "cancer-like" rather than truly cancerous.

7309: 7282: 2705:

In secretory tumors, somatostatin analogs given subcutaneously or intramuscularly alleviate symptoms by blocking hormone release. A consensus review has reported on the use of somatostatin analogs for GEP-NETs.

6276:

Rinke A, Auernhammer CJ, Bodei L, Kidd M, Krug S, Lawlor R, et al. (September 2021). "Treatment of advanced gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasia, are we on the way to personalised medicine?".

1924:. In usage, the term "carcinoid" has often been applied to both, although sometimes it is restrictively applied to NETs of GI origin (as herein), or alternatively to those tumors which secrete functional 3621:

Soga J, Yakuwa Y, Osaka M (October 1999). "Evaluation of 342 cases of mediastinal/thymic carcinoids collected from literature: a comparative study between typical carcinoids and atypical varieties".

102:

Although there are many kinds of NETs, they are treated as a group of tissue because the cells of these neoplasms share common features, including a similar histological appearance, having special

2675:

are yet to be discovered. Similarly, recent advances in understanding neuroendocrine tumor's molecular and genomic alterations still have to find their ways into a definitive management strategy.

5428:

Ferolla P, Faggiano A, Mansueto G, Avenia N, Cantelmi MG, Giovenali P, et al. (March 2008). "The biological characterization of neuroendocrine tumors: the role of neuroendocrine markers".

274:

count, Ki-67 index and the absence or presence of tumor necrosis. Here, it may be noted that different cut-offs than with tumors of gastrointestinal, aerodigestive and lung origin are applied.

2891:

PRRT was initially used for low grade NETs. It is also very useful in more aggressive NETs such as Grade 2 and 3 NETs provided they demonstrate high uptake on SSTR imaging to suggest benefit.

2721:

Lanreotide is the first and only FDA approved antitumor therapy demonstrating a statistically significant progression-free survival benefit in a combined population of patients with GEP-NETS.

4735:"The high-grade (WHO G3) pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor category is morphologically and biologically heterogenous and includes both well differentiated and poorly differentiated neoplasms" 3094:

There have been multiple nomenclature systems for these tumors, and the differences between these schema have often been confusing. Nonetheless, these systems all distinguish between well-

5781:"Direct comparison of (68)Ga-DOTA-TOC and (18)F-FDG PET/CT in the follow-up of patients with neuroendocrine tumour treated with the first full peptide receptor radionuclide therapy cycle" 2099:, adenocarcinoma, which arises in the exocrine pancreas. About 95 percent of pancreatic tumors are adenocarcinoma; only 1 or 2% of clinically significant pancreas neoplasms are GEP-NETs. 477: 2888:

hormones enter the tumor cells which, together with nearby cells, are damaged by the attached radiation. Not all cells are immediately killed; cell death can go on for up to two years.

6930: 5120: 7250: 3411:

van Eeden S, Offerhaus GJ, Hart AA, Boerrigter L, Nederlof PM, Porter E, van Velthuysen ML (December 2007). "Goblet cell carcinoid of the appendix: a specific type of carcinoma".

3776:

Wick MR, Berg LC, Hertz MI (June 1992). "Large cell carcinoma of the lung with neuroendocrine differentiation. A comparison with large cell "undifferentiated" pulmonary tumors".

3034:

was established in 1953 when the "flushing" effect of serotonin had become clinically recognized. Carcinoid heart disease was identified in 1952, and carcinoid fibrosis in 1961.

282:

Traditionally, neuroendocrine tumors have been classified by their anatomic site of origin. NETs can arise in many different areas of the body, and are most often located in the

340:

Within the broad category of neuroendocrine tumors there are many different tumor types, representing only a small proportion of the tumors or cancers in most of these tissues:

637:

It has been proposed that the current G3 category be further separated into histologically well-differentiated and poorly-differentiated neoplasms to better reflect prognosis.

2395:

receptors providing a unique target for imaging. Octreotide is a synthetic modification of somatostatin with a longer half-life. OctreoScan, also called somatostatin receptor

2634:

Intermediate and high grade tumors (noncarcinoids) are usually best treated by various early interventions (active therapy) rather than observation (wait-and-see approach).

6210: 634:

G1 and G2 neuroendocrine neoplasms are called neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) – formerly called carcinoid tumours. G3 neoplasms are called neuroendocrine carcinomas (NECs).

5082: 6805:

Van De Wiele C, Defreyne L, Peeters M, Lambert B (June 2009). "Yttrium-90 labelled resin microspheres for treatment of primary and secondary malignant liver tumors".

5062: 2525:. The nuclear neuroendocrine marker insulinoma-associated protein-1 (INSM1) has proven to be sensitive as well as highly specific for neuroendocrine differentiation. 4871: 4344:

Soga J, Osaka M, Yakuwa Y (September 2001). "Gut-endocrinomas (carcinoids and related endocrine variants) of the uterine cervix: an analysis of 205 reported cases".

2410:

Somatostatin receptor imaging can now be performed with positron emission tomography (PET) which offers higher resolution, three-dimensional and more rapid imaging.

403:

GEP-NET (foregut tumors can conceptually encompasses not only NETs of the stomach and proximal duodenum, but also the pancreas, and even thymus, lung and bronchus)

6731: 6587:"²¹³Bi-DOTATOC receptor-targeted alpha-radionuclide therapy induces remission in neuroendocrine tumours refractory to beta radiation: a first-in-human experience" 5693: 3091:, neuroendocrine cells sometimes produce various types of hormones and amines, and they can also have strong receptors for other hormones to which they respond. 5353: 3461:

Rindi G, Mete O, Uccella S, Basturk O, La Rosa S, Brosens LA, et al. (March 2022). "Overview of the 2022 WHO Classification of Neuroendocrine Neoplasms".

2871:, the peptide or neuroamine hormone previously having shown good uptake of a tracer dose, using Somatostatin receptor imaging as detailed above. This type of 7324: 5156: 3007:, very small, clinically insignificant NETs may be coincidentally discovered; being unrelated to symptoms, such neoplasms may not require surgical excision. 2429:

Functional imaging with gallium-labelled somatostatin analog and 18F-FDG PET tracers ensures better staging and prognostication of neuroendocrine neoplasms.

2119:

do not cause a clinical syndrome, although blood levels may be elevated. Functional tumors are often classified by the hormone most strongly secreted by the

6469:Öberg K. Neuroendocrine Gastroenteropancreatic Tumours: Current Views on Diagnosis and Treatment. Business Briefing. European Oncology Review 2005; pp. 1–6. 5029:

Arnold R, Göke R, Wied M, Behr T (2003). "Chapter 15 Neuroendocrine Gastro-Entero-Pancreatic (GEP) Tumors". In Scheppach W, Bresalier RS, Tytgat GN (eds.).

2202:

Given these associations, recommendations in NET include family history evaluation, evaluation for second tumors, and in selected circumstances testing for

2363:

gene product essential for intestinal development and differentiation, are seen in intestinal NETs. Neuroendocrine secretory protein-55, a member of the

1169:

Large mesenteric masses (> 2 cm) and / or extensive nodal deposits (12 or greater), especially those that encase the superior mesenteric vessels

2131:

In addition to the two main categories of GEP-NET, there are rarer forms of neuroendocrine tumors that arise anywhere in the body, including within the

1916:

Conceptually, there are two main types of NET within the gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (GEP-NET) category: those which arise from the

2779:

Receptor Scintigraphy (SSRS) negative tumors which had a response rate in excess of 70% compared to 10% in strongly positive SRSS carcinoid tumors.

1335:

Perforates the peritoneum or directly invades other organs or structures (excluding direct mural extension to adjacent subserosa of adjacent bowel)

6832:

Salem R, Thurston KG, Carr BI, Goin JE, Geschwind JF (September 2002). "Yttrium-90 microspheres: radiation therapy for unresectable liver cancer".

4255:

Soga J, Osaka M, Yakuwa Y (2001). "Gut-endocrinomas (carcinoids and related endocrine variants) of the breast: an analysis of 310 reported cases".

4228:

Soga J (March 2003). "Primary endocrinomas (carcinoids and variant neoplasms) of the gallbladder. A statistical evaluation of 138 reported cases".

2988:

of clinically significant neuroendocrine tumors is approximately 2.5–5 per 100,000; two thirds are carcinoid tumors and one third are other NETs.

6232: 386: 7390: 2637:

Treatments have improved over the past several decades, and outcomes are improving. In malignant carcinoid tumors with carcinoid syndrome, the

5505:

Oberg K (July 2005). "Neuroendocrine tumors of the gastrointestinal tract: recent advances in molecular genetics, diagnosis, and treatment".

5548:

van Essen M, Sundin A, Krenning EP, Kwekkeboom DJ (February 2014). "Neuroendocrine tumours: the role of imaging for diagnosis and therapy".

2683:

Even if the tumor has advanced and metastasized, making curative surgery infeasible, surgery often has a role in neuroendocrine cancers for

6934: 4111:

Soga J (December 2002). "Primary hepatic endocrinomas (carcinoids and variant neoplasms). A statistical evaluation of 126 reported cases".

5128: 2042:, which is associated with dermatitis, dementia, and diarrhea. Many other hormones can be secreted by some of these tumors, most commonly 4709: 2617:

Hindgut NETs are argentaffin negative and rarely secrete 5-HT, 5-HTP, or any other vasoactive peptides. Bone metastases are not uncommon.

4205: 4188: 7255: 6254: 5012:" 800 autopsy cases, ... incidence of tumor was 10% (6/60) in individuals having histiological studies of all sections of the pancreas" 6351:"Consensus report on the use of somatostatin analogs for the management of neuroendocrine tumors of the gastroenteropancreatic system" 5480: 5992: 5338: 2163:

Most pancreatic NETs are sporadic. However, neuroendocrine tumors can be seen in several inherited familial syndromes, including:

6876: 6218: 7150:

Kimura W, Kuroda A, Morioka Y (July 1991). "Clinical pathology of endocrine tumors of the pancreas. Analysis of autopsy cases".

6188: 4978:

Kimura W, Kuroda A, Morioka Y (July 1991). "Clinical pathology of endocrine tumors of the pancreas. Analysis of autopsy cases".

187:

poorly differentiated (high grade) neuroendocrine carcinomas, which are the large cell neuroendocrine and small cell carcinomas.

5593:"High management impact of Ga-68 DOTATATE (GaTate) PET/CT for imaging neuroendocrine and other somatostatin expressing tumours" 4473:"Inherited pancreatic endocrine tumor syndromes: advances in molecular pathogenesis, diagnosis, management, and controversies" 3509:"Microtubule-associated protein-2: a new sensitive and specific marker for pulmonary carcinoid tumor and small cell carcinoma" 2418:-CT is much more accurate than an Octreotide scan. Thus, octreotide scanning for NET tumors is being increasingly replaced by 5168: 5038: 4962: 4933: 4904: 4853: 4824: 4795: 4717: 2848: 2649: 2645: 2261: 5090: 8029: 5068: 3199:"Hindered submicron mobility and long-term storage of presynaptic dense-core granules revealed by single-particle tracking" 2923: 2788: 2441: 2087:

Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (PanNETs) are often referred to as "islet cell tumors", or "pancreatic endocrine tumors"

270:

Furthermore, the 2022 WHO classification introduces a two-tiered grading system for medullary thyroid carcinomas based on

7865: 6108:"Neuroendocrine gastroenteropancreatic tumours: ESMO Clinical Practice Guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up" 2173: 2167: 511: 505: 6680:"Modifying the Poor Prognosis Associated with 18F-FDG-Avid NET with Peptide Receptor Chemo-Radionuclide Therapy (PRCRT)" 7434: 7383: 6739: 255:

and stratifies NETs into grade 1 (G1, low-grade), grade 2 (G2, intermediate-grade) and grade 3 (G3, high-grade). Tumor

181:

well-differentiated neuroendocrine tumors, further subdivided into tumors with benign and those with uncertain behavior

7200:

Modlin IM, Shapiro MD, Kidd M (December 2004). "Siegfried Oberndorfer: origins and perspectives of carcinoid tumors".

2743:

count; Interferon is often used in combination with other agents, especially somatostatin analogs such as octreotide.

8014: 3692:

Beasley MB, Brambilla E, Travis WD (April 2005). "The 2004 World Health Organization classification of lung tumors".

2283: 5357: 7915: 4954: 4925: 4896: 4845: 4816: 4787: 3102:) and poorly differentiated (high-grade) NETs. Cellular proliferative rate is of considerable significance in this 2876: 1956:

Ten per cent (10%) or less of carcinoids, primarily some midgut carcinoids, secrete excessive levels of a range of

1538:

Invades the muscularis propria, or greater than 2 cm in size with invasion of the lamina propria or submucosa

5174: 2995:

has been estimated as 35 per 100,000, and may be considerably higher if clinically silent tumors are included. An

7919: 7752: 3653:"Neuroendocrine bronchial and thymic tumors: ESMO clinical recommendation for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up" 2120: 2082: 3308:"The pathologic classification of neuroendocrine tumors: a review of nomenclature, grading, and staging systems" 7540: 4282:

Murali R, Kneale K, Lalak N, Delprado W (November 2006). "Carcinoid tumors of the urinary tract and prostate".

2265: 2132: 368: 291: 2656:

has guidelines for several categories of NET: islet cell tumors of the pancreas, gastrointestinal carcinoids,

7857: 7376: 2305: 8019: 7646: 7107:

Oberg K, Castellano D (March 2011). "Current knowledge on diagnosis and staging of neuroendocrine tumors".

2805: 2415: 2030:. However, valve replacement is rarely needed. The excessive outflow of serotonin can cause a depletion of 6905: 5244:

Burns WR, Edil BH (March 2012). "Neuroendocrine pancreatic tumors: guidelines for management and update".

3594:

Soga J (December 2003). "Carcinoids and their variant endocrinomas. An analysis of 11842 reported cases".

2875:

is a systemic therapy and will impact somatostatin positive disease. The peptide receptor may be bound to

2433:

single site. This is enabling better selection of the most appropriate therapy for an individual patient.

905:

Invades through sphincter into duodenal submucosa or muscularis propria, or is > 1 cm (ampullary)

414:

GEP-NET (from distal half of 2nd part of the duodenum to the proximal two-thirds of the transverse colon)

376:

pulmonary carcinoid tumors: typical carcinoid (TC; low-grade); atypical carcinoid (AC; intermediate-grade)

8034: 7904: 7821: 7454: 6766:"Selective Internal Radiation Therapy (SIRT) for liver metastases secondary to colorectal adenocarcinoma" 6320: 2900: 2522: 169:(WHO) classification scheme places neuroendocrine tumors into three main categories, which emphasize the 7047:"Three-Dimensional Primary Cell Culture: A Novel Preclinical Model for Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumors" 1949:

most commonly affect the small bowel, particularly the ileum, and are the most common malignancy of the

8024: 7961: 7943: 7853: 7804: 6585:

Kratochwil C, Giesel FL, Bruchertseifer F, Mier W, Apostolidis C, Boll R, et al. (November 2014).

6240: 2856: 2328: 2148: 303: 125: 7045:

April-Monn SL, Wiedmer T, Skowronska M, Maire R, Schiavo Lena M, Trippel M, et al. (2020-04-03).

3150:"Guidelines for the management of gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine (including carcinoid) tumours" 1546:

Invades through the muscularis propria into subserosal tissue without penetration of overlying serosa

1116:

Invades through the muscularis propria into subserosal tissue without penetration of overlying serosa

895:

Confined within the sphincter of Oddi, and less than or equal to 1 cm in size (ampullary tumors)

714:

Invades through the muscularis propria into subserosal tissue without penetration of overlying serosa

7938: 7861: 7698: 7524: 7487: 2653: 2446: 2069:

effects of NET secretory products with an intense desmoplastic reaction at the tumor site, or of the

549: 442: 237: 166: 5219:"Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumors (Islet Cell Tumors) Treatment (PDQ®): Health Professional Version" 4872:"Pathology, classification, and grading of neuroendocrine neoplasms arising in the digestive system" 62: 7966: 7899: 7834: 7708: 7688: 7655: 7633: 7595: 7351: 3095: 2985: 2832:(5-FU or f5U), is often more effective. Although marginally effective in well-differentiated PETs, 2756: 2735:

is sometimes used to treat GEP-NETs. Its effectiveness is somewhat uncertain, but low doses can be

2502: 2027: 1992: 893:

Invades the mucosa or submucosa only, and less than or equal to 1 cm in size (duodenal tumors)

357: 314: 263: 6998:"Patient derived tumoroids of high grade neuroendocrine neoplasms for more personalized therapies" 5959: 2426:

neuroendocrine tumors are often slow growing and indolent, and these do not show well on FDG-PET.

645: 7444: 6957:"Models of Gastroenteropancreatic Neuroendocrine Neoplasms: Current Status and Future Directions" 2567: 2545: 2518: 2334: 2254: 214: 31: 6996:

April-Monn SL, Kirchner P, Detjen K, Bräutigam K, Trippel MA, Grob T, et al. (March 2024).

2461: 657:

TNM staging of gastroenteropancreatic Grade 1 and Grade 2 neuroendocrine tumors are as follows:

132:" refers to the synthesis and secretion of these monoamines. The neuroendocrine system includes 7827: 7651: 7591: 5869:

Berretta M, Cappellani A, Di Vita M, Berretta S, Nasti G, Bearz A, et al. (January 2010).

2108: 244: 200: 6931:"Can crowdfunding really cure cancer? Alexander Masters investigates a pioneering new project" 3083:. Although this behavior was also part of the disproven hypothesis that these cells might all 7989: 7713: 6262: 5779:

Nilica B, Waitz D, Stevanovic V, Uprimny C, Kendler D, Buxbaum S, et al. (August 2016).

3507:

Liu Y, Sturgis CD, Grzybicki DM, Jasnosz KM, Olson PR, Tong M, et al. (September 2001).

3197:

Scalettar BA, Jacobs C, Fulwiler A, Prahl L, Simon A, Hilken L, Lochner JE (September 2012).

2586:

NETs from a particular anatomical origin often show similar behavior as a group, such as the

2051: 1976: 496: 299: 196: 6955:

Detjen K, Hammerich L, Özdirik B, Demir M, Wiedenmann B, Tacke F, et al. (2020-07-02).

6528:

Strosberg J, El-Haddad G, Wolin E, Hendifar A, Yao J, Chasen B, et al. (January 2017).

6147:

Clark OH, Benson AB, Berlin JD, Choti MA, Doherty GM, Engstrom PF, et al. (July 2009).

7817: 7613: 7449: 7429: 5383: 2945: 2852: 2672: 2578:

can assist in diagnosis and may make some tumors vulnerable to hormone targeted therapies.

184:

well-differentiated (low grade) neuroendocrine carcinomas with low-grade malignant behavior

6426:

Caplin ME, Pavel M, Ćwikła JB, Phan AT, Raderer M, Sedláčková E, et al. (July 2014).

6021:"Enteroendocrine tumors other than carcinoid: a review of clinically significant advances" 5732:"Advances in the Diagnosis and Management of Well-Differentiated Neuroendocrine Neoplasms" 5472: 2724:

Other medications that block particular secretory effects can sometimes relieve symptoms.

243:

from 2022 endorses a three-tiered grading system for most NETs, in particular NETs of the

8: 7953: 7605: 7439: 7313: 7303: 7299: 7295: 7291: 6732:"Arterial Chemotherapy Infusion of the Liver (and) Chemoembolization of the Liver (TACE)" 6349:

Oberg K, Kvols L, Caplin M, Delle Fave G, de Herder W, Rindi G, et al. (June 2004).

4571:"Endocrine tumours in neurofibromatosis type 1, tuberous sclerosis and related syndromes" 3811:

Massironi S, Sciola V, Peracchi M, Ciafardini C, Spampatti MP, Conte D (September 2008).

3060: 2820:

tumors. Several agents have shown activity and combining several medicines, particularly

2607: 2537: 2215: 2196: 1327:

Tumor more than 4 cm or with subserosal invasion or involvement of the mesoappendix

624: 534: 7022: 6997: 5984: 5387: 5334: 5218: 7786: 7618: 7581: 7477: 7459: 7345: 7341: 7337: 7333: 7329: 7175: 7132: 7086: 6709: 6660: 6611: 6586: 6562: 6529: 6505: 6480: 6302: 5941: 5828:

Van Buren G, Rashid A, Yang AD, Abdalla EK, Gray MJ, Liu W, et al. (August 2007).

5805: 5780: 5756: 5731: 5666: 5641: 5622: 5573: 5530: 5518: 5453: 5407: 5395: 5312: 5269: 5189: 5003: 4759: 4734: 4595: 4570: 4497: 4472: 4444: 4419:(May 2018). "Cellular plasticity and the neuroendocrine phenotype in prostate cancer". 4397: 4164: 4139: 4088: 4061: 4037: 4010: 3986: 3959: 3935: 3910: 3891: 3839: 3812: 3758: 3538: 3486: 3436: 3388: 3361: 3337: 3272: 3247: 3223: 3198: 3174: 3149: 3027: 2956: 2690:

Cholecystectomy is recommended if there is a consideration of long-term treatment with

2219: 2191: 2035: 1969: 1950: 529: 56: 6868: 6845: 6196: 4187:

Moriura S, Ikeda S, Hirai M, Naiki K, Fujioka T, Yokochi K, Gotou S (September 1993).

4060:

Konishi T, Watanabe T, Nagawa H, Oya M, Ueno M, Kuroyanagi H, et al. (May 2010).

3879: 3148:

Ramage JK, Davies AH, Ardill J, Bax N, Caplin M, Grossman A, et al. (June 2005).

2532:

or more deeply intramurally, and they can be very firm due to an accompanying intense

247:

or pancreaticobiliary tract, as well as NETs of the upper aerodigestive tract and the

120:

The term "neuro" refers to the dense core granules (DCGs), similar to the DCGs in the

7930: 7217: 7167: 7124: 7090: 7078: 7027: 6978: 6926: 6849: 6814: 6787: 6713: 6701: 6652: 6616: 6567: 6510: 6449: 6408: 6372: 6306: 6294: 6170: 6129: 6088: 6042: 5933: 5892: 5851: 5810: 5761: 5705: 5671: 5614: 5609: 5592: 5565: 5534: 5522: 5445: 5399: 5304: 5261: 5226: 5164: 5121:"Carcinoid Tumors and the Carcinoid Syndrome: What's New in the Therapeutic Pipeline" 5034: 4995: 4958: 4929: 4900: 4849: 4840:

Amin MB (2017). "30 – Neuroendocrine Tumors of the Duodenum & Ampulla of Vater".

4820: 4791: 4764: 4713: 4644: 4600: 4546: 4502: 4436: 4401: 4389: 4385: 4353: 4326: 4299: 4264: 4237: 4210: 4169: 4120: 4093: 4042: 3991: 3940: 3883: 3844: 3793: 3750: 3709: 3674: 3630: 3603: 3576: 3572: 3530: 3490: 3478: 3428: 3424: 3393: 3329: 3277: 3228: 3179: 2694: 2669: 2203: 2185: 2179: 2096: 2062: 1100:

Invades the lamina propria or submucosa, and less than or equal to 1 cm in size

698:

Invades the lamina propria or submucosa, and less than or equal to 1 cm in size

523: 517: 137: 103: 51: 7318: 7179: 7136: 6664: 5945: 5626: 5577: 5457: 5411: 5316: 5007: 3895: 3762: 3542: 3440: 555: 144:, as well as endocrine islet tissue embedded within glandular tissue such as in the 7891: 7809: 7623: 7535: 7209: 7159: 7116: 7068: 7058: 7017: 7009: 6968: 6841: 6777: 6691: 6644: 6606: 6598: 6557: 6549: 6541: 6500: 6492: 6439: 6400: 6362: 6286: 6160: 6119: 6078: 6032: 5923: 5882: 5841: 5800: 5792: 5751: 5743: 5661: 5653: 5604: 5557: 5514: 5437: 5391: 5296: 5273: 5253: 4987: 4754: 4746: 4733:

Basturk O, Yang Z, Tang LH, Hruban RH, Adsay V, McCall CM, et al. (May 2015).

4634: 4590: 4582: 4536: 4492: 4484: 4448: 4428: 4381: 4291: 4200: 4159: 4151: 4083: 4073: 4032: 4022: 3981: 3971: 3930: 3922: 3875: 3834: 3824: 3785: 3740: 3701: 3664: 3568: 3520: 3470: 3420: 3383: 3373: 3341: 3319: 3267: 3259: 3218: 3210: 3169: 3161: 3099: 3023: 2793: 2760: 2661: 2498: 2403:

administered octreotide that is chemically bound to a radioactive substance, often

2001: 570: 437: 240: 170: 129: 7368: 7213: 6083: 6066: 5846: 5829: 5300: 191:

Additionally, the WHO scheme recognizes mixed tumors with both neuroendocrine and

7909: 7572: 7356: 7245: 6782: 6765: 6037: 6020: 4750: 4623:"Are neuroendocrine tumours a feature of tuberous sclerosis? A systematic review" 4295: 3926: 3324: 3307: 3004: 2465: 2152: 2023: 628: 482: 344: 306:, that are relatively more common in the gastrointestinal and pulmonary systems. 295: 222: 133: 99:

tumors, but they are also found in the pancreas, lung, and the rest of the body.

7660: 3559:

Rufini V, Calcagni ML, Baum RP (July 2006). "Imaging of neuroendocrine tumors".

309:

NETs include certain tumors of the gastrointestinal tract and of the pancreatic

7586: 7515: 7013: 6290: 5471:

McMorran J, Crowther DC, McMorran S, Prince C, YoungMin S, Pleat J, Wacogne I.

4586: 4416: 4206:

10.1002/1097-0142(19930901)72:5<1547::AID-CNCR2820720510>3.0.CO;2-C

3866:, et al. (January 2008). "Gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumours". 3863: 3474: 2906:

portal vein, and thus can survive with the hepatic artery effectively blocked.

2598:; individual tumors within these sites can differ from these group benchmarks: 2590:(which conceptually includes pancreas, and even thymus, airway and lung NETs), 2043: 1757:

Limited to the pancreas, > 4 cm; or invading the duodenum or bile duct

318: 248: 149: 92: 7120: 6696: 6679: 6648: 6602: 6496: 5928: 5911: 5796: 5257: 4155: 3960:"Appendiceal neuroendocrine tumors: Recent insights and clinical implications" 3525: 3508: 3263: 2407:-111, to detect larger lesions with tumor cells that are avid for octreotide. 8008: 7240: 6404: 4027: 3705: 3076: 2868: 2665: 2510: 2340: 2309: 1554:

Invades visceral peritoneum (serosal) or other organs or adjacent structures

1514:

Invades the lamina propria or submucosa, and less than or equal to 2 cm

1124:

Invades visceral peritoneum (serosal) or other organs or adjacent structures

722:

Invades visceral peritoneum (serosal) or other organs or adjacent structures

458: 453: 353: 141: 6367: 6350: 6165: 6148: 6124: 6107: 5983:

Tebbi CK, Windle ML, Cripe TP, Sakamoto KM (1 April 2014). Coppes MJ (ed.).

5830:"The development and characterization of a human midgut carcinoid cell line" 5747: 5561: 3789: 3669: 3652: 3165: 2135:, thymus and parathyroid. Bronchial carcinoid can cause airway obstruction, 654:

adenoneuroendocrine cancers are staged as primary carcinoma of the stomach.

251:. The grading system is based on proliferation assessed by mitotic rate and 7844: 7796: 7740: 7641: 7221: 7128: 7082: 7031: 6982: 6853: 6818: 6791: 6705: 6656: 6620: 6571: 6514: 6453: 6412: 6376: 6298: 6174: 6133: 6092: 6046: 5937: 5896: 5855: 5814: 5765: 5709: 5675: 5618: 5569: 5526: 5449: 5308: 5265: 5230: 4768: 4648: 4604: 4550: 4541: 4524: 4506: 4440: 4432: 4393: 4357: 4303: 4268: 4241: 4173: 4124: 4097: 4078: 4046: 3995: 3976: 3944: 3887: 3848: 3754: 3713: 3678: 3634: 3607: 3580: 3534: 3482: 3432: 3397: 3333: 3281: 3232: 3183: 3088: 2969: 2949: 2941: 2928: 2872: 2860: 2829: 2825: 2813: 2776: 2691: 2571: 2506: 2477: 2450: 2419: 2396: 2364: 2321: 2112: 2015: 406:

Pancreatic endocrine tumors (if considered separately from foregut GEP-NET)

209:

Placing a given tumor into one of these categories depends on well-defined

43: 7171: 6545: 6444: 6427: 5403: 4999: 4330: 4214: 3797: 3378: 2644:

Detailed guidelines for managing neuroendocrine tumors are available from

2355:

is present in NETs but absent in normal pancreatic islets. High levels of

7782: 7557: 7469: 7073: 5657: 2864: 2821: 2657: 2603: 2533: 2400: 2116: 2058: 1965: 1929: 493: 380: 330: 252: 111: 95:. They most commonly occur in the intestine, where they are often called 7274: 5064:

The role of surgery and chemoembolization in the management of carcinoid

4639: 4622: 4525:"Neurofibromatosis: clinical presentations and anaesthetic implications" 3829: 3727:

Gustafsson BI, Kidd M, Chan A, Malfertheiner MV, Modlin IM (July 2008).

2367:

family, is seen in pancreatic endocrine tumors but not intestinal NETs.

7693: 7562: 7552: 7408: 7163: 6553: 5441: 4991: 4488: 3745: 3728: 3214: 3084: 3026:

cells, which give rise to carcinoid tumors, were identified in 1897 by

2992: 2884: 2880: 2809: 2797: 2764: 2732: 2684: 2628: 2494: 2490: 2473: 2469: 2384: 2348: 2268: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 2144: 2103: 2047: 2031: 448: 310: 294:. The various kinds of cells that can give rise to NETs are present in 226: 192: 39: 7063: 7046: 6973: 6956: 6149:"NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology: neuroendocrine tumors" 5287:

Bostanci A (February 2005). "Wildlife biology. A devil of a disease".

4920:

Amin MB (2017). "33 – Neuroendocrine Tumors of the Colon and Rectum".

2014:

Chronic exposure to high levels of serotonin causes thickening of the

298:

and are also diffusely distributed throughout the body, most commonly

7745: 7681: 7421: 7417: 7286: 5591:

Hofman MS, Kong G, Neels OC, Eu P, Hong E, Hicks RJ (February 2012).

4575:

Best Practice & Research. Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism

3911:"Gastrointestinal neuroendocrine tumors: pancreatic endocrine tumors" 3306:

Klimstra DS, Modlin IR, Coppola D, Lloyd RV, Suster S (August 2010).

3103: 3080: 3031: 3001: 2960: 2837: 2833: 2817: 2801: 2772: 2768: 2740: 2736: 2549: 2541: 2529: 2454: 2388: 2223: 2136: 2070: 2019: 1961: 1946: 1941: 1917: 348: 326: 283: 210: 121: 96: 84: 5694:"Changing paradigms with molecular imaging of neuroendocrine tumors" 2840:

is active in poorly differentiated neuroendocrine cancers (PDNECs).

2243: 5910:

Mukhopadhyay S, Dermawan JK, Lanigan CP, Farver CF (January 2019).

5216: 4876: 4686: 4665: 3248:"Nothing But NET: A Review of Neuroendocrine Tumors and Carcinomas" 2973: 2557: 2468:

neuroendocrine tumor at bottom third of image, showing the typical

2376: 2360: 2140: 2102:

Well or intermediately differentiated PanNETs are sometimes called

2066: 2039: 1981: 1921: 287: 256: 145: 88: 80: 6804: 6584: 4811:

Amin MB, ed. (2017). "29 – Neuroendocrine Tumors of the Stomach".

2952:

campaign iCancer was used in a Phase 1 trial against NET in 2016.

1108:

Invades the muscularis propria, or greater than 1 cm in size

706:

Invades the muscularis propria, or greater than 1 cm in size

631:

are discordant, the figure which gives the highest grade is used.

7703: 7510: 7482: 6995: 6428:"Lanreotide in metastatic enteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors" 6389: 5909: 5868: 5547: 3810: 3038: 2996: 2965: 2711: 2595: 2587: 2575: 2564: 2553: 2528:

NETs are often small, yellow or tan masses, often located in the

2411: 2312:

immunohistochemistry of neuroendocrine tumor, staining positively

2227: 1957: 1925: 1741:

Limited to the pancreas, less than or equal to 2 cm in size

423: 400: 334: 322: 271: 230: 218: 174: 152:

parenchyma. The latter is known as the diffuse endocrine system.

114: 7044: 5887: 5870: 5374:

Langley K (September 1994). "The neuroendocrine concept today".

4011:"Pathologic research update of colorectal neuroendocrine tumors" 3410: 7980: 7773: 7567: 7400: 7259: 6897: 6807:

The Quarterly Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging

6530:"Phase 3 Trial of Lu-Dotatate for Midgut Neuroendocrine Tumors" 6527: 6330:. National Comprehensive Cancer Network, Inc. November 11, 2014 6067:"Carcinoid Tumors: Current Concepts in Diagnosis and Treatment" 4137: 3726: 3056: 2641:

survival has improved from two years to more than eight years.

2638: 2591: 2514: 2404: 1986: 903:

Invades the muscularis propria, or is > 1 cm (duodenal)

411: 107: 5321:

The tumors have been characterized as a neuroendocrine cancer

4949:

Amin MB (2017). "30 – Neuroendocrine Tumors of the Pancreas".

4891:

Amin MB (2017). "32 – Neuroendocrine Tumors of the Appendix".

3813:"Neuroendocrine tumors of the gastro-entero-pancreatic system" 2739:

within each person, often considering the effect on the blood

1319:

Tumor more than 2 cm but less than or equal to 4 cm

7501: 6770:

International Journal of Radiation Oncology, Biology, Physics

5427: 4370: 3646: 3644: 3246:

Oronsky B, Ma PC, Morgensztern D, Carter CA (December 2017).

3042: 2710:

tumor stabilization was 14.3 months compared to 6 months for

2352: 203: 5778: 3196: 2606:

negative. Despite low serotonin content, they often secrete

6954: 4471:

Jensen RT, Berna MJ, Bingham DB, Norton JA (October 2008).

3245: 2380: 2356: 6637:

European Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging

6591:

European Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging

6348: 5827: 5785:

European Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging

5470: 5067:. California Carcinoid Fighters Conference. Archived from 4704:

Bosman FT, Carneiro F, Hruban RH, Theise ND, eds. (2010).

4703: 3641: 3506: 3305: 2563:

Some neuroendocrine tumor cells possess especially strong

2061:

or the effects of tumor bulk are the presenting symptoms.

471:

urinary tract carcinoid tumor and neuroendocrine carcinoma

225:

labelling index, invasion of adjacent organs, presence of

6677: 6275: 4281: 3362:"Imaging of gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors" 2746: 2091: 6633: 6105: 5982: 4470: 4059: 2959:

in neuroendocrine tumors are undertaken i.a. combining

2222:

interface. Neuroendocrine cells are present not only in

7509: 6678:

Hofman MS, Michael M, Kashyap R, Hicks RJ (June 2015).

6321:"Neuroendocrine tumors, NCCN Guidelines Version 1.2015" 5729: 4319:

Verhandlungen der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Pathologie

3862:

Modlin IM, Oberg K, Chung DC, Jensen RT, de Herder WW,

3460: 2536:

reaction. The overlying mucosa may be either intact or

397:

Gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (GEP-NET)

6146: 4346:

Journal of Experimental & Clinical Cancer Research

4230:

Journal of Experimental & Clinical Cancer Research

4186: 4113:

Journal of Experimental & Clinical Cancer Research

3861: 3691: 3596:

Journal of Experimental & Clinical Cancer Research

2324:

A (CgA), present in 99% of metastatic carcinoid tumors

1765:

Invading adjacent organs or the wall of large vessels

921:

Invades visceral peritoneum (serosal) or other organs

913:

Invades the pancreas or peripancreatic adipose tissue

325:. Tumors with similar cellular characteristics in the 6831: 6763: 6425: 5157:"Pancreatic, neuroendocrine GI, and adrenal cancers." 4732: 4706:

WHO Classification of Tumours of the Digestive System

4522: 4414: 3147: 7264: 6481:"Progress in the treatment of neuroendocrine tumors" 6153:

Journal of the National Comprehensive Cancer Network

5335:"Tasmanian devil facial cancer origins 'identified'" 4062:"Treatment of colorectal carcinoids: A new paradigm" 2581: 2445:

Nuclei of neuroendocrine tumors often show granular

394:

Extrapulmonary small cell carcinomas (ESCC or EPSCC)

7398: 7149: 6106:Oberg K, Akerström G, Rindi G, Jelic S (May 2010). 5217:PDQ Adult Treatment Editorial Board (August 2022). 5154: 4977: 4620: 2076: 434:

Adrenal tumors, particularly adrenomedullary tumors

5028: 4616: 4614: 4138:Nikfarjam M, Muralidharan V, Christophi C (2004). 3558: 3075:ecarboxylation to produce biogenic amines such as 1161:Regional lymph node metastasis less than 12 nodes 7199: 5730:Hofland J, Kaltsas G, de Herder WW (April 2020). 5642:"Management of Small Bowel Neuroendocrine Tumors" 5597:Journal of Medical Imaging and Radiation Oncology 5590: 5127:. The Carcinoid Cancer Foundation. Archived from 3957: 2472:(within the wall) location, and overlying intact 1932:associated with clinical symptoms, as discussed. 8006: 6834:Journal of Vascular and Interventional Radiology 4523:Hirsch NP, Murphy A, Radcliffe JJ (April 2001). 2789:Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor § Treatment 2090:The PanNET denomination is in line with current 7106: 6798: 5179:, cancernetwork.com; accessed November 8, 2015. 5161:Cancer Management: A Multidisciplinary Approach 5155:Benson AB, Myerson RJ, Sasson AR (March 2011). 4611: 4568: 4343: 4284:Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine 4254: 3620: 2501:immunoreactivity for markers of neuroendocrine 649:Lymph node metastasis of a neuroendocrine tumor 387:large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma of the lung 6313: 5423: 5421: 5369: 5367: 5354:"Decoding the Tasmanian Devil's Deadly Cancer" 3951: 3720: 3301: 3299: 3297: 3295: 3293: 3291: 1847:Metastasis in at least one extra-hepatic site 1636:Metastasis in at least one extra-hepatic site 1417:Metastasis in at least one extra-hepatic site 1214:Metastasis in at least one extra-hepatic site 1003:Metastasis in at least one extra-hepatic site 804:Metastasis in at least one extra-hepatic site 356:: Neuroendocrine thyroid tumors, particularly 7384: 7102: 7100: 6465: 6463: 6247: 6211:"Gastrointestinal Carcinoid Tumors Treatment" 5500: 5498: 5150: 5148: 5146: 5144: 5142: 5140: 5138: 4681: 4679: 4660: 4658: 4564: 4562: 4560: 4518: 4516: 4466: 4464: 4462: 4460: 4458: 3804: 3775: 3623:Annals of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery 3143: 3141: 3139: 2812:PanNETs. Some PanNETs are more responsive to 2687:of symptoms and possibly increased lifespan. 2574:receptors and uptake hormones strongly. This 2540:. Some GEP-NETs invade deeply to involve the 1968:, causing a constellation of symptoms called 1749:Limited to the pancreas, 2–4 cm in size 6759: 6757: 6383: 6203: 6099: 6060: 6058: 6056: 5862: 5473:"investigations – General Practice Notebook" 5225:. Bethesda (MD): National Cancer Institute. 4869: 4337: 3137: 3135: 3133: 3131: 3129: 3127: 3125: 3123: 3121: 3119: 3037:Neuroendocrine tumors were sometimes called 2972:that mimic relevant aspects of the original 6729: 5691: 5418: 5364: 4710:International Agency for Research on Cancer 4053: 3685: 3404: 3288: 2026:valves, and over a long period can lead to 337:glands are sometimes included or excluded. 16:Tumors of the endocrine and nervous systems 7391: 7377: 7195: 7193: 7191: 7189: 7097: 6764:Welsh JS, Kennedy AS, Thomadsen B (2006). 6460: 6225: 6140: 5495: 5376:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 5135: 5056: 5054: 5052: 5050: 4971: 4739:The American Journal of Surgical Pathology 4691:OMIM - Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man 4676: 4670:OMIM - Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man 4655: 4557: 4513: 4455: 4275: 3964:World Journal of Gastrointestinal Oncology 3908: 3855: 3650: 1920:(GI) system and those that arise from the 1855:Both hepatic and extra-hepatic metastases 1644:Both hepatic and extra-hepatic metastases 1522:Less than 1 cm in greatest dimension 1425:Both hepatic and extra-hepatic metastases 1222:Both hepatic and extra-hepatic metastases 1011:Both hepatic and extra-hepatic metastases 812:Both hepatic and extra-hepatic metastases 61: 7072: 7062: 7021: 6972: 6825: 6781: 6754: 6695: 6610: 6561: 6504: 6478: 6443: 6366: 6342: 6164: 6123: 6082: 6053: 6036: 6014: 6012: 6010: 5927: 5886: 5845: 5804: 5755: 5687: 5685: 5665: 5639: 5608: 5430:Journal of Endocrinological Investigation 5345: 5243: 5237: 5024: 5022: 5020: 5018: 4758: 4697: 4638: 4621:Dworakowska D, Grossman AB (March 2009). 4594: 4540: 4496: 4310: 4204: 4163: 4087: 4077: 4066:World Journal of Gastrointestinal Surgery 4036: 4026: 4008: 3985: 3975: 3934: 3838: 3828: 3744: 3668: 3524: 3502: 3500: 3387: 3377: 3355: 3353: 3351: 3323: 3271: 3222: 3173: 3116: 2489:Neuroendocrine tumors, despite differing 2284:Learn how and when to remove this message 2218:whose normal function is to serve at the 1911: 7249:) is being considered for deletion. See 6189:"Islet Cell Tumors (Endocrine Pancreas)" 5584: 5326: 5286: 5280: 5114: 5112: 5110: 5108: 5106: 5104: 5102: 5100: 4104: 3902: 3769: 3729:"Bronchopulmonary neuroendocrine tumors" 3614: 3554: 3552: 2460: 2440: 2304: 2226:glands throughout the body that produce 2214:NETs are believed to arise from various 2143:, difficulty with breathing, cough, and 1786:Regional lymph nodes cannot be assessed 1575:Regional lymph nodes cannot be assessed 1356:Regional lymph nodes cannot be assessed 1311:2 cm or less in greatest dimension 1145:Regional lymph nodes cannot be assessed 942:Regional lymph nodes cannot be assessed 743:Regional lymph nodes cannot be assessed 644: 554: 277: 7186: 6925: 6866: 6725: 6723: 6181: 5373: 5060: 5047: 4870:Klimstra DS, Yang Z (29 October 2019). 4374:Critical Reviews in Oncology/Hematology 2843: 365:Thymus and mediastinal carcinoid tumors 347:: Neuroendocrine tumor of the anterior 8007: 6018: 6007: 5682: 5633: 5332: 5212: 5210: 5033:. Berlin: Springer. pp. 195–233. 5015: 4002: 3958:Griniatsos J, Michail O (April 2010). 3778:American Journal of Clinical Pathology 3497: 3359: 3348: 2747:Gastrointestinal neuroendocrine tumors 313:, certain thymus and lung tumors, and 7372: 6064: 5995:from the original on 15 December 2014 5871:"Biomarkers in neuroendocrine tumors" 5504: 5483:from the original on 24 February 2017 5351: 5341:from the original on January 2, 2010. 5246:Current Treatment Options in Oncology 5118: 5097: 4569:Lodish MB, Stratakis CA (June 2010). 4316: 3549: 2849:Peptide receptor radionuclide therapy 2808:in unresectable, locally advanced or 2700: 2484: 2230:, but are found in all body tissues. 2158: 2123:, as discussed in that main article. 1906: 1859: 1806: 1769: 1716: 1648: 1595: 1558: 1481: 1429: 1376: 1339: 1278: 1226: 1173: 1128: 1067: 1015: 962: 925: 868: 816: 763: 726: 665: 262:Neuroendocrine carcinomas are poorly 6720: 6255:"Pheochromocytoma and Paraganglioma" 5194:The Lecturio Medical Concept Library 4948: 4919: 4890: 4839: 4810: 4781: 4227: 4110: 4009:Ni SJ, Sheng WQ, Du X (April 2010). 3909:Metz DC, Jensen RT (November 2008). 3593: 3456: 3454: 3452: 3450: 3020:subsumed into the term "carcinoid". 2984:Although estimates vary, the annual 2924:Selective internal radiation therapy 2855:(RIT) in which a peptide or hormone 2266:adding citations to reliable sources 2237: 7866:Papillary serous cystadenocarcinoma 6534:The New England Journal of Medicine 6432:The New England Journal of Medicine 5207: 4140:"Primary hepatic carcinoid tumours" 2174:multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2 2168:multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 1935: 1794:No regional lymph node involvement 512:multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2 506:multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 485:with neuroendocrine differentiation 13: 7435:Combined small-cell lung carcinoma 6239:. 21 February 2006. Archived from 5519:10.1097/01.cco.0000167739.56948.a9 5396:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1994.tb17251.x 5075: 3366:World Journal of Clinical Oncology 2935: 2209: 1733:Primary tumour cannot be assessed 1583:No regional lymph node metastasis 1530:1–2 cm in greatest dimension 1498:Primary tumour cannot be assessed 1364:No regional lymph node metastasis 1295:Primary tumour cannot be assessed 1153:No regional lymph node metastasis 1084:Primary tumour cannot be assessed 950:No regional lymph node metastasis 885:Primary tumour cannot be assessed 751:No regional lymph node metastasis 682:Primary tumour cannot be assessed 559:Mitosis in a neuroendocrine tumor. 478:neuroendocrine tumor of the cervix 14: 8046: 7253:to help reach a consensus. › 7232: 5692:Hofman MS, Hicks RJ (July 2012). 5640:Scott AT, Howe JR (August 2018). 5223:PDQ Cancer Information Summaries 5031:Gastrointestinal and Liver Tumors 4015:World Journal of Gastroenterology 3817:World Journal of Gastroenterology 3447: 2894: 2582:Argentaffin and hormone secretion 2436: 1259:Any T, N1 or N2, M0; T4, N0, M0; 155: 7143: 7038: 6989: 6948: 5610:10.1111/j.1754-9485.2011.02327.x 4386:10.1016/j.critrevonc.2019.03.005 3573:10.1053/j.semnuclmed.2006.03.007 3425:10.1111/j.1365-2559.2007.02883.x 2917:Hepatic artery chemoembolization 2242: 2077:Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors 1802:Regional lymph node involvement 30: 7753:Syringocystadenoma papilliferum 7152:Digestive Diseases and Sciences 6933:. The Telegraph. Archived from 6919: 6908:from the original on 2016-07-14 6890: 6879:from the original on 2016-05-29 6860: 6671: 6627: 6578: 6521: 6472: 6419: 6269: 5976: 5952: 5903: 5821: 5772: 5723: 5541: 5464: 5182: 4980:Digestive Diseases and Sciences 4942: 4913: 4884: 4862: 4833: 4804: 4775: 4726: 4408: 4364: 4248: 4221: 4180: 4131: 3587: 3360:Tan EH, Tan CH (January 2011). 3041:because these cells often show 2979: 2727: 2548:but less commonly there can be 2253:needs additional citations for 2121:pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor 2083:Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor 1591:Regional lymph node metastasis 1372:Regional lymph node metastasis 958:Regional lymph node metastasis 759:Regional lymph node metastasis 369:Pulmonary neuroendocrine tumors 106:, and often producing biogenic 7541:Familial adenomatous polyposis 6479:Chan JA, Kulke MH (May 2009). 4687:"Carney Complex, type 2; CNC2" 4666:"Carney Complex, type 1; CNC1" 4529:British Journal of Anaesthesia 3239: 3190: 2963:platforms and patient-derived 2050:, or cortisol, that can cause 1506:No evidence of primary tumour 1303:No evidence of primary tumour 1092:No evidence of primary tumour 690:No evidence of primary tumour 1: 7916:Paget's disease of the breast 7858:Pancreatic serous cystadenoma 7238: 7214:10.1016/j.humpath.2004.09.018 7109:Cancer and Metastasis Reviews 6846:10.1016/S1051-0443(07)61790-4 6084:10.1634/theoncologist.3-5-339 5847:10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-06-2723 5550:Nature Reviews. Endocrinology 5301:10.1126/science.307.5712.1035 5163:(13th ed.). UBM Medica. 3880:10.1016/S1470-2045(07)70410-2 3651:Oberg K, Jelic S (May 2008). 3109: 2955:Further efforts towards more 2944:using a genetically modified 1860:AJCC Prognostic Stage Groups 1839:Metastasis confined to liver 1649:AJCC Prognostic Stage Groups 1628:Metastasis confined to liver 1430:AJCC Prognostic Stage Groups 1409:Metastasis confined to liver 1227:AJCC Prognostic Stage Groups 1206:Metastasis confined to liver 1016:AJCC Prognostic Stage Groups 995:Metastasis confined to liver 817:AJCC Prognostic Stage Groups 796:Metastasis confined to liver 148:, and scattered cells in the 83:that arise from cells of the 7920:Extramammary Paget's disease 7647:Multiple endocrine neoplasia 6783:10.1016/j.ijrobp.2005.09.011 6393:Journal of Clinical Oncology 6038:10.1053/j.gastro.2005.03.078 5646:Journal of Oncology Practice 5333:Kinver M (January 1, 2010). 4751:10.1097/PAS.0000000000000408 4296:10.5858/2006-130-1693-CTOTUT 3927:10.1053/j.gastro.2008.05.047 3561:Seminars in Nuclear Medicine 3325:10.1097/MPA.0b013e3181ec124e 2804:(Sutent) is approved by the 2767:) metastatic disease, where 2621: 2233: 2065:can occur, sometimes due to 864:Duodenum / Ampulla of Vater 195:carcinoma features, such as 7: 8030:Infectious causes of cancer 7905:Pancreatic ductal carcinoma 7822:Mucinous cystadenocarcinoma 7455:Transitional cell carcinoma 6684:Journal of Nuclear Medicine 5507:Current Opinion in Oncology 5352:Walsh B (January 1, 2010). 2911:Hepatic artery embolization 2901:Hepatic artery embolization 2497:characteristics. NETs show 2447:"salt-and-pepper" chromatin 2375:For morphological imaging, 499:of skin (trabecular cancer) 304:enterochromaffin-like cells 136:such as the pituitary, the 42:of a neuroendocrine tumor. 10: 8051: 7962:Medullary breast carcinoma 7944:Invasive lobular carcinoma 7854:Ovarian serous cystadenoma 7805:Signet ring cell carcinoma 7014:10.1038/s41698-024-00549-2 6291:10.1136/gutjnl-2020-321300 5083:"Carcinoid Tumor Overview" 5061:Pommier R (October 2003). 4951:AJCC Cancer Staging Manual 4922:AJCC Cancer Staging Manual 4893:AJCC Cancer Staging Manual 4842:AJCC Cancer Staging Manual 4813:AJCC Cancer Staging Manual 4784:AJCC Cancer Staging Manual 4587:10.1016/j.beem.2010.02.002 3475:10.1007/s12022-022-09708-2 3203:Developmental Neurobiology 3010: 2898: 2786: 2782: 2755:The exceptions are poorly 2678: 2370: 2329:5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid 2296: 2149:devil facial tumor disease 2080: 1939: 1892:Any T, N1, M0; T4, N0, M0 1462:Any T, N1, M0; T4, N1, M0 1048:T4, N0, M0; Any T, N1, M0 849:Any T, N1, M0; T4, N0, M0 640: 542: 7979: 7952: 7939:Lobular carcinoma in situ 7929: 7890: 7879: 7862:Serous cystadenocarcinoma 7843: 7795: 7772: 7761: 7726: 7699:Clear-cell adenocarcinoma 7669: 7632: 7604: 7523: 7500: 7488:Bartholin gland carcinoma 7468: 7416: 7407: 7399:Glandular and epithelial 7268: 7121:10.1007/s10555-011-9292-1 6697:10.2967/jnumed.115.154500 6649:10.1007/s00259-014-2906-4 6603:10.1007/s00259-014-2857-9 6497:10.1007/s11912-009-0028-0 6259:National Cancer Institute 6237:National Cancer Institute 6215:National Cancer Institute 6193:National Cancer Institute 5960:"Definition of Mesentery" 5929:10.1038/s41379-018-0122-7 5797:10.1007/s00259-016-3328-2 5258:10.1007/s11864-011-0172-2 4156:10.1080/13651820310017228 3694:Seminars in Roentgenology 3526:10.1038/modpathol.3880406 3264:10.1016/j.neo.2017.09.002 2011:radiofrequency ablation. 1867: 1864: 1814: 1811: 1777: 1774: 1724: 1721: 1656: 1653: 1603: 1600: 1566: 1563: 1489: 1486: 1437: 1434: 1384: 1381: 1347: 1344: 1286: 1283: 1234: 1231: 1181: 1178: 1136: 1133: 1075: 1072: 1023: 1020: 970: 967: 933: 930: 876: 873: 824: 821: 771: 768: 734: 731: 673: 670: 584:Grade cannot be assessed 583: 550:World Health Organization 443:Peripheral nervous system 229:and whether they produce 167:World Health Organization 50: 38: 29: 24: 8015:Nervous system neoplasia 7967:Medullary thyroid cancer 7900:Mammary ductal carcinoma 7835:Mucoepidermoid carcinoma 7689:Adenoid cystic carcinoma 7656:Adrenocortical carcinoma 7596:Hepatocellular carcinoma 7251:templates for discussion 6869:"A plutocratic proposal" 6867:Masters A (2014-10-14). 6730:Fong T, Schoenfield LJ. 6485:Current Oncology Reports 6405:10.1200/JCO.2009.22.8510 5834:Clinical Cancer Research 5125:Carcinoid Symposium 2002 4627:Endocrine-Related Cancer 4028:10.3748/wjg.v16.i14.1713 3706:10.1053/j.ro.2005.01.001 3663:(Suppl 2): ii102–ii103. 2399:(SRS or SSRS), utilizes 2337:(NSE, gamma-gamma dimer) 2126: 2028:congestive heart failure 1993:congestive heart failure 1770:Regional Lymph Node (N) 1559:Regional Lymph Node (N) 1340:Regional Lymph Node (N) 1129:Regional Lymph Node (N) 926:Regional Lymph Node (N) 727:Regional Lymph Node (N) 7445:Squamous-cell carcinoma 6166:10.6004/jnccn.2009.0050 5875:Frontiers in Bioscience 5562:10.1038/nrendo.2013.246 4421:Nature Reviews. Urology 3166:10.1136/gut.2004.053314 3030:and their secretion of 2519:Neuron-specific enolase 2335:neuron-specific enolase 1807:Distant Metastasis (M) 1596:Distant Metastasis (M) 1377:Distant Metastasis (M) 1174:Distant Metastasis (M) 963:Distant Metastasis (M) 764:Distant Metastasis (M) 215:lymphovascular invasion 140:and the neuroendocrine 7828:Pseudomyxoma peritonei 7652:Adrenocortical adenoma 7592:Hepatocellular adenoma 7002:npj Precision Oncology 6875:. The Wellcome Trust. 6118:(Suppl 5): v223–v227. 6019:Warner RR (May 2005). 5356:. Time. Archived from 4483:(7 Suppl): 1807–1843. 4433:10.1038/nrurol.2018.22 4415:Davies AH, Beltran H, 4079:10.4240/wjgs.v2.i5.153 3977:10.4251/wjgo.v2.i4.192 3098:(low and intermediate- 2957:personalized therapies 2481: 2458: 2347:Newer markers include 2313: 2109:pancreatic polypeptide 1912:Gastroenteropancreatic 1823:No distant metastasis 1612:No distant metastasis 1393:No distant metastasis 1190:No distant metastasis 979:No distant metastasis 780:No distant metastasis 650: 569:Mitotic count (per 10 560: 502:Inherited conditions: 201:gastrointestinal tract 160: 7990:Acinic cell carcinoma 7714:Papillary hidradenoma 6840:(9 Pt 2): S223–S229. 6546:10.1056/nejmoa1607427 6445:10.1056/NEJMoa1316158 6391:PROMID Study Group". 6368:10.1093/annonc/mdh216 6125:10.1093/annonc/mdq192 5748:10.1210/endrev/bnz004 4782:Amin MB, ed. (2017). 4257:International Surgery 3790:10.1093/ajcp/97.6.796 3670:10.1093/annonc/mdn116 3379:10.5306/wjco.v2.i1.28 3104:prognostic assessment 3000:sensitivity, such as 2948:and supported by the 2668:. However, effective 2464: 2444: 2351:truncated variant of 2308: 2302:particular hormones. 2038:deficiency, and thus 1852: M1c 1844: M1b 1836: M1a 1641: M1c 1633: M1b 1625: M1a 1527: T1b 1519: T1a 1422: M1c 1414: M1b 1406: M1a 1219: M1c 1211: M1b 1203: M1a 1008: M1c 1000: M1b 992: M1a 809: M1c 801: M1b 793: M1a 648: 558: 431:Liver and gallbladder 278:Anatomic distribution 73:Neuroendocrine tumors 7818:Mucinous cystadenoma 7677:Neuroendocrine tumor 7614:Renal cell carcinoma 7450:Basal-cell carcinoma 7430:Small-cell carcinoma 7256:Neuroendocrine tumor 6776:(2 Suppl): S62–S73. 6233:"Merkel cell tumors" 5658:10.1200/JOP.18.00135 5477:www.gpnotebook.co.uk 5190:"Cushing's Syndrome" 4708:(4 ed.). Lyon: 4542:10.1093/bja/86.4.555 4317:Mikuz G (1993). "". 4189:"Hepatic gastrinoma" 3868:The Lancet. Oncology 3160:(Suppl 4): iv1–i16. 2946:oncolytic adenovirus 2853:radioisotope therapy 2851:(PRRT) is a type of 2844:Radionuclide therapy 2652:and a UK panel. The 2493:origin, have common 2262:improve this article 2216:neuroendocrine cells 468:Genitourinary tract 25:Neuroendocrine tumor 8020:Endocrine neoplasia 7954:Medullary carcinoma 7440:Verrucous carcinoma 5388:1994NYASA.733....1L 5360:on January 8, 2010. 4957:. pp. 415–16. 4868:AJCC, 8th edition: 4640:10.1677/ERC-08-0142 3830:10.3748/wjg.14.5377 3463:Endocrine Pathology 3061:5-hydroxytryptophan 2940:AdVince, a type of 2816:than gastroenteric 2608:5-hydroxytryptophan 2018:, particularly the 1831:Distant metastasis 1713: 1620:Distant metastasis 1478: 1401:Distant metastasis 1275: 1198:Distant metastasis 1064: 987:Distant metastasis 865: 788:Distant metastasis 662: 358:medullary carcinoma 315:medullary carcinoma 8035:Neuroendocrinology 7787:Cystadenocarcinoma 7619:Endometrioid tumor 7582:Cholangiocarcinoma 7470:Complex epithelial 7460:Inverted papilloma 7164:10.1007/BF01297144 7051:Neuroendocrinology 6961:Neuroendocrinology 6898:"iCancer web site" 6355:Annals of Oncology 6112:Annals of Oncology 5698:Discovery Medicine 5442:10.1007/bf03345602 5087:Health Communities 4992:10.1007/BF01297144 4712:. pp. 13–14. 4489:10.1002/cncr.23648 3746:10.1002/cncr.23542 3657:Annals of Oncology 3215:10.1002/dneu.20984 3028:Nikolai Kulchitsky 2701:Symptomatic relief 2485:Features in common 2482: 2459: 2449:, as seen here on 2420:gallium-68 DOTATOC 2387:(ultrasound), and 2314: 2206:such as for MEN1. 2204:germline mutations 2192:tuberous sclerosis 2159:Familial syndromes 2052:Cushing's syndrome 2006:heart palpitations 1998:abdominal cramping 1970:carcinoid syndrome 1907:Signs and symptoms 1717:Primary Tumor (T) 1711: 1482:Primary Tumor (T) 1476: 1279:Primary Tumor (T) 1273: 1068:Primary Tumor (T) 1063:Jejunum and Ileum 1062: 869:Primary Tumor (T) 863: 666:Primary Tumor (T) 660: 651: 561: 530:tuberous sclerosis 362:Parathyroid tumors 197:goblet cell cancer 104:secretory granules 57:Endocrine oncology 8025:Pancreatic cancer 8002: 8001: 7998: 7997: 7975: 7974: 7931:Lobular carcinoma 7875: 7874: 7722: 7721: 7496: 7495: 7366: 7365: 7208:(12): 1440–1451. 7064:10.1159/000507669 6974:10.1159/000509864 6597:(11): 2106–2119. 6399:(28): 4656–4663. 5985:"Carcinoid Tumor" 5840:(16): 4704–4712. 5736:Endocrine Reviews 5170:978-0-615-41824-7 5119:Kvols LK (2002). 5040:978-3-540-43462-7 4964:978-3-319-40617-6 4935:978-3-319-40617-6 4906:978-3-319-40617-6 4855:978-3-319-40617-6 4826:978-3-319-40617-6 4797:978-3-319-40617-6 4719:978-92-832-2432-7 4290:(11): 1693–1706. 4021:(14): 1713–1719. 3823:(35): 5377–5384. 2602:Foregut NETs are 2294: 2293: 2286: 2186:neurofibromatosis 2180:von Hippel-Lindau 2097:pancreatic cancer 2063:Bowel obstruction 1904: 1903: 1900:Any T, any N, M1 1884:T2 or T3, N0, M0 1709: 1708: 1705:Any T, any N, M1 1477:Colon and Rectum 1474: 1473: 1470:Any T, any N, M1 1454:T2 or T3, N0, M0 1271: 1270: 1267:Any T, any N, M1 1251:T2 or T3, N0, M0 1060: 1059: 1056:Any T, any N, M1 1040:T2 or T3, N0, M0 861: 860: 857:Any T, any N, M1 841:T2 or T3, N0, M0 621: 620: 524:neurofibromatosis 518:von Hippel-Lindau 445:tumors, such as: 175:anatomical origin 70: 69: 19:Medical condition 8042: 7922: 7892:Ductal carcinoma 7888: 7887: 7868: 7824: 7810:Krukenberg tumor 7770: 7769: 7624:Renal oncocytoma 7536:Linitis plastica 7525:Gastrointestinal 7521: 7520: 7507: 7506: 7414: 7413: 7393: 7386: 7379: 7370: 7369: 7266: 7265: 7226: 7225: 7197: 7184: 7183: 7147: 7141: 7140: 7115:(Suppl 1): 3–7. 7104: 7095: 7094: 7076: 7066: 7042: 7036: 7035: 7025: 6993: 6987: 6986: 6976: 6952: 6946: 6945: 6943: 6942: 6923: 6917: 6916: 6914: 6913: 6894: 6888: 6887: 6885: 6884: 6864: 6858: 6857: 6829: 6823: 6822: 6802: 6796: 6795: 6785: 6761: 6752: 6751: 6749: 6747: 6738:. Archived from 6727: 6718: 6717: 6699: 6675: 6669: 6668: 6631: 6625: 6624: 6614: 6582: 6576: 6575: 6565: 6525: 6519: 6518: 6508: 6476: 6470: 6467: 6458: 6457: 6447: 6423: 6417: 6416: 6387: 6381: 6380: 6370: 6346: 6340: 6339: 6337: 6335: 6325: 6317: 6311: 6310: 6285:(9): 1768–1781. 6273: 6267: 6266: 6261:. Archived from 6251: 6245: 6244: 6229: 6223: 6222: 6217:. Archived from 6207: 6201: 6200: 6195:. Archived from 6185: 6179: 6178: 6168: 6144: 6138: 6137: 6127: 6103: 6097: 6096: 6086: 6065:Öberg K (1998). 6062: 6051: 6050: 6040: 6031:(6): 1668–1684. 6025:Gastroenterology 6016: 6005: 6004: 6002: 6000: 5980: 5974: 5973: 5971: 5970: 5956: 5950: 5949: 5931: 5916:Modern Pathology 5907: 5901: 5900: 5890: 5866: 5860: 5859: 5849: 5825: 5819: 5818: 5808: 5791:(9): 1585–1592. 5776: 5770: 5769: 5759: 5727: 5721: 5720: 5718: 5716: 5689: 5680: 5679: 5669: 5637: 5631: 5630: 5612: 5588: 5582: 5581: 5545: 5539: 5538: 5502: 5493: 5492: 5490: 5488: 5468: 5462: 5461: 5425: 5416: 5415: 5371: 5362: 5361: 5349: 5343: 5342: 5330: 5324: 5323: 5284: 5278: 5277: 5241: 5235: 5234: 5214: 5205: 5204: 5202: 5200: 5186: 5180: 5178: 5173:. Archived from 5152: 5133: 5132: 5116: 5095: 5094: 5089:. Archived from 5079: 5073: 5072: 5058: 5045: 5044: 5026: 5013: 5011: 4975: 4969: 4968: 4946: 4940: 4939: 4917: 4911: 4910: 4888: 4882: 4881: 4866: 4860: 4859: 4837: 4831: 4830: 4808: 4802: 4801: 4779: 4773: 4772: 4762: 4730: 4724: 4723: 4701: 4695: 4694: 4683: 4674: 4673: 4662: 4653: 4652: 4642: 4618: 4609: 4608: 4598: 4566: 4555: 4554: 4544: 4520: 4511: 4510: 4500: 4468: 4453: 4452: 4412: 4406: 4405: 4368: 4362: 4361: 4341: 4335: 4334: 4314: 4308: 4307: 4279: 4273: 4272: 4252: 4246: 4245: 4225: 4219: 4218: 4208: 4199:(5): 1547–1550. 4184: 4178: 4177: 4167: 4135: 4129: 4128: 4108: 4102: 4101: 4091: 4081: 4057: 4051: 4050: 4040: 4030: 4006: 4000: 3999: 3989: 3979: 3955: 3949: 3948: 3938: 3921:(5): 1469–1492. 3915:Gastroenterology 3906: 3900: 3899: 3859: 3853: 3852: 3842: 3832: 3808: 3802: 3801: 3773: 3767: 3766: 3748: 3724: 3718: 3717: 3689: 3683: 3682: 3672: 3648: 3639: 3638: 3618: 3612: 3611: 3591: 3585: 3584: 3556: 3547: 3546: 3528: 3513:Modern Pathology 3504: 3495: 3494: 3458: 3445: 3444: 3408: 3402: 3401: 3391: 3381: 3357: 3346: 3345: 3327: 3303: 3286: 3285: 3275: 3258:(12): 991–1002. 3243: 3237: 3236: 3226: 3209:(9): 1181–1195. 3194: 3188: 3187: 3177: 3145: 3024:Enterochromaffin 2794:Targeted therapy 2775:may be used and 2662:pheochromocytoma 2466:Small intestinal 2289: 2282: 2278: 2275: 2269: 2246: 2238: 2153:Tasmanian devils 2002:peripheral edema 1936:Carcinoid tumors 1918:gastrointestinal 1714: 1710: 1479: 1475: 1276: 1272: 1065: 1061: 866: 862: 663: 659: 576:Ki-67 index (%) 563: 562: 438:Pheochromocytoma 300:Kulchitsky cells 296:endocrine glands 245:gastrointestinal 213:features: size, 173:rather than the 134:endocrine glands 124:neurons storing 66: 65: 34: 22: 21: 8050: 8049: 8045: 8044: 8043: 8041: 8040: 8039: 8005: 8004: 8003: 7994: 7971: 7948: 7925: 7914: 7910:Comedocarcinoma 7883: 7881: 7871: 7852: 7839: 7816: 7791: 7765: 7763: 7757: 7728: 7718: 7665: 7628: 7600: 7573:Somatostatinoma 7516:adenocarcinomas 7514: 7492: 7478:Warthin's tumor 7464: 7403: 7397: 7367: 7362: 7361: 7277: 7254: 7235: 7230: 7229: 7202:Human Pathology 7198: 7187: 7148: 7144: 7105: 7098: 7043: 7039: 6994: 6990: 6953: 6949: 6940: 6938: 6924: 6920: 6911: 6909: 6896: 6895: 6891: 6882: 6880: 6865: 6861: 6830: 6826: 6803: 6799: 6762: 6755: 6745: 6743: 6736:medicinenet.com 6728: 6721: 6676: 6672: 6632: 6628: 6583: 6579: 6526: 6522: 6477: 6473: 6468: 6461: 6424: 6420: 6388: 6384: 6347: 6343: 6333: 6331: 6328:NCCN Guidelines 6323: 6319: 6318: 6314: 6274: 6270: 6253: 6252: 6248: 6231: 6230: 6226: 6209: 6208: 6204: 6187: 6186: 6182: 6145: 6141: 6104: 6100: 6063: 6054: 6017: 6008: 5998: 5996: 5981: 5977: 5968: 5966: 5958: 5957: 5953: 5908: 5904: 5867: 5863: 5826: 5822: 5777: 5773: 5728: 5724: 5714: 5712: 5690: 5683: 5638: 5634: 5589: 5585: 5546: 5542: 5503: 5496: 5486: 5484: 5469: 5465: 5426: 5419: 5372: 5365: 5350: 5346: 5331: 5327: 5285: 5281: 5242: 5238: 5215: 5208: 5198: 5196: 5188: 5187: 5183: 5171: 5153: 5136: 5117: 5098: 5081: 5080: 5076: 5059: 5048: 5041: 5027: 5016: 4976: 4972: 4965: 4947: 4943: 4936: 4928:. p. 399. 4918: 4914: 4907: 4899:. p. 392. 4889: 4885: 4867: 4863: 4856: 4848:. p. 369. 4838: 4834: 4827: 4819:. p. 355. 4809: 4805: 4798: 4790:. p. 351. 4780: 4776: 4731: 4727: 4720: 4702: 4698: 4685: 4684: 4677: 4664: 4663: 4656: 4619: 4612: 4567: 4558: 4521: 4514: 4469: 4456: 4413: 4409: 4369: 4365: 4342: 4338: 4315: 4311: 4280: 4276: 4253: 4249: 4226: 4222: 4185: 4181: 4136: 4132: 4109: 4105: 4058: 4054: 4007: 4003: 3956: 3952: 3907: 3903: 3860: 3856: 3809: 3805: 3774: 3770: 3725: 3721: 3690: 3686: 3649: 3642: 3619: 3615: 3592: 3588: 3557: 3550: 3505: 3498: 3459: 3448: 3409: 3405: 3358: 3349: 3304: 3289: 3244: 3240: 3195: 3191: 3146: 3117: 3112: 3087:arise from the 3085:embryologically 3013: 3005:ultrasonography 2982: 2938: 2936:Other therapies 2903: 2897: 2846: 2800:(Afinitor) and 2791: 2785: 2749: 2730: 2703: 2681: 2624: 2584: 2503:differentiation 2487: 2439: 2373: 2299: 2290: 2279: 2273: 2270: 2259: 2247: 2236: 2212: 2210:Pathophysiology 2161: 2129: 2085: 2079: 2046:that can cause 1960:, most notably 1944: 1938: 1914: 1909: 1725:Tumor Criteria 1490:Tumor Criteria 1287:Tumor Criteria 1076:Tumor Criteria 904: 894: 877:Tumor Criteria 674:Tumor Criteria 643: 545: 418:adenocarcinoid) 345:Pituitary gland 335:adrenomedullary 280: 249:salivary glands 163: 158: 93:nervous systems 60: 20: 17: 12: 11: 5: 8048: 8038: 8037: 8032: 8027: 8022: 8017: 8000: 7999: 7996: 7995: 7993: 7992: 7986: 7984: 7977: 7976: 7973: 7972: 7970: 7969: 7964: 7958: 7956: 7950: 7949: 7947: 7946: 7941: 7935: 7933: 7927: 7926: 7924: 7923: 7912: 7907: 7902: 7896: 7894: 7885: 7877: 7876: 7873: 7872: 7870: 7869: 7849: 7847: 7841: 7840: 7838: 7837: 7832: 7831: 7830: 7814: 7813: 7812: 7801: 7799: 7793: 7792: 7790: 7789: 7779: 7777: 7767: 7759: 7758: 7756: 7755: 7750: 7749: 7748: 7743: 7732: 7730: 7729:skin appendage 7724: 7723: 7720: 7719: 7717: 7716: 7711: 7706: 7701: 7696: 7691: 7686: 7685: 7684: 7673: 7671: 7670:Other/multiple 7667: 7666: 7664: 7663: 7658: 7649: 7644: 7638: 7636: 7630: 7629: 7627: 7626: 7621: 7616: 7610: 7608: 7602: 7601: 7599: 7598: 7589: 7587:Klatskin tumor 7584: 7578: 7577: 7576: 7575: 7570: 7565: 7560: 7555: 7544: 7543: 7538: 7529: 7527: 7518: 7504: 7498: 7497: 7494: 7493: 7491: 7490: 7485: 7480: 7474: 7472: 7466: 7465: 7463: 7462: 7457: 7452: 7447: 7442: 7437: 7432: 7426: 7424: 7411: 7405: 7404: 7396: 7395: 7388: 7381: 7373: 7364: 7363: 7360: 7359: 7348: 7321: 7306: 7278: 7273: 7272: 7270: 7269:Classification 7263: 7262: 7234: 7233:External links 7231: 7228: 7227: 7185: 7158:(7): 933–942. 7142: 7096: 7057:(3): 273–287. 7037: 6988: 6967:(3): 217–236. 6947: 6929:(2016-07-02). 6918: 6902:icancer.org.uk 6889: 6859: 6824: 6813:(3): 317–324. 6797: 6753: 6719: 6690:(6): 968–969. 6670: 6643:(2): 176–185. 6626: 6577: 6540:(2): 125–135. 6520: 6491:(3): 193–199. 6471: 6459: 6438:(3): 224–233. 6418: 6382: 6361:(6): 966–973. 6341: 6312: 6268: 6265:on 2011-06-07. 6246: 6243:on 2011-06-07. 6224: 6221:on 2011-06-27. 6202: 6199:on 2011-06-07. 6180: 6159:(7): 712–747. 6139: 6098: 6077:(5): 339–345. 6071:The Oncologist 6052: 6006: 5975: 5951: 5922:(1): 100–109. 5902: 5881:(1): 332–342. 5861: 5820: 5771: 5742:(2): 371–403. 5722: 5681: 5652:(8): 471–482. 5632: 5583: 5556:(2): 102–114. 5540: 5513:(4): 386–391. 5494: 5463: 5436:(3): 277–286. 5417: 5363: 5344: 5325: 5295:(5712): 1035. 5279: 5236: 5206: 5181: 5177:on 2011-05-15. 5169: 5134: 5131:on 2015-01-05. 5096: 5093:on 2012-03-03. 5074: 5071:on 2015-09-15. 5046: 5039: 5014: 4986:(7): 933–942. 4970: 4963: 4953:(8 ed.). 4941: 4934: 4924:(8 ed.). 4912: 4905: 4895:(8 ed.). 4883: 4861: 4854: 4844:(8 ed.). 4832: 4825: 4815:(8 ed.). 4803: 4796: 4786:(8 ed.). 4774: 4745:(5): 683–690. 4725: 4718: 4696: 4693:. OMIM 605244. 4675: 4672:. OMIM 160980. 4654: 4610: 4581:(3): 439–449. 4556: 4535:(4): 555–564. 4512: 4454: 4427:(5): 271–286. 4407: 4363: 4352:(3): 327–334. 4336: 4309: 4274: 4247: 4220: 4179: 4130: 4119:(4): 457–468. 4103: 4072:(5): 153–156. 4052: 4001: 3970:(4): 192–196. 3950: 3901: 3854: 3803: 3784:(6): 796–805. 3768: 3719: 3684: 3640: 3629:(5): 285–292. 3613: 3602:(4): 517–530. 3586: 3567:(3): 228–247. 3548: 3519:(9): 880–885. 3496: 3469:(1): 115–154. 3446: 3419:(6): 763–773. 3413:Histopathology 3403: 3347: 3318:(6): 707–712. 3287: 3238: 3189: 3114: 3113: 3111: 3108: 3096:differentiated 3077:catecholamines 3012: 3009: 2981: 2978: 2961:drug screening 2937: 2934: 2933: 2932: 2920: 2914: 2899:Main article: 2896: 2895:Hepatic artery 2893: 2845: 2842: 2787:Main article: 2784: 2781: 2757:differentiated 2748: 2745: 2729: 2726: 2702: 2699: 2680: 2677: 2623: 2620: 2619: 2618: 2615: 2611: 2583: 2580: 2556:activity, and 2521:(NSE) is less 2486: 2483: 2438: 2437:Histopathology 2435: 2372: 2369: 2345: 2344: 2338: 2332: 2325: 2298: 2295: 2292: 2291: 2250: 2248: 2241: 2235: 2232: 2220:neuroendocrine 2211: 2208: 2200: 2199: 2197:Carney complex 2194: 2189: 2183: 2177: 2171: 2160: 2157: 2128: 2125: 2081:Main article: 2078: 2075: 2057:Occasionally, 2044:growth hormone 2008: 2007: 2004: 1999: 1996: 1990: 1984: 1979: 1940:Main article: 1937: 1934: 1913: 1910: 1908: 1905: 1902: 1901: 1898: 1894: 1893: 1890: 1886: 1885: 1882: 1878: 1877: 1874: 1870: 1869: 1866: 1862: 1861: 1857: 1856: 1853: 1849: 1848: 1845: 1841: 1840: 1837: 1833: 1832: 1829: 1825: 1824: 1821: 1817: 1816: 1813: 1809: 1808: 1804: 1803: 1800: 1796: 1795: 1792: 1788: 1787: 1784: 1780: 1779: 1776: 1772: 1771: 1767: 1766: 1763: 1759: 1758: 1755: 1751: 1750: 1747: 1743: 1742: 1739: 1735: 1734: 1731: 1727: 1726: 1723: 1719: 1718: 1707: 1706: 1703: 1699: 1698: 1697:Any T, N1, M0 1695: 1691: 1690: 1687: 1683: 1682: 1679: 1675: 1674: 1671: 1667: 1666: 1663: 1659: 1658: 1655: 1651: 1650: 1646: 1645: 1642: 1638: 1637: 1634: 1630: 1629: 1626: 1622: 1621: 1618: 1614: 1613: 1610: 1606: 1605: 1602: 1598: 1597: 1593: 1592: 1589: 1585: 1584: 1581: 1577: 1576: 1573: 1569: 1568: 1565: 1561: 1560: 1556: 1555: 1552: 1548: 1547: 1544: 1540: 1539: 1536: 1532: 1531: 1528: 1524: 1523: 1520: 1516: 1515: 1512: 1508: 1507: 1504: 1500: 1499: 1496: 1492: 1491: 1488: 1484: 1483: 1472: 1471: 1468: 1464: 1463: 1460: 1456: 1455: 1452: 1448: 1447: 1444: 1440: 1439: 1436: 1432: 1431: 1427: 1426: 1423: 1419: 1418: 1415: 1411: 1410: 1407: 1403: 1402: 1399: 1395: 1394: 1391: 1387: 1386: 1383: 1379: 1378: 1374: 1373: 1370: 1366: 1365: 1362: 1358: 1357: 1354: 1350: 1349: 1346: 1342: 1341: 1337: 1336: 1333: 1329: 1328: 1325: 1321: 1320: 1317: 1313: 1312: 1309: 1305: 1304: 1301: 1297: 1296: 1293: 1289: 1288: 1285: 1281: 1280: 1269: 1268: 1265: 1261: 1260: 1257: 1253: 1252: 1249: 1245: 1244: 1241: 1237: 1236: 1233: 1229: 1228: 1224: 1223: 1220: 1216: 1215: 1212: 1208: 1207: 1204: 1200: 1199: 1196: 1192: 1191: 1188: 1184: 1183: 1180: 1176: 1175: 1171: 1170: 1167: 1163: 1162: 1159: 1155: 1154: 1151: 1147: 1146: 1143: 1139: 1138: 1135: 1131: 1130: 1126: 1125: 1122: 1118: 1117: 1114: 1110: 1109: 1106: 1102: 1101: 1098: 1094: 1093: 1090: 1086: 1085: 1082: 1078: 1077: 1074: 1070: 1069: 1058: 1057: 1054: 1050: 1049: 1046: 1042: 1041: 1038: 1034: 1033: 1030: 1026: 1025: 1022: 1018: 1017: 1013: 1012: 1009: 1005: 1004: 1001: 997: 996: 993: 989: 988: 985: 981: 980: 977: 973: 972: 969: 965: 964: 960: 959: 956: 952: 951: 948: 944: 943: 940: 936: 935: 932: 928: 927: 923: 922: 919: 915: 914: 911: 907: 906: 901: 897: 896: 891: 887: 886: 883: 879: 878: 875: 871: 870: 859: 858: 855: 851: 850: 847: 843: 842: 839: 835: 834: 831: 827: 826: 823: 819: 818: 814: 813: 810: 806: 805: 802: 798: 797: 794: 790: 789: 786: 782: 781: 778: 774: 773: 770: 766: 765: 761: 760: 757: 753: 752: 749: 745: 744: 741: 737: 736: 733: 729: 728: 724: 723: 720: 716: 715: 712: 708: 707: 704: 700: 699: 696: 692: 691: 688: 684: 683: 680: 676: 675: 672: 668: 667: 642: 639: 619: 618: 615: 612: 608: 607: 604: 601: 597: 596: 593: 590: 586: 585: 582: 578: 577: 574: 567: 544: 541: 540: 539: 538: 537: 535:Carney complex 532: 527: 521: 515: 509: 500: 491: 490: 489: 486: 483:Prostate tumor 480: 475: 472: 466: 463: 462: 461: 456: 451: 440: 435: 432: 429: 428: 427: 421: 420: 419: 409: 408: 407: 395: 392: 391: 390: 384: 377: 374: 366: 363: 360: 351: 319:parafollicular 279: 276: 264:differentiated 189: 188: 185: 182: 162: 159: 157: 156:Classification 154: 68: 67: 54: 48: 47: 36: 35: 27: 26: 18: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8047: 8036: 8033: 8031: 8028: 8026: 8023: 8021: 8018: 8016: 8013: 8012: 8010: 7991: 7988: 7987: 7985: 7982: 7978: 7968: 7965: 7963: 7960: 7959: 7957: 7955: 7951: 7945: 7942: 7940: 7937: 7936: 7934: 7932: 7928: 7921: 7917: 7913: 7911: 7908: 7906: 7903: 7901: 7898: 7897: 7895: 7893: 7889: 7886: 7884:and medullary 7878: 7867: 7863: 7859: 7855: 7851: 7850: 7848: 7846: 7842: 7836: 7833: 7829: 7826: 7825: 7823: 7819: 7815: 7811: 7808: 7807: 7806: 7803: 7802: 7800: 7798: 7794: 7788: 7784: 7781: 7780: 7778: 7775: 7771: 7768: 7760: 7754: 7751: 7747: 7744: 7742: 7739: 7738: 7737: 7734: 7733: 7731: 7725: 7715: 7712: 7710: 7707: 7705: 7702: 7700: 7697: 7695: 7692: 7690: 7687: 7683: 7680: 7679: 7678: 7675: 7674: 7672: 7668: 7662: 7659: 7657: 7653: 7650: 7648: 7645: 7643: 7640: 7639: 7637: 7635: 7631: 7625: 7622: 7620: 7617: 7615: 7612: 7611: 7609: 7607: 7603: 7597: 7593: 7590: 7588: 7585: 7583: 7580: 7579: 7574: 7571: 7569: 7566: 7564: 7561: 7559: 7556: 7554: 7551: 7550: 7549: 7546: 7545: 7542: 7539: 7537: 7534: 7531: 7530: 7528: 7526: 7522: 7519: 7517: 7512: 7508: 7505: 7503: 7499: 7489: 7486: 7484: 7481: 7479: 7476: 7475: 7473: 7471: 7467: 7461: 7458: 7456: 7453: 7451: 7448: 7446: 7443: 7441: 7438: 7436: 7433: 7431: 7428: 7427: 7425: 7423: 7419: 7415: 7412: 7410: 7406: 7402: 7394: 7389: 7387: 7382: 7380: 7375: 7374: 7371: 7358: 7354: 7353: 7349: 7347: 7343: 7339: 7335: 7331: 7327: 7326: 7322: 7320: 7316: 7315: 7311: 7307: 7305: 7301: 7297: 7293: 7289: 7288: 7284: 7280: 7279: 7276: 7271: 7267: 7261: 7257: 7252: 7248: 7247: 7242: 7237: 7236: 7223: 7219: 7215: 7211: 7207: 7203: 7196: 7194: 7192: 7190: 7181: 7177: 7173: 7169: 7165: 7161: 7157: 7153: 7146: 7138: 7134: 7130: 7126: 7122: 7118: 7114: 7110: 7103: 7101: 7092: 7088: 7084: 7080: 7075: 7074:11392/2447420 7070: 7065: 7060: 7056: 7052: 7048: 7041: 7033: 7029: 7024: 7019: 7015: 7011: 7007: 7003: 6999: 6992: 6984: 6980: 6975: 6970: 6966: 6962: 6958: 6951: 6937:on 2016-07-03 6936: 6932: 6928: 6922: 6907: 6903: 6899: 6893: 6878: 6874: 6870: 6863: 6855: 6851: 6847: 6843: 6839: 6835: 6828: 6820: 6816: 6812: 6808: 6801: 6793: 6789: 6784: 6779: 6775: 6771: 6767: 6760: 6758: 6742:on 2014-12-24 6741: 6737: 6733: 6726: 6724: 6715: 6711: 6707: 6703: 6698: 6693: 6689: 6685: 6681: 6674: 6666: 6662: 6658: 6654: 6650: 6646: 6642: 6638: 6630: 6622: 6618: 6613: 6608: 6604: 6600: 6596: 6592: 6588: 6581: 6573: 6569: 6564: 6559: 6555: 6551: 6547: 6543: 6539: 6535: 6531: 6524: 6516: 6512: 6507: 6502: 6498: 6494: 6490: 6486: 6482: 6475: 6466: 6464: 6455: 6451: 6446: 6441: 6437: 6433: 6429: 6422: 6414: 6410: 6406: 6402: 6398: 6394: 6386: 6378: 6374: 6369: 6364: 6360: 6356: 6352: 6345: 6329: 6322: 6316: 6308: 6304: 6300: 6296: 6292: 6288: 6284: 6280: 6272: 6264: 6260: 6256: 6250: 6242: 6238: 6234: 6228: 6220: 6216: 6212: 6206: 6198: 6194: 6190: 6184: 6176: 6172: 6167: 6162: 6158: 6154: 6150: 6143: 6135: 6131: 6126: 6121: 6117: 6113: 6109: 6102: 6094: 6090: 6085: 6080: 6076: 6072: 6068: 6061: 6059: 6057: 6048: 6044: 6039: 6034: 6030: 6026: 6022: 6015: 6013: 6011: 5994: 5991:. WebMD LLC. 5990: 5986: 5979: 5965: 5961: 5955: 5947: 5943: 5939: 5935: 5930: 5925: 5921: 5917: 5913: 5906: 5898: 5894: 5889: 5884: 5880: 5876: 5872: 5865: 5857: 5853: 5848: 5843: 5839: 5835: 5831: 5824: 5816: 5812: 5807: 5802: 5798: 5794: 5790: 5786: 5782: 5775: 5767: 5763: 5758: 5753: 5749: 5745: 5741: 5737: 5733: 5726: 5711: 5707: 5704:(74): 71–81. 5703: 5699: 5695: 5688: 5686: 5677: 5673: 5668: 5663: 5659: 5655: 5651: 5647: 5643: 5636: 5628: 5624: 5620: 5616: 5611: 5606: 5602: 5598: 5594: 5587: 5579: 5575: 5571: 5567: 5563: 5559: 5555: 5551: 5544: 5536: 5532: 5528: 5524: 5520: 5516: 5512: 5508: 5501: 5499: 5482: 5478: 5474: 5467: 5459: 5455: 5451: 5447: 5443: 5439: 5435: 5431: 5424: 5422: 5413: 5409: 5405: 5401: 5397: 5393: 5389: 5385: 5381: 5377: 5370: 5368: 5359: 5355: 5348: 5340: 5336: 5329: 5322: 5318: 5314: 5310: 5306: 5302: 5298: 5294: 5290: 5283: 5275: 5271: 5267: 5263: 5259: 5255: 5251: 5247: 5240: 5232: 5228: 5224: 5220: 5213: 5211: 5195: 5191: 5185: 5176: 5172: 5166: 5162: 5158: 5151: 5149: 5147: 5145: 5143: 5141: 5139: 5130: 5126: 5122: 5115: 5113: 5111: 5109: 5107: 5105: 5103: 5101: 5092: 5088: 5084: 5078: 5070: 5066: 5065: 5057: 5055: 5053: 5051: 5042: 5036: 5032: 5025: 5023: 5021: 5019: 5009: 5005: 5001: 4997: 4993: 4989: 4985: 4981: 4974: 4966: 4960: 4956: 4952: 4945: 4937: 4931: 4927: 4923: 4916: 4908: 4902: 4898: 4894: 4887: 4879: 4878: 4873: 4865: 4857: 4851: 4847: 4843: 4836: 4828: 4822: 4818: 4814: 4807: 4799: 4793: 4789: 4785: 4778: 4770: 4766: 4761: 4756: 4752: 4748: 4744: 4740: 4736: 4729: 4721: 4715: 4711: 4707: 4700: 4692: 4688: 4682: 4680: 4671: 4667: 4661: 4659: 4650: 4646: 4641: 4636: 4632: 4628: 4624: 4617: 4615: 4606: 4602: 4597: 4592: 4588: 4584: 4580: 4576: 4572: 4565: 4563: 4561: 4552: 4548: 4543: 4538: 4534: 4530: 4526: 4519: 4517: 4508: 4504: 4499: 4494: 4490: 4486: 4482: 4478: 4474: 4467: 4465: 4463: 4461: 4459: 4450: 4446: 4442: 4438: 4434: 4430: 4426: 4422: 4418: 4411: 4403: 4399: 4395: 4391: 4387: 4383: 4379: 4375: 4367: 4359: 4355: 4351: 4347: 4340: 4332: 4328: 4324: 4320: 4313: 4305: 4301: 4297: 4293: 4289: 4285: 4278: 4270: 4266: 4262: 4258: 4251: 4243: 4239: 4235: 4231: 4224: 4216: 4212: 4207: 4202: 4198: 4194: 4190: 4183: 4175: 4171: 4166: 4161: 4157: 4153: 4149: 4145: 4141: 4134: 4126: 4122: 4118: 4114: 4107: 4099: 4095: 4090: 4085: 4080: 4075: 4071: 4067: 4063: 4056: 4048: 4044: 4039: 4034: 4029: 4024: 4020: 4016: 4012: 4005: 3997: 3993: 3988: 3983: 3978: 3973: 3969: 3965: 3961: 3954: 3946: 3942: 3937: 3932: 3928: 3924: 3920: 3916: 3912: 3905: 3897: 3893: 3889: 3885: 3881: 3877: 3873: 3869: 3865: 3858: 3850: 3846: 3841: 3836: 3831: 3826: 3822: 3818: 3814: 3807: 3799: 3795: 3791: 3787: 3783: 3779: 3772: 3764: 3760: 3756: 3752: 3747: 3742: 3738: 3734: 3730: 3723: 3715: 3711: 3707: 3703: 3699: 3695: 3688: 3680: 3676: 3671: 3666: 3662: 3658: 3654: 3647: 3645: 3636: 3632: 3628: 3624: 3617: 3609: 3605: 3601: 3597: 3590: 3582: 3578: 3574: 3570: 3566: 3562: 3555: 3553: 3544: 3540: 3536: 3532: 3527: 3522: 3518: 3514: 3510: 3503: 3501: 3492: 3488: 3484: 3480: 3476: 3472: 3468: 3464: 3457: 3455: 3453: 3451: 3442: 3438: 3434: 3430: 3426: 3422: 3418: 3414: 3407: 3399: 3395: 3390: 3385: 3380: 3375: 3371: 3367: 3363: 3356: 3354: 3352: 3343: 3339: 3335: 3331: 3326: 3321: 3317: 3313: 3309: 3302: 3300: 3298: 3296: 3294: 3292: 3283: 3279: 3274: 3269: 3265: 3261: 3257: 3253: 3249: 3242: 3234: 3230: 3225: 3220: 3216: 3212: 3208: 3204: 3200: 3193: 3185: 3181: 3176: 3171: 3167: 3163: 3159: 3155: 3151: 3144: 3142: 3140: 3138: 3136: 3134: 3132: 3130: 3128: 3126: 3124: 3122: 3120: 3115: 3107: 3105: 3101: 3097: 3092: 3090: 3086: 3082: 3078: 3074: 3073: 3068: 3067: 3062: 3058: 3054: 3053: 3049: 3047: 3046: 3040: 3035: 3033: 3029: 3025: 3021: 3017: 3008: 3006: 3003: 2998: 2994: 2989: 2987: 2977: 2975: 2971: 2970:cell cultures 2968: 2967: 2962: 2958: 2953: 2951: 2947: 2943: 2930: 2926: 2925: 2921: 2918: 2915: 2912: 2909: 2908: 2907: 2902: 2892: 2889: 2886: 2882: 2878: 2874: 2870: 2869:intravenously 2866: 2862: 2858: 2854: 2850: 2841: 2839: 2835: 2831: 2827: 2823: 2819: 2815: 2811: 2807: 2803: 2799: 2795: 2790: 2780: 2778: 2774: 2770: 2766: 2762: 2758: 2753: 2744: 2742: 2738: 2734: 2725: 2722: 2719: 2715: 2713: 2707: 2698: 2696: 2693: 2688: 2686: 2676: 2674: 2671: 2667: 2666:paraganglioma 2663: 2659: 2655: 2651: 2647: 2642: 2640: 2635: 2632: 2630: 2616: 2612: 2609: 2605: 2601: 2600: 2599: 2597: 2593: 2589: 2579: 2577: 2573: 2569: 2566: 2561: 2559: 2555: 2551: 2547: 2543: 2539: 2535: 2531: 2526: 2524: 2520: 2516: 2512: 2511:synaptophysin 2508: 2507:chromogranins 2504: 2500: 2496: 2492: 2491:embryological 2479: 2478:H&E stain 2475: 2471: 2467: 2463: 2456: 2452: 2451:H&E stain 2448: 2443: 2434: 2430: 2427: 2423: 2421: 2417: 2414:-68 receptor 2413: 2408: 2406: 2402: 2401:intravenously 2398: 2392: 2390: 2386: 2382: 2378: 2368: 2366: 2362: 2358: 2354: 2350: 2342: 2341:synaptophysin 2339: 2336: 2333: 2330: 2326: 2323: 2320: 2319: 2318: 2311: 2310:Synaptophysin 2307: 2303: 2288: 2285: 2277: 2274:November 2020 2267: 2263: 2257: 2256: 2251:This section 2249: 2245: 2240: 2239: 2231: 2229: 2225: 2221: 2217: 2207: 2205: 2198: 2195: 2193: 2190: 2187: 2184: 2182:(VHL) disease 2181: 2178: 2175: 2172: 2169: 2166: 2165: 2164: 2156: 2154: 2150: 2146: 2142: 2138: 2134: 2124: 2122: 2118: 2114: 2110: 2105: 2100: 2098: 2093: 2088: 2084: 2074: 2072: 2068: 2064: 2060: 2055: 2053: 2049: 2045: 2041: 2037: 2033: 2029: 2025: 2021: 2017: 2012: 2005: 2003: 2000: 1997: 1994: 1991: 1988: 1985: 1983: 1980: 1978: 1975: 1974: 1973: 1971: 1967: 1963: 1959: 1954: 1952: 1948: 1943: 1933: 1931: 1927: 1923: 1919: 1899: 1896: 1895: 1891: 1888: 1887: 1883: 1880: 1879: 1875: 1872: 1871: 1863: 1858: 1854: 1851: 1850: 1846: 1843: 1842: 1838: 1835: 1834: 1830: 1827: 1826: 1822: 1819: 1818: 1810: 1805: 1801: 1798: 1797: 1793: 1790: 1789: 1785: 1782: 1781: 1773: 1768: 1764: 1761: 1760: 1756: 1753: 1752: 1748: 1745: 1744: 1740: 1737: 1736: 1732: 1729: 1728: 1720: 1715: 1704: 1701: 1700: 1696: 1693: 1692: 1688: 1685: 1684: 1680: 1677: 1676: 1672: 1669: 1668: 1664: 1661: 1660: 1652: 1647: 1643: 1640: 1639: 1635: 1632: 1631: 1627: 1624: 1623: 1619: 1616: 1615: 1611: 1608: 1607: 1599: 1594: 1590: 1587: 1586: 1582: 1579: 1578: 1574: 1571: 1570: 1562: 1557: 1553: 1550: 1549: 1545: 1542: 1541: 1537: 1534: 1533: 1529: 1526: 1525: 1521: 1518: 1517: 1513: 1510: 1509: 1505: 1502: 1501: 1497: 1494: 1493: 1485: 1480: 1469: 1466: 1465: 1461: 1458: 1457: 1453: 1450: 1449: 1445: 1442: 1441: 1433: 1428: 1424: 1421: 1420: 1416: 1413: 1412: 1408: 1405: 1404: 1400: 1397: 1396: 1392: 1389: 1388: 1380: 1375: 1371: 1368: 1367: 1363: 1360: 1359: 1355: 1352: 1351: 1343: 1338: 1334: 1331: 1330: 1326: 1323: 1322: 1318: 1315: 1314: 1310: 1307: 1306: 1302: 1299: 1298: 1294: 1291: 1290: 1282: 1277: 1266: 1263: 1262: 1258: 1255: 1254: 1250: 1247: 1246: 1242: 1239: 1238: 1230: 1225: 1221: 1218: 1217: 1213: 1210: 1209: 1205: 1202: 1201: 1197: 1194: 1193: 1189: 1186: 1185: 1177: 1172: 1168: 1165: 1164: 1160: 1157: 1156: 1152: 1149: 1148: 1144: 1141: 1140: 1132: 1127: 1123: 1120: 1119: 1115: 1112: 1111: 1107: 1104: 1103: 1099: 1096: 1095: 1091: 1088: 1087: 1083: 1080: 1079: 1071: 1066: 1055: 1052: 1051: 1047: 1044: 1043: 1039: 1036: 1035: 1031: 1028: 1027: 1019: 1014: 1010: 1007: 1006: 1002: 999: 998: 994: 991: 990: 986: 983: 982: 978: 975: 974: 966: 961: 957: 954: 953: 949: 946: 945: 941: 938: 937: 929: 924: 920: 917: 916: 912: 909: 908: 902: 899: 898: 892: 889: 888: 884: 881: 880: 872: 867: 856: 853: 852: 848: 845: 844: 840: 837: 836: 832: 829: 828: 820: 815: 811: 808: 807: 803: 800: 799: 795: 792: 791: 787: 784: 783: 779: 776: 775: 767: 762: 758: 755: 754: 750: 747: 746: 742: 739: 738: 730: 725: 721: 718: 717: 713: 710: 709: 705: 702: 701: 697: 694: 693: 689: 686: 685: 681: 678: 677: 669: 664: 658: 655: 647: 638: 635: 632: 630: 626: 625:mitotic count 616: 613: 610: 609: 605: 602: 599: 598: 594: 591: 588: 587: 580: 579: 575: 572: 568: 565: 564: 557: 553: 551: 536: 533: 531: 528: 525: 522: 520:(VHL) disease 519: 516: 513: 510: 507: 504: 503: 501: 498: 495: 492: 487: 484: 481: 479: 476: 473: 470: 469: 467: 464: 460: 459:neuroblastoma 457: 455: 454:paraganglioma 452: 450: 447: 446: 444: 441: 439: 436: 433: 430: 425: 422: 416: 415: 413: 410: 405: 404: 402: 399: 398: 396: 393: 388: 385: 382: 378: 375: 372: 371: 370: 367: 364: 361: 359: 355: 354:Thyroid gland 352: 350: 346: 343: 342: 341: 338: 336: 332: 328: 324: 321:cells of the 320: 316: 312: 307: 305: 301: 297: 293: 289: 285: 275: 273: 268: 265: 260: 258: 254: 250: 246: 242: 239: 234: 232: 228: 224: 220: 216: 212: 207: 205: 202: 198: 194: 186: 183: 180: 179: 178: 176: 172: 168: 153: 151: 147: 143: 139: 135: 131: 127: 123: 118: 116: 113: 109: 105: 100: 98: 94: 90: 86: 82: 78: 74: 64: 58: 55: 53: 49: 45: 44:H&E stain 41: 37: 33: 28: 23: 7741:Hidrocystoma 7735: 7676: 7661:Hürthle cell 7642:Prolactinoma 7547: 7532: 7350: 7323: 7308: 7281: 7244: 7205: 7201: 7155: 7151: 7145: 7112: 7108: 7054: 7050: 7040: 7005: 7001: 6991: 6964: 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Retrieved 5476: 5466: 5433: 5429: 5379: 5375: 5358:the original 5347: 5328: 5320: 5292: 5288: 5282: 5252:(1): 24–34. 5249: 5245: 5239: 5222: 5199:28 September 5197:. Retrieved 5193: 5184: 5175:the original 5160: 5129:the original 5124: 5091:the original 5086: 5077: 5069:the original 5063: 5030: 4983: 4979: 4973: 4950: 4944: 4921: 4915: 4892: 4886: 4875: 4864: 4841: 4835: 4812: 4806: 4783: 4777: 4742: 4738: 4728: 4705: 4699: 4690: 4669: 4633:(1): 45–58. 4630: 4626: 4578: 4574: 4532: 4528: 4480: 4476: 4424: 4420: 4410: 4377: 4373: 4366: 4349: 4345: 4339: 4322: 4318: 4312: 4287: 4283: 4277: 4263:(1): 26–32. 4260: 4256: 4250: 4233: 4229: 4223: 4196: 4192: 4182: 4150:(1): 13–17. 4147: 4143: 4133: 4116: 4112: 4106: 4069: 4065: 4055: 4018: 4014: 4004: 3967: 3963: 3953: 3918: 3914: 3904: 3874:(1): 61–72. 3871: 3867: 3857: 3820: 3816: 3806: 3781: 3777: 3771: 3736: 3732: 3722: 3700:(2): 90–97. 3697: 3693: 3687: 3660: 3656: 3626: 3622: 3616: 3599: 3595: 3589: 3564: 3560: 3516: 3512: 3466: 3462: 3416: 3412: 3406: 3372:(1): 28–43. 3369: 3365: 3315: 3311: 3255: 3251: 3241: 3206: 3202: 3192: 3157: 3153: 3093: 3089:neural crest 3071: 3070: 3065: 3064: 3051: 3050: 3044: 3043: 3036: 3022: 3018: 3014: 2990: 2983: 2980:Epidemiology 2964: 2954: 2950:crowdfunding 2942:gene therapy 2939: 2929:radiotherapy 2922: 2916: 2910: 2904: 2890: 2877:lutetium-177 2873:radiotherapy 2861:radionuclide 2847: 2830:fluorouracil 2826:streptozocin 2814:chemotherapy 2792: 2777:Somatostatin 2754: 2750: 2731: 2728:Chemotherapy 2723: 2720: 2716: 2708: 2704: 2692:somatostatin 2689: 2682: 2643: 2636: 2633: 2625: 2585: 2572:somatostatin 2562: 2546:pleomorphism 2534:desmoplastic 2527: 2488: 2431: 2428: 2424: 2409: 2397:scintigraphy 2393: 2374: 2365:chromogranin 2349:N-terminally 2346: 2322:chromogranin 2315: 2300: 2280: 2271: 2260:Please help 2255:verification 2252: 2213: 2201: 2162: 2130: 2113:chromogranin 2101: 2089: 2086: 2056: 2016:heart valves 2013: 2009: 1955: 1945: 1930:polypeptides 1915: 656: 652: 636: 633: 622: 546: 339: 308: 281: 269: 261: 235: 211:histological 208: 190: 164: 138:parathyroids 128:. The term " 122:serotonergic 119: 101: 76: 72: 71: 7783:Cystadenoma 7736:sweat gland 7727:Adnexal and 7558:Glucagonoma 7239:‹ The 6554:2445/125256 5999:3 September 5964:MedicineNet 5888:10.2741/s68 5715:November 8, 5487:23 February 5382:(1): 1–17. 4325:: 180–198. 4236:(1): 5–15. 3739:(1): 5–21. 2865:radioligand 2822:doxorubicin 2660:tumors and 2658:Merkel cell 2604:argentaffin 2117:neurotensin 2059:haemorrhage 2034:leading to 1989:or wheezing 1966:substance P 1876:T1, N0, M0 1815:M Criteria 1812:M Category 1778:N Criteria 1775:N Category 1722:T Category 1689:T4, N0, M0 1681:T3, N0, M0 1673:T2, N0, M0 1665:T1, N0, M0 1604:M Criteria 1601:M Category 1567:N Criteria 1564:N Category 1487:T Category 1446:T1, N0, M0 1385:M Criteria 1382:M Category 1348:N Criteria 1345:N Category 1284:T Category 1243:T1, N0, M0 1182:M Criteria 1179:M Category 1137:N Criteria 1134:N Category 1073:T Category 1032:T1, N0, M0 971:M Criteria 968:M Category 934:N Criteria 931:N Category 874:T Category 833:T1, N0, M0 772:M Criteria 769:M Category 735:N Criteria 732:N Category 671:T Category 494:Merkel cell 381:lung cancer 379:small-cell 331:parathyroid 311:islet cells 302:or similar 253:Ki-67 index 171:tumor grade 112:polypeptide 8009:Categories 7766:and serous 7709:Cylindroma 7694:Oncocytoma 7606:Urogenital 7563:Gastrinoma 7553:Insulinoma 7409:Epithelium 6941:2016-07-03 6912:2016-07-03 6883:2016-07-03 6746:8 November 5969:2018-04-21 4417:Zoubeidi A 3864:Thakker RV 3110:References 3069:ptake and 3055:recursor ( 3002:endoscopic 2993:prevalence 2885:indium-111 2881:yttrium-90 2857:conjugated 2810:metastatic 2798:everolimus 2765:anaplastic 2733:Interferon 2685:palliation 2673:biomarkers 2670:predictive 2629:palliation 2570:, such as 2495:phenotypic 2474:epithelium 2470:intramural 2385:sonography 2145:hemoptysis 2104:islet cell 2048:acromegaly 2032:tryptophan 1964:(5-HT) or 1947:Carcinoids 449:Schwannoma 227:metastases 193:epithelial 126:monoamines 40:Micrograph 7764:mucinous, 7746:Syringoma 7682:Carcinoid 7634:Endocrine 7422:carcinoma 7418:Papilloma 7091:214768622 7008:(1): 59. 6927:Masters A 6714:207407820 6307:232172557 5535:208286399 4402:131934021 4380:: 29–37. 3491:247455289 3252:Neoplasia 3081:serotonin 3032:serotonin 2986:incidence 2867:is given 2838:etoposide 2834:cisplatin 2818:carcinoid 2802:sunitinib 2773:etoposide 2769:cisplatin 2741:leukocyte 2622:Treatment 2614:uncommon. 2568:receptors 2550:anaplasia 2542:mesentery 2538:ulcerated 2530:submucosa 2455:Pap stain 2389:endoscopy 2234:Diagnosis 2224:endocrine 2137:pneumonia 2111:(PPoma), 2071:mesentery 2067:fibrosing 2020:tricuspid 1962:serotonin 1942:Carcinoid 1868:Criteria 1712:Pancreas 1657:Criteria 1438:Criteria 1274:Appendix 1235:Criteria 1024:Criteria 825:Criteria 617:> 20% 497:carcinoma 349:pituitary 327:pituitary 284:intestine 199:, a rare 130:endocrine 97:carcinoid 85:endocrine 81:neoplasms 52:Specialty 7882:lobular, 7797:Mucinous 7548:pancreas 7511:Adenomas 7241:template 7222:15619202 7180:20567425 7137:29720754 7129:21311954 7083:32241015 7032:38429350 7023:10907580 6983:32615560 6906:Archived 6877:Archived 6854:12354840 6819:19521311 6792:16979443 6706:25814516 6665:20740102 6657:25209134 6621:25070685 6572:28076709 6515:19336011 6454:25014687 6413:19704057 6377:15151956 6299:33692095 6175:19635226 6134:20555086 6093:10388123 6047:15887158 5993:Archived 5946:52110673 5938:30154579 5897:20036951 5856:17699847 5815:26922350 5766:31555796 5710:22846204 5676:30096273 5627:21843609 5619:22339744 5578:40129404 5570:24322649 5527:15933475 5481:Archived 5458:25108086 5450:18401212 5412:33139633 5339:Archived 5317:54100368 5309:15718445 5266:22198808 5231:26389309 5008:20567425 4955:Springer 4926:Springer 4897:Springer 4877:UpToDate 4846:Springer 4817:Springer 4788:Springer 4769:25723112 4649:18978035 4605:20833335 4551:11573632 4507:18798544 4441:29460922 4394:31092382 4358:11718210 4304:17076534 4269:11890336 4242:12725316 4174:18333038 4125:12636090 4098:21160865 4047:20380002 3996:21160597 3945:18703061 3896:46127116 3888:18177818 3849:18803349 3763:22143641 3755:18473355 3714:15898407 3679:18456740 3635:10550713 3608:15053292 3581:16762613 3543:24740130 3535:11557784 3483:35294740 3441:20185589 3433:18042066 3398:21603312 3334:20664470 3312:Pancreas 3282:29091800 3233:21976424 3184:15888809 3039:APUDomas 2752:months. 2737:titrated 2558:necrosis 2523:specific 2377:CT-scans 2361:homeobox 2331:(5-HIAA) 2228:hormones 2141:pleurisy 2040:pellagra 2024:pulmonic 2022:and the 1982:diarrhea 1977:flushing 1958:hormones 1951:appendix 1926:hormones 1922:pancreas 661:Stomach 595:< 3% 373:bronchus 288:pancreas 257:necrosis 231:hormones 150:exocrine 146:pancreas 142:adrenals 115:hormones 89:hormonal 7880:Ductal, 7776:general 7762:Cystic, 7704:Apudoma 7483:Thymoma 7357:D018358 7346:M8574/3 7342:M8247/3 7338:M8246/3 7334:M8041/3 7330:M8013/3 7243:below ( 7172:2070707 6612:4525192 6563:5895095 6506:4029419 5806:4932132 5757:7080342 5667:6091496 5404:7978856 5384:Bibcode 5337:. BBC. 5289:Science 5274:7329783 5000:2070707 4760:4398606 4596:2939061 4498:2574000 4449:4732323 4331:7511278 4215:8348490 4165:2020649 4089:2999232 4038:2852818 3987:2999180 3936:2612755 3840:2744160 3798:1317668 3389:3095463 3342:3735444 3273:5678742 3224:3512567 3175:1867801 3011:History 2997:autopsy 2966:ex vivo 2783:PanNETs 2712:placebo 2695:analogs 2679:Surgery 2596:hindgut 2588:foregut 2576:avidity 2565:hormone 2554:mitotic 2412:Gallium 2371:Imaging 2297:Markers 2115:A, and 641:Staging 614:> 20 603:2 to 20 543:Grading 426:GEP-NET 424:Hindgut 401:Foregut 389:(LCNEC) 323:thyroid 317:of the 290:or the 272:mitotic 241:grading 221:count, 219:mitotic 7981:Acinar 7845:Serous 7774:Cystic 7568:VIPoma 7533:tract: 7502:Glands 7401:cancer 7260:Curlie 7246:Curlie 7220: 7178: 7170: 7135: 7127: 7089: 7081: 7030: 7020: 6981: 6873:Mosaic 6852: 6817: 6790: 6712: 6704: 6663: 6655: 6619: 6609: 6570: 6560: 6513: 6503: 6452: 6411: 6375: 6305: 6297: 6173: 6132: 6091: 6045: 5944: 5936: 5895: 5854: 5813: 5803: 5764: 5754: 5708: 5674: 5664: 5625: 5617: 5576: 5568: 5533: 5525: 5456: 5448: 5410: 5402: 5315: 5307: 5272: 5264: 5229: 5167: 5037: 5006: 4998: 4961: 4932: 4903: 4852: 4823: 4794: 4767: 4757: 4716: 4647: 4603: 4593: 4549: 4505: 4495: 4477:Cancer 4447: 4439: 4400: 4392: 4356: 4329: 4302: 4267: 4240: 4213: 4193:Cancer 4172: 4162: 4123: 4096: 4086: 4045: 4035: 3994: 3984: 3943: 3933: 3894: 3886: 3847: 3837: 3796: 3761: 3753: 3733:Cancer 3712: 3677: 3633: 3606: 3579: 3541: 3533: 3489: 3481: 3439: 3431: 3396: 3386: 3340: 3332: 3280: 3270: 3231: 3221: 3182: 3172: 3156:. 54. 3057:L-DOPA 2974:tumors 2759:(high- 2639:median 2592:midgut 2515:PGP9.5 2499:tissue 2422:scan. 2405:indium 2327:urine 2188:type 1 2176:(MEN2) 2170:(MEN1) 2036:niacin 1987:asthma 1865:Stage 1654:Stage 1435:Stage 1232:Stage 1021:Stage 822:Stage 606:3–20% 592:< 2 526:type 1 514:(MEN2) 508:(MEN1) 488:testes 465:Breast 412:Midgut 383:(SCLC) 333:, and 108:amines 91:) and 79:) are 59: 7325:ICD-O 7304:C7B.8 7300:C7B.0 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