233:
222:
486:
692:
678:(aka managed switches) have a full set of management features, including CLI, SNMP agent, and web interface. They may have additional features to manipulate configurations, such as the ability to display, modify, backup and restore configurations. Compared with smart switches, enterprise switches have more features that can be customized or optimized and are generally more expensive than smart switches. Enterprise switches are typically found in networks with a larger number of switches and connections, where centralized management is a significant savings in administrative time and effort. A
578:
557:
478:
77:
22:
672:(aka intelligent switches) are managed switches with a limited set of management features. Likewise, "web-managed" switches are switches that fall into a market niche between unmanaged and managed. For a price much lower than a fully managed switch they provide a web interface (and usually no CLI access) and allow configuration of basic settings, such as VLANs, port-bandwidth and duplex.
309:
In contrast to an
Ethernet hub, there is a separate collision domain on each switch port. This allows computers to have dedicated bandwidth on point-to-point connections to the network and also to run in full-duplex mode. Full-duplex mode has only one transmitter and one receiver per collision domain, making collisions impossible.
308:
Segmentation involves the use of a switch to split a larger collision domain into smaller ones in order to reduce collision probability and to improve overall network throughput. In the extreme case (i.e. micro-segmentation), each device is directly connected to a switch port dedicated to the device.
829:
forward traffic to network segments where it would be superfluous, a node attached to a switch cannot monitor traffic on other segments. Port mirroring is how this problem is addressed in switched networks: In addition to the usual behavior of forwarding frames only to ports through which they might
493:
Modern commercial switches primarily use
Ethernet interfaces. The core function of an Ethernet switch is to provide multiple ports of layer-2 bridging. Layer-1 functionality is required in all switches in support of the higher layers. Many switches also perform operations at other layers. A device
512:
Bridges also buffer an incoming packet and adapt the transmission speed to that of the outgoing port. While there are specialized applications, such as storage area networks, where the input and output interfaces are the same bandwidth, this is not always the case in general LAN applications. In
504:
A switch operating as a network bridge may interconnect otherwise separate layer 2 networks. The bridge learns the MAC address of each connected device, storing this data in a table that maps MAC addresses to ports. This table is often implemented using high-speed
208:, which broadcast the same data out of each port and let the devices pick out the data addressed to them, a network switch learns the Ethernet addresses of connected devices and then only forwards data to the port connected to the device to which it is addressed.
520:
The
Ethernet header at the start of the frame contains all the information required to make a forwarding decision, some high-performance switches can begin forwarding the frame to the destination whilst still receiving the frame payload from the sender. This
176:
such as GigaSwitch. Digital decided to license its MAC Bridge patent in a royalty-free, non-discriminatory basis that allowed IEEE standardization. This permitted a number of other companies to produce multi-port switches, including
258:
that connects other devices together. Multiple data cables are plugged into a switch to enable communication between different networked devices. Switches manage the flow of data across a network by transmitting a received
1034:
W. Hawe, A. Kirby, A. Lauck, "An
Architecture for Transparently Interconnecting IEEE 802 Local Area Networks", technical paper submitted to the IEEE 802 committee, document IEEE-802.85*1.96, San Diego CA, October
274:, which simply retransmits packets out of every port of the hub except the port on which the packet was received, unable to distinguish different recipients, and achieving an overall lower network efficiency.
405:. This connectivity can be at any of the layers mentioned. While the layer-2 functionality is adequate for bandwidth-shifting within one technology, interconnecting technologies such as Ethernet and
1278:
1075:
416:
Where there is a need for a great deal of analysis of network performance and security, switches may be connected between WAN routers as places for analytic modules. Some vendors provide
1182:
172:. The first 2 port Bridge product (LANBridge 100) was introduced by that company shortly after. The company subsequently produced multi-port switches for both Ethernet and
301:. Switches may also operate at higher layers of the OSI model, including the network layer and above. A switch that also operates at these higher layers is known as a
289:
for each switch port. Each device connected to a switch port can transfer data to any of the other ports at any time and the transmissions will not interfere. Because
585:
Switches are available in many form factors, including stand-alone, desktop units which are typically intended to be used in a home or office environment outside a
347:(SFP) modules. These modules often contain a transceiver that connects the switch to a physical medium, such as a fiber optic cable. These modules were preceded by
1457:
168:
are the most common form of network switch. The first MAC Bridge was invented in 1983 by Mark Kempf, an engineer in the
Networking Advanced Development group of
1168:
1416:
1306:
1557:
1536:
382:
In switches intended for commercial use, built-in or modular interfaces make it possible to connect different types of networks, including
Ethernet,
40:
548:(Transparent Interconnection of Lots of Links) are layer 2 alternatives to STP which allow all paths to be active with multiple equal cost paths.
1321:
581:
A ZyXEL ES-105A 5-port desktop
Ethernet switch. The metal casing of the switch has been opened, revealing internal electronic components.
379:
and similar network architectures, switches are also used deeper in the network to provide connections between the switches at the edge.
232:
1489:
1430:
1090:
841:
SMON – "Switch
Monitoring" is described by RFC 2613 and is a protocol for controlling facilities such as port mirroring.
1392:
263:
only to the one or more devices for which the packet is intended. Each networked device connected to a switch can be identified by its
855:
These monitoring features are rarely present on consumer-grade switches. Other monitoring methods include connecting a layer-1 hub or
1307:"Understanding IP Broadcast Production Networks: Part 2 - Routers & Switches - the Broadcast Bridge - Connecting IT to Broadcast"
367:, SFP+ modules, QSFP, QSFP-DD, and OSFP modules. Pluggable modules are also used for transmitting video in broadcast applications.
815:
It is difficult to monitor traffic that is bridged using a switch because only the sending and receiving ports can see the traffic.
1516:
1220:
1210:
1357:
995:
605:; and small installation switches, mounted into a cable duct, floor box or communications tower, as found, for example, in
409:
is performed more easily at layer 3 or via routing. Devices that interconnect at the layer 3 are traditionally called
221:
424:, and performance analysis modules that can plug into switch ports. Some of these functions may be on combined modules.
1464:
755:
662:(SNMP) agent allowing management from a remote console or management station, or a web interface for management from a
659:
376:
1054:
185:, but the introduction of the MAC bridge began its transformation into its most-common point-to-point form without a
58:
770:
configuration to set up multiple ports for the same connection to achieve higher data transfer rates and reliability
540:. In contrast to routers, spanning tree bridges must have topologies with only one active path between two points.
1607:
894:
1250:
1236:
455:
1583:
797:
169:
1627:
1358:"The Internet Protocol Journal - Volume 1, No. 2: Layer 2 and Layer 3 Switch Evolution"
375:
Switches are most commonly used as the network connection point for hosts at the edge of a network. In the
267:, allowing the switch to direct the flow of traffic maximizing the security and efficiency of the network.
83:
1292:
722:
356:
344:
1143:
691:
506:
481:
A modular network switch with three network modules (a total of 36 Ethernet ports) and one power supply
432:
391:
194:
1404:
1380:
1070:
874:
642:
have one or more methods to modify the operation of the switch. Common management methods include: a
352:
290:
1264:
633:
317:
1332:
454:, to have a separate power supply. Since switches can have redundant power circuits connected to
884:
787:
749:
745:
643:
594:
541:
529:
485:
348:
818:
Methods that are specifically designed to allow a network analyst to monitor traffic include:
1434:
1094:
781:
522:
451:
1279:"OSFP MSA unveils OSFP 4.0 Specification for additional 800G module applications, eyes 1.6T"
1020:
Stewart, Robert; Hawe, William; Kirby, Alan (April 1984). "Local Area
Network Connection".
889:
879:
417:
241:
838:
port, allowing analysis of traffic that would otherwise not be visible through the switch.
8:
738:
606:
602:
533:
443:
421:
321:
119:
431:, a switch can create a mirror image of data that can go to an external device, such as
36:
1144:"Cisco Networking Academy's Introduction to Basic Switching Concepts and Configuration"
914:
904:
728:
410:
337:
313:
532:(STP) that disables forwarding on links so that the resulting local area network is a
320:(SOHO) applications typically use a single switch, or an all-purpose device such as a
1622:
1551:
1216:
1050:
924:
302:
158:
458:, the connected device can continue operating even when regular office power fails.
909:
767:
704:
679:
613:
513:
LANs, a switch used for end-user access typically concentrates lower bandwidth and
298:
293:
are still being forwarded to all connected devices by the switch, the newly formed
286:
255:
245:
186:
127:
123:
632:. They are typically the least expensive switches, and therefore often used in a
364:
294:
278:
264:
142:
666:. Two sub-classes of managed switches are smart and enterprise-managed switches.
577:
869:
822:
761:
647:
590:
537:
436:
428:
340:
and components that interface to the particular physical broadband technology.
333:
260:
134:
699:
Gigabit
Ethernet rackmount switches, connected to the Ethernet ports on a few
1616:
1361:
1147:
919:
899:
803:
734:
629:
586:
497:
A layer 2 network device is a multiport device that uses hardware addresses (
462:
383:
316:(LANs). Mid-to-large-sized LANs contain a number of linked managed switches.
190:
182:
178:
150:
830:
reach their addressees, the switch forwards frames received through a given
1115:
655:
561:
271:
205:
957:
945:
856:
791:
774:
707:
700:
663:
498:
138:
447:
406:
198:
157:
functionality. Such switches are commonly known as layer-3 switches or
1570:
964:
receive, assuming the connected device also supports full-duplex mode.
556:
1405:
Cisco Catalyst 6500 Series Intrusion Detection System (IDSM-2) Module
325:
282:
146:
715:
Centralized configuration management and configuration distribution
598:
509:(CAM), some vendors refer to the MAC address table as a CAM table.
466:
165:
87:
71:
Networking hardware that forwards packets based on hardware address
477:
312:
The network switch plays an integral role in most modern Ethernet
76:
387:
154:
1490:"IEEE Approves New IEEE 802.1aq Shortest Path Bridging Standard"
501:) to process and forward data at the data link layer (layer 2).
696:
651:
636:
environment. Unmanaged switches can be desktop or rack mounted.
514:
494:
capable of more than bridging is known as a multilayer switch.
402:
360:
355:
to switches and have evolved over time: the first modules were
1319:
1189:
849:
545:
446:(PoE), which avoids the need for attached devices, such as a
395:
189:. Switches also exist for other types of networks including
80:
844:
565:
489:
A five-port layer-2 switch without management functionality
398:
173:
111:
528:
Interconnects between switches may be regulated using the
1328:
825: – Because the purpose of a switch is to
336:. In most of these cases, the end-user device contains a
329:
1517:"Understanding the different types of Ethernet Switches"
956:
transmit to its connected device at a certain time. In
130:
to receive and forward data to the destination device.
1571:
Remote Network Monitoring Management Information Base
1422:
628:
have no configuration interface or options. They are
525:
can significantly reduce latency through the switch.
1355:
1320:
Joe Efferson; Ted Gary; Bob Nevins (February 2002).
1045:
Hawe, William; Kirby, Alan; Stewart, Robert (1987).
993:
1455:
1381:
Cisco Catalyst 6500 Series Firewall Services Module
1073:, "Bridge circuit for interconnecting networks"
960:mode, each switch port can simultaneously transmit
31:
may be too technical for most readers to understand
1428:
1169:"Evolutionary trends in pluggable optical modules"
1088:
859:between the monitored device and its switch port.
773:VLAN configuration and port assignments including
616:or large chassis units with swappable line cards.
1584:"How to Build a Miniature Network Monitor Device"
1539:. Archived from the original on December 13, 2007
1537:"Tech specs for a sample HP "web-managed" switch"
1116:"Hubs Versus Switches – Understand the Tradeoffs"
1614:
1556:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
1044:
1019:
612:Rack-mounted switches may be stand-alone units,
1608:What to consider when buying an Ethernet Switch
1458:"Shortest Path Bridging IEEE 802.1aq Overview"
1431:"The 10 Most Important Products of the Decade"
1265:"QSFP-DD pluggable modules boost data density"
1091:"The 10 Most Important Products of the Decade"
1002:. The Internet Protocol Journal. Cisco Systems
686:
343:Many switches have pluggable modules, such as
1419:, Checkpoint Software Technologies Ltd., n.d.
149:. Some switches can also forward data at the
1417:Getting Started with Check Point Fire Wall-1
1183:"Pluggable Transceivers, Module Connectors"
758:(SNMP) monitoring of device and link health
764:for monitoring traffic and troubleshooting
710:(all installed in a standard 19-inch rack)
59:Learn how and when to remove this message
43:, without removing the technical details.
1511:
1509:
1507:
1456:Peter Ashwood-Smith (24 February 2011).
690:
619:
576:
555:
484:
476:
153:(layer 3) by additionally incorporating
75:
1356:Thayumanavan Sridhar (September 1998).
1293:"The evolution of the pluggable module"
994:Thayumanavan Sridhar (September 1998).
682:is a type of enterprise-managed switch.
1615:
1429:Robert J. Kohlhepp (October 2, 2000).
1212:Telecommunications Technology Handbook
1208:
996:"Layer 2 and Layer 3 Switch Evolution"
589:; rack-mounted switches for use in an
1504:
987:
810:
270:A switch is more intelligent than an
41:make it understandable to non-experts
1239:. 25 December 1995 – 1 January 1996.
469:switch, its seven-port EtherSwitch.
370:
15:
1573:, RFC 2819, S. Waldbusser, May 2000
1433:. Network Computing. Archived from
1093:. Network Computing. Archived from
1049:. IEEE Press. pp. Chapter 28.
277:An Ethernet switch operates at the
13:
1322:"Token-Ring to Ethernet Migration"
756:Simple Network Management Protocol
660:Simple Network Management Protocol
377:hierarchical internetworking model
248:rackmount switch and its internals
14:
1639:
1601:
1089:Robert J. Kohlhepp (2000-10-02).
948:mode, each switch port can only
806:for control of multicast traffic
231:
220:
133:A network switch is a multiport
20:
1576:
1564:
1529:
1482:
1449:
1410:
1398:
1386:
1374:
1349:
1313:
1299:
1285:
1271:
1257:
1243:
1229:
1202:
1175:
1161:
1047:Advances in Local Area Networks
938:
895:Modular computer network switch
572:
465:introduced the first multiport
1136:
1108:
1082:
1063:
1038:
1028:
1013:
978:
456:uninterruptible power supplies
442:A modern switch may implement
1:
971:
798:Link Layer Discovery Protocol
170:Digital Equipment Corporation
1331:. p. 13. Archived from
1251:"Fiber optics weekly update"
731:configuration and monitoring
357:Gigabit interface converters
324:to access small office/home
29:This article's lead section
7:
1492:. Tech Power Up. 7 May 2012
1393:Switch 8800 Firewall Module
862:
687:Typical management features
676:Enterprise managed switches
472:
433:intrusion detection systems
345:Small Form-factor Pluggable
211:
181:. Ethernet was initially a
122:that connects devices on a
10:
1644:
507:content-addressable memory
353:Attachment Unit Interfaces
254:A switch is a device in a
195:Asynchronous Transfer Mode
875:Energy-Efficient Ethernet
517:into a higher bandwidth.
1463:. Huawei. Archived from
1395:, 3Com Corporation, 2006
931:
718:Enable and disable ports
634:small office/home office
551:
318:Small office/home office
1209:Minoli, Daniel (2003).
603:industrial environments
349:Medium Attachment Units
141:to forward data at the
885:Fully switched network
788:Network Access Control
750:Shortest Path Bridging
746:Spanning Tree Protocol
711:
644:command-line interface
582:
569:
542:Shortest path bridging
530:spanning tree protocol
490:
482:
363:modules, SFP modules,
281:(layer 2) of the
91:
1407:, Cisco Systems, 2007
1383:, Cisco Systems, 2007
834:port to a designated
782:Network Time Protocol
694:
620:Configuration options
580:
559:
523:cut-through switching
488:
480:
452:wireless access point
285:to create a separate
79:
890:Load-balanced switch
880:Fibre Channel switch
695:A couple of managed
242:Cisco small business
183:shared-access medium
1628:Networking hardware
739:access control list
721:Link bandwidth and
646:(CLI) accessed via
607:fiber to the office
601:mounted for use in
444:power over Ethernet
422:intrusion detection
322:residential gateway
314:local area networks
159:multilayer switches
120:networking hardware
1437:on January 5, 2010
1267:. 9 November 2017.
1022:Telecommunications
915:Telephone exchange
905:Router (computing)
811:Traffic monitoring
729:Quality of service
712:
626:Unmanaged switches
614:stackable switches
583:
570:
491:
483:
461:In 1989 and 1990,
297:continues to be a
92:
1222:978-1-58053-708-7
925:Wide area network
790:features such as
784:) synchronization
744:Configuration of
609:infrastructures.
371:Role in a network
328:services such as
303:multilayer switch
244:SG300-28 28-port
145:(layer 2) of the
69:
68:
61:
1635:
1595:
1594:
1592:
1591:
1586:. 6 October 2016
1580:
1574:
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1555:
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1527:
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1502:
1501:
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1269:
1268:
1261:
1255:
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1247:
1241:
1240:
1233:
1227:
1226:
1215:. Artech House.
1206:
1200:
1199:
1197:
1196:
1187:
1179:
1173:
1172:
1165:
1159:
1158:
1156:
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1120:
1112:
1106:
1105:
1103:
1102:
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1080:
1079:
1078:
1074:
1067:
1061:
1060:
1042:
1036:
1032:
1026:
1025:
1017:
1011:
1010:
1008:
1007:
991:
985:
982:
965:
942:
910:Stackable switch
768:Link aggregation
680:stackable switch
640:Managed switches
365:XFP transceivers
299:broadcast domain
287:collision domain
256:computer network
246:Gigabit Ethernet
235:
224:
187:collision domain
128:packet switching
124:computer network
64:
57:
53:
50:
44:
24:
23:
16:
1643:
1642:
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1613:
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1604:
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1505:
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1473:
1471:
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1440:
1438:
1427:
1423:
1415:
1411:
1403:
1399:
1391:
1387:
1379:
1375:
1366:
1364:
1354:
1350:
1341:
1339:
1335:
1324:
1318:
1314:
1305:
1304:
1300:
1291:
1290:
1286:
1277:
1276:
1272:
1263:
1262:
1258:
1249:
1248:
1244:
1237:"Network World"
1235:
1234:
1230:
1223:
1207:
1203:
1194:
1192:
1185:
1181:
1180:
1176:
1171:. January 2004.
1167:
1166:
1162:
1153:
1151:
1142:
1141:
1137:
1128:
1126:
1118:
1114:
1113:
1109:
1100:
1098:
1087:
1083:
1076:
1069:
1068:
1064:
1057:
1043:
1039:
1033:
1029:
1018:
1014:
1005:
1003:
992:
988:
983:
979:
974:
969:
968:
943:
939:
934:
929:
865:
813:
705:Category 6
689:
622:
575:
554:
538:switching loops
475:
437:packet sniffers
373:
295:network segment
279:data link layer
265:network address
252:
251:
250:
249:
238:
237:
236:
227:
226:
225:
214:
143:data link layer
108:Ethernet switch
72:
65:
54:
48:
45:
37:help improve it
34:
25:
21:
12:
11:
5:
1641:
1631:
1630:
1625:
1611:
1610:
1603:
1602:External links
1600:
1597:
1596:
1575:
1563:
1528:
1503:
1481:
1470:on 15 May 2013
1448:
1421:
1409:
1397:
1385:
1373:
1348:
1312:
1309:. 30 May 2023.
1298:
1295:. August 2012.
1284:
1281:. 7 June 2021.
1270:
1256:
1242:
1228:
1221:
1201:
1174:
1160:
1135:
1107:
1081:
1062:
1055:
1037:
1027:
1012:
986:
976:
975:
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967:
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930:
928:
927:
922:
917:
912:
907:
902:
897:
892:
887:
882:
877:
872:
870:Console server
866:
864:
861:
853:
852:
847:
842:
839:
823:Port mirroring
812:
809:
808:
807:
801:
794:
785:
778:
771:
765:
762:Port mirroring
759:
753:
752:(SPB) features
742:
732:
726:
719:
716:
688:
685:
684:
683:
673:
670:Smart switches
667:
658:, an embedded
648:serial console
637:
621:
618:
591:equipment rack
574:
571:
553:
550:
474:
471:
429:port mirroring
372:
369:
359:, followed by
351:connected via
334:cable Internet
261:network packet
240:
239:
230:
229:
228:
219:
218:
217:
216:
215:
213:
210:
135:network bridge
110:, and, by the
96:network switch
70:
67:
66:
28:
26:
19:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1640:
1629:
1626:
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1618:
1609:
1606:
1605:
1585:
1579:
1572:
1567:
1559:
1553:
1538:
1532:
1518:
1512:
1510:
1508:
1491:
1485:
1466:
1459:
1452:
1436:
1432:
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1418:
1413:
1406:
1401:
1394:
1389:
1382:
1377:
1363:
1362:Cisco Systems
1359:
1352:
1338:on 2015-09-24
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1097:on 2010-01-05
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98:(also called
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84:ERS 2550T-PWR
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1588:. Retrieved
1578:
1566:
1541:. Retrieved
1531:
1520:. Retrieved
1494:. Retrieved
1484:
1472:. Retrieved
1465:the original
1451:
1441:February 25,
1439:. Retrieved
1435:the original
1424:
1412:
1400:
1388:
1376:
1365:. Retrieved
1351:
1340:. Retrieved
1333:the original
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1211:
1204:
1193:. Retrieved
1177:
1163:
1152:. Retrieved
1150:. 2014-03-31
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1127:. Retrieved
1122:
1110:
1099:. Retrieved
1095:the original
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1065:
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1004:. Retrieved
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708:patch cables
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656:Secure Shell
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573:Form factors
562:rack-mounted
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104:bridging hub
103:
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86:, a 50-port
73:
55:
46:
30:
984:IEEE 802.1D
958:full duplex
946:half duplex
857:network tap
792:IEEE 802.1X
775:IEEE 802.1Q
664:web browser
1617:Categories
1590:2019-01-08
1543:2007-05-25
1522:2021-04-29
1367:2015-08-11
1342:2015-08-11
1195:2024-08-19
1154:2015-08-17
1129:2013-12-10
1101:2008-02-25
1071:US 4597078
1006:2014-08-05
972:References
836:monitoring
748:(STP) and
737:and other
448:VoIP phone
420:, network
407:Token Ring
291:broadcasts
199:InfiniBand
137:that uses
116:MAC bridge
1000:cisco.com
832:monitored
595:enclosure
326:broadband
283:OSI model
147:OSI model
126:by using
1623:Ethernet
1552:cite web
863:See also
741:features
725:settings
599:DIN rail
564:24-port
536:without
473:Bridging
467:Ethernet
427:Through
418:firewall
212:Overview
166:Ethernet
88:Ethernet
49:May 2024
777:tagging
515:uplinks
463:Kalpana
411:routers
388:RapidIO
204:Unlike
179:Kalpana
155:routing
35:Please
1496:11 May
1474:11 May
1219:
1125:. 2002
1077:
1053:
950:either
796:LLDP (
723:duplex
703:using
697:D-Link
652:telnet
593:or an
568:switch
403:802.11
361:XENPAK
338:router
197:, and
90:switch
1468:(PDF)
1461:(PDF)
1336:(PDF)
1325:(PDF)
1190:Cisco
1186:(PDF)
1119:(PDF)
1035:1984.
932:Notes
850:sFlow
780:NTP (
552:Types
546:TRILL
396:ITU-T
118:) is
81:Avaya
1558:link
1498:2012
1476:2012
1443:2008
1217:ISBN
1051:ISBN
845:RMON
566:3Com
544:and
534:tree
435:and
401:and
399:G.hn
174:FDDI
112:IEEE
1329:IBM
962:and
944:In
827:not
654:or
450:or
392:ATM
332:or
330:DSL
39:to
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