Nerium - Knowledge

1372: 1923: 2005: 1585:, and vomiting due to stimulation of the area postrema of the medulla oblongata, neuropsychic disorders, and pathological motor manifestations. Cardiotoxic glycosides are also responsible for stimulating the vagus nerve (leading to sinus bradycardia) and the phrenic nerve (leading to hyperventilation), and lethal brady- and tachyarrhythmias, including asystole and ventricular fibrillation. Oleander poisoning can also result in blurred vision, and vision disturbances, including halos appearing around objects. Oleander sap can cause skin irritations, severe eye inflammation and irritation, and allergic reactions characterized by dermatitis. 1938: 1736: 1987: 1143: 396: 65: 1996: 904: 1963: 109: 1954: 1383: 1914: 1978: 2023: 1471: 84: 4266: 1036: 4278: 1457:. Many cultivars, like 'Hawaii' or 'Turner's Carnival', are multi-colored, with brilliant striped corollas. The solid whites, reds and a variety of pinks are the most common. Double flowered cultivars like 'Mrs. Isadore Dyer' (deep pink), 'Mathilde Ferrier' (yellow) or 'Mont Blanc' (white) are enjoyed for their large, rose-like blooms and strong fragrance. There is also a 1616:

plant with this appearance, regardless of the name used for it, one should exercise great care and caution to avoid ingestion of any part of the plant, including its sap and dried leaves or twigs. The dried or fresh branches should not be used for spearing food, for preparing a cooking fire, or as a food skewer. Many of the oleander relatives, such as the desert rose (

1532:, and other grazing animals, with as little as 100 g being enough to kill an adult horse. Plant clippings are especially dangerous to horses, as they are sweet. In July 2009, several horses were poisoned in this manner from the leaves of the plant. Symptoms of a poisoned horse include severe diarrhea and abnormal heartbeat. This is aptly reflected in the plant's 1401:

growth emerging from the base. For this reason gardeners are advised to prune mature shrubs in the autumn to shape and induce lush new growth and flowering for the following spring. Unless they wish to harvest the seeds, many gardeners choose to prune away the seedpods that form on spent flower clusters, which are a drain on energy. Propagation can be made from

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in Turkey where the honey was poisoned from bees having pollinated poisonous flowers, with the honey left as a poisonous trap for an invading army. The flowers have sometimes been mis-translated as oleander, but oleander flowers are nectarless and therefore cannot transmit any toxins via nectar. The

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Drying of plant materials does not eliminate the toxins. There is a wide range of toxins and secondary compounds within oleander, and care should be taken around this plant due to its toxic nature. Different names for oleander are used around the world in different locations, so, when encountering a

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In cold winter climates, oleander is a popular summer potted plant readily available at most nurseries. They require frequent heavy watering and fertilizing as compared to being planted in the ground, but oleander is nonetheless an ideal flowering shrub for patios and other spaces with hot sunshine.

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The plant is tolerant of poor soils, intense heat, salt spray, and sustained drought – although it will flower and grow more vigorously with regular water. Although it does not require pruning to thrive and bloom, oleander can become unruly with age and older branches tend to become gangly, with new

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but its bitterness renders it unpalatable to humans and most animals, so poisoning cases are rare and the general risk for human mortality is low. Ingestion of larger amounts may cause nausea, vomiting, excess salivation, abdominal pain, bloody diarrhea and irregular heart rhythm. Prolonged contact

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In reviewing oleander toxicity cases seen in-hospital, Lanford and Boor concluded that, except for children who might be at greater risk, "the human mortality associated with oleander ingestion is generally very low, even in cases of moderate intentional consumption (suicide attempts)." In 2000, a

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Toxicity studies of animals concluded that birds and rodents were observed to be relatively insensitive to the administered oleander cardiac glycosides. Other mammals, however, such as dogs and humans, are relatively sensitive to the effects of cardiac glycosides and the clinical manifestations of

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in parks, along roadsides and in private gardens. It is most commonly grown in its natural shrub form, but can be trained into a small tree with a single trunk. Hardy versions like white, red and pink oleander will tolerate occasional light frost down to −10 °C (14 °F), though the leaves

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Henary, H. A; Kurzrock, R; Falchook, G. S; Naing, A; Moulder, S. L; Wheler, J. J; Tsimberidou, A. M; Durand, J; Yang, P; Johansen, M. J; Newman, R; Khan, R; Patel, U; Hong, D. S (2011). "Final results of a first-in-human phase I trial of PBI-05204, an inhibitor of AKT, FGF-2, NF-Kb, and p70S6K in

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Symptoms of leaf scorch infection may be slow to manifest themselves, but it becomes evident when parts of otherwise healthy oleanders begin to yellow and wither, as if scorched by heat or fire. Die-back may cease during winter dormancy, but the disease flares up in summer heat while the shrub is

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Nerium grows to 2–6 metres (7–20 feet) tall. It is most commonly grown in its natural shrub form, but can be trained into a small tree with a single trunk. It is tolerant to both drought and inundation, but not to prolonged frost. White, pink or red five-lobed flowers grow in clusters year-round,

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The severity of the intoxication can vary based on the quantity ingested and an individual's physiological response, as well as the time of symptom onset after oleander ingestion: they can rapidly occur after drinking teas prepared with oleander leaves or roots or develop more slowly due to the

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Pruning out affected parts can slow the progression of the disease but not eliminate it. This malaise can continue for several years until the plant completely dies—there is no known cure. The best method for preventing further spread of the disease is to prune infected oleanders to the ground

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of cardiac muscle cells and compete with K ions, inactivating the enzyme. This results in an accumulation of Na and Ca ions into the cardiac muscle cells, leading to stronger and faster heart contractions. Moreover, the increased amount of extracellular K ions may lead to lethal hyperkalemia.

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form, 'Variegata', featuring leaves striped in yellow and white. Several dwarf cultivars have also been developed, offering a more compact form and size for small spaces. These include 'Little Red', 'Petite White', 'Petite Pink' and 'Petite Salmon', which grow to about 8 feet (2.4 m) at

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through a deception mechanism. The showy corolla acts as a potent advertisement to attract pollinators from a distance, but the flowers are nectarless and offer no reward to their visitors. They therefore receive very few visits, as typical of many rewardless flower species. Fears of honey

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Abid Aqsa, Mushtaq Ahmad, Muhammad Zafar, Sadia Zafar, Mohamed Fawzy Ramadan, Ashwaq T. Althobaiti, Shazia Sultana, Omer Kilic, Trobjon Makhkamov, Akramjon Yuldashev, Oybek Mamarakhimov, Khislat Khaydarov, Afat O. Mammadova, Komiljon Komilov, and Salman Majeed (December 2023).

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may also be administered to help absorb any remaining toxins. Further medical attention may be required depending on the severity of the poisoning and symptoms. Temporary cardiac pacing will be required in many cases (usually for a few days) until the toxin is excreted.

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Bandara, Veronika; Weinstein, Scott A.; White, Julian; Eddleston, Michael (2010-09-01). "A review of the natural history, toxinology, diagnosis and clinical management of Nerium oleander (common oleander) and Thevetia peruviana (yellow oleander) poisoning".

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Oleander flowers are showy, profuse, and often fragrant, which makes them very attractive in many contexts. Over 400 cultivars have been named, with several additional flower colors not found in wild plants having been selected, including yellow, peach and

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During the winter they should be moved indoors, ideally into an unheated greenhouse or basement where they can be allowed to go dormant. Once they are dormant they require little light and only occasional watering. Placing them in a space with

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is commonly depicted with is actually an oleander plant, and the poisonous plant and its subsequent hallucinations are the source of the oracle's mystical power and subsequent prophecies. Many of the symptoms that primary sources such as

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in Galveston hosts the propagation program for the International Oleander Society, which promotes the cultivation of oleanders. New varieties are hybridized and grown on the Moody Gardens grounds, encompassing every named variety.

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with the appropriate precautions. It is grown without protection in warmer areas in Switzerland, southern and western Germany and southern England and can reach great sizes in London and to a lesser extent in Paris due to the

1835:" contains the line "Oleanders growing outside her door, soon they're gonna be in bloom up in Annandale" in the second verse. It has been theorized that this reference is either a metaphor for a harmful relationship, or 3770: 1825:, the Mughal emperor Jahangir passes a stream overgrowing with oleanders along its banks. He orders the nobles in his train to adorn their turbans with oleander blossoms, creating a "field of flowers" on their heads. 1094:

primarily) which feed on the tissue of oleanders and spread the bacteria. This inhibits the circulation of water in the tissue of the plant, causing individual branches to die until the entire plant is consumed.

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has continued into the modern day: in France the plant is known as "laurier rose", while the Spanish term, "Adelfa", is the descendant of the original Ancient Greek name for both the bay laurel and the oleander,

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may be damaged. The toxicity of oleander renders it deer-resistant and its large size makes for a good windbreak – as such it is frequently planted as a hedge along property lines and in agricultural settings.

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In Boyfriend To Death 2: Fresh Blood, one of the dateble characters, Lawrence Oleander, has the name of the flower as last name, making reference to his dangerous personality despite his inofensive look.

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is centered around a young Southern California girl's experiences growing up in foster care after her mother is imprisoned for poisoning an ex-boyfriend with the plant. The book was adapted into a 2002

1304:, but smaller, and the flower is red like a rose. The plant itself (which loves hilly country) forms a large bush; the root is red and large, and, if this is dried, it gives off a fragrance like wine. 1676:

documented on several continents and over more than a century. Often told as a true and local event, typically an entire family, or in other tellings a group of scouts, succumbs after consuming

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Pao-Franco, Amaris; Hammond, Tara N.; Weatherton, Linda K.; DeClementi, Camille; Forney, Scott D. (29 July 2017). "Successful use of digoxin-specific immune Fab in the treatment of severe

948:. There are estimated to be 25 million oleanders planted along highways and roadsides throughout the state of California. Because of its durability, oleander was planted prolifically on 2479: 1773:

incorporated oleanders into his classically inspired paintings, including "An Oleander" (1882), "Courtship", "Under the Roof of Blue Ionian Weather" and "A Roman Flower Market" (1868).

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Nicholas van Ryn, intentionally places an oleander shrub in his ailing wife's bedroom. She later dies from exposure to the poisonous plant. This was also depicted in the 1946 film

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is the best way to cure an oleander poisoning if inducing vomiting has no or minimal success, although it is usually used only for life-threatening conditions due to side effects.

1019:) also feed on oleanders, and they retain or modify toxins, making them unpalatable to potential predators such as birds, but not to other invertebrates such as spiders and wasps. 4302: 1597:

Poisoning and reactions to oleander plants are evident quickly, requiring immediate medical care in suspected or known poisonings of both humans and animals. Induced vomiting and

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in southern parts of China. It typically occurs around stream beds in river valleys, where it can alternatively tolerate long seasons of drought and inundation from winter rains.

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and drunk. However, both rue and oleander are poisonous themselves, and consuming them after a venomous snake bite can accelerate the rate of mortality and increase fatalities.

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Mantelli, Giovanni; Carollo, Massimo; Losso, Lorenzo; Costantini, Ilaria; Morando, Elia; Bacchion, Matilde; Pizzuto, Mauro; Spagnuolo, Letizia; Ricci, Giorgio (2023-12-01).

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Ingestion of this plant can affect the gastrointestinal system, the heart, and the central nervous system. The main effect of cardiotoxic glycosides is positive

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report align with results of oleander poisoning. Harissis also provides evidence claiming that the word laurel may have been used to describe an oleander leaf.

1007:) feed specifically on oleanders and survive by eating only the pulp surrounding the leaf-veins, avoiding the fibers. Larvae of the common crow butterfly ( 1412:

In Mediterranean climates oleanders can be expected to bloom from April through October, with the heaviest bloom usually occurring between May and June.

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The flowers grow in clusters at the end of each branch; they are white, pink to red, 2.5–5 cm (1–2 in) diameter, with a deeply 5-lobed fringed

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The Yeasayer song "I Am Chemistry" contains the refrain "My momma told me not to fool with oleander, and never handle the deadly quaker buttons again".

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varieties like 'Petite Salmon' or 'Mont Blanc' require no period of rest and can flower continuously throughout the year if the weather remains warm.

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rare instance of death from oleander poisoning occurred when two toddlers adopted from an orphanage ate the leaves from a neighbor's shrub in

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peaking during the summer. The fruit is a long narrow pair of follicles, which splits open at maturity to release numerous downy seeds.

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Oleander was a very popular ornamental shrub in Roman peristyle gardens; it is one of the flora most frequently depicted on murals in

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is either native or naturalized to a broad area spanning from Northwest Africa and Iberian and Italian Peninsula eastward through the

5422: 4348: 345:, is a shrub or small tree cultivated worldwide in temperate and subtropical areas as an ornamental and landscaping plant. It is the 4995: 4534: 2837: 1001:

Some invertebrates are known to be unaffected by oleander toxins, and feed on the plants. Caterpillars of the polka-dot wasp moth (

5096: 5008: 4599: 4547: 1556:. Because oleander is extremely bitter, officials speculated that the toddlers had developed a condition caused by malnutrition, 4461: 5171: 5021: 5367: 5127: 4105: 4042: 4000: 3173: 2397: 2237: 2168: 2051: 993:. Plants may suffer damage or die back in such marginal climates during severe winter cold but will rebound from the roots. 367:. It is so widely cultivated that no precise region of origin has been identified, though it is usually associated with the 5101: 4604: 3130: 1265:) correspond to either inhaling the smoke of or chewing small amounts of oleander leaves, often called by the generic term 1245: 1061: 956:. They are so prolific that Galveston is known as the 'Oleander City'; an annual oleander festival is hosted every spring. 402:

Oleander grows to 2–6 metres (7–20 feet) tall, with erect stems that splay outward as they mature; first-year stems have a

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of the plant. As such it can be difficult to identify at first because gardeners may mistake the symptoms for those of

4219: 3005: 2561: 329: 3283:"Foliar epidermal and trichome micromorphological diversity among poisonous plants and their taxonomic significance" 1634:

have been investigated as a treatment for cancer, but have failed to demonstrate clinical utility. According to the

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Researches in Asia Minor, Pontus, and Armenia: With Some Account of Their Antiquities and Geology [in 1836]

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Langford, Shannon D; Boor, Paul J (1996). "Oleander toxicity: An examination of human and animal toxic exposures".

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in 1888. Van Gogh found the flowers "joyous" and "life-affirming" because of their inexhaustible blooms and vigour.

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Newman, R. A; Yang, P; Pawlus, A. D; Block, K. I (2008). "Cardiac Glycosides as Novel Cancer Therapeutic Agents".

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Shmida, A., Ivri, Y., and Cohen, D. The enigma of the oleander. Eretz VeTeva, January–February 1995 (in Hebrew).

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Both Pliny and Dioscorides stated that oleander was an effective antidote to venomous snake bites if mixed with

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Szabuniewicz, M; McCrady, J. D; Camp, B. J (1971). "Treatment of experimentally induced oleander poisoning".

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because of toxic compounds it contains, especially when consumed in large amounts. Among these compounds are

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has a history of cultivation going back millennia, especially amongst the great ancient civilizations of the

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This article is about the species of plant. For the multi-level marketing firm Nerium International, see

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administered in wine makes the temper gentler and more cheerful. The plant has a leaf like that of the

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or other food roasted over a campfire using oleander sticks. Some variants tell of this happening to

38: 1405:, where they can readily root after being placed in water or in rich organic potting material, like 1323:

outside Rome, and those from the House of the Wedding of Alexander and the Marine Venus in Pompeii.

4328: 3701:"Laurel but Hardy: unintended poisoning, a case report of oleander misidentification as bay laurel" 3463: 2061: 1770: 953: 941: 565:

The plant has been described under a wide variety of names that are today considered its synonyms:

108: 5140: 1074:, California, in 1992. The disease has since devastated hundreds of thousands of shrubs mainly in 4972: 4964: 4873: 4666: 4521: 4361: 3880: 2196: 1697: 1635: 1356: 5251: 1319:

and elsewhere in Italy. These murals include the famous garden scene from the House of Livia at

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5–23 cm (2–9 in) long, which splits open at maturity to release numerous downy seeds.

5075: 4946: 4653: 4495: 4373: 4356: 3344:; Schwartz, WL; McCrady, JD; Camp, BJ (1972). "Experimental oleander poisoning and treatment". 3150: 1577:

Therefore, clinical features of oleander poisoning are similar to digoxin toxicity and include

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Oleander is a vigorous grower in warm subtropical regions, where it is extensively used as an

5225: 4648: 3318: 2600: 2212: 1886: 1801: 1777: 778: 542: 251: 5114: 5049: 4640: 4065: 5202: 4894: 3992: 3712: 3594: 3498: 3489: 3400: 2553: 1832: 1196: 1150: 922: 801: 3536: 494:. The genera most closely related thus include the equally ornamental (and equally toxic) 8: 5220: 3287: 3068: 2535:

L. (PIM 366). International Programme on Chemical Safety: INCHEM. Retrieved on 2009-07-27

1685: 1161: 1075: 965: 368: 73: 5326: 4938: 4771: 4487: 4243: 3741: 3716: 3700: 3598: 3502: 2530: 450:. The leaves are light green and very glossy when young, maturing to a dull dark green. 5334: 5238: 4959: 4713: 4508: 4292: 3942: 3795: 2913: 2905: 2850: 2513: 2087: 2044: 1860: 1609: 1041: 1003: 762: 517: 273: 103: 4513: 3827: 2339: 2303: 2278: 2253: 1712: 5290: 5197: 4855: 4635: 4443: 4338: 4038: 3996: 3934: 3926: 3858: 3787: 3746: 3728: 3674: 3618: 3610: 3563: 3514: 3510: 3419: 3376: 3306: 3259: 3255: : Petite oleanders: Evergreen drought-tolerant dwarf shrubs with showy flowers" 3169: 3047: 2961: 2909: 2886: 2831:

Herrera, Javier (1991). "The reproductive biology of a riparian Mediterranean shrub,

2557: 2393: 2233: 2164: 2103:, but the character is not constant and it is no longer regarded as a separate taxon. 1864: 1805: 1494: 1490: 1201: 978: 974: 4140: 3961: 3906: 2360: 461:. They are often, but not always, sweet-scented. The fruit is a long narrow pair of 5412: 5339: 4860: 4718: 4411: 3946: 3918: 3850: 3823: 3799: 3779: 3736: 3720: 3602: 3532: 3506: 3409: 3296: 2895: 2846: 2605: 2200: 1986: 1968: 1944: 1929: 1821: 1759: 1743: 1727:, having been the first to bloom following the atomic bombing of the city in 1945. 1602: 1402: 1393: 1261:

in Ancient Greece. According to this theory, the symptoms of the Pythia's trances (

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In a research study done by Haralampos V. Harissis, he claims that the laurel the

793:(νηρός), because of the natural habitat of the oleander along rivers and streams. 5407: 5277: 5184: 4804: 4791: 4435: 3724: 2934: 2900: 2877: 2734: 2227: 2158: 1856:

Katy Rose's 2004 song "I Like" contains the line "while I drink my oleander tea".

1836: 1702: 1692: 1557: 1482: 1421: 1237: 969: 884: 805: 379: 346: 146: 64: 2701: 5233: 4396: 2385: 1795: 1622:) found in East Africa, have similar leaves and flowers and are equally toxic. 1598: 1454: 1433: 1413: 1270: 1169: 1104: 809: 526: 411: 133: 4781: 4321:. Erwin, Van den Enden. 2004. Illustrated Lecture Notes on Tropical Medicine. 3678: 1749:

Oleander was part of subject matter of paintings by famous artists including:

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posited that oleander was the substance used to induce hallucinations in the

1168:(rose), also called the 'Rose of Jericho', mentioned in apocryphal writings ( 1087: 1015: 957: 782: 770: 521: 229: 93: 88: 3907:"A bittersweet story: the true nature of the laurel of the Oracle of Delphi" 3301: 3282: 3126:"A Bittersweet Story: The True Nature of the Laurel of the Oracle of Delphi" 5088: 4692: 3938: 3862: 3791: 3750: 3622: 3414: 2099:

In the past, scented plants were sometimes treated as the distinct species

1868: 1753: 1673: 1441: 1281: 1071: 1009: 945: 833: 507: 487: 458: 356: 202: 5303: 5189: 3922: 3518: 3380: 2937:. University of California Agriculture & Natural Resources. April 2008 1707: 1382: 5135: 5034: 4837: 4754: 4560: 4405: 3423: 2185: 2014: 1790: 1458: 1375: 1320: 1301: 1070:) has become a serious threat to the shrub since it was first noticed in 1046: 1023: 491: 443: 364: 192: 182: 4987: 3984: 2917: 2635: 1913: 1497:

and are toxic when ingested. Side effects after ingestion are weakness,

1341:. They were found to have been planted in a decorative arrangement with 1027:

contamination with toxic oleander nectar are therefore unsubstantiated.

944:, while in California and Texas miles of oleander shrubs are planted on 903: 30:"Arali" redirects here. For the underworld in Babylonian mythology, see 5000: 4539: 3965: 3011:. College of Agriculture and Life Sciences at the University of Arizona 2386:

Wilhelmina Feemster Jashemski; Frederick G. Meyer (19 September 2002).

1977: 1953: 1828: 1661: 1119: 864: 813: 537: 415: 384: 3783: 1776:"The Terrace at Méric (Oleanders)", an 1867 Impressionist painting by 800:

appears as far back as the first century AD, when the Greek physician

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are protective measures to reduce absorption of the toxic compounds.

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and poor air flow can make them susceptible to a variety of pests –

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administered in wine", he alleges, has a beneficial effect on mood:

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Medical problems caused by plants: Plant Toxins, Cardiac Glycosides

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Cyclopaedia of Biblical, Theological, and Ecclesiastical Literature

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https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T202961A13537523.en

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actively growing, which allows the bacteria to spread through the

4868: 2761:"Jardin: Prolongez vous vos vacances en plantant in laurier-rose" 1756:, who painted "Two Girls with an Oleander" between 1890 and 1892. 1677: 1618: 1406: 1316: 1079: 986: 828:(another Ancient Greek name for the plant), with the addition of 548: 496: 483: 360: 212: 31: 5062: 2434: 1894:, which may be used to craft poisonous weapons, and is based on 1284:

described (among plants that affect the mind) a shrub he called

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effect. This is also the case with North American cities in the

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is planted in many subtropical and tropical areas of the world.

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cited it as one of the terms used by the Romans for the plant.

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The ancient Greeks had several names for the plant, including

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The flowers require insect visits to set seed, and seem to be

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Thomas C. Fuller; Elizabeth May McClintock (1 January 1986).

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region, Arabian Peninsula, southern Asia, and as far east as

912: 789:(νήριον), which is in turn derived from the Greek for water, 553: 501: 120: 2975: 2594: 2592: 2503:

Bingtao Li, Antony J. M. Leeuwenberg, and D. J. Middleton. "

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range of oleander, the plant can also be cultivated in mild

3812: 908: 856:(ἀνήρ, ἀνδρός). ascribed to oleander's toxicity to humans. 314: 311: 3368:

Archives internationales de Pharmacodynamie et de Thérapie

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with sap may cause skin irritation, eye inflammation and

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The origins of the species name are disputed. The word

482:. It belongs to (and gives its name to) the small tribe 418:, 5–21 centimetres (2–8 inches) long and 1–3.5 cm ( 3559:"2 Toddlers Died from Oleander Poisoning, Coroner Says" 3364: 2988: 2279:"World Checklist of Selected Plant Families, entry for 2254:"World Checklist of Selected Plant Families, entry for 2225: 1329:

fragments of oleander wood have been identified at the

2682:"Paris côté jardin Archives de mots clés Laurier Rose" 2232:. Plant Resources of Tropical Africa. pp. 43–49. 1195:

word for the plant, but used the Greek terms instead.

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On the East Coast of the US, it grows as far north as

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is the only species currently classified in the genus

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filled with minute reticulate venation web typical of

4057: 4030: 3840: 2954: 1572:. Glycosides bind to the sarcolemma transmembrane ATP 1288:, which modern editors render oleander: "the root of 330: 305: 3978: 3482: 3480: 1672:

The toxicity of the plant makes it the center of an

2548:Huxley, A.; Griffiths, M.; Levy, M. (eds.) (1992). 2163:. Sunset Publishing Corporation. pp. 606–607. 1355:of oleander varieties are compiled and held at the 1269:in Ancient Greece, which led to confusion with the 406:bloom, while mature stems have a grayish bark. The 317: 302: 2728: 2184: 1312:), Theophrastus appears to intend the same shrub. 3771:Journal of Veterinary Emergency and Critical Care 3477: 2183: 1849:has a song called "Oleander" on their 2011 album 1172:XXIV, 13) dating back to between 450 and 180 BC. 414:of three, thick and leathery, dark-green, narrow 5354: 3675:Cooperative Extension Service, Purdue University 3556: 3531: 3393: 3106: 2323: 2143:of Threatened Species 2013: e.T202961A13537523. 1784: 844:is the Latinized form of a Greek compound noun: 4103: 3394:Hougen, T. J; Lloyd, B. L; Smith, T. W (1979). 3336: 3334: 3236:"Blooming Oleanders of the American Collection" 3045: 2758: 1723:Oleander is the official flower of the city of 1086:and Texas. The culprit is a bacterium which is 516:- both of which contain (like oleander) potent 37:"Oleander" redirects here. For other uses, see 4335:. School of Pharmacy. Retrieved on 2009-07-27. 4217: 3671:Indiana Plants Poisonous to Livestock and Pets 3464:"Dozens of horses poisoned at California farm" 3212: 3066: 3041: 3039: 2882:and options for mitigation in infected plants" 2826: 2824: 848:(ὀλλύω) 'I kill', and the Greek noun for man, 832:because of the superficial resemblance to the 4323:Prince Leopold Institute of Tropical Medicine 3215:"Shedding Light on Growing Oleanders Indoors" 3163: 2679: 2458:. African World Heritage Fund. Archived from 2067:Tibesti-Jebel Uweinat montane xeric woodlands 1716:, which is still used in Turkey to produce a 1706:actual flower referenced by Pliny was either 4034:Researches in Asia Minor, Pontus and Armenia 4024: 3486: 3331: 3323:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 3248: 3003: 2576:"Will freeway oleander survive the drought?" 2381: 2379: 2377: 2156: 1111:immediately after the infection is noticed. 883:in Morocco may have taken its name from the 394: 4364:- informative article about Nerium oleander 4160: 3036: 2821: 2573: 2392:. Cambridge University Press. p. 133. 898: 4127:"Gustav Klimt, Two Girls with an Oleander" 4072: 3991:. University of California Press. p. 3187: 3185: 2783: 2726: 2628:"History - International Oleander Society" 2219: 1199:states in his 1st century AD pharmacopeia 82: 63: 3959: 3740: 3413: 3300: 2929: 2927: 2899: 2871: 2869: 2544: 2542: 2526: 2524: 2522: 2374: 1691:There is an ancient account mentioned by 1191:. Pliny confirmed that the Romans had no 964:Beyond the traditional Mediterranean and 4339:Legend of Oleander-poisoning at Campfire 3904: 3660: 3658: 3168:. Budding Books. pp. 141–2, 143–9. 3144: 3087: 3085: 2838:Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 2654: 2652: 2598: 2226:Schmelzer, G.H.; A. Gurib-Fakim (2008). 1734: 1520:It is also hazardous to animals such as 1469: 1381: 1370: 1141: 1034: 902: 3461: 3182: 2875: 2830: 1563: 1477:, one of the toxins present in oleander 1447: 1366: 1349:) alongside the villa's swimming pool. 14: 5355: 3869: 3806: 3436: 3430: 2924: 2866: 2539: 2519: 2473: 2028:Closed buds of an oleander shrub near 1839:, which is the subcontext of the song. 1243:A 2014 article in the medical journal 524:in Africa. The three remaining genera 4372: 4371: 4078: 3664: 3655: 3629: 3439:"Guide to Poisonous Plants: Oleander" 3082: 2649: 2496: 2052:List of ineffective cancer treatments 1589:ingestion of unprepared plant parts. 1217:. The Egyptians apparently called it 1164:. Some scholars believe it to be the 5317:6bd9f73b-9d2a-4bb0-9c77-9769d4955142 5164:3f5d6878-fc56-41f0-828b-5033fe62f977 5027:F0291B74-A530-B534-BB56-96EF6CA3EA34 4706:f220946f-71e6-4950-837e-e75d611f011b 4628:551d6649-c3af-4d24-aaf5-de7f64459317 4081:"The Strange History of 'Mad Honey'" 3911:Perspectives in Biology and Medicine 3131:Perspectives in Biology and Medicine 3123: 2957:"How to Battle Oleander Leaf Scorch" 2955:U.C. Master Gardeners (1998-11-21). 2448: 2213:participating institution membership 1246:Perspectives in Biology and Medicine 557:are less well-known in cultivation. 442: in) broad, and with an entire 5363:IUCN Red List least concern species 4129:. Wadsworth Atheneum Museum of Art. 2730:"Gardening Advice: Thorny problems" 2550:The New RHS Dictionary of Gardening 2437:. Diccionario de le lengua española 2057:List of plants poisonous to equines 1646: 1493:, which are known to have a narrow 1339:eruption of Mount Vesuvius in 79 AD 1308:In another mention, of "wild bay" ( 24: 4680:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:30305280-2 4220:"The emperor of oleander blossoms" 4177:"The Terrace at Méric (Oleanders)" 4037:. Georg Olms Verlag. p. 160. 3273: 2851:10.1111/j.1095-8339.1991.tb02289.x 2601:"Oleanders are Dying in San Diego" 2456:"Archaeological Site of Volubilis" 2414:"French translation of 'oleander'" 2340:"Oleander: Definition of Oleander" 1762:painted his famous "Oleanders" in 349:currently classified in the genus 25: 5439: 4258: 4104:Tredici, PD; Tsuchida, H (1993). 4015: 3960:Mikkelson, Barbara (2011-07-31). 3828:10.1200/jco.2011.29.15_suppl.3023 3537:"Oleander Poisoning Kills 2 Kids" 3091: 2786:"Hey check out that parking lot!" 2599:Hamilton, Ron (5 February 2009). 1879: 1078:, but also on a smaller scale in 872:, which subsequently passed into 840:) Another theory posited is that 5423:Flora of the Mediterranean Basin 4333:Virginia Commonwealth University 4299:Information on Oleander toxicity 4276: 4264: 4143:. The Metropolitan Museum of Art 3962:"Oleander Poisoning: snopes.com" 3905:Harissis, Haralampos V. (2014). 3637:"Oleander poisoning Information" 3195:. International Oleander Society 2989:Kathleen Norris Brenzel (2007). 2662:. International Oleander Society 2021: 2003: 1994: 1985: 1976: 1961: 1952: 1936: 1921: 1912: 859:The etymological association of 298: 107: 5265:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:80460-1 4236: 4211: 4190: 4169: 4154: 4133: 4119: 4097: 4051: 4009: 3953: 3898: 3834: 3757: 3692: 3577: 3557:Jessica Garrison (2000-07-26). 3550: 3525: 3455: 3387: 3358: 3242: 3228: 3206: 3157: 3138: 3117: 3100: 3069:"Plants of the Bible: Oleander" 3060: 3022: 2997: 2948: 2857: 2799: 2777: 2752: 2741:from the original on 2022-01-12 2720: 2694: 2673: 2620: 2567: 2427: 2406: 2353: 2332: 2317: 2147:. Accessed on 21 December 2022. 2106: 1205:that the Romans used the Greek 4303:International Oleander Society 4058:William John Hamilton (1842). 4031:William John Hamilton (1984). 3988:Poisonous Plants of California 2759:Marc Mennessier (2014-11-24). 2491:Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh 2389:The Natural History of Pompeii 2296: 2271: 2246: 2177: 2150: 2129: 2093: 2079: 1730: 1257:, also known as the Oracle of 1132: 1030: 952:in Texas after the disastrous 520:that have led to their use as 390: 13: 1: 4218:Parvati Sharma (2018-11-09). 3607:10.1016/j.toxicon.2010.03.026 3213:Elvin McDonald (1987-04-27). 2660:"Moody Gardens & the IOS" 2363:. Online Etymology Dictionary 2122: 1785:In literature, film and music 1052:A bacterial disease known as 282: 5368:Monotypic Apocynaceae genera 3816:Journal of Clinical Oncology 3725:10.1016/j.toxrep.2023.10.010 3511:10.1016/0300-483X(95)03296-R 3149:. Translated by A. F. Hort. 2901:10.1079/cabireviews202217021 2680:Alain Delavie (2016-08-07). 2342:. Merriam-Webster Dictionary 1701:, who described a region in 1592: 1513:, stomach pain, and death. 1489:and oleandrigenin, known as 1359:in Washington, D.C., and at 756: 7: 4349:Distribution over the world 4244:"The origins of Steely Dan" 4106:"Hibaku trees of Hiroshima" 3814:advanced cancer patients". 3665:Goetz, Rebecca. J. (1998). 3249:Linda French (1989-07-01). 3004:Laura Murphy (2007-09-27). 2037: 1667: 1625: 1465: 1273:that ancient authors cite. 1229:(a southern Italic people) 876:usage and thence to Spain. 560: 468: 10: 5444: 5428:Constantly blooming plants 4345:. Retrieved on 2009-07-27. 4325:. Retrieved on 2009-07-27. 4313:Jardí Botànic de Barcelona 4305:. Retrieved on 2009-07-27. 4295:. Retrieved on 2018-03-26. 4079:Bryce, Emma (2014-09-04). 3153:. pp. I.9.3, IX.19.1. 2991:Sunset Western Garden Book 2574:Tony Bizjak (2015-04-09). 2516:. Retrieved on 2009-07-27. 2493:. Retrieved on 2009-07-27. 2160:Sunset Western Garden Book 1943:First oleander planted in 1905: 1641: 1517:"glycoside intoxication". 1253:, the female priestess of 1137: 1092:glassy-winged sharpshooter 1013:) and oleander hawk-moth ( 996: 43: 36: 29: 4729: 4380: 3642:Mount Sinai Health System 3443:Colorado State University 3347:Southwestern Veterinarian 2876:Burbank, Lindsey (2022). 2784:Loree Bohl (2013-07-22). 2727:Helen Yemm (2008-09-19). 2306:. Atlas of Florida Plants 2192:Oxford English Dictionary 2085:The "Yellow Oleander" is 1890:features a deadly plant, 1540:(अश्वमार), a compound of 1337:, likewise buried by the 355:, belonging to subfamily 279: 272: 257: 250: 104:Scientific classification 102: 80: 71: 62: 55: 39:Oleander (disambiguation) 4315:Retrieved on 2009-07-27. 4163:Sir Lawrence Alma-Tadema 3462:Trevino, Monica (2009). 3046:John McClintock (1880). 3030:Ecclesiasticus XXXIV, 13 3006:"Oleanders under attack" 2480:Pankhurst, R. (editor). 2072: 2062:List of poisonous plants 1771:Sir Lawrence Alma-Tadema 1107:or nutrient deficiency. 925:and warmer areas of the 899:Distribution and habitat 773:in 1753. The genus name 5388:Garden plants of Africa 4200:. Oprah.com. 1999-05-06 4064:. John Murray. p. 3881:American Cancer Society 3843:Molecular Interventions 3302:10.2478/fhort-2023-0019 2809:. The Australian Museum 2807:"Common Crow Butterfly" 2416:. Collinsdictionary.com 2197:Oxford University Press 1859:In Anya Seton's novel, 1815:In the 17th century AD 1636:American Cancer Society 1357:Smithsonian Institution 808:believes the word is a 5373:Drought-tolerant trees 4357:University of Helsinki 4309:Plants of North Africa 3437:Knight, A. P. (1999). 3415:10.1161/01.res.44.1.23 3342:Szabuniewicz, Mirosław 3164:Farrar, Linda (2002). 3151:Loeb Classical Library 3124:Harissis, Haralampos. 3107:Pedanius Dioscorides. 2935:"Oleander Leaf Scorch" 2324:Pedanius Dioscorides. 2205:10.1093/OED/4058348783 1746: 1554:El Segundo, California 1478: 1389: 1387:White variety in bloom 1379: 1306: 1154: 1149:, an 1882 painting by 1118:was identified as the 1049: 915: 769:was first assigned by 490:of the dogbane family 399: 5393:Garden plants of Asia 5383:Flora of Western Asia 5378:Flora of North Africa 4649:Paleobiology Database 3923:10.1353/pbm.2014.0032 3768:toxicosis in a dog". 3166:Ancient Roman Gardens 3071:. flowersinisrael.com 2788:. Thedangergarden.com 2157:Sunset Books (1995). 2135:Lansdown, R.V. 2013. 1887:Red Dead Redemption 2 1802:film of the same name 1738: 1473: 1385: 1374: 1363:in Galveston, Texas. 1294: 1278:Enquiries into Plants 1221:, the North Africans 1145: 1038: 906: 816:names for the plant: 398: 337:), commonly known as 4285:at Wikimedia Commons 4248:Entertainment Weekly 4161:Russell Ash (1992). 3401:Circulation Research 3067:Martha Modzelevich. 2578:. The Sacramento Bee 1875:as Nicholas van Ryn. 1718:hallucinogenic honey 1564:Effects of poisoning 1448:Colors and varieties 1367:Ornamental gardening 1197:Pedanius Dioscorides 1151:Lawrence Alma-Tadema 1056:oleander leaf scorch 923:Mediterranean region 879:The ancient city of 824:, or more plausibly 802:Pedanius Dioscorides 691:Nerium odoratissimum 3717:2023ToxR...11..385M 3599:2010Txcn...56..273B 3503:1996Toxgy.109....1L 3288:Folia Horticulturae 3238:. Oleanderhaus.com. 3147:Inquiry into Plants 2918:0000-0002-9614-1259 2835:L. (Apocynaceae)". 2195:(Online ed.). 1819:-language book the 1769:Anglo-Dutch artist 1686:Alexander the Great 1630:Drugs derived from 1209:but also the Latin 1162:Mediterranean Basin 1076:Southern California 785:name for the plant 723:Nerium thyrsiflorum 619:Nerium grandiflorum 369:Mediterranean Basin 74:Conservation status 4331:. Desai, Umesh R. 4329:Cardiac glycosides 4293:Clemson University 3822:(15_suppl): 3023. 3705:Toxicology Reports 3251:"Gardening : 3193:"Oleander Culture" 3134:. pp. 351–60. 2880:Xylella fastidiosa 2514:Harvard University 2088:Cascabela thevetia 2045:Cascabela thevetia 1747: 1610:Digoxin immune fab 1491:cardiac glycosides 1479: 1390: 1380: 1155: 1088:spread via insects 1063:Xylella fastidiosa 1050: 1004:Syntomeida epilais 916: 582:Tourn. ex St.-Lag. 518:cardiac glycosides 457:round the central 400: 5350: 5349: 5198:Open Tree of Life 4636:Open Tree of Life 4374:Taxon identifiers 4281:Media related to 4044:978-3-487-41321-1 4002:978-0-520-05569-8 3784:10.1111/vec.12634 3564:Los Angeles Times 3260:Los Angeles Times 3217:. Chicago Tribune 3175:978-1-84015-190-9 3110:De Materia Medica 2962:Los Angeles Times 2399:978-0-521-80054-9 2326:De Materia Medica 2239:978-90-5782-204-9 2211:(Subscription or 2170:978-0-376-03850-0 2048:(yellow oleander) 1806:Michelle Pfeiffer 1575: 1495:therapeutic index 1280:of circa 300 BC, 1202:De Materia Medica 979:Pacific Northwest 975:urban heat island 954:Hurricane of 1900 751: 747:Oleander vulgaris 743: 735: 731:Nerium verecundum 727: 719: 711: 703: 695: 687: 683:Nerium mascatense 679: 671: 663: 659:Nerium lauriforme 655: 651:Nerium latifolium 647: 639: 631: 623: 615: 607: 603:Nerium flavescens 599: 591: 583: 575: 556: 545: 534: 515: 504: 289: 288: 232: 97: 16:(Redirected from 5435: 5418:Flora of Lebanon 5403:Ornamental trees 5398:Medicinal plants 5343: 5342: 5330: 5329: 5320: 5319: 5307: 5306: 5294: 5293: 5281: 5280: 5268: 5267: 5255: 5254: 5242: 5241: 5229: 5228: 5216: 5215: 5206: 5205: 5193: 5192: 5180: 5179: 5167: 5166: 5157: 5156: 5144: 5143: 5131: 5130: 5118: 5117: 5105: 5104: 5092: 5091: 5079: 5078: 5066: 5065: 5053: 5052: 5043: 5042: 5030: 5029: 5017: 5016: 5004: 5003: 4991: 4990: 4981: 4980: 4968: 4967: 4955: 4954: 4942: 4941: 4929: 4928: 4916: 4915: 4903: 4902: 4890: 4889: 4877: 4876: 4864: 4863: 4851: 4850: 4841: 4840: 4831: 4830: 4818: 4817: 4808: 4807: 4795: 4794: 4785: 4784: 4775: 4774: 4765: 4764: 4763: 4750: 4749: 4748: 4722: 4721: 4709: 4708: 4696: 4695: 4683: 4682: 4670: 4669: 4657: 4656: 4644: 4643: 4631: 4630: 4621: 4620: 4608: 4607: 4595: 4594: 4582: 4581: 4569: 4568: 4556: 4555: 4543: 4542: 4530: 4529: 4517: 4516: 4504: 4503: 4491: 4490: 4478: 4477: 4465: 4464: 4452: 4451: 4439: 4438: 4426: 4425: 4416: 4415: 4414: 4401: 4400: 4399: 4369: 4368: 4280: 4269:Data related to 4268: 4252: 4251: 4240: 4234: 4233: 4231: 4230: 4215: 4209: 4208: 4206: 4205: 4198:"White Oleander" 4194: 4188: 4187: 4185: 4184: 4173: 4167: 4166: 4158: 4152: 4151: 4149: 4148: 4137: 4131: 4130: 4123: 4117: 4116: 4110: 4101: 4095: 4094: 4092: 4091: 4076: 4070: 4069: 4055: 4049: 4048: 4028: 4022: 4021: 4020:. p. 21.77. 4013: 4007: 4006: 3982: 3976: 3975: 3973: 3972: 3957: 3951: 3950: 3902: 3896: 3895: 3893: 3892: 3883:. Archived from 3873: 3867: 3866: 3855:10.1124/mi.8.1.8 3838: 3832: 3831: 3810: 3804: 3803: 3761: 3755: 3754: 3744: 3696: 3690: 3689: 3687: 3686: 3677:. Archived from 3662: 3653: 3652: 3650: 3649: 3633: 3627: 3626: 3581: 3575: 3574: 3572: 3571: 3554: 3548: 3547: 3545: 3544: 3533:Associated Press 3529: 3523: 3522: 3484: 3475: 3474: 3472: 3471: 3459: 3453: 3452: 3450: 3449: 3434: 3428: 3427: 3417: 3391: 3385: 3384: 3362: 3356: 3355: 3338: 3329: 3328: 3322: 3314: 3304: 3277: 3271: 3270: 3268: 3267: 3246: 3240: 3239: 3232: 3226: 3225: 3223: 3222: 3210: 3204: 3203: 3201: 3200: 3189: 3180: 3179: 3161: 3155: 3154: 3142: 3136: 3135: 3121: 3115: 3114: 3104: 3098: 3097: 3096:. p. 24.90. 3089: 3080: 3079: 3077: 3076: 3064: 3058: 3057: 3043: 3034: 3033: 3026: 3020: 3019: 3017: 3016: 3010: 3001: 2995: 2994: 2986: 2973: 2972: 2970: 2969: 2952: 2946: 2945: 2943: 2942: 2931: 2922: 2921: 2903: 2873: 2864: 2861: 2855: 2854: 2828: 2819: 2818: 2816: 2814: 2803: 2797: 2796: 2794: 2793: 2781: 2775: 2774: 2772: 2771: 2756: 2750: 2749: 2747: 2746: 2732: 2724: 2718: 2717: 2715: 2714: 2698: 2692: 2691: 2689: 2688: 2677: 2671: 2670: 2668: 2667: 2656: 2647: 2646: 2644: 2643: 2634:. Archived from 2624: 2618: 2617: 2615: 2613: 2606:San Diego Reader 2596: 2587: 2586: 2584: 2583: 2571: 2565: 2546: 2537: 2528: 2517: 2500: 2494: 2477: 2471: 2470: 2468: 2467: 2452: 2446: 2445: 2443: 2442: 2431: 2425: 2424: 2422: 2421: 2410: 2404: 2403: 2383: 2372: 2371: 2369: 2368: 2357: 2351: 2350: 2348: 2347: 2336: 2330: 2329: 2321: 2315: 2314: 2312: 2311: 2300: 2294: 2293: 2291: 2289: 2275: 2269: 2268: 2266: 2264: 2250: 2244: 2243: 2229:Medicinal Plants 2223: 2217: 2216: 2208: 2188: 2181: 2175: 2174: 2154: 2148: 2133: 2116: 2110: 2104: 2097: 2091: 2083: 2025: 2007: 1998: 1989: 1980: 1965: 1956: 1940: 1925: 1916: 1845:Indie rock band 1778:Frédéric Bazille 1760:Vincent van Gogh 1744:Vincent van Gogh 1647:Oracle of Delphi 1603:Activated carbon 1573: 1394:ornamental plant 1114:The responsible 1058: 1057: 970:oceanic climates 950:Galveston Island 895:for the flower. 749: 741: 733: 725: 717: 715:Nerium splendens 709: 701: 693: 685: 677: 669: 661: 653: 645: 637: 635:Nerium japonicum 629: 621: 613: 605: 597: 589: 587:Nerion oleandrum 581: 573: 552: 541: 530: 511: 500: 441: 440: 436: 433: 427: 426: 422: 410:are in pairs or 333: 328: 327: 324: 320: 319: 316: 313: 310: 307: 304: 263: 243:N. oleander 228: 112: 111: 91: 86: 85: 67: 53: 52: 27:Species of plant 21: 5443: 5442: 5438: 5437: 5436: 5434: 5433: 5432: 5353: 5352: 5351: 5346: 5338: 5333: 5325: 5323: 5315: 5310: 5302: 5297: 5289: 5284: 5276: 5271: 5263: 5258: 5250: 5245: 5237: 5232: 5226:Nerium oleander 5224: 5219: 5213:Nerium_oleander 5211: 5209: 5201: 5196: 5188: 5185:Observation.org 5183: 5175: 5170: 5162: 5160: 5152: 5147: 5139: 5134: 5126: 5121: 5113: 5108: 5100: 5095: 5087: 5082: 5074: 5069: 5061: 5056: 5048: 5046: 5038: 5033: 5025: 5020: 5012: 5007: 4999: 4994: 4986: 4984: 4976: 4971: 4965:Nerium oleander 4963: 4958: 4950: 4945: 4937: 4932: 4924: 4919: 4911: 4906: 4898: 4893: 4887:Nerium_oleander 4885: 4880: 4872: 4867: 4859: 4854: 4846: 4844: 4836: 4834: 4828:nerium-oleander 4826: 4821: 4813: 4811: 4803: 4798: 4790: 4788: 4780: 4778: 4770: 4768: 4761:Nerium oleander 4759: 4758: 4753: 4744: 4743: 4738: 4731:Nerium oleander 4725: 4717: 4712: 4704: 4699: 4691: 4686: 4678: 4673: 4665: 4660: 4652: 4647: 4639: 4634: 4626: 4624: 4616: 4611: 4603: 4598: 4590: 4585: 4577: 4572: 4564: 4559: 4551: 4546: 4538: 4533: 4525: 4520: 4512: 4507: 4499: 4494: 4486: 4481: 4473: 4468: 4460: 4455: 4447: 4442: 4434: 4429: 4421: 4419: 4410: 4409: 4404: 4395: 4394: 4389: 4376: 4362:Nerium oleander 4283:Nerium oleander 4261: 4256: 4255: 4242: 4241: 4237: 4228: 4226: 4216: 4212: 4203: 4201: 4196: 4195: 4191: 4182: 4180: 4175: 4174: 4170: 4165:. Harry Abrams. 4159: 4155: 4146: 4144: 4139: 4138: 4134: 4125: 4124: 4120: 4108: 4102: 4098: 4089: 4087: 4077: 4073: 4056: 4052: 4045: 4029: 4025: 4018:Natural History 4014: 4010: 4003: 3983: 3979: 3970: 3968: 3958: 3954: 3903: 3899: 3890: 3888: 3877:"Oleander Leaf" 3875: 3874: 3870: 3839: 3835: 3811: 3807: 3766:Nerium oleander 3762: 3758: 3697: 3693: 3684: 3682: 3663: 3656: 3647: 3645: 3635: 3634: 3630: 3582: 3578: 3569: 3567: 3555: 3551: 3542: 3540: 3530: 3526: 3485: 3478: 3469: 3467: 3460: 3456: 3447: 3445: 3435: 3431: 3392: 3388: 3363: 3359: 3339: 3332: 3316: 3315: 3278: 3274: 3265: 3263: 3253:Nerium oleander 3247: 3243: 3234: 3233: 3229: 3220: 3218: 3211: 3207: 3198: 3196: 3191: 3190: 3183: 3176: 3162: 3158: 3143: 3139: 3122: 3118: 3113:. p. V.42. 3105: 3101: 3094:Natural History 3090: 3083: 3074: 3072: 3065: 3061: 3044: 3037: 3028: 3027: 3023: 3014: 3012: 3008: 3002: 2998: 2987: 2976: 2967: 2965: 2953: 2949: 2940: 2938: 2933: 2932: 2925: 2874: 2867: 2862: 2858: 2833:Nerium oleander 2829: 2822: 2812: 2810: 2805: 2804: 2800: 2791: 2789: 2782: 2778: 2769: 2767: 2757: 2753: 2744: 2742: 2735:Daily Telegraph 2725: 2721: 2712: 2710: 2700: 2699: 2695: 2686: 2684: 2678: 2674: 2665: 2663: 2658: 2657: 2650: 2641: 2639: 2626: 2625: 2621: 2611: 2609: 2597: 2590: 2581: 2579: 2572: 2568: 2547: 2540: 2533:Nerium oleander 2531:INCHEM (2005). 2529: 2520: 2505:Nerium oleander 2501: 2497: 2482:Nerium oleander 2478: 2474: 2465: 2463: 2454: 2453: 2449: 2440: 2438: 2433: 2432: 2428: 2419: 2417: 2412: 2411: 2407: 2400: 2384: 2375: 2366: 2364: 2361:"Oleander (n.)" 2359: 2358: 2354: 2345: 2343: 2338: 2337: 2333: 2328:. p. V.42. 2322: 2318: 2309: 2307: 2302: 2301: 2297: 2287: 2285: 2277: 2276: 2272: 2262: 2260: 2256:Nerium oleander 2252: 2251: 2247: 2240: 2224: 2220: 2210: 2182: 2178: 2171: 2155: 2151: 2137:Nerium oleander 2134: 2130: 2125: 2120: 2119: 2111: 2107: 2098: 2094: 2084: 2080: 2075: 2040: 2033: 2026: 2017: 2008: 1999: 1990: 1981: 1972: 1971:spreading seeds 1966: 1957: 1948: 1941: 1932: 1926: 1917: 1908: 1896:nerium oleander 1882: 1787: 1733: 1698:Natural History 1693:Pliny the Elder 1670: 1649: 1644: 1628: 1595: 1566: 1483:poisonous plant 1468: 1450: 1422:central heating 1369: 1158:Nerium oleander 1140: 1135: 1055: 1054: 1033: 999: 919:Nerium oleander 901: 806:Merriam-Webster 767:Nerium oleander 759: 754: 739:Oleander indica 699:Nerium odoratum 670:Nois. ex Steud. 643:Nerium kotschyi 611:Nerium floridum 563: 474:Nerium oleander 471: 438: 434: 431: 429: 424: 420: 419: 393: 380:poisonous plant 331: 322: 301: 297: 293:Nerium oleander 268: 265: 261:Nerium oleander 259: 246: 227: 106: 98: 87: 83: 76: 49: 42: 35: 28: 23: 22: 18:Nerium oleander 15: 12: 11: 5: 5441: 5431: 5430: 5425: 5420: 5415: 5410: 5405: 5400: 5395: 5390: 5385: 5380: 5375: 5370: 5365: 5348: 5347: 5345: 5344: 5340:wfo-0000251577 5331: 5321: 5308: 5295: 5282: 5269: 5256: 5243: 5230: 5217: 5207: 5194: 5181: 5168: 5158: 5145: 5132: 5119: 5106: 5093: 5080: 5067: 5054: 5044: 5031: 5018: 5005: 4992: 4982: 4969: 4956: 4943: 4930: 4917: 4904: 4891: 4878: 4865: 4852: 4842: 4832: 4819: 4809: 4796: 4786: 4776: 4766: 4751: 4735: 4733: 4727: 4726: 4724: 4723: 4719:wfo-4000025960 4710: 4697: 4684: 4671: 4658: 4645: 4632: 4622: 4609: 4596: 4583: 4570: 4557: 4544: 4531: 4518: 4505: 4492: 4479: 4466: 4453: 4440: 4427: 4417: 4402: 4386: 4384: 4378: 4377: 4366: 4365: 4359: 4346: 4336: 4326: 4316: 4306: 4296: 4289:Oleander Facts 4286: 4274: 4273:at Wikispecies 4260: 4259:External links 4257: 4254: 4253: 4235: 4210: 4189: 4168: 4153: 4132: 4118: 4096: 4071: 4050: 4043: 4023: 4008: 4001: 3977: 3952: 3917:(3): 351–360. 3897: 3868: 3833: 3805: 3778:(5): 596–604. 3756: 3691: 3654: 3628: 3593:(3): 273–281. 3576: 3549: 3535:(2000-07-25). 3524: 3476: 3454: 3429: 3386: 3357: 3330: 3295:(2): 243–274. 3272: 3241: 3227: 3205: 3181: 3174: 3156: 3145:Theophrastus. 3137: 3116: 3099: 3081: 3059: 3035: 3021: 2996: 2993:. p. 495. 2974: 2947: 2923: 2865: 2856: 2820: 2798: 2776: 2751: 2719: 2693: 2672: 2648: 2619: 2588: 2566: 2538: 2518: 2509:Flora of China 2495: 2486:Flora Europaea 2472: 2447: 2426: 2405: 2398: 2373: 2352: 2331: 2316: 2295: 2270: 2245: 2238: 2218: 2176: 2169: 2149: 2127: 2126: 2124: 2121: 2118: 2117: 2105: 2092: 2077: 2076: 2074: 2071: 2070: 2069: 2064: 2059: 2054: 2049: 2039: 2036: 2035: 2034: 2027: 2020: 2018: 2009: 2002: 2000: 1993: 1991: 1984: 1982: 1975: 1973: 1967: 1960: 1958: 1951: 1949: 1942: 1935: 1933: 1927: 1920: 1918: 1911: 1907: 1904: 1903: 1902: 1899: 1881: 1880:In video games 1878: 1877: 1876: 1857: 1854: 1843: 1840: 1831:'s 1973 song " 1826: 1813: 1796:White Oleander 1793:'s 1999 novel 1786: 1783: 1782: 1781: 1774: 1767: 1757: 1732: 1729: 1669: 1666: 1648: 1645: 1643: 1640: 1627: 1624: 1619:Adenium obesum 1599:gastric lavage 1594: 1591: 1565: 1562: 1481:Oleander is a 1467: 1464: 1449: 1446: 1434:oleander scale 1414:Free-flowering 1368: 1365: 1170:Ecclesiasticus 1139: 1136: 1134: 1131: 1105:drought stress 1039:Infected with 1032: 1029: 998: 995: 942:Virginia Beach 900: 897: 812:corruption of 810:Medieval Latin 758: 755: 753: 752: 744: 742:(Mill.) Medik. 736: 728: 720: 712: 704: 696: 688: 680: 675:Nerium madonii 672: 664: 656: 648: 640: 632: 627:Nerium indicum 624: 616: 608: 600: 595:Nerium carneum 592: 584: 576: 567: 562: 559: 470: 467: 392: 389: 287: 286: 281:Numerous, see 277: 276: 270: 269: 266: 255: 254: 248: 247: 240: 238: 234: 233: 220: 216: 215: 210: 206: 205: 200: 196: 195: 190: 186: 185: 180: 176: 175: 170: 163: 162: 157: 150: 149: 144: 137: 136: 131: 124: 123: 118: 114: 113: 100: 99: 81: 78: 77: 72: 69: 68: 60: 59: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5440: 5429: 5426: 5424: 5421: 5419: 5416: 5414: 5411: 5409: 5406: 5404: 5401: 5399: 5396: 5394: 5391: 5389: 5386: 5384: 5381: 5379: 5376: 5374: 5371: 5369: 5366: 5364: 5361: 5360: 5358: 5341: 5336: 5332: 5328: 5322: 5318: 5313: 5309: 5305: 5300: 5296: 5292: 5287: 5283: 5279: 5274: 5270: 5266: 5261: 5257: 5253: 5248: 5244: 5240: 5235: 5231: 5227: 5222: 5218: 5214: 5208: 5204: 5199: 5195: 5191: 5186: 5182: 5178: 5173: 5169: 5165: 5159: 5155: 5150: 5146: 5142: 5137: 5133: 5129: 5124: 5120: 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4385: 4383: 4379: 4375: 4370: 4363: 4360: 4358: 4354: 4350: 4347: 4344: 4340: 4337: 4334: 4330: 4327: 4324: 4320: 4317: 4314: 4310: 4307: 4304: 4300: 4297: 4294: 4290: 4287: 4284: 4279: 4275: 4272: 4267: 4263: 4262: 4249: 4245: 4239: 4225: 4221: 4214: 4199: 4193: 4179:. wikiart.org 4178: 4172: 4164: 4157: 4142: 4136: 4128: 4122: 4114: 4107: 4100: 4086: 4085:Modern Farmer 4082: 4075: 4067: 4063: 4062: 4054: 4046: 4040: 4036: 4035: 4027: 4019: 4012: 4004: 3998: 3994: 3990: 3989: 3981: 3967: 3963: 3956: 3948: 3944: 3940: 3936: 3932: 3928: 3924: 3920: 3916: 3912: 3908: 3901: 3887:on 2013-03-15 3886: 3882: 3878: 3872: 3864: 3860: 3856: 3852: 3848: 3844: 3837: 3829: 3825: 3821: 3817: 3809: 3801: 3797: 3793: 3789: 3785: 3781: 3777: 3773: 3772: 3767: 3760: 3752: 3748: 3743: 3738: 3734: 3730: 3726: 3722: 3718: 3714: 3710: 3706: 3702: 3695: 3681:on 2010-02-23 3680: 3676: 3672: 3668: 3661: 3659: 3644: 3643: 3638: 3632: 3624: 3620: 3616: 3612: 3608: 3604: 3600: 3596: 3592: 3588: 3580: 3566: 3565: 3560: 3553: 3538: 3534: 3528: 3520: 3516: 3512: 3508: 3504: 3500: 3496: 3492: 3491: 3483: 3481: 3465: 3458: 3444: 3440: 3433: 3425: 3421: 3416: 3411: 3407: 3403: 3402: 3397: 3390: 3382: 3378: 3374: 3370: 3369: 3361: 3353: 3349: 3348: 3343: 3337: 3335: 3326: 3320: 3312: 3308: 3303: 3298: 3294: 3290: 3289: 3284: 3276: 3262: 3261: 3256: 3254: 3245: 3237: 3231: 3216: 3209: 3194: 3188: 3186: 3177: 3171: 3167: 3160: 3152: 3148: 3141: 3133: 3132: 3127: 3120: 3112: 3111: 3103: 3095: 3088: 3086: 3070: 3063: 3055: 3051: 3050: 3042: 3040: 3031: 3025: 3007: 3000: 2992: 2985: 2983: 2981: 2979: 2964: 2963: 2958: 2951: 2936: 2930: 2928: 2919: 2915: 2911: 2907: 2902: 2897: 2893: 2889: 2888: 2883: 2881: 2872: 2870: 2860: 2852: 2848: 2845:(2): 147–72. 2844: 2840: 2839: 2834: 2827: 2825: 2808: 2802: 2787: 2780: 2766: 2762: 2755: 2740: 2736: 2731: 2723: 2709: 2708: 2707:RHS Gardening 2703: 2697: 2683: 2676: 2661: 2655: 2653: 2638:on 2017-07-08 2637: 2633: 2629: 2623: 2608: 2607: 2602: 2595: 2593: 2577: 2570: 2563: 2562:0-333-47494-5 2559: 2555: 2551: 2545: 2543: 2536: 2534: 2527: 2525: 2523: 2515: 2512: 2510: 2506: 2499: 2492: 2489: 2487: 2483: 2476: 2462:on 2013-10-20 2461: 2457: 2451: 2436: 2430: 2415: 2409: 2401: 2395: 2391: 2390: 2382: 2380: 2378: 2362: 2356: 2341: 2335: 2327: 2320: 2305: 2299: 2284: 2282: 2274: 2259: 2257: 2249: 2241: 2235: 2231: 2230: 2222: 2214: 2206: 2202: 2198: 2194: 2193: 2187: 2180: 2172: 2166: 2162: 2161: 2153: 2146: 2142: 2141:IUCN Red List 2138: 2132: 2128: 2115: 2109: 2102: 2096: 2090: 2089: 2082: 2078: 2068: 2065: 2063: 2060: 2058: 2055: 2053: 2050: 2047: 2046: 2042: 2041: 2031: 2024: 2019: 2016: 2012: 2006: 2001: 1997: 1992: 1988: 1983: 1979: 1974: 1970: 1964: 1959: 1955: 1950: 1946: 1939: 1934: 1931: 1924: 1919: 1915: 1910: 1909: 1900: 1897: 1893: 1892:oleander sage 1889: 1888: 1884: 1883: 1874: 1873:Vincent Price 1870: 1866: 1862: 1858: 1855: 1852: 1848: 1847:Mother Mother 1844: 1841: 1838: 1834: 1833:My Old School 1830: 1827: 1824: 1823: 1818: 1814: 1811: 1810:Alison Lohman 1807: 1803: 1798: 1797: 1792: 1789: 1788: 1779: 1775: 1772: 1768: 1765: 1761: 1758: 1755: 1752: 1751: 1750: 1745: 1741: 1737: 1728: 1726: 1721: 1719: 1715: 1714: 1709: 1704: 1700: 1699: 1694: 1689: 1688:'s soldiers. 1687: 1683: 1679: 1675: 1665: 1663: 1659: 1654: 1639: 1637: 1633: 1623: 1621: 1620: 1613: 1611: 1607: 1604: 1600: 1590: 1586: 1584: 1580: 1571: 1561: 1559: 1555: 1549: 1547: 1543: 1539: 1535: 1531: 1527: 1523: 1518: 1514: 1512: 1508: 1504: 1500: 1496: 1492: 1488: 1484: 1476: 1472: 1463: 1460: 1456: 1445: 1443: 1439: 1435: 1431: 1427: 1423: 1417: 1415: 1410: 1408: 1404: 1398: 1395: 1388: 1384: 1377: 1373: 1364: 1362: 1361:Moody Gardens 1358: 1354: 1350: 1348: 1347:Citrus medica 1344: 1340: 1336: 1332: 1331:Villa Poppaea 1328: 1324: 1322: 1318: 1313: 1311: 1305: 1303: 1299: 1293: 1291: 1287: 1283: 1279: 1274: 1272: 1268: 1264: 1260: 1256: 1252: 1248: 1247: 1241: 1239: 1234: 1232: 1228: 1224: 1220: 1216: 1212: 1208: 1204: 1203: 1198: 1194: 1190: 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514: 510: 509: 503: 499: 498: 493: 489: 486:of subfamily 485: 481: 480: 475: 466: 464: 460: 456: 451: 449: 445: 417: 413: 409: 405: 397: 388: 386: 381: 376: 372: 370: 366: 362: 358: 354: 353: 348: 344: 340: 336: 335: 326: 295: 294: 285: 284: 278: 275: 271: 264: 262: 256: 253: 252:Binomial name 249: 245: 244: 239: 236: 235: 231: 226: 225: 221: 218: 217: 214: 211: 208: 207: 204: 201: 198: 197: 194: 191: 188: 187: 184: 181: 178: 177: 174: 171: 168: 165: 164: 161: 158: 155: 152: 151: 148: 145: 142: 139: 138: 135: 134:Tracheophytes 132: 129: 126: 125: 122: 119: 116: 115: 110: 105: 101: 95: 90: 89:Least Concern 79: 75: 70: 66: 61: 58: 54: 51: 47: 40: 33: 19: 4730: 4381: 4352: 4247: 4238: 4227:. Retrieved 4223: 4213: 4202:. Retrieved 4192: 4181:. Retrieved 4171: 4162: 4156: 4145:. Retrieved 4135: 4121: 4112: 4099: 4088:. Retrieved 4084: 4074: 4060: 4053: 4033: 4026: 4017: 4011: 3987: 3980: 3969:. Retrieved 3955: 3914: 3910: 3900: 3889:. Retrieved 3885:the original 3871: 3849:(1): 36–49. 3846: 3842: 3836: 3819: 3815: 3808: 3775: 3769: 3765: 3759: 3708: 3704: 3694: 3683:. Retrieved 3679:the original 3670: 3646:. Retrieved 3640: 3631: 3590: 3586: 3579: 3568:. Retrieved 3562: 3552: 3541:. Retrieved 3539:. apnews.com 3527: 3494: 3488: 3468:. Retrieved 3457: 3446:. Retrieved 3432: 3408:(1): 23–31. 3405: 3399: 3389: 3375:(1): 12–21. 3372: 3366: 3360: 3354:(2): 105–14. 3351: 3345: 3319:cite journal 3292: 3286: 3275: 3264:. Retrieved 3258: 3252: 3244: 3230: 3219:. Retrieved 3208: 3197:. Retrieved 3165: 3159: 3146: 3140: 3129: 3119: 3109: 3102: 3093: 3073:. Retrieved 3062: 3048: 3029: 3024: 3013:. Retrieved 2999: 2990: 2966:. Retrieved 2960: 2950: 2939:. 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Retrieved 2255: 2248: 2228: 2221: 2190: 2179: 2159: 2152: 2136: 2131: 2108: 2100: 2095: 2086: 2081: 2043: 2010: 1928:Cultivated, 1895: 1891: 1885: 1869:Gene Tierney 1822:Jahangirnama 1820: 1794: 1754:Gustav Klimt 1748: 1739: 1722: 1713:Rhododendron 1711: 1696: 1690: 1674:urban legend 1671: 1650: 1631: 1629: 1617: 1614: 1608: 1596: 1587: 1567: 1550: 1545: 1544:"horse" and 1541: 1537: 1519: 1515: 1480: 1451: 1442:spider mites 1418: 1411: 1399: 1391: 1351: 1346: 1325: 1314: 1310:Daphne agria 1309: 1307: 1297: 1296:The root of 1295: 1289: 1285: 1282:Theophrastus 1277: 1276:In his book 1275: 1266: 1263:enthusiasmos 1262: 1244: 1242: 1235: 1230: 1223:rhodedaphane 1222: 1218: 1214: 1210: 1207:rhododendron 1206: 1200: 1188: 1185:rhododendron 1184: 1180: 1176: 1174: 1165: 1157: 1156: 1146: 1126: 1122: 1113: 1109: 1097: 1072:Palm Springs 1066: 1062: 1053: 1051: 1040: 1021: 1014: 1010:Euploea core 1008: 1002: 1000: 963: 939: 934: 918: 917: 892: 888: 878: 869: 860: 858: 853: 849: 845: 841: 838:Olea europea 837: 829: 826:rhododendron 825: 821: 817: 797: 795: 790: 786: 781:form of the 774: 766: 760: 746: 738: 730: 722: 714: 706: 698: 690: 682: 674: 666: 658: 650: 642: 634: 626: 618: 610: 602: 594: 586: 578: 570: 564: 547: 536: 525: 508:Strophanthus 506: 495: 488:Apocynoideae 478: 477: 473: 472: 459:corolla tube 452: 401: 378:Nerium is a 377: 373: 357:Apocynoideae 351: 350: 347:only species 342: 338: 292: 291: 290: 280: 260: 258: 242: 241: 223: 222: 203:Apocynoideae 166: 153: 140: 127: 56: 50: 5136:NatureServe 5035:iNaturalist 4755:Wikispecies 4561:iNaturalist 4406:Wikispecies 4353:N. oleander 4141:"Oleanders" 3711:: 385–388. 3497:(1): 1–13. 2878:"Threat of 2015:West Bengal 2011:N. oleander 1867:, starring 1791:Janet Fitch 1731:In painting 1632:N. oleander 1548:"killing". 1321:Prima Porta 1177:rhododaphne 1147:An Oleander 1133:Cultivation 1125:by Purcell 1065:subspecies 1031:Leaf scorch 966:subtropical 935:N. oleander 852:, genitive 492:Apocynaceae 391:Description 365:Apocynaceae 199:Subfamily: 193:Apocynaceae 183:Gentianales 147:Angiosperms 5357:Categories 5239:kew-135196 5234:Plant List 4845:Calflora: 4579:30305280-2 4229:2019-04-23 4204:2017-06-08 4183:2018-06-08 4147:2017-06-08 4090:2019-08-09 3971:2015-11-29 3966:Snopes.com 3891:2018-03-26 3685:2009-07-27 3667:"Oleander" 3648:2022-12-08 3570:2018-06-28 3543:2018-07-01 3490:Toxicology 3470:2009-08-03 3448:2009-07-27 3266:2017-05-14 3221:2018-03-26 3199:2018-03-26 3075:2018-06-12 3052:. p. 3015:2017-05-14 2968:2017-05-14 2941:2017-05-14 2813:23 October 2792:2018-02-24 2770:2018-02-25 2745:2017-06-10 2713:2017-06-10 2702:"Oleander" 2687:2017-07-21 2666:2019-04-15 2642:2016-04-10 2582:2017-05-14 2466:2013-05-12 2441:2017-12-29 2420:2017-12-29 2367:2017-06-25 2346:2017-06-25 2310:2017-05-07 2215:required.) 2123:References 1865:Dragonwyck 1861:Dragonwyck 1829:Steely Dan 1662:Democritus 1462:maturity. 1459:variegated 1376:Variegated 1327:Carbonized 1271:bay laurel 1225:, and the 1120:subspecies 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