41:
likely to be in work ten years later and retire at earlier ages. A small number of studies using data from across the life course have found that neighbourhood effects on economic outcomes such as earning tend accumulate over time. Similar evidence has been identified for health and well-being outcomes. However, it is currently unknown whether this is due to an accumulation of exposure over the life course or due to unequal selection of individuals into advantaged and disadvantaged neighborhoods over time.
45:
Ross who shows that socially disordered neighborhoods are associated with depressive symptoms. Gonzalez and colleagues argue that restricted social environments, such as family, interact with a wider definition of the environment, namely the neighbourhood and the community, fostering the perception about future living conditions. Gan developed a transdisciplinary neighborhood health framework based on an integrative review of articles about neighborhood effects on health of older adults.
61:
general trend of the neighbourhood. This consensus is formed by the personal connections a person forms in a community. A study done by Daniel J. Hopkins and Thad
Williamson found that neighborhoods with dense populations were more likely to be politically involved than scattered communities because of the higher chance of unscripted interpersonal interaction. Increased interaction provides greater opportunity for political recruitment. There also seems to be some
165:
the respondents identified as those they would be most likely to talk to about politics. They definitively found that people do vote in similar ways to those that they interacted with. This data finally gave some backing to Miller's idea that "people who talk together vote together." All of these experiments seem to lend some credence to the models that Cox theorized and Miller formed.
183:
impact the quality of teachers, school programs, clubs, and campus environment students might experience. Multiple studies confirm that a "neighborhood's poverty, a poor educational climate, the proportion of ethnic/migrant groups, and social disorganization" together all contribute to the lack of academic success among students in that area.
37:” has been a stepping stone for a great deal of research on the neighbourhood effect, particularly on education, exploring the impacts of one's neighborhoods on an individual's outcome and performance in life. Since Wilson there has been a substantial literature written on neighborhood effects and many challenges remain.
134:
Johnston makes easier to understand social parallels that can be better understood by the layman. He explains these models as (1) I talk with them and vote as they do; (2) I want to be like them so I live with them; (3) I live among them and want to be like them; (4) what I observe around me makes me
94:
in 'Political
Geography' (1979) and Peter J. Taylor and G. Gudgin in 'Geography of Elections' (1979) It seems, at the time at least, that they were attempting to justify the use of mathematical modeling in the study of voting patterns and the correlations between spatial data. Both seem to have made
23:
is an economic and social science concept that posits that neighbourhoods have either a direct or indirect effect on individual behaviors. Although the effect of the neighbourhood was already known and studied at the beginning of the 20th century and as early as the mid 19th century, it has become a
126:
3) The "consensual environmental effect" model, which argues that 'people will be influenced towards agreement with their contacts', so that, for example, 'both middle- and working-class individuals are more
Conservative in middle-class areas because both sets of individuals have fewer working-class
44:
Some research has shown that the living conditions of the neighbourhood interact with individual's negative life events. The same event is more likely to trigger depression in disadvantaged neighbourhoods than in neighbourhoods with a good quality of life. This hypothesis is supported by
Catherine
28:
by
William Julius Wilson in 1987. Wilson's theory suggests that living in a neighbourhood seriously affected by poverty affects a wide range of individual outcomes, such as economic self-sufficiency, violence, drug use, low birthweight, and cognitive ability. Many scholars and activists consider
164:
The first group that attempted to find an empirical link between social interaction and voting patterns was R. Huckfeldt and J. Sprague. They did a survey of people in
Indianapolis and St. Louis to find who people are and whom they talk to about politics. The group also interviewed the people that
182:
The neighborhood effect on education refers to how neighborhoods receive different educational resources due to the neighborhood's wealth which impacts students' academic achievements such as test scores, grade point averages, and professional connections. The neighborhood effect on education can
107:
W.L. Miller, however, began work on quantifying the neighbourhood effect in 1977. In his work 'Electoral
Dynamics' (1977) he formed the hypothesis that "people who talk together vote together" and began trying to quantify this controversial idea. He found that majority positions are more dominant
40:
In more recent years neighborhood effects have been also studied in labour market studies, political science, epidemiology, gerontology, psychology, public health, and urban design. For example, Murray and colleagues have shown that older workers living in areas with higher unemployment are less
60:
In political science the neighbourhood effect defines the tendency of a person to vote in a certain direction based upon the relational effects of the people living in the neighbourhood. The voting preference of a neighbourhood tends to be formed by consensus, where people tend to vote with the
147:
between the distance and the formation of a relationship. This seems pretty straightforward and is easily applied to one's life. He also found that the relationships that people form typically have some sort of politically partisan undertones that people take in. He also found that these
130:
4) The "Przeworski environmental effect" model, which suggests that the two classes operate in different ways – the middle class operate according to the reactive model in working-class areas, whereas the working class operate according to the consensual model in middle-class areas.
85:
the existence of substantial "neighborhood effects" one individual imposes significant costs on other individuals for which it is not feasible to make compensate them or yields significant gains to them for which it is not feasible to make them compensate make voluntary exchange
155:
model in 'Is
Talking over the Garden Fence of Political Import?' Curtice argued, from his data set, that the influence on voting patterns by social interactions is of such small consequence as to be nearly negligible in explaining the neighbourhood effect.
173:
The neighborhood effect has broadened the study of the voter from the individual level of analysis to account for the effect of where one lives on their voting decisions. This contribution to contextual analysis has broadened the study of voter behavior.
114:
2) The "environmental effect model", which suggests that 'people may be irritated, alarmed and antagonized by contact with those unlike themselves' and become even stronger supporters of their 'class party' than might otherwise be the case –
148:
relationships have more of an effect on a person's political leanings than the person's prior predispositions. This is counter-intuitive because many have argued that a person will inherit their political leanings from their family.
405:"Linking local labour market conditions across the life course to retirement age: Pathways of health, employment status, occupational class and educational achievement, using 60 years of the 1946 British Birth Cohort"
695:
Gonzalez, Michelle; Jones, Deborah J.; Kincaid, Carlye Y.; Cuellar, Jessica (2012). "Neighborhood context and adjustment in
African American youths from single mother homes: The intervening role of hopelessness".
111:
1) The "no environmental effect" model, which postulates no differences in voting behaviour by neighbourhood type – contacts with neighbours have no influence on how people vote.
1125:
Nieuwenhuis, Jaap; Hooimeijer, Pieter (2016-06-01). "The association between neighbourhoods and educational achievement, a systematic review and meta-analysis".
403:
Murray, Emily T.; Zaninotto, Paola; Fleischmann, Maria; Stafford, Mai; Carr, Ewan; Shelton, Nicola; Stansfeld, Stephen; Kuh, Diana; Head, Jenny (2019-04-01).
1154:
Dunleavy, P. (1979). "The Urban Basis of
Political Alignment: Social Class, Domestic Property Ownership, and State Intervention in Consumption Processes".
216:
London Labor and the London Poor: A Cyclopaedia of the Condition and Earnings of Those that Will Work, Those that Cannot Work, and Those that Will Not Work
511:"The impact of life course exposures to neighbourhood deprivation on health and well-being: a review of the long-term neighbourhood effects literature"
108:
than the socio-economic statistics of individuals in the area would suggest. He suggested four models by which voting patterns may be explained:
49:
846:, 1955, Milton Friedman, Economics and the Public Interest, ed. Robert A. Solo, Rutgers College Press, New Jersey, accessed 30 January 2019.
569:
127:
contacts and more middle-class contacts than if they lived elsewhere' – which is what most writers associate with the neighbourhood effect.
346:
Murray, Emily T.; Head, Jenny; Shelton, Nicola; Hagger-Johnson, Gareth; Stansfeld, Stephen; Zaninotto, Paola; Stafford, Mai (2016-02-27).
143:
Cox, in a similar attempt to understand the neighbourhood effect, attempted to define how people interact. He found that there was an
741:
Gan, Daniel R. Y. (2017). "Neighborhood effects for aging in place: a transdisciplinary framework toward health-promoting settings".
1000:, "Dynamics of Collective Deliberation in the 1996 Election: Campaign Effects on Accessibility, Certainty, and Accuracy" (2000).
279:
809:
Hopkins, Daniel J.; Williamson, Thad (March 2012). "Inactive by Design? Neighborhood Design and Political Participation".
123:
than middle-class areas, for example, and working-class people are less pro-Conservative in strongly middle-class areas.
90:
Kevin Cox used the term in 1969 in 'The Voting Decision in a Spatial Context' and it was later further popularized by
843:
594:
1069:"The association between neighbourhoods and educational achievement, a systematic review and meta-analysis"
1012:"The association between neighbourhoods and educational achievement, a systematic review and meta-analysis"
460:"Cumulative exposure to disadvantage and the intergenerational transmission of neighbourhood effects"
710:
570:"Complexity and Uncertainty in Geography of Health Research: Incorporating Life-Course Perspectives"
777:
230:
297:"Neighbourhood Effects Research at a Crossroads. Ten Challenges for Future Research Introduction"
25:
705:
262:
van Ham, Maarten; Manley, David; Bailey, Nick; Simpson, Ludi; Maclennan, Duncan, eds. (2012).
144:
8:
1192:
459:
65:
correlation to voting patterns, and this has also been used to predict voting behavior.
1215:
1179:
1171:
1103:
1068:
1044:
1011:
932:, "Theories in Search of a Curve: A Contextual Interpretation of the Left Vote" (1971).
826:
758:
677:
607:
545:
510:
440:
380:
348:"Local area unemployment, individual health and workforce exit: ONS Longitudinal Study"
347:
152:
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and an understanding of how people in these small spatial areas live, work, and think.
638:
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971:, "People Who Talk Together Vote Together: An Exploration of Contextual Effects in
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included money to assist poor inner cities with schools, police, and homelessness.
754:
585:
404:
16:
The effect of environs on individual people, as effected at the neighborhood level
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91:
74:
946:
96:
62:
1211:
1167:
1085:
1027:
822:
271:
1230:
1094:
1035:
972:
789:
660:
Ross, Catherine E. (2000). "Neighborhood Disadvantage and Adult Depression".
603:
536:
509:
Jivraj, Stephen; Murray, Emily T; Norman, Paul; Nicholas, Owen (2019-10-02).
495:
428:
371:
332:
242:
120:
527:
363:
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1053:
727:
646:
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436:
389:
116:
476:
458:
Hedman, Lina; Manley, David; van Ham, Maarten; Ă–sth, John (2015-01-01).
681:
625:
Elliott, M (2000-12-01). "The stress process in neighborhood context".
1175:
486:
323:
719:
673:
313:
296:
402:
1193:"Class Dealignment and the Neighborhood Effect: Miller Revisited"
199:
Robert E. Park; Ernest W. Burgess; RĐľderick D. McKenzie (1925).
345:
55:
986:
Is Talking over the Garden Fence of Political Import? (1995).
135:
vote with them; and (5) they want me to vote for them here.
694:
177:
508:
261:
33:” the "bible" of scholarship on the neighborhood effect. “
73:
While not the first use of the term in economic writing,
48:
As an example of the influence of such scholarship, the
457:
168:
1066:
1009:
95:
a case that studying this is only possible with good
1067:
Nieuwenhuis, Jaap; Hooimeijer, Pieter (2016-06-01).
1010:
Nieuwenhuis, Jaap; Hooimeijer, Pieter (2016-06-01).
885:(1979), Chapter 34, and P.J. Taylor and G. Gudgin,
859:, "The Voting Decision in a Spatial Context" (1969)
159:
24:popular approach after the publication of the book
969:Annals of the Association of American Geographers
808:
698:Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology
595:20.500.11820/dc34486b-2da1-488e-90b2-e676cb52907c
574:Annals of the American Association of Geographers
1228:
958:Cox. "The Voting Decision in a Spatial Context".
264:Neighbourhood Effects Research: New Perspectives
295:van Ham, Maarten; Manley, David (2012-12-01).
50:American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009
301:Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space
294:
1127:Journal of Housing and the Built Environment
1073:Journal of Housing and the Built Environment
1016:Journal of Housing and the Built Environment
837:
213:
1190:
203:. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
56:The neighbourhood effect on voting behavior
1102:
1084:
1043:
996:R. Huckfeldt, J. Sprague, and J. Levine,
709:
593:
544:
526:
485:
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379:
322:
312:
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178:Impact on education in the United States
624:
77:used the concept in 1955, in his essay
1229:
870:Quantitative Geography: A British View
567:
1191:MacAllister, I.; et al. (2001).
775:
662:Journal of Health and Social Behavior
352:The European Journal of Public Health
228:
1200:British Journal of Political Science
1156:British Journal of Political Science
868:N. Wrigley and R.J. Bennett (eds.),
659:
119:people are more pro-Conservative in
844:The Role of Government in Education
740:
169:Johnson, Phillips Shively and Stein
79:The Role of Government in Education
13:
1147:
102:
14:
1248:
998:American Political Science Review
949:and neighborhood effects" (2005).
782:The Chronicle of Higher Education
515:European Journal of Public Health
235:The Chronicle of Higher Education
924:A. Przeworski and G.A.D Soares,
160:Huckfeldt and Sprague Experiment
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568:Pearce, Jamie R. (2018-11-02).
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421:10.1016/j.socscimed.2019.02.038
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339:
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81:, in which he suggested that:
1:
755:10.1080/08882746.2017.1393283
639:10.1016/S1353-8292(00)00010-1
586:10.1080/24694452.2017.1416280
464:Journal of Economic Geography
409:Social Science & Medicine
186:
1137::10.1007/s10901-015-9460-7.
7:
967:C. Pattie and R. Johnston,
151:Curtice argued against the
10:
1253:
776:Parry, Marc (2012-11-05).
229:Parry, Marc (2012-11-05).
68:
1212:10.1017/s0007123401000035
1168:10.1017/S0007123400001915
1086:10.1007/s10901-015-9460-7
1028:10.1007/s10901-015-9460-7
823:10.1007/s11109-010-9149-2
778:"The Neighborhood Effect"
272:10.1007/978-94-007-2309-2
231:"The Neighborhood Effect"
943:Environment and Planning
35:The Truly Disadvantaged
31:The Truly Disadvantaged
26:The Truly Disadvantaged
887:Geography of Elections
138:
88:
857:Progress in Geography
528:10.1093/eurpub/ckz153
364:10.1093/eurpub/ckw005
214:Mayhew Henry (1851).
83:
941:Ron Johnston et al,
145:inverse relationship
913:Political Geography
889:(1979), Chapter 35.
883:Political Geography
743:Housing and Society
21:neighborhood effect
900:Electoral Dynamics
811:Political Behavior
627:Health & Place
477:10.1093/jeg/lbt042
153:social interaction
928:Political Science
307:(12): 2787–2793.
281:978-94-007-2308-5
97:quantitative data
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749:(1–2): 73–113.
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103:Miller's Models
92:Ron J. Johnston
75:Milton Friedman
71:
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5:
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1224:
1188:
1162:(4): 409–443.
1149:
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1133:(2): 321–347.
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1079:(2): 321–347.
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1022:(2): 321–347.
1002:
989:
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947:social capital
934:
917:
904:
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733:
704:(2): 109–117.
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668:(2): 177–187.
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633:(4): 287–299.
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521:(5): 922–928.
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470:(1): 195–215.
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358:(3): 463–469.
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314:10.1068/a45439
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793:. Retrieved
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415:: 113–122.
911:Johnston,
855:K.R. Cox,
795:2020-04-22
487:10023/6283
324:10023/6566
248:2020-04-22
187:References
86:impossible
1220:145489093
1206:: 41–60.
1184:154228845
1095:1573-7772
1036:1573-7772
975:" (2000).
926:American
831:153634625
790:0009-5982
763:149351251
706:CiteSeerX
612:135003476
604:2469-4452
537:1101-1262
496:1468-2702
429:0277-9536
372:1101-1262
333:0308-518X
243:0009-5982
218:. Harper.
1231:Category
1113:29355196
1054:29355196
728:22506815
647:11027954
555:31576400
445:73725800
437:30852391
390:26922299
201:The City
1104:5748572
1045:5748572
902:(1977).
872:(1981).
682:2676304
546:8489013
381:4884329
69:History
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