334:
1669:
1463:
56:
278:
from 60% to 90%. Meanwhile, the shrub layer is about 3 to 7 m (9.8 to 23.0 ft) and which often replaces the tree layer as canopy ranges from closed to very open. Here, the herb layer is closed and may often attain heights above 1 m (39 in). The canopy is usually full of climbers and the cloud forests appearance is as a result of the ever present
40:
282:. These broad-leaved evergreen and deciduous trees are branched at low heights with irregular stem shapes. These sub-montane forests are not of great interest for commercial timber exploitation due to very steep slopes hence inaccessibility and the few timber species have very irregular stem structure.
305:
In this system of shifting cultivation, the farmer clears small plots (up to about 0.02 km (4.9 acres) of secondary or sometimes dense rain forest depending on his labour and economic potentials. It is followed by burning of the slash at the end of the dry season (February/March) and planting at
255:
The relative humidity is high during most of the year with minimum monthly values ranging between 60% and 98% in Dikome Balue (east) and Toko (north) areas and between 50% and 84% in
Mundemba (west) and Ekondo Titi (south) areas. Here also, wind velocities and magnitudes have a generally mild and low
233:
and which makes up over 35% of Ndian division. This estuary also forms the delta zone of the Ndian River with enormous ongoing marine erosion due to offshore oil drilling. Apart from this amphibious area which is dominated by mangroves and creeks, over 25% of the land surface is flat while about 40%,
251:
The area has two seasons which are, a dry season from
November to April and a rainy season from May to October. Annual rainfall ranges from 4,027 to 6,368 mm (158.5 to 250.7 in), with the heaviest rainfalls usually in July and August. Temperature varies little throughout the year with mean
289:
Here, shifting cultivation and agroforestry farming have created fields, weed infested thickets and secondary forest vegetation mostly along the main roads and around villages. These combined reverts to dense and secondary forests have given rise to a mosaic forested landscape with bushes of devil
285:
In the easily accessible lowland forests, artisanal logging has occurred over the past decades and has led to regrowth fields and monocrop plantations. Almost all these areas were first used for shifting cultivation by the local farming population for subsistence purposes before being abandoned or
242:
From a 2005 population survey and future projections, the population of Ndian division is estimated at 362201 of which 17% are semi-urban and 83% rural. The average population density is 55/km (140/sq mi) which drops to an estimated 20/km (52/sq mi) in the Rumpi hills and maritime areas.
277:
The mountainous areas of Ndian division (400–1,800 m ) above sea level are covered by sub-montane forests characterized by low but irregular canopy 15–20 m (49–66 ft) tall. These trees may often attain a height of 35 m (115 ft) with a canopy and foliage cover ranging
256:
nature often varying from 4 to 10 m/s (8.9 to 22.4 mph). Nevertheless, high velocities and magnitudes sometimes occur especially during the passage of squall lines associated with large rainy seasons or regular thunderstorms. These winds usually blow from a southwest to west direction.
268:
Meanwhile, the
Isangele, Balondo and Efik are found in the low-lying and maritime areas where they are mostly involved in various agricultural, petty trading and fishing activities. Christianity is the major form of religious worship in Ndian division though many people adhere to their animist
264:
Predominantly Oroko people such as Balue, Ngolo, Bima, Isangele, Balondo, Batanga, and the Efik tribe , and who speak similar Bantu languages populate this area. The Balue, Ngolo, Bima and
Batanga people inhabit the mountainous forest areas where shifting cultivation, hunting and gathering of
306:
the onset of the rainy season (April/May). This practice involves the planting of a variety and a combination of crops at the same time and on the same piece of land. These are primary and staple food crops such as cassava, cocoyam, banana and plantain, peanuts, maize and yams.
193:, Kumbo Itindi, Mundemba and Toko) make up the division and spread across an estimated surface area of about 6,626 km (2,558 sq mi) (25% of the region). The division is linked to other major towns of Cameroon (such as
286:
converted into monocrop plantations. These farmed areas which may vary from 0.01 to 1 km (2.5 to 247.1 acres) are usually located within a few kilometers from the village and along main roads or bush paths.
1389:
169:
Ndian division was formed in 1975 from parts of Kumba and
Victoria divisions and is one of six administrative units that constitute the Southwest Region. Its headquarters is in
729:
780:
1452:
1382:
835:
Mukete, B; Sun, Y; Etongo, D; Sajjad, S; Abdul, M (2018b). "Assessing the drivers of land use change in the Rumpi hills forest protected area, Cameroon".
929:
710:
393:
741:
1550:
1375:
380:
1710:
243:
Meanwhile, around the semi-urban centers of Ekondo Titi and
Mundemba, the population density increases to about 220/km (570/sq mi).
817:
Reducing tropical deforestation and degradation: an evaluation of subsistence agro-forestry systems around Korup
National Park, Cameroon
252:
monthly maximum temperatures in the dry season being 31.8 °C (89.2 °F) and in the rainy season 18.2 °C (64.8 °F).
1606:
722:
790:"Participatory resource mapping for livelihood values derived from the forest in Ekondo-Titi subregion, Cameroon: A gender analysis"
225:
divisions to the east. A mangroves and creeks dominated estuary forms a very low and indented point of contact with the sea in the
922:
592:
561:
542:
503:
1734:
776:
1739:
1729:
915:
1703:
680:. Statoids, obtained from Institut national de la statistique (Cameroun) - Annuaire statistique du Cameroun 2004
321:) have usually been cultivated. But recently, large expanses of commercial plantations of oil palm and rubber (
703:
1402:
1270:
1189:
1080:
878:
1696:
1123:
709:. Annuaire Statistique du Cameroun (Report). Institut National de la Statistique. 2011. pp. 3–35.
150:
73:
1202:
899:
984:
157:. It is located in the humid tropical rainforest zone about 650 km (400 mi) southeast of
39:
201:) by the national road N16 and which passes through Ekondo Titi onwards to Mundemba and Isangele.
1237:
1156:
938:
146:
30:
1313:
1047:
875:"Impact of land use change on the hydrology and erosion of rain forest land in south Cameroon"
886:
1462:
1398:
342:
8:
1367:
1131:
1027:
827:
Forest livelihoods in southwest province, Cameroon: An evaluation of the Korup
Experience
189:. A total of nine municipalities (Bamusso, Dikome Balue, Ekondo Titi, Idabato, Isangele,
68:
1471:
1283:
222:
1527:
1293:
1146:
852:
764:
333:
214:
1012:
1560:
1414:
1356:
1346:
1298:
1278:
1222:
1197:
1169:
974:
825:
742:"Habitat specificity and diversity of tree species in an African wet tropical forest"
265:
non-timber forest products (NTFPs) are important activities for the local villagers.
218:
210:
198:
1260:
1017:
856:
768:
704:"Chapter 2: Organisation institutionnelle, administrative et judiciaire du Cameroun"
1037:
1032:
844:
801:
756:
133:
868:(PhD thesis). Department of Forest Management, Beijing Forestry University, China.
848:
1583:
1578:
1573:
1568:
1437:
1432:
1427:
1141:
1093:
1055:
1002:
866:
A Study on Land Use and Land Cover
Changes in the Rumpi Hills Forests of Cameroon
230:
1684:
1680:
1646:
1507:
1331:
946:
182:
959:
760:
1723:
1631:
1207:
1070:
458:
190:
229:
estuary. This is in the easternmost part of the Gulf of Guinea known as the
1636:
1611:
1545:
1227:
1113:
992:
728:(Report). Central Bureau of the Census and Population Studies of Cameroon.
491:
432:
419:
186:
907:
806:
789:
740:
Chuyong, G; Kenfack, D; Harms, K; Thomas, W; Condit, R; Comita, L (2011).
1616:
1245:
1164:
1007:
406:
226:
174:
877:. Report (134). Wageningen, Netherlands: DLO Winand Staring Centre: 90.
1668:
1174:
1098:
1060:
969:
964:
646:
1088:
158:
1626:
1540:
1336:
1326:
1321:
1108:
1103:
658:
445:
279:
178:
124:
954:
1676:
1641:
1499:
1406:
1288:
1179:
677:
502:
sfn error: no target: CITEREFAnnuaire_Statistique_du_Cameroun2011 (
367:
170:
154:
83:
61:
1255:
997:
209:
The division borders the
Federal Republic of Nigeria to the west,
1621:
1212:
1022:
580:
568:
471:
337:
Administrative Map of Ndian division showing all the subdivisions
1422:
497:
1588:
1535:
1517:
1484:
1479:
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1341:
129:
1351:
874:
1512:
1489:
1250:
1217:
1065:
194:
1447:
1136:
872:
652:
313:) has been the most important cash crop although oil palm (
1397:
604:
602:
739:
664:
591:
sfn error: no target: CITEREFMuketeSunAyongheOjong2017a (
599:
532:
530:
528:
873:
Waterloo, M; Ntonga, J; Dolman, A; Ayangma, B (1997).
834:
636:
634:
586:
574:
621:
619:
617:
525:
515:
513:
631:
614:
341:The department is divided administratively into 9
549:
510:
1721:
830:(PhD thesis). Department of Anthropology, UCL.
1704:
1383:
923:
787:
608:
541:sfn error: no target: CITEREFCVUC-UCCC2014 (
937:
788:Etongo, Daniel B; Glover, Edinam K (2012).
1711:
1697:
1390:
1376:
930:
916:
794:International Journal of Forestry Research
805:
560:sfn error: no target: CITEREFMukete2018 (
536:
823:
777:"United Councils and cities of Cameroon"
640:
332:
16:Department in Southwest Region, Cameroon
863:
716:from the original on 19 September 2017.
625:
1722:
814:
783:from the original on 13 February 2019.
735:from the original on 13 February 2019.
720:
555:
519:
1371:
911:
498:Annuaire Statistique du Cameroun 2011
325:) have been established in the area.
98:6,626 km (2,558 sq mi)
1663:
723:Population and housing census report
319:Coffea arabica and Coffea canephora
13:
14:
1751:
881:from the original on 1 July 2018.
1667:
1461:
54:
38:
837:Journal of Sustainable Forestry
819:(MSc thesis). U Buea, Cameroon.
670:
328:
44:Department location in Cameroon
234:rests on the Rumpi Highlands.
173:and other major towns include
1:
849:10.1080/10549811.2018.1449121
485:
259:
237:
1683:. You can help Knowledge by
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7:
1735:Southwest Region (Cameroon)
345:and in turn into villages.
10:
1756:
1662:
864:Mukete, Beckline (2018d).
695:
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457:
444:
431:
418:
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217:division to the north and
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761:10.1007/s11258-011-9912-4
678:"Departments of Cameroon"
123:
115:
107:
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94:
89:
79:
67:
49:
37:
28:
21:
1740:Cameroon geography stubs
609:Etongo & Glover 2012
1730:Departments of Cameroon
939:Departments of Cameroon
824:Malleson, Ruth (2000).
815:Lyonga, Ngoh M (2012).
800:(ArticleID 971068): 9.
213:division to the south,
1679:location article is a
894:Cite journal requires
338:
309:Traditionally, cocoa (
119:55/km (140/sq mi)
336:
298:) and umbrella tree (
653:Waterloo et al. 1997
300:Musanga cecropioides
116: • Density
807:10.1155/2012/871068
779:. CVUC-UCCC. 2014.
665:Chuyong et al. 2011
587:Mukete et al. 2017a
575:Mukete et al. 2018b
296:Chromolaena odorata
339:
323:Hevea brasiliensis
108: • Total
95: • Total
1692:
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1655:
1654:
1365:
1364:
483:
482:
315:Elaeis guineensis
140:
139:
1747:
1713:
1706:
1699:
1671:
1664:
1472:Koupé-Manengouba
1465:
1403:Southwest Region
1392:
1385:
1378:
1369:
1368:
1284:Koupé-Manengouba
1271:Southwest Region
1190:Northwest Region
1081:Far North Region
1033:Nyong-et-Mfoumou
932:
925:
918:
909:
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903:
897:
892:
890:
882:
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831:
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809:
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772:
755:(8): 1363–1374.
746:
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151:Southwest Region
74:Southwest Region
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1142:Sanaga-Maritime
1124:Littoral Region
1118:
1094:Logone-et-Chari
1075:
1056:Boumba-et-Ngoko
1042:
1013:MĂ©fou-et-Afamba
1003:Mbam-et-Inoubou
979:
941:
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906:
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721:BUCREP (2015).
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311:Theobroma cacao
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231:Bight of Biafra
223:Kupe Muanenguba
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161:, the capital.
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1028:Nyong-et-Kéllé
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1018:MĂ©fou-et-Akono
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947:Adamawa Region
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896:|journal=
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843:(6): 592–618.
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537:CVUC-UCCC 2014
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463:Kombo Abedimo
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317:) and coffee (
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1208:Donga-Mantung
1206:
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1201:
1199:
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1071:Lom-et-Djerem
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1038:Nyong-et-So'o
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985:Centre Region
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749:Plant Ecology
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641:Malleson 2000
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185:, Bekora and
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20:
1685:expanding it
1674:
1659:
1657:
1637:Kombo-Itindi
1612:Dikome-Balue
1598:
1546:Upper Bayang
1438:Limbe bé III
1303:
1238:South Region
1228:Ngo-ketunjia
1157:North Region
1114:Mayo-Tsanaga
993:Haute-Sanaga
887:cite journal
865:
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797:
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682:. Retrieved
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626:Mukete 2018d
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433:Kombo-Itindi
420:Dikome-Balue
411:Ekondo Titi
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329:Subdivisions
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187:Dikome Balue
168:
142:
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1617:Ekondo-Titi
1433:Limbe bé II
1314:West Region
1246:Dja-et-Lobo
1048:East Region
1008:Mbam-et-Kim
960:Faro-et-DĂ©o
556:Mukete 2018
520:BUCREP 2015
407:Ekondo-Titi
227:Rio del Rey
177:, Bamusso,
175:Ekondo Titi
1724:Categories
1453:West Coast
1428:Limbe bé I
1175:Mayo-Louti
1099:Mayo-Danay
1061:Haut-Nyong
965:Mayo-Banyo
486:References
450:Isanguele
362:Area (km)
292:achakasara
260:The People
238:Population
147:department
103:Population
31:Department
1627:Isanguele
1584:Kumba III
1541:Eyumojock
1337:Koung-Khi
1327:Haut-Nkam
1322:Bamboutos
1109:Mayo-Sava
1104:Mayo-Kani
446:Isanguele
372:Mundemba
356:District
349:Communes:
280:epiphytes
269:beliefs.
205:Geography
125:Time zone
1677:Cameroon
1642:Mundemba
1579:Kumba II
1500:Lebialem
1407:Cameroon
1399:Communes
1289:Lebialem
1180:Mayo-Rey
879:Archived
857:90942550
781:Archived
769:39020878
730:Archived
711:Archived
684:April 6,
476:Idabato
398:Bamusso
368:Mundemba
359:Capital
343:communes
290:weed or
179:Isangele
171:Mundemba
155:Cameroon
84:Mundemba
62:Cameroon
1622:Idabato
1607:Bamusso
1574:Kumba I
1213:Menchum
1089:Diamaré
1023:Mfoundi
696:Sources
472:Idabato
437:Itindi
394:Bamusso
273:Ecology
247:Climate
197:in the
165:History
159:Yaoundé
111:362,201
80:Capital
50:Country
1589:Mbonge
1536:Akwaya
1518:Wabane
1485:Tombel
1480:Bangem
1443:Muyuka
1342:Menoua
1165:Bénoué
1132:Moungo
955:Djérem
855:
767:
479:120.8
453:332.1
440:375.9
427:404.7
401:658.3
388:1,492
375:1,857
69:Region
59:
1675:This
1599:Ndian
1569:Konye
1528:Manyu
1513:Menji
1490:Nguti
1304:Ndian
1294:Manyu
1256:Océan
1251:Mvila
1218:Mezam
1147:Wouri
1066:Kadey
998:Lekié
970:Mbéré
853:S2CID
765:S2CID
745:(PDF)
733:(PDF)
726:(PDF)
714:(PDF)
707:(PDF)
385:Toko
215:Manyu
195:Kumba
145:is a
143:Ndian
130:UTC+1
23:Ndian
1681:stub
1647:Toko
1561:Meme
1508:Alou
1448:Tiko
1423:Buea
1415:Fako
1357:Noun
1347:Mifi
1299:Meme
1279:Fako
1223:Momo
1198:Boyo
1170:Faro
1137:Nkam
975:Vina
900:help
798:2012
686:2009
593:help
562:help
543:help
504:help
466:251
414:696
381:Toko
221:and
219:Meme
211:Fako
199:Meme
183:Toko
90:Area
1401:of
1352:Ndé
1203:Bui
845:doi
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153:in
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134:WAT
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