2440:"BOE.es - BOE-A-2010-11409 Pleno. Sentencia 31/2010, de 28 de junio de 2010. Recurso de inconstitucionalidad 8045-2006. Interpuesto por noventa y nueve Diputados del Grupo Parlamentario Popular del Congreso en relación con diversos preceptos de la Ley Orgánica 6/2006, de 19 de julio, de reforma del Estatuto de Autonomía de Cataluña. Función y contenido constitucional del Estatuto de Autonomía: Estatuto de Autonomía y sistema de fuentes; bloque de constitucionalidad, valor interpretativo del Estatuto de Autonomía; fundamento de la autonomía; derechos fundamentales y derechos estatutarios; sistema institucional autonómico, organización territorial y gobierno local; Poder Judicial; delimitación del contenido funcional y material de las competencias; relaciones de la Generalitat de Cataluña con el Estado y la Unión Europea; acción exterior; financiación autonómica y local; reforma del Estatuto de Autonomía. Eficacia jurídica del preámbulo; nulidad parcial e interpretación de preceptos legales. Votos particulares"
1510:", "coffee for all", meaning that all regions would be "served the same": that all nationalities and regions would accede to self-government in roughly the same degree, if at different paces. Catalonia, the Basque Country and Galicia acceded to autonomy via the fast-track route established in the 151st article of the constitution, with all competencies granted, because in the past they had approved a Statute by referendum and they had already established a pre-autonomic provisional government. Andalusia began this process after a referendum in 1980. The other regions had the opportunity to accede to autonomy via the slower route established in the 143rd article, with a lower level of competencies, during a provisional period of five years. After this period, there was to be a progressive transference of competencies, with the aim of roughly equalizing all communities. One particular exception was granted to both the Basque Country and
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majority. Similar proposals were made in
Andalusia. The Spanish Parliament, which must ratify all Statutes of Autonomy, removed the article that defined Catalonia as a "nation", but made a reference in the Preamble of the document to the "fact" that the Catalan Parliament had chosen to so define Catalonia, but that the constitution recognises her "national reality" as a "nationality". The existence of two chartered communities with fiscal autonomy has led to discontent in Catalonia, which demands the same privilege and transparency. It is one of the main net contributors of fiscal equalization to which only communities of common-regime are subject: it has a large fiscal deficit, whereas in Galicia and Andalusia, which are among the biggest net beneficiaries of such centrally managed funding, no such demand has been made.
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were recognized, was the most hotly debated in the
Parliament. Its acceptance was not smooth: the right vigorously opposed it, while the nationalists and the left firmly objected to leaving it out. The natural corollary to debating the term "nationalities" was debating the term "nation". At the end of the spectrum there were those who thought the term "nationalities" was unnecessary, or that there was only one "nation" and "nationality"—Spanish—while at the opposite end of the spectrum there were those who advocated for defining Spain as a plurinational State, that is, a State integrated by several nations. In the end, the second article was passed along with the term "nationalities" but firmly stressing the indivisible unity of the Spanish nation. It reads:
1750:, are considering the return of some devolved powers back to the central government. On the other hand, in Catalonia, the strenuous fiscal situation and the severe austerity measures enacted by the regional government have caused great discontent in the population, many of whom view the "unfairness" of the large fiscal deficit as aggravating the situation. This, in turn, has led many who are not necessarily separatist but who are enraged by the financial deficit to support secession. In recent polls, support for independence has doubled from the mid-20% in 2008 to nearly 50% by September 2012, although support for independence drops to the mid-30% if more options are given in the poll, with nearly as many favoring the establishment of a true
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industrialised and were areas of swift progress in establishing commercial capitalism. These changes occurred much more slowly in the rest of the country, which remained largely agricultural. Nationalistic sentiments began to grow in the more industrialized areas. Some writers of the time expressed their concepts of a
Catalan or Basque fatherland, or even nationhood. These two nationalist movements had much in common, in that both arose in areas that enjoyed higher levels of prosperity and literacy, were the only areas in the country to develop modern industry, and each possessed a distinct and independent linguistic tradition. Activists worked to revive use of both the
1285:(1873-1874), but social and political chaos, which had started even before the change of regime with a change of monarchical houses, led to its failure. At the beginning of the twentieth century, the two political discourses of Spanish nationalism, the traditional and the liberal, continued to be present and opposing, advocating for different political regimes. However, the appearance of peripheral nationalisms, namely the Basque and Catalan nationalistic movements, produced the unification of many Spanish nationalists as a counter-force, and Spanish nationalism became a dialectical struggle between the center and the periphery.
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national level. In fact, other communities are also identified as "historical nationalities", including
Andalusia, Aragon, the Balearic Islands, the Canary Islands, and the Valencian Community. Also, most communities that do not enjoy fiscal autonomy: the "common regime communities" typically tend to follow Catalonia's lead in their demands for more competencies or self-government. This has caused a movement for further recognition of the distinctiveness of the "historical nationalities" as "nations", often resuscitating the debate between "nationality" and "nation" or the concept of a "plurinational State".
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Constitution in 1978 was not approved by the majority of its constituents in the national referendum.) In practical terms, the majority of the population has been satisfied with the framework of devolution since the restoration of democracy, even if some still aspire for further recognition of the distinctiveness of the nationalities or for the expansion of their self-government. In all three "historical nationalities", there is still a sizable minority, more so in
Catalonia than in the Basque Country and Galicia, calling for the establishment of a true
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their distinctiveness lies on their own regional languages. Furthermore, the nation became openly multilingual, declaring
Castilian:that is, Spanish as the official language of the entire country, but declaring that the "other Spanish languages" will also be official in their respective autonomous communities. The third article ends up declaring that the "richness of the distinct linguistic modalities of Spain represent a patrimony which will be the object of special respect and protection."
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1498:, but it differed from other legislations in two main aspects. First, it did not specify the name or number of the autonomous communities that would integrate the Spanish nation, and secondly, the process was voluntary in nature: the regions themselves had the option of choosing to attain self-government or not. This unique process of territorial administration was called the "State of Autonomies". Though highly decentralised, this system is not a
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were to attain self-government. The three "historic nationalities" (Catalonia, Galicia and the Basque
Country) were granted a simplified "fast-track" process, while the rest of the regions had to follow a specific set of requirements. Thus the process was purposely intended to be asymmetrical in nature. The autonomous communities were to be formed from the existing
1671:¡Y quién sabe si antes de mucho, enlazadas hasta oficialmente ambas provincias, rota la ilógica división que a los montañeses nos liga a Castilla, sin que seamos, ni nadie nos llame castellanos, podrá la extensa y riquísima zona cántabro-asturiana formar una entidad tan una y enérgica como la de Cataluña, luz y espejo hoy de todas las gentes ibéricas!
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parties present there. On these occasions, no coalitions for government have been made, but instead a minority government has been formed that receives support from the "nationalist" parties to approve the budget and other laws. This has sometimes led to further concessions being made to the peripheral nationalities.
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The "nationalities" have also played a key role in national (or "State-wide") politics. On the few occasions where no major party has achieved an absolute majority in the
Congress of Deputies, there have been agreements with the so-called "nationalist" (i.e. "regionalist" or "peripheral nationalist")
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The "autonomic process", whereby the nationalities and regions would accede to autonomy, was partially concluded in 1983, when 17 autonomous communities covering the entire territory of Spain were created. (The process finally concluded with the creation of two autonomous cities in
Northern Africa,
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The constitution aimed to devolve self-government to both nationalities and regions, if the latter so desired, which were to be constituted as autonomous communities, yet making an implicit distinction between the two groups in the level of competencies that were to be devolved, and in the way they
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By the beginning of the nineteenth century, though, the
Spanish government had become strongly centralised, as was the case in certain other European nations. The State did not recognise the nation's regional diversity. Later during this same century, Catalonia and the Basque Country became rapidly
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As competencies were eventually transferred to all communities in roughly the same degree, some nationalists see little practical distinction between "nationality" and "region", regardless of how the autonomous community defines itself, a dilution that is welcomed by some political parties at the
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The Preamble to the constitution explicitly stated that it is the Nation's will to protect "all Spaniards and the peoples of Spain in the exercise of their human rights, cultures traditions, languages and institutions". This was a significant move, since for the "historical nationalities" part of
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The demands for the recognition of the distinctiveness of Catalonia, the Basque Country and Galicia, within the Spanish State became one of the most important challenges for the newly elected Parliament. In fact, the writing of the second article, in which the "nationalities and regions" of Spain
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In the early twentieth century, nationalist discourse in Galicia, Catalonia and especially in the Basque country was infused with racialist elements, as these ethnicities defined themselves as distinct from the peoples of the center and south of Spain. With the growth of nationalistic sentiments,
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and for early elections to be held on 25 November 2012. Before its dissolution, the Catalan parliament approved a bill calling for the next legislature to allow Catalonia to exercise its right of self-determination by holding a "referendum or consultation" during the next four years in which the
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The new framework of "autonomies" has served to legitimise the Spanish state even within the "nationalities", more so in Catalonia and Galicia than in the Basque Country. (Legitimacy is still a question amongst some Basque nationalists: the Basque Country was the only community where the Spanish
1725:
whereby the autonomous community would become a "free associated State" of Spain, which was later rejected by the Spanish Parliament. In 2006, the Catalan Parliament, in approving a new Statute of Autonomy, chose to define Catalonia not as a "nationality" but explicitly as a "nation", by a large
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After the war, Franco's regime (1939–1975) forcefully enforced centralism in an effort to establish and preserve the unity of the Spanish nation. His attempts to fight separatism with heavy-handed but sporadic repression and his oftentimes severe suppression of language and regional identities
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in the aforementioned regions of Spain occurred in a period when Spaniards began to look into their own concepts of nationhood. In the traditionalist view, religion had been integral to defining the Spanish nation, intrinsically and traditionally Catholic, and strongly monarchical. In a later,
1518:
or "medieval charters", which had granted them fiscal autonomy, were restored. Despite having a Basque-speaking minority, the province of Navarre chose not to join the soon-to-be formed autonomous community of the Basque Country. Instead, it followed a different route of devolution due to the
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can be viewed as an alliance and progressive union of several peninsular kingdoms, and nationalist or regionalist tradition in Spain has historical roots in such beginnings. No serious attempt was made to centralise the administration until the reforms of the eighteenth century, to become a
1330:
was established, and a new liberal constitution allowed the "regions" of Spain to attain self-government. It created the "autonomous region" as a first-order administrative division. Catalonia was the first to approve a Statute of Autonomy, later sanctioned by the Spanish Parliament. Its
1494:, a division of the centralising regime of the early nineteenth century: an autonomous community could be created by a province or group of provinces with common historical, cultural and economical features. Yet, the outcome was not predictable; the constitution created a process for
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it was " an authentic point of encounter between different concepts of the Spanish nation In it, two great notions of Spain merge." It aimed to give an answer to the nationalistic aspirations that had been silenced during the four decades of Franco's dictatorial regime.
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The Constitution is based on the indissoluble unity of the Spanish nation, the common and indivisible country of all Spaniards; it recognises and guarantees the right to autonomy of the nationalities and regions of which it is composed, and the solidarity amongst them
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was also separated from New Castile and constituted as an autonomous community. This was partly in recognition of Madrid's status as the capital of the nation, but also because it was originally excluded from the pre-autonomic agreements that created the community of
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position of the Galicians, Basques, and Catalans, a consensus developed around this term. It was applied in the respective statutes of autonomy once all nationalities and regions acceded to self-government or autonomy, and were constituted as autonomous communities.
1423:
The constitution itself did not define the term, despite the diverse meanings and interpretations that its proponents and opponents had—ranging from "an expression of historical and cultural identities in the superior unity of Spain" (Landelino Lavilla, from the
1335:, the Catalan institutions of government that had operated since medieval times until the early eighteenth century, was restored. The Basque Country and Galicia each sought autonomy in 1936, but only the Statute of Autonomy of the first was approved before the
1505:
While the constitution was still being drafted, there was a demonstration in Andalusia, which sought to be recognised as a "nationality" as well, and to be granted self-government also through a rapid process. This opened a phase that was dubbed in Spanish as
1816:, and from the Socialist Party, do not support Catalan secession, but instead favor changing the constitution to modify the current taxation system and to create a true federal system in Spain, to "better reflect the singularities" of Catalonia.
1800:
people would decide whether to become a new independent and sovereign State. This parliamentary decision was approved by a large majority of deputies: 84 voted affirmative, 21 voted negative and 25 abstained. The deputy prime minister of Spain,
1467:. The matter was especially confused when the latter was defined in the 11th article of the constitution. It was suggested that the term "nationality" be changed to "citizenship" in the 11th article, but it was considered that the terms
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liberal view, sovereignty was considered to reside in the nation and to be expressed in the people, as opposed to the monarch. Some activists sought a uniform centralised State, while others preferred decentralization or republicanism.
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Since it began in 2008, the Spanish economic crisis has produced different reactions in the different communities. On the one hand, politicians in some communities that are not "nationalities", mostly governed by the centre-right
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such independence was lost and the Basque Country and Navarre exercised only fiscal autonomy. The larger economic development that occurred in these historically delimited ethnic communities enhanced the regions' own identities.
1680:
are linked to Castile, without which no one would call us Castilian. Can the extensive and rich Cantabro-Asturian region form an entity as unified and energetic as Catalonia, today the light and mirror of all the Iberian
1530:"; currently, they administer their own taxes only partially. The taxes collected from "common regime" communities are administered centrally and distributed among them all to achieve fiscal equalisation.
1819:
In December 2012, an opposing rally was organised by the Partido Popular and Ciutadans, which drew 30,000-160,000 people in one of Barcelona's main squares under a large flag of Spain and Catalonia.
3333:
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The particular meaning that the term "nationalities" was to acquire in Spanish politics, in reference to regions, created some confusion with the concept of "nationality" with regard to
1362:, "pre-autonomies" or provisional regional governments for all regions, the "historical nationalities" included. Catalonia was the first to be so constituted, and it again revived the
1694:, to which it naturally belonged. Some peripheral nationalists still complain that the creation of many regions was an attempt to break down their own 'national unity' by a sort of
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1250:. Scholars began to explore the histories of these regions, to tell their own founding stories: Catalonia rediscovered her prowess as a Mediterranean Medieval empire within the
1791:, requested and was denied (on the basis of its purported unconstitutionality), a change in the taxation system in Catalonia that would have made it similar to that of the two
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responds ambiguously to the claims of historic nationalities (such as the right of self-government) while proclaiming a common and indivisible homeland of all Spaniards.
1526:", meaning they have fiscal autonomy: they collect their own taxes and send a prearranged amount to the central government. The other communities are considered to be "
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1350:. All democratic groups were forced to face the Catalan, Basque and Galician question. On 11 September 1977, more than one million people marched in the streets of
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of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, which in turn reflected to some extent some of the historical medieval kingdoms or administrative regions of the past.
1377:) both won significant positions in representing their regions and their aspirations. This newly elected Parliament was entrusted to formulate a new constitution.
1303:, a staged pacific alternation of power between liberals and conservatives in the Spanish Parliament, Catalonia was granted a limited form of self-government. The
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1502:, in that there was still ambiguity with regards to the power attributed to the regions, even though they can still negotiate them with the central government.
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1069:, though never officially defined, refer to territories whose inhabitants have a strong historically constituted identity; or, more specifically, certain
1358:", "liberty, amnesty and Statute of Autonomy", creating the biggest demonstration in post-war Europe. A law was passed that allowed for the creation of
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1655:, the local population overwhelmingly supported the new entities. In Cantabria, one of the leading intellectual figures in 19th-century Spain,
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1651:. Despite the lack of historical basis for both communities, and the fact that the Spanish government favored their integration in the larger
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backfired: the demands for democracy became intertwined with demands for the recognition of a pluralistic vision of the Spanish nationhood.
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Under medieval charters, both Catalonia and the Basque provinces had exercised a considerable level of independence, even in the period of
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to call for or sanction a binding referendum) to block any such attempt. The leaders of the opposition, in the Catalan Parliament, in the
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1315:) was established in 1913, with its own Regional Assembly. The Assembly drafted a Statute of Autonomy that was, however, rejected by the
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is defined as neither a nationality nor a region, but a community created in the nation's interest as the seat of the nation's capital.
1632:: no province has been partitioned between communities. Moreover, many communities roughly coincide with the pre-provincial historical
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In the 1977 election to the first democratically elected Parliament since the times of the Republic, regional Catalan socialists (
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declared that unconstitutional. The court considered that the references made, in the preamble of the statute, to Catalonia to a
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reinstitution of the medieval charters, and is thus known as a "chartered community", as opposed to an "autonomous community".
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And who knows whether before too long, when both provinces are officially linked, breaking the illogical division by which we
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1452:") or defining it as a "nation without a State within the plurinational reality of Spain as a Nation of nations" (
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3388:"Two-thirds of the Catalan Parliament approve organising a self-determination citizen vote within the next 4 years"
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The article united two historical trends in Spain: centralism and federalism, and in the words of one of the seven
1100:, the constitution does not specify any communities by name. Between the strong centralist position inherited from
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demands by these groups for self-government also grew. In some sectors, activists demanded outright independence.
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1804:, declared that the central government would exercise all "legal instruments" (current legislation requires the
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with varying economic and social structures, languages, and historical, political and cultural traditions. The
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3139:"Más de la mitad de los gallegos se muestran indiferentes sobre un eventual cambio del modelo de Estatuto"
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Shabad, Goldie; Gunther, Richard (July 1982). "Language, Nationalism and Political Conflict in Spain".
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identity for his region as far back as 1877, instead favouring integration with its western neighbour,
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On the other hand, some autonomous communities are new creations. For example, autonomy was granted to
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2542:"Patterns of Development and Nationalism: Basque and Catalan Nationalism before the Spanish Civil War"
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3410:"Ley Orgánica 2/1980, de 18 de enero, sobre Regulación de las Distintas Modalidades de Referéndum"
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appears for the first time in the current constitution, approved in 1978 after much debate in the
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1319:(the Spanish Parliament). The Commonwealth of Catalonia was dissolved during the dictatorship of
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and citizenship are not completely synonymous, as it is common in other European legislations.
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Homogeneidad Asimétrica y Plurinacionalidad Confederal en el Estado Autonómico de Fin de Siglo
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New terms have been proposed such as "national character", "national realities" and "nations".
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in Spain. This surge in support for independence was evidenced during the celebration of the
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is defined as a chartered community in the re-institution of its medieval charters, and the
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on 11 September 2012, when about 600,000 to two million people marched on the streets of
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1246:, including publication of literature in these languages. A similar revival began of the
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Several of the writers of the current Spanish Constitution have said that the concept of
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Trujillo Fernández, Gumersindo (December 1999). Hernández Lafuente, Adolfo (ed.).
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in favor of using the term "nation" to define Catalonia in its Statute of Autonomy
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2311:"The Smooth Transition: Spain's 1978 Constitution and the Nationalities Question"
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3361:"Mas se prepara para las elecciones tras la negativa de Rajoy al pacto fiscal"
1628:.) All autonomous communities follow the provincial limits established in the
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3165:"Varias autonomías meditan devolver competencias por el bloqueo del gobierno"
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For information on the different ideologies and political movements, see
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1787:, in a previously scheduled meeting with the prime minister of Spain,
2977:"La Rioja celebra hoy el XXV aniversario de su Estatuto de Autonomía"
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1795:. The week after the meeting, Mas called for the dissolution of the
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3248:"Spain's cultural fabric tearing apart as austerity takes its toll"
3219:"Catalonia: Europe's next state. A row about money and sovereignty"
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1088:. Although it was explicitly understood that the term referred to
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Sàpiens.cat: Les institucions polítiques de la Catalunya medieval
2469:"Regional and National Diversity in the Spanish Political System"
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Constitutional status of the Spanish regions with devolved powers
1698:, thus blurring the distinctiveness of their own nationalities.
1254:, and the Basque Country focused on the mystery of its origins.
3488:"Navarro presenta la seva candidatura aquesta tarda a Terrassa"
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1049:
3013:"Sinópsis del Estatuto de Autonomía de la Comunidad de Madrid"
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General depiction of Spain's autonomous communities and their
3278:"Catalan independence rally brings Barcelona to a standstill"
2028:"Nationalism in Spain: Is It a Danger to National Integrity?"
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3432:"Spain heads towards confrontation with Catalan parliament"
3306:"Unas 600.000 personas en la manifestación independentista"
3043:. Ministerio de Administraciones Públicas. pp. 69–86.
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Cover of Catalonia's 1932 Statute of Autonomy, during the
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Currently, the term "nationality" is used in reference to
3510:"Una marcha pro española en Barcelona - Diario los Andes"
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2110:"Federalism and the Balance of power in European States"
1765:, one of the largest demonstrations in Spanish history.
3094:. Euskarbarómetro. Universidad del País Vasco. May 2012
3246:
Tremlett, Giles; Roberts, Martin (28 September 2012).
2643:
La España de las Autonomías. Un Especial de elmundo.es
2121:
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development
1436:), all the way to making it equivalent to "nation", (
1587:
Nationality with autonomy statute dating back to the
2357:
Delgado-Ibarren García-Campero, Manuel (June 2005).
2117:
Support for Improvement in Governance and Management
1522:
Both the Basque Country and Navarre are considered "
1281:
Spain experimented with decentralisation during the
2818:. Tribunal Constitucional de España. Archived from
2787:. Tribunal Constitucional de España. Archived from
2756:. Tribunal Constitucional de España. Archived from
2150:. Tribunal Constitucional de España. Archived from
1579:
Nationalities of Spain as defined in their statutes
1448:" precisely because of its alleged synonymity with
3412:. Congress of the Deputies, Spain. 18 January 1980
3359:Piñol, Àngels; Cué, Carlos E (20 September 2012).
3036:
2671:"Diario de Sesiones del Congreso de los Diputados"
2030:. Storming Media, Pentagon Reports. Archived from
1404:Second Article of the Spanish Constitution of 1978
1124:has explicitly ruled against this interpretation.
2974:
2840:
2066:(4). Comparative Politics Vol 14 No. 4: 443–477.
1346:After Franco died, Spain entered into a phase of
3533:
2810:
2779:
2748:
2595:
2593:
2142:
1213:History of the territorial organization of Spain
3334:"Catalonia 'National Day' protest in Barcelona"
3245:
2909:
2214:"Devolution in Spain. Nationality not a nation"
3490:. El Periódico de Catalunya. 28 September 2012
3336:. Euro News. 12 September 2012. Archived from
3239:
3192:"Independentismo de corazón y de conveniencia"
3084:
3004:
1597:Nationality defined in Spain's modern statute
3452:
2841:Alonso de Antonio, José Antonio (June 2003).
2803:
2713:
2711:
2590:
2057:
1979:
1936:
1179:are referred to as "historical communities".
1022:
3298:
3111:
3109:
2717:
2539:
2473:Lecture delivered at the University of Leeds
2352:
2350:
2348:
2346:
2344:
2342:
2304:
2302:
2300:
2298:
2296:
2294:
2292:
2290:
2288:
2286:
2284:
2282:
2181:
2177:
2175:
2173:
2171:
2169:
1721:in 2003, the regional government proposed a
1366:. The Basque Country quickly followed suit.
1191:was originally defined as a "nation" in the
3352:
3272:
3270:
3190:Pérez Oliva, Milagros (16 September 2012).
3189:
2834:
2393:
2280:
2278:
2276:
2274:
2272:
2270:
2268:
2266:
2264:
2262:
2135:
1533:
1381:"Nationalities" in the constitution of 1978
2991:
2919:. Fundación Caja Rural Intermediterránea.
2708:
2495:
2493:
2491:
2489:
1738:in Spain or advocating for their right to
1647:, both of which were historically part of
1478:
1147:. The rest of the autonomous communities (
1029:
1015:
3211:
3183:
3106:
2661:
2659:
2339:
2166:
2103:
2101:
2099:
2097:
2095:
2093:
2091:
2089:
1879:Politics of Spain: The nationality debate
1356:llibertat, amnistia i estatut d'autonomia
482:Solemn Opening of the Parliament of Spain
3390:. Catalan News Agency. 28 September 2012
3358:
3267:
3030:
2869:
2867:
2741:
2632:
2630:
2628:
2626:
2624:
2622:
2599:
2462:
2460:
2394:Muro, Diego; Quiroga, Alejandro (2005).
2320:. Carfax Publishing, Inc. Archived from
2308:
2259:
2206:
2053:
2051:
2049:
2021:
2019:
2017:
2015:
1767:
1700:
1607:
1573:
1384:
1287:
1216:
1206:
1193:Statute of Autonomy of Catalonia of 2006
956:Spanish constitutional crisis of 2017–18
3480:
2913:Un balance del Estado de las Autonomías
2903:
2499:
2486:
2396:"Spanish nationalism. Ethnic or civic?"
2389:
2387:
2385:
2383:
2107:
1874:National and regional identity in Spain
1774:2012 Catalan independence demonstration
21:National and regional identity in Spain
3534:
2968:
2656:
2502:The Spanish Republic and the Civil War
2466:
2086:
2025:
929:Nationalisms and regionalisms of Spain
3424:
2864:
2772:
2619:
2457:
2046:
2012:
611:Deputy Governor of the Bank of Spain
2847:Constitución española (con sinópsis)
2724:Constitución española (con sinópsis)
2636:
2380:
2363:Constitución española (con sinópsis)
1899:
1537:
337:Spanish prime-ministerial transition
3402:
3157:
3131:
3010:
2600:Jualiana, Enric (23 January 2011).
2234:
1444:, in stern opposition to the term "
1080:In Spanish jurisprudence, the term
13:
2540:Diez Medrano, Juan (August 1994).
1707:Republican Left Party of Catalonia
1630:1833 territorial division of Spain
915:Liberalism and radicalism in Spain
14:
3563:
2975:Miguel Ángel Rojo (9 June 2007).
2405:. London, UK: SAGE Publications.
2318:National Identities, Vol 4, No. 3
2026:Villar, Fernando P. (June 1998).
2910:Clavero Arévalo, Manuel (2006).
1542:
1273:The appearance of the so-called
986:
905:Dictatorship of Francisco Franco
502:General Council of the Judiciary
212:Succession to the Spanish throne
40:
3502:
3380:
3326:
2997:Preface for the first issue of
2687:
2602:"Así empezó el café para todos"
2533:
2522:
2432:
1985:
1942:
1793:communities of chartered regime
1524:communities of chartered regime
1299:During the final stages of the
900:Spanish transition to democracy
464:Bureaus of the Cortes Generales
327:Government Delegated Committees
104:Spanish transition to democracy
2883:. 26 June 2004. Archived from
2188:Encyclopædia Britannica Online
2182:Sir Raymond Carr; et al.
1992:
1949:
1906:
1434:Union of the Democratic Centre
1426:Union of the Democratic Centre
1371:Socialists' Party of Catalonia
852:Politics of the European Union
1:
3117:"Baròmetre d'Opinió Política"
2999:La Revista Cántabro-Asturiana
2747:Preamble to the Constitution
2005:
1197:Constitutional Court of Spain
952:Catalan independence movement
599:Governor of the Bank of Spain
2718:Galvez Muñoz, Luis (2011) .
2504:. United States of America:
1884:Political divisions of Spain
1604:Other Autonomous Communities
1485:Political divisions of Spain
1389:Spanish Constitution of 1978
1348:transition towards democracy
1203:"lack legal effectiveness".
1163:) are defined as historical
1122:Spanish Constitutional Court
962:Disputed status of Gibraltar
200:Leonor, Princess of Asturias
91:Inmaculada Montalbán Huertas
7:
3092:"Euskarbarómetro Mayo 2012"
1822:
1413:fathers of the Constitution
1373:) and Basque nationalists (
633:Administrative subdivisions
352:Economic and Social Council
332:Interministerial Committees
10:
3568:
2875:"A house of many mansions"
2702:Boletín Oficial del Estado
2695:"The Spanish Constitution"
2506:Princeton University Press
2309:Conversi, Daniele (2002).
1802:Soraya Sáenz de Santamaría
1705:2006 demonstration led by
1482:
1210:
1048:integrated by contrasting
18:
2500:Jackson, Gabriel (1965).
2108:Keating, Michael (2007).
1986:nacionalitats històriques
1972:nazionalitate historikoak
1964:nacionalidades históricas
1779:Following the rally, the
1763:rallying for independence
1756:National Day of Catalonia
1659:, had already rejected a
1657:Marcelino Menéndez Pelayo
1614:subdivisions in provinces
1551:This section needs to be
1313:Mancomunitat de Catalunya
1305:Commonwealth of Catalonia
342:List of agencies in Spain
3017:Congress of the Deputies
2851:Congress of the Deputies
2728:Congress of the Deputies
2667:Congress of the Deputies
2411:10.1177/1468796805049922
2367:Congress of the Deputies
1889:Portugal–Spain relations
1534:Current state of affairs
1375:Basque Nationalist Party
1067:historical nationalities
614:Margarita Delgado Tejero
232:Government of the Nation
2843:"Sinópsis artículo 143"
2192:Encyclopædia Britannica
1589:Second Spanish Republic
1479:The State of Autonomies
1354:(Catalonia) demanding "
1328:Second Spanish Republic
1294:Second Spanish Republic
971:Second Spanish Republic
2816:"Spanish Constitution"
2785:"Spanish Constitution"
2754:"Spanish Constitution"
2720:"Sinópsis artículo 11"
2246:Real Academia Española
2148:"Spanish Constitution"
1980:
1971:
1963:
1937:
1928:
1920:
1829:Andalusian nationalism
1781:president of Catalonia
1776:
1710:
1683:
1673:
1616:
1605:
1407:
1390:
1312:
1296:
1283:First Spanish Republic
1275:peripheral nationalism
1222:
1071:autonomous communities
967:Republicanism in Spain
640:Autonomous communities
605:Pablo Hernández de Cos
556:High courts of justice
539:Francisco Marín Castán
469:Board of Spokespersons
322:Government Delegations
310:Sánchez III Government
99:Constitutional history
2359:"Sinópsis artículo 2"
1857:Aragonese nationalism
1853:Valencian nationalism
1837:Castilian nationalism
1771:
1704:
1674:
1669:
1611:
1577:
1458:Convergence and Union
1396:
1388:
1291:
1220:
1207:Historical background
586:European Central Bank
379:15th Cortes Generales
260:Deputy Prime Minister
82:Cándido Conde-Pumpido
3340:on 15 September 2012
3011:Cid, Blanca (2003).
2814:(27 December 1978).
2783:(27 December 1978).
2752:(27 December 1978).
2146:(27 December 1978).
2060:Comparative Politics
2034:on 27 September 2013
1869:Galician nationalism
1861:Canarian nationalism
1841:Asturian nationalism
1810:Congress of Deputies
1806:executive government
1430:Rafael Arias-Salgado
1221:Map of Spain in 1757
1054:Spanish constitution
566:Prosecution Ministry
459:Permanent Deputation
454:Parliamentary groups
422:Congress of Deputies
304:Council of Ministers
71:Constitutional Court
3468:. 24 September 2012
3440:. 27 September 2012
3314:. 14 September 2012
3286:. 11 September 2012
3227:. 22 September 2012
2979:. El Correo Digital
2704:. 27 December 1978.
2467:San Martin, Pablo.
1865:Catalan nationalism
1845:Leonese nationalism
1454:Miguel Roca Junyent
1185:Community of Madrid
1133:Valencian Community
1116:is synonymous with
1075:statute of autonomy
835:Diplomatic missions
683:Plazas de soberanía
620:Royal Mint of Spain
271:María Jesús Montero
3547:Geography of Spain
3516:on 12 January 2014
2822:on 17 January 2012
2791:on 17 January 2012
2760:on 17 January 2012
2578:on 4 December 2008
2561:10.1007/BF00992827
2549:Theory and Society
2154:on 17 January 2012
1833:Basque nationalism
1797:Catalan Parliament
1777:
1742:and independence.
1740:self-determination
1711:
1687:province of Madrid
1617:
1606:
1391:
1297:
1261:; however, later
1227:formation of Spain
1223:
1086:Spanish Parliament
910:Anarchism in Spain
550:Audiencia Nacional
474:People's Defender
134:Capital punishment
3552:Politics of Spain
3143:La Voz de Galicia
3119:. CEO. March 2012
2897:HighBeam Research
2639:"Café para Todos"
2637:Aparicio, Sonia.
1900:Explanatory notes
1692:Castile-La Mancha
1572:
1571:
1442:People's Alliance
1337:Spanish Civil War
1248:Galician language
1149:Castile-La Mancha
1039:
1038:
920:Spanish Civil War
873:Political parties
830:Foreign relations
823:Foreign relations
708:Recent elections
704:Political parties
662:Autonomous cities
561:Court of Auditors
445:Francina Armengol
139:Life imprisonment
33:Politics of Spain
3559:
3542:Decentralization
3526:
3525:
3523:
3521:
3512:. Archived from
3506:
3500:
3499:
3497:
3495:
3484:
3478:
3477:
3475:
3473:
3456:
3450:
3449:
3447:
3445:
3428:
3422:
3421:
3419:
3417:
3406:
3400:
3399:
3397:
3395:
3384:
3378:
3377:
3375:
3373:
3356:
3350:
3349:
3347:
3345:
3330:
3324:
3323:
3321:
3319:
3302:
3296:
3295:
3293:
3291:
3274:
3265:
3264:
3262:
3260:
3243:
3237:
3236:
3234:
3232:
3215:
3209:
3208:
3206:
3204:
3187:
3181:
3180:
3178:
3176:
3161:
3155:
3154:
3152:
3150:
3135:
3129:
3128:
3126:
3124:
3113:
3104:
3103:
3101:
3099:
3088:
3082:
3081:
3075:
3071:
3069:
3061:
3059:
3057:
3034:
3028:
3027:
3025:
3023:
3008:
3002:
2995:
2989:
2988:
2986:
2984:
2972:
2966:
2965:
2959:
2955:
2953:
2945:
2943:
2941:
2935:
2929:. Archived from
2918:
2907:
2901:
2900:
2894:
2892:
2871:
2862:
2861:
2859:
2857:
2838:
2832:
2831:
2829:
2827:
2812:Cortes Generales
2807:
2801:
2800:
2798:
2796:
2781:Cortes Generales
2776:
2770:
2769:
2767:
2765:
2750:Cortes Generales
2745:
2739:
2738:
2736:
2734:
2715:
2706:
2705:
2699:
2691:
2685:
2684:
2682:
2680:
2675:
2663:
2654:
2653:
2651:
2649:
2634:
2617:
2616:
2614:
2612:
2597:
2588:
2587:
2585:
2583:
2577:
2571:. Archived from
2546:
2537:
2531:
2526:
2520:
2519:
2497:
2484:
2483:
2481:
2479:
2464:
2455:
2454:
2452:
2450:
2436:
2430:
2429:
2427:
2425:
2400:
2391:
2378:
2377:
2375:
2373:
2354:
2337:
2336:
2334:
2332:
2326:
2315:
2306:
2257:
2256:
2254:
2252:
2238:
2232:
2231:
2229:
2227:
2210:
2204:
2203:
2201:
2199:
2179:
2164:
2163:
2161:
2159:
2144:Cortes Generales
2141:Second article.
2139:
2133:
2132:
2130:
2128:
2114:
2105:
2084:
2083:
2055:
2044:
2043:
2041:
2039:
2023:
1999:
1996:
1990:
1989:
1953:
1947:
1946:
1910:
1814:Cortes Generales
1601:
1594:
1584:
1567:
1564:
1558:
1546:
1545:
1538:
1405:
1244:Basque languages
1177:Castile and León
1137:Balearic Islands
1031:
1024:
1017:
995:
993:Spain portal
991:
990:
989:
477:
431:
398:
382:
372:Cortes Generales
347:Council of State
189:Heir presumptive
44:
28:
27:
3567:
3566:
3562:
3561:
3560:
3558:
3557:
3556:
3532:
3531:
3530:
3529:
3519:
3517:
3508:
3507:
3503:
3493:
3491:
3486:
3485:
3481:
3471:
3469:
3458:
3457:
3453:
3443:
3441:
3430:
3429:
3425:
3415:
3413:
3408:
3407:
3403:
3393:
3391:
3386:
3385:
3381:
3371:
3369:
3357:
3353:
3343:
3341:
3332:
3331:
3327:
3317:
3315:
3304:
3303:
3299:
3289:
3287:
3276:
3275:
3268:
3258:
3256:
3244:
3240:
3230:
3228:
3217:
3216:
3212:
3202:
3200:
3188:
3184:
3174:
3172:
3163:
3162:
3158:
3148:
3146:
3137:
3136:
3132:
3122:
3120:
3115:
3114:
3107:
3097:
3095:
3090:
3089:
3085:
3073:
3072:
3063:
3062:
3055:
3053:
3051:
3035:
3031:
3021:
3019:
3009:
3005:
2996:
2992:
2982:
2980:
2973:
2969:
2957:
2956:
2947:
2946:
2939:
2937:
2936:on 9 April 2010
2933:
2927:
2916:
2908:
2904:
2890:
2888:
2887:on 10 June 2014
2873:
2872:
2865:
2855:
2853:
2839:
2835:
2825:
2823:
2809:143rd article.
2808:
2804:
2794:
2792:
2778:Third article.
2777:
2773:
2763:
2761:
2746:
2742:
2732:
2730:
2716:
2709:
2697:
2693:
2692:
2688:
2678:
2676:
2673:
2664:
2657:
2647:
2645:
2635:
2620:
2610:
2608:
2598:
2591:
2581:
2579:
2575:
2544:
2538:
2534:
2527:
2523:
2516:
2498:
2487:
2477:
2475:
2465:
2458:
2448:
2446:
2438:
2437:
2433:
2423:
2421:
2398:
2392:
2381:
2371:
2369:
2355:
2340:
2330:
2328:
2324:
2313:
2307:
2260:
2250:
2248:
2240:
2239:
2235:
2225:
2223:
2212:
2211:
2207:
2197:
2195:
2180:
2167:
2157:
2155:
2140:
2136:
2126:
2124:
2112:
2106:
2087:
2056:
2047:
2037:
2035:
2024:
2013:
2008:
2003:
2002:
1997:
1993:
1954:
1950:
1929:nazionalitateak
1911:
1907:
1902:
1825:
1603:
1599:
1596:
1592:
1586:
1582:
1568:
1562:
1559:
1556:
1547:
1543:
1536:
1508:café para todos
1487:
1481:
1417:Jordi Solé Tura
1406:
1403:
1383:
1321:Primo de Rivera
1252:Crown of Aragon
1215:
1209:
1195:. However, the
1120:. However, the
1102:Franco's regime
1035:
1006:
1002:Other countries
987:
985:
984:
977:
976:
948:
896:
865:
857:
856:
825:
815:
814:
811:
787:
760:
735:
699:
689:
688:
635:
625:
624:
594:
593:
588:
581:
571:
570:
506:
505:
497:
487:
486:
475:
425:
392:
384:
383:
376:
375:
367:
357:
356:
236:
235:
227:
217:
216:
165:
164:
161:Royal Household
156:
146:
145:
88:Vice President
58:
35:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3565:
3555:
3554:
3549:
3544:
3528:
3527:
3501:
3479:
3451:
3423:
3401:
3379:
3351:
3325:
3297:
3266:
3238:
3210:
3182:
3171:. 29 July 2011
3156:
3145:. 15 July 2012
3130:
3105:
3083:
3049:
3029:
3003:
3001:, p. vii, 1877
2990:
2967:
2925:
2902:
2863:
2833:
2802:
2771:
2740:
2707:
2686:
2669:(5 May 1978).
2655:
2618:
2589:
2532:
2521:
2514:
2485:
2456:
2431:
2379:
2338:
2327:on 11 May 2008
2258:
2244:(in Spanish).
2242:"Nacionalidad"
2233:
2205:
2165:
2134:
2085:
2072:10.2307/421632
2045:
2010:
2009:
2007:
2004:
2001:
2000:
1991:
1948:
1921:nacionalidades
1904:
1903:
1901:
1898:
1897:
1896:
1891:
1886:
1881:
1876:
1871:
1824:
1821:
1752:federal system
1719:Basque Country
1696:gerrymandering
1598:
1591:
1581:
1570:
1569:
1550:
1548:
1541:
1535:
1532:
1480:
1477:
1401:
1382:
1379:
1360:pre-autonomías
1317:General Courts
1301:turno pacífico
1259:Habsburg Spain
1211:Main article:
1208:
1205:
1141:Canary Islands
1094:Basque Country
1037:
1036:
1034:
1033:
1026:
1019:
1011:
1008:
1007:
1005:
1004:
998:
997:
996:
979:
978:
975:
974:
964:
959:
949:
947:
946:
941:
936:
924:
922:
917:
912:
907:
902:
897:
895:
894:
889:
884:
879:
869:
866:
864:Related topics
863:
862:
859:
858:
855:
854:
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3414:. Retrieved
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3370:. Retrieved
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3316:. Retrieved
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3288:. Retrieved
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3281:
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3229:. Retrieved
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3054:. Retrieved
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2889:. Retrieved
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2116:
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2036:. Retrieved
2032:the original
1994:
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3098:7 September
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1114:nationality
1106:nationalist
1082:nationality
650:Governments
476:(ombudsman)
395:15th Senate
365:Legislature
170:The Monarch
129:Nationality
3536:Categories
3520:12 January
3175:29 January
3056:14 October
3050:8470886908
3022:29 January
2856:29 January
2826:29 January
2795:28 January
2764:28 January
2733:29 January
2679:28 January
2648:29 January
2611:29 January
2582:29 January
2478:29 January
2424:4 February
2372:28 January
2331:28 January
2251:28 January
2226:30 January
2198:28 January
2158:28 January
2038:3 February
2006:References
1500:federation
1496:devolution
1483:See also:
1167:of Spain.
1059:The terms
724:2019 (Nov)
719:2019 (Apr)
655:Presidents
317:Ministries
3076:ignored (
3066:cite book
2960:ignored (
2950:cite book
2940:7 October
2569:144451464
2419:144193279
1982:Valencian
1939:Valencian
1785:Artur Mas
1760:Barcelona
1661:Castilian
1641:Cantabria
1492:provinces
1440:from the
1352:Barcelona
1339:erupted.
1323:in 1923.
1189:Catalonia
1173:Cantabria
1145:Andalusia
1098:Catalonia
697:Elections
667:Provinces
517:President
495:Judiciary
225:Executive
181:Felipe VI
154:The Crown
77:President
1960:Galician
1917:Galician
1823:See also
1681:peoples!
1665:Asturias
1645:La Rioja
1514:: their
1402:—
1242:and the
1169:Asturias
1157:La Rioja
1104:and the
1050:entities
944:Galician
845:in Spain
840:of Spain
767:European
742:Regional
672:Comarcas
541:(acting)
124:Abortion
114:Taxation
3465:El País
3366:El País
3197:El País
2449:20 July
2184:"Spain"
2127:20 July
1976:Catalan
1956:Spanish
1933:Catalan
1913:Spanish
1808:or the
1717:In the
1649:Castile
1634:regions
1626:Melilla
1553:updated
1512:Navarre
1450:"nation
1309:Catalan
1240:Catalan
1181:Navarre
1165:regions
1090:Galicia
1046:country
939:Catalan
887:Podemos
715:General
435:Speaker
402:Speaker
3047:
2923:
2567:
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2444:boe.es
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2080:421632
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1968:Basque
1925:Basque
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1153:Murcia
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1096:, and
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1073:whose
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389:Senate
285:second
2934:(PDF)
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2698:(PDF)
2674:(PDF)
2576:(PDF)
2565:S2CID
2545:(PDF)
2415:S2CID
2399:(PDF)
2325:(PDF)
2314:(PDF)
2194:, Inc
2123:, Inc
2113:(PDF)
2076:JSTOR
1622:Ceuta
1042:Spain
295:third
275:first
3522:2014
3496:2012
3474:2012
3446:2012
3418:2012
3396:2012
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3346:2012
3320:2012
3292:2012
3261:2012
3233:2012
3205:2012
3177:2012
3151:2012
3125:2012
3100:2012
3078:help
3058:2012
3045:ISBN
3024:2012
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2962:help
2942:2012
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2893:2012
2858:2012
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2510:ISBN
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2333:2008
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2228:2012
2200:2012
2160:2012
2129:2023
2040:2012
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1867:and
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1685:The
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802:1986
797:1978
782:2024
776:2019
771:2014
756:2023
751:2019
746:2015
730:2023
579:Euro
521:list
439:list
406:list
265:list
246:list
194:list
175:list
3169:ABC
2557:doi
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