Nationalist government

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killed resisting or trying to escape. Once collected, they would be roped or chained together and marched, with little food or water, long distances to camp. They often died or were killed along the way, sometimes less than 50 percent reaching camp alive. Then recruit camp was no better, with hospitals resembling Nazi concentration camps like Buchenwald. Probably 3,081,000 died during the Sino-Japanese War; likely another 1,131,000 during the Civil War – 4,212,000 dead in total. Just during conscription.

2565: 2260: 1797:, "no other leader within the GMD had the authority to force through even the simplest decisions.The practical power of high-ranking officials like ministers or the head of the Executive Yuan was more closely tied to their relationship with Chiang than with the formal authority of their position. Chiang created multiple layers of power in his administration which he sometimes played off each other to prevent individuals or cliques from gathering power that could oppose his authority. 1474: 7487: 2017: 7549: 9443: 7397: 189: 2025: 9463: 9453: 7409: 7421: 2360: 1790:, a position he would retain until 1931. The Organic Law also stipulated that the Kuomintang, through its National Congress and Central Executive Committee, would exercise sovereign power during the period of political tutelage, and the KMT's Political Council would guide and superintend the National Government in the execution of important national affairs and that the council has the power to interpret or amend the organic law. 1833: 2747: 4124: 195: 197: 196: 198: 192: 1825: 194: 191: 190: 3526:

If we assume that the natural rate of increase in the population before the famine was 2 per cent, Comparison with the diminution in the size of age cohorts born during the famine years suggests that the official Nationalist figure includes population loss through excess mortality and declined fertility migration, which leaves a famine death toll of well under 1 million.

193: 199: 3228:, p. 5) "Nationalist disunity, political instability, civil strife, the communist challenge, the autocracy of Chiang Kai-shek, the ascendancy of the military, the escalating Japanese threat, and the "crisis of democracy" in Italy, Germany, Poland, and Spain, all contributed to a freezing of democracy by the Nationalist leadership." 1701:, as well as independent delegates, attended the conference in Chongqing. However, shortly afterward, the two parties failed to reach an agreement and the civil war resumed. In the context of political and military animosity, the National Assembly was summoned by the Nationalists without the participation of the CCP and promulgated the 1413:, killing thousands of them. At the same time, other violent conflicts took place in the south of China where peasant associations supported by the CCP were attacking landlords and local gentry, who formed a base of political support for the KMT right-wing and recruitment for Nationalist soldiers. These events eventually led to the 1759:

Committee of the National Government being elected by KMT Central Committee. Under the national government was seven ministries – Interior, Foreign Affairs, Finance, Transport, Justice, Agriculture and Mines, and Commerce. There were also additional institutions such as the Supreme Court, Control Yuan, and the General Academy.

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In February 1928, the Fourth Plenary Session of the 2nd Kuomintang National Congress held in Nanjing passed the Reorganization of the National Government Act. This act stipulated the national government was to be directed and regulated under the Central Executive Committee of the Kuomintang, with the

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on the island. The military administration of the ROC extended over Taiwan, which led to widespread unrest and increasing tensions between local Taiwanese and mainlanders. The shooting of a civilian on 28 February 1947 triggered an island-wide unrest, which was brutally suppressed with military force

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Basic literacy came to most of the school-aged populace by the end of the Japanese tenure on Taiwan. School attendance for Taiwanese children rose steadily throughout the Japanese era, from 3.8 percent in 1904 to 13.1 percent in 1917; 25.1 percent in 1920; 41.5 percent in 1935; 57.6 percent in 1940;

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A detailed survey organized by the Nationalist government in 1943 of the impact of the famine came up with a toll of 1,484,983, broken down by county. The official population registers of Henan show a net decline in population from 1942 to 1943 of one million people, or 3 per cent of the population.

1755:; however, existing parties continued to operate and new ones formed. After the end of the Second World War, and particularly after the passage of the constitution in 1946, the National Government was reconstituted to include multiple parties, in preparation for a full democratic government to come. 1540:

and posed a major latent threat to the regime. However, perhaps the biggest challenges came from within the administration itself. As Chiang Kai-Shek told the state council: "Our organization becomes worse and worse ... many staff members just sit at their desks and gaze into space, others read

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compared with 12 million in 1928. Other goods saw even more staggering increases. In 1932, 15 million bushels of grain were imported compared with 900,000 in 1928. This increased competition leads to a massive decline in Chinese agricultural prices (which were cheaper) and thus the income of rural

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Then there was the process of conscription. This was a deadly affair in which men were kidnapped for the army, rounded up indiscriminately by press-gangs or army units among those on the roads or in the towns and villages, or otherwise gathered together. Many men, some the very young and old, were

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One effect of the war was a massive increase in government control of industries. In 1936, government-owned industries were only 15% of GDP. However, the ROC government took control of many industries in order to fight the war. In 1938, the ROC established a commission for industries and mines to

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was implemented by some social activists who graduated as professors of the United States with tangible but limited progress in modernizing the tax, infrastructural, economical, cultural, and educational equipment and mechanisms of rural regions. The social activists actively coordinated with the

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Economic growth and social improvements were mixed. The Kuomintang supported women's rights and education, the abolition of polygamy, and foot binding. The government of the Republic of China under Chiang's leadership also enacted a women's quota in the parliament with reserved seats for women.

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in 1937 and random massacres of whole villages. In one anti-guerrilla sweep in 1942, the Japanese killed up to 200,000 civilians in a month. The war was estimated to have killed between 20 and 25 million Chinese and destroyed all that Chiang had built up in the preceding decade. Development of

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newspapers and still others sleep." Corruption was endemic at all levels of government. The tension between Chiang's centralizing tendencies and the warlords who supported him led to friction and inconsistent direction. Even the KMT itself was disunified, with the pro-Chiang factions of the

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being elected as vice-president. The Nationalist Government was abolished on 20 May 1948, after the Government of the Republic of China was established with the presidential inauguration of Chiang. The CCP, though invited to the convention that drafted it, boycotted and declared after the

147: 1532:. In alliance with local landlords and other power-brokers, they blocked moderate land reforms that might have benefits the rural poor. Instead, the poor peasants remained a consistent source of recruits for the Communist Party. While weakened by frequent massacres and purges—historian 1961:

During the Second Sino-Japanese War, the armed forces of the CCP were nominally incorporated into the National Revolutionary Army (while retaining separate commands), but broke away to form the People's Liberation Army shortly after the end of the war. With the promulgation of the

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This house was built in 1870s, after Taiping Rebellion. In the 1930s, Chiang Kai-shek chose it to be one of the headquarters of the Military Affairs Commission. The house is located in the Presidential Palace complex and becoming a popular tourist attraction now.

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as a result of trying to fight the civil war, resulted in mass unrest throughout the Republic and sympathy for the communists. Nearly all studies of the collapse of the Nationalist government identify hyperinflation as a major factor in the government's failure.

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Also known as "the Red Hill Mansion" and "Mei-ling Villa", the building was one of the main residences of Chiang & Soong in Nanjing after WWII. And it became one of the official residences of the President of the ROC from 1948 to 1949.

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of agricultural goods lead to massive falling prices for China as well as an increase in foreign imports (as agricultural goods produced in western countries were "dumped" in China). In 1931, imports of rice in China amounted to 21 million

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on 25 December 1946, promulgated by the National Government on 1 January 1947, and went into effect on 25 December 1947. The Constitution was seen as the third and final stage of Kuomintang reconstruction of China. Chiang Kai-shek was also

1497:, p. 30) By 1928, the Nationalists claimed that they had succeeded in reunifying China and were beginning the second stage, the period of so-called "tutelage". In 1931, they promulgated a provisional constitution that established the 236: 2106:

industries was severely hampered after the war by devastating conflict as well as the inflow of cheap American goods. By 1946, Chinese industries operated at 20 percent capacity and had 25 percent of the output of pre-war China.

1398:; Chiang himself was surrounded by Soviet military advisors. Much of the Nationalist Party, however, became convinced, not without reason, that the Communists, under recent orders from the Comintern, wanted to break from the 187: 1730:

challenged the legitimacy of the National Assembly in 1947 by accusing the KMT of hand-picking the members of the National Assembly 10 years earlier; claiming they thus could not legitimately represent the Chinese people.

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totaled $ 3.5 billion, with Japan leading ($ 1.4 billion) and the United Kingdom at 1 billion. By 1948, however, the capital stock had halted with investment dropping to only $ 3 billion, with the US and Britain leading.

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in 1931, industrial output recovered by 1936. By 1936, industrial output had recovered and surpassed its previous peak in 1931 prior to the Great Depression's effects on China. This is best shown by the trends in Chinese

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According to Sun Yat-sen's "Three Stages of Revolution" theory, the KMT was to rebuild China in three phases: the first stage was military unification, which was carried out with the Northern Expedition; the second was

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It was also called Nanyang Tobacco Building. In 1926, the National Revolutionary Army took control of Wuhan. Then, the officials of KMT chose Nanyang Tobacco Building to become the seat of the Nationalist Government.

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local governments in towns and villages since the early 1930s. However, this policy was subsequently neglected and canceled by the Nationalist government due to rampant wars and the lack of resources following the

1685:, the Nationalists and Communists agreed to start a series of peace talks aiming at establishing a coalition government. The two parties agreed to open multiparty talks on post-World War II political reforms via a 145: 2085:

farmers. In 1932, agricultural prices were 41 percent of 1921 levels. Rural incomes had fallen to 57 percent of 1931 levels by 1934 in some areas. Under this peculiar context for rural China, the Chinese

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The Nationalist government exercised relatively little control in China's border regions, where the political fragmentation along ethnic lines that began after the fall of the Qing dynasty continued.

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In the period of the Second Sino-Japanese War, this building was served as the headquarters of the Nationalist Government until they moved back to Nanjing. The building was demolished in the 1980s.

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Authority within the Nationalist government ultimately lay with Chiang Kai-shek. All major policy changes on military, diplomatic, or economic issues required his approval. According to historian

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This was the only institution not headquartered in the city of Nanjing. Once being the Shanghai branch of Russo-Chinese Bank, this building now becomes Shanghai Foreign Exchange Trading Center.

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In 1937, Japan invaded China and the resulting warfare laid waste to China. Most of the prosperous east China coast was occupied by the Japanese, who carried out various atrocities such as the

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After the 1930 mutiny ended, Chiang accepted the suggestion of Wang Ching-wei, Yen Hsi-shan, and Feng Yü-hsiang that a provisional constitution for the political tutelage period be drafted.

3011:民國十六年，國民政府宣言定為首都，今以臺北市為我國中央政府所在地。(In the 16th Year of the Republic of China , the National Government established as the capital. At present, Taipei is the seat of the central government.) 2274:

It was the site of Lizhi She in the 1930s. In 1949, the Nationalist Government decided to move the Executive Yuan into this building. The building now served as a part of Zhongshan Hotel.

1693:. This agreement was implemented by the Nationalist Government, who organized the first Political Consultative Assembly from 10 to 31 January 1946. Representatives of the Kuomintang, CCP, 9259: 5189: 2246:

The building was the headquarter of the Ministry of Railways at first, then the site of Executive Yuan from 1946 to 1949. After the communists took over Nanjing, it became a building of

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Interpretations on whether this entails a complete transfer of the territory's sovereignty to the Republic of China vary. Japan renounced the claims to Taiwan and Pescadores in the

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in the 1930s when Chiang Kai-shek unified most of the country and brought political stability. China's industries developed and grew from 1927 to 1931. Though badly hit by the

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movement was an important factor in the Nationalists' defeat, particularly because it linked the interests of peasants in the north and northeast to the Communists' success.

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Even had it been the KMT's intention, historians such as Edmund Fung argue that they may not have been able to establish a democracy under the circumstances of the time.(

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under a National Assembly, but was boycotted by the CCP. With the promulgation of the constitution, the Nationalist Government abolished itself and was replaced by the

9487: 9269: 1493:" which was a provisional government led by the KMT to educate people about their political and civil rights, and the third stage would be constitutional government.( 9392: 2465: 1762:

With the promulgation of the Organic Law of the National Government in October 1928, the government was reorganized into five different branches or Yuan, namely the

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between the Nationalist Party and the CCP. Chiang Kai-shek pushed the CCP into the interior as he sought to destroy them, and moved the Nationalist Government to

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growth averaged 3.9 per cent a year from 1929 to 1941 and per capita GDP about 1.8 per cent. Among other institutions, the Nationalist Government founded the

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Following the war with Japan, Chiang acquired Taiwan from Japan and renewed his struggle with the Communists. However, the corruption of the KMT, as well as

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ratification that not only would it not recognize the ROC constitution, but all bills passed by the Nationalist administration would be disregarded as well.

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After the Kuomintang reunified the country in 1928, China entered a period of relative prosperity despite civil war and Japanese aggression. In 1937, the

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to exert control on the provinces. The loyalty of these figures was often highly suspect, and they frequently engaged in acts of open defiance, as in the

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Almost all of the former sites of the nationalist government are headquartered in the city of Nanjing, the capital at the time, with only one exception.

1635:. In 1945, after the war of eight years, Japan surrendered and the Republic of China, under the name "China", became one of the founding members of the 9249: 7997: 5154: 5040: 4036: 2110:

control and supervise firms, as well as instilling price controls. By 1942, 70 percent of the capital of Chinese industry was owned by the government.

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two months earlier, but soon joined Chiang in Nanjing in August 1927. By the following year, Chiang's army had captured Beijing after overthrowing the

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In Gansu the estimated mortality was 2.5 to 3 million In Shaanxi, out of a population of 13 million, an estimated 3 million died of hunger or disease

7609: 5045: 1709: 5104: 1705:. The constitution was criticized by the CCP, and led to the final break between the two sides. The full-scale civil war resumed from early 1947. 9387: 4128: 2544: 9254: 6783: 2608:

Before the National Theatre of Drama and Music was completed, the National Assembly was held in the Auditorium of National Central University.

2067:. In 1932, China's GDP peaked at US$ 28.8 billion, before falling to $ 21.3 billion by 1934 and recovering to $ 23.7 billion by 1935. By 1930, 17: 9126: 5650: 3571: 3553: 1602: 178: 2137: 9492: 9417: 9295: 8592: 8236: 7788: 7208: 5308: 4545: 4269: 2639: 1718: 1430: 3399: 8868: 7459: 6312: 4555: 3942: 2906: 1975: 1488: 944: 409: 3589: 1998:, Nationalist authorities overlooked military corruption and smuggling. The Nationalist army increasingly turned to raiding villages to 8255: 8183: 7734: 7577: 6637: 6292: 4885: 2851: 2635: 1713: 8074: 4264: 2011: 491: 2298:

It was the site of the "Mistress House". The Nationalist Government chose the house to become the seat of Legislative Yuan in 1928.

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When the city of Nanjing was not captured by the Nationalist Government, they chose the following buildings as their headquarters.

2488: 1512:, p. 30) Despite nominal reunification, the Chiang's Nationalist Government relied heavily on the support of warlords such as 1309: 133: 3963: 3404:[An Elementary Study about the Characteristics and the Effect of the Great Drought in Northwest China from 1928 to 1930]. 6965: 6583: 6417: 6193: 3094: 2868: 2780:, This was the main government administration building. Nanyang Tobacco Building however, was the main administration during the 39: 7990: 7480: 6240: 5979: 5130: 4458: 4195: 2634:

The building was served as the National Theatre of Drama and Music. After the World War II, it became the meeting place of the

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In 1949, the People's Liberation captured Beijing and later Nanjing as well. The People's Republic of China was proclaimed in

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In 1925, the Nationalist Government was established here. Today, all the buildings inside were demolished except the gate.

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rule of the KMT and promised eventual democratization. In practice, this meant that Chiang Kai-Shek was able to continue

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as the legitimate representative of China. The Nationalist government would then experience many challenges such as the

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Land controlled by the Republic of China (1945) shown in dark green; land claimed but uncontrolled shown in light green.

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Because of the Nationalist government's increasing inability to fund the military, especially after Japan's success in

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estimated that 1,654,000 people were killed by the KMT in anti-Communist purges during this period—the Communists were

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The building, serving as the Executive Yuan from 1928 to 1937, is now a part of the Presidential Palace complex.

1586: 1582: 1331:(CCP) resumed, despite attempts at mediation by the United States. The Nationalist Government began drafting the 4060: 8893: 8813: 8332: 8290: 8044: 7528: 7228: 6551: 6422: 5954: 5594: 4022: 2861: 1967: 1849: 1570: 1173: 1049: 896: 396: 377: 2307: 2177: 1661:, with ROC troops accepting the surrender of the Japanese garrison. The government of the ROC proclaimed the " 9346: 9050: 9005: 8818: 8798: 8399: 7957: 7754: 6950: 6835: 6768: 6620: 6373: 6230: 5077: 5067: 4865: 4860: 2580: 2579:

Opposite was the site of the Executive Yuan. After the communists took over Nanjing, it became a building of

2247: 2171: 2086: 1857: 1211: 1065: 210: 91: 1569:, the spread of education increased the literacy rate across China and promoted the ideals of Sun Yat-sen's 9315: 9188: 9131: 9101: 8954: 8372: 7946: 7682: 7597: 6995: 6865: 6733: 6077: 6072: 5484: 4797: 4743: 4711: 4538: 3143:"Warlords, Bullies, and State Building in Nationalist China: The Guangdong Cooperative Movement, 1932–1936" 2781: 2335: 1648: 1442: 1356: 1263: 972: 35: 3243:"Why Did Chiang Kai-shek Lose China? The Guomindang Regime And The Victory Of The Chinese Communist Party" 9020: 8823: 8299: 8280: 8270: 7605: 7510: 6790: 6693: 6427: 6402: 6186: 5984: 5862: 5847: 5454: 5411: 5347: 5330: 5204: 4726: 4473: 4236: 2068: 1955: 1909: 1809: 1783: 1558: 1339:. Following their loss of the Civil War, the Nationalist Government retreated and moved their capital to 1121: 1081: 960: 461: 222: 9000: 8853: 8129: 8089: 7445: 7286: 7238: 6870: 6820: 6807: 6713: 6556: 6282: 5499: 5379: 5135: 5089: 5072: 5055: 4802: 4766: 4613: 4188: 3901: 3726: 2910: 2499: 1317: 85: 9075: 8934: 8858: 8843: 8803: 8670: 8382: 8357: 8059: 8049: 7218: 7191: 7186: 6546: 6392: 6353: 6102: 5694: 5518: 5399: 5352: 5296: 4761: 4706: 4433: 4319: 4246: 3872: 3755: 1537: 1410: 1361:

After Sun's death on 12 March 1925, four months later on 1 July 1925, the National Government of the

992: 751: 105: 3819: 1782:. The Chairman of the National Government was to be the head-of-state and commander-in-chief of the 1072: 1056: 9300: 9060: 8970: 8006: 7696: 7692: 6954: 6880: 6703: 6630: 6412: 6407: 6358: 6060: 5689: 5635: 5560: 5236: 5171: 5013: 4996: 4974: 4807: 4782: 4721: 4623: 4376: 4291: 4035:

v70#1 (2006) 137–182; major historiographical overview of all important books and interpretations;

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in 1947 and the formal end of the KMT party-state, the National Revolutionary Army was renamed the

1943: 1819: 1624: 1462: 1271: 996: 643: 4393: 3575: 3557: 2438: 9517: 9512: 9507: 9198: 8995: 8908: 8808: 8685: 8377: 8367: 8188: 7942: 7744: 7720: 7704: 7652: 7561: 7552: 7326: 7151: 6885: 6778: 6502: 6397: 6368: 6363: 6110: 5892: 5608: 5494: 5489: 5394: 5369: 5313: 5147: 5099: 4934: 4855: 4850: 4792: 4716: 4701: 4560: 4341: 2898: 2571: 2445: 2395: 2342: 2314: 2238: 1698: 1468: 1328: 4515: 3688: 2784:. This building used to serve as the Headquarters of the Hubei Provincial Government during the 2592: 2326:, it became the offices of Legislative Yuan and Control Yuan. Now it is Nanjing Soldiers' Club. 9310: 9178: 9136: 8838: 8347: 8337: 8285: 8275: 8084: 7821: 7817: 7213: 7176: 6982: 6761: 6663: 6658: 6524: 6272: 6179: 6065: 5872: 5706: 5662: 5640: 5337: 4787: 4691: 4498: 4241: 3420: 2283: 2064: 1971: 1947: 1690: 1658: 967:, Yuan died in 1916, leaving a power vacuum which resulted in China being divided into several 3282: 3267: 3024: 8985: 8980: 8883: 8828: 8099: 8079: 7831: 7371: 7336: 6850: 6756: 6751: 6728: 6529: 6387: 6307: 6302: 6055: 6050: 6005: 5941: 5852: 5555: 5504: 5442: 5164: 5001: 4989: 4979: 4748: 4381: 4181: 3083: 2856: 2194: 1313: 393: 368: 3808: 3491:

Garnaut, Anthony (November 2013). "A Quantitative Description of the Henan Famine of 1942".

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The building is now served as Nanjing City Government Offices and the Committee of Nanjing,

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and unifying the country. The National Revolutionary Army received significant aid from the

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However, the rural economy was hit hard by the Great Depression of the 1930s, in which an

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The National Government governed under a dual-party state apparatus under the ideology of

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For Wang Jingwei's nationalist government collaborating with the Empire of Japan, see

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Fighting Famine in North China: State, Market, and Environmental Decline, 1690s–1990s

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Chen, Lifu; Myers, Ramon Hawley (1994). Chang, Hsu-hsin; Myers, Ramon Hawley (eds.).

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Forced conscription campaigns were conducted by the military; they are described by

9203: 9183: 9116: 9035: 9025: 8788: 8487: 8114: 7900: 7896: 7845: 7708: 7570: 7351: 7271: 7067: 6990: 6945: 6932: 6840: 6825: 6563: 6146: 6139: 6038: 6033: 5959: 5887: 5806: 5721: 5711: 5682: 5618: 5613: 5447: 5421: 5406: 5291: 5269: 5253: 5159: 4608: 4598: 4438: 4231: 4216: 4208: 3952: 3500: 3154: 2948: 2902: 2752: 2323: 2290: 2102: 2055: 1775: 1767: 1739: 1682: 1662: 1502: 1498: 1287: 1251: 1100: 1043:"Republic of China" in Traditional (top) and Simplified (bottom) Chinese characters 964: 669: 576: 337: 4081:

China during the Great Depression: Market, State, and the World Economy, 1929–1937

9377: 9367: 9015: 8863: 8783: 8675: 8547: 8542: 8507: 8441: 8426: 8394: 8309: 8206: 8039: 7835: 7594: 7590: 7401: 7321: 7316: 7311: 7291: 7243: 7181: 7139: 7102: 7087: 7077: 7072: 7052: 7017: 7012: 6688: 6625: 6262: 5754: 5749: 5672: 5623: 5584: 5248: 4830: 4636: 4523: 3948: 3615: 3089:[Introduction to the Revolutionary Committee of the Chinese Kuomintang]. 2777: 2707: 2412: 1917: 1794: 1752: 1666: 1620: 1594: 1373: 1301: 1290: 988: 980: 480: 445: 380: 4015:

In Search of Chinese Democracy: Civil Opposition in Nationalist China, 1929–1949

3332: 3310: 910: 907: 904: 901: 9070: 8577: 8492: 8064: 8029: 7361: 7301: 7280: 7233: 7082: 7057: 6855: 6678: 6485: 6155: 6087: 6010: 5857: 5811: 5796: 5791: 5774: 5759: 5545: 4900: 4895: 4825: 4411: 4067:

The Chinese People at War: Human Suffering and Social Transformation, 1937–1945

3718: 3158: 2878: 2655: 2206: 2114: 2076: 2051: 1982: 1875: 1763: 1636: 1566: 1533: 1521: 1458: 1446: 1279: 1243: 1135: 656: 349: 3504: 2564: 9481: 9412: 9305: 9055: 8602: 8567: 8552: 8537: 8517: 8461: 8446: 7799: 7413: 7366: 7266: 7144: 7117: 7112: 7107: 7047: 7007: 6541: 6297: 6257: 6120: 5867: 5701: 5540: 5342: 4663: 4651: 4493: 4354: 4000:

The Cambridge History of China. Vol. 13: Republican China, 1912–1949, Part 2.

3723:

The Collapse of Nationalist China: How Chiang Kai-shek Lost China's Civil War

3512: 2822: 2531:

The building was in the site of the National Central Hospital complex. It is

2322:

The building was Nanjing City Hall during the Japanese occupation. After the

2259: 1771: 1589:

from 1942 to 1943. In total, these famines cost at least 11.7 million lives.

951:. To preserve national unity, Sun ceded the presidency to military strongman 820: 772: 364: 4050:

Nationalist China at War: Military Defeats and Political Collapse, 1937–1945

3993:

The Cambridge History of China, Vol. 12, Republican China 1912–1949. Part 1.

3068:

Li, Xiaobing, ed. (2012). "Zhang Xueliang (Chang Hsueh-liang) (1901–2001)".

2646:. So this building played an important role in the modern history of China. 2050:

Chinese industries continued to develop in the 1930s with the advent of the

2016: 1473: 9466: 9456: 8695: 8690: 8582: 8502: 8069: 7486: 6160: 6045: 5917: 5882: 4488: 4483: 4478: 4468: 4463: 4453: 4371: 4366: 2941: 2808: 2785: 2043:

and laid China to waste in eight years of war. The era also saw additional

1936: 1924: 1779: 1654: 1628: 1550: 1426: 1395: 1297: 1259: 1187: 1107: 1038: 561: 3199: 1557:. To control the opposing KMT factions, Chiang relied increasingly on the 9372: 8654: 8639: 8607: 8587: 8512: 8466: 7672: 7022: 5739: 4656: 4641: 4448: 4406: 4401: 4349: 3979:

Seeds of Destruction: Nationalist China in War and Revolution, 1937–1945.

2350:

The building was destroyed by fire in April 1949. Only the gate remains.

2132:

on 1 October 1949. The Republic of China central government relocated to

1999: 1939: 1681:

From 1945 to 1947, under United States mediation, especially through the

1391: 1372:

The following year, as Generalissimo of the National Revolutionary Army,

1343:

while claiming that they were the legitimate government of the mainland.

1267: 968: 952: 940: 570: 555: 159: 43: 3354: 1615:

against Japan by the Chongqing Nationalist Government on 9 December 1941

9341: 8715: 8705: 8649: 8644: 8612: 8597: 8572: 8456: 8451: 8431: 8176: 7878: 7764: 7490: 6723: 5912: 4820: 4631: 4359: 3026:

The storm clouds clear over China: the memoir of Chʻen Li-fu, 1900–1993

2835: 1928: 1905: 1727: 1722: 1517: 1383: 1283: 929: 510: 428: 3166: 3142: 2024: 8471: 8216: 8211: 7548: 5922: 5877: 4815: 4756: 4095:

The Generalissimo: Chiang Kai-shek and the Struggle for Modern China.

3752:

Revolutionary Becomings: Documentary Media in Twentieth-Century China

3645: 1632: 1554: 1542: 1513: 1366: 1235: 1166: 527: 310: 270: 7437: 2997:(in Traditional Chinese). Ministry of Education, ROC. Archived from 2359: 7356: 6683: 5997: 5990: 5303: 4088:

The Long March: The True History of Communist China's Founding Myth

2495: 2479:

The building is now served as the office of Nanjing Sports Bureau.

2197:'s Office in Qing dynasty, and as the Presidential Palace in 1948. 2032: 2028: 1748: 1578: 1422: 1378: 1003:. The government was in place until it was replaced by the current 871: 767: 327: 254: 6171: 3947:(Vol. I–IV and Index. 1967–1979). 600 short scholarly biographies 1931:, the National Revolutionary Army fought major engagements in the 1832: 8710: 8436: 4426: 4421: 4416: 4173: 3820:

https://www.cuhk.edu.hk/ics/21c/media/articles/c091-200411073.pdf

2746: 2129: 2002:

peasants into service and force marching them to assigned units.

1418: 1194: 976: 344: 301: 280: 9194:

Sino-Soviet Treaty of Friendship, Alliance and Mutual Assistance

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administration map of the Republic of China during early 1930s.

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War and Popular Culture: Resistance in Modern China, 1937–1945

2403:

The building was also served as the Supreme Prosecutor Office

1721:

under the constitution by the National Assembly in 1948, with

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The building is now occupied by some governmental officials.

1573:

of democracy, republicanism, science, constitutionalism, and

1434: 1216: 1202: 861: 292: 1282:(1927–37), when most of China came under the control of the 8562: 1266:

in China. Central authority waxed and waned in response to

3200:"Estimates, Sources, And Calculations, 1929 To June, 1937" 2788:

and now serves as the Wuchang Uprising Memorial Building.

1824: 9393:

Japanese in the Chinese resistance to the Empire of Japan

3809:

http://www.ritsumei.ac.jp/acd/cg/lt/rb/608/608PDF/cyo.pdf

3451:. Stanford: Stanford University Press. pp. 303–307. 1836:

KMT troops rounding up Communist prisoners for execution

1590: 1178: 807:

Army and Navy Marshal stronghold of the Republic of China

27:

Government of the Republic of China between 1925 and 1948

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of the Kuomintang. However, periodic famines continued:

928:

from 1 July 1925 to 20 May 1948, led by the nationalist

9122:

United Nations Conference on International Organization

2776:

During the Wuhan Nationalist Government and during the

1665:" of Taiwan to the Republic of China and established a 1278:(1927–49), with central authority strongest during the 4109:

Decisive Encounters: The Chinese Civil War, 1946–1950.

3795: 3793: 1601:. In 1932, China for the first time sent teams to the 4043:

China's Bitter Victory: The War with Japan, 1937–1945

3663:

Decisive encounters: the Chinese Civil War, 1946–1950

1719:

elected as the 1st President of the Republic of China

1585:

from 1928 to 1930, in Sichuan from 1936 to 1937, and

1238:, the Republic of China was formally established on 1 1154: 1140: 1126: 1112: 171: 125: 66: 3898:

A short history of Taiwan: the case for independence

3582: 2798: 2533:

Nanjing General Hospital of Nanjing Military Command

1452: 4031:Gordon, David M. "The China-Japan War, 1931–1945," 3869:

Land Wars: the Story of China's Agrarian Revolution

3790: 4007:The Nanjing Massacre in History and Historiography 3660: 2940: 1927:aid as a means for the KMT to unify China against 1743:Headquarters of the National Government in Nanjing 1390:through China with the intention of defeating the 3958:Boorman, Howard L. "Sun Yat-sen" in Boorman, ed. 2947:. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. pp. 1623:in 1931, with hostilities continuing through the 991:under the Kuomintang, and was subsequently given 9479: 3998:Fairbank, John K. and Feuerwerker, Albert, eds. 3693:. Cambridge University Press, 1983, p. 190. 3084:"Zhōngguó Guómíndǎng Gémìng Wěiyuánhuì Jiǎnjiè" 2560:Ministry of Transportation & Communications 1619:The Nationalists faced a new challenge with the 1445:, at least nominally, marking the beginning the 9388:Chinese Muslims in the Second Sino-Japanese War 1545:, Political Study Clique, and fascist-inspired 1425:within the KMT still allied to the CCP, led by 949:Provisional Government of the Republic of China 38:. For the Nationalist government in Spain, see 9255:Army groups of the National Revolutionary Army 3690:The Nationalist Revolution in China, 1923–1928 3640:"首都卫戍司令部、淞沪重庆警备司令，分别致电函京沪渝中共代表，所有中共人员限期全部撤退". 2983: 2136:on 7 December 1949, to Taiwan where Japan had 1712:, the drafted Constitution was adopted by the 1639:. The government returned to Nanjing in 1946. 1477:Organisational chart of the KMT regime (1934). 9488:Politics of the Republic of China (1912–1949) 9127:Sino-Soviet Treaty of Friendship and Alliance 7991: 7453: 6445: 6187: 5840: 4189: 4017:. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. 3574:. Time Magazine. 7 April 1947. Archived from 3556:. Time Magazine. 10 June 1946. Archived from 3499:(6). Cambridge University Press: 2034, 2044. 1895: 1885: 1786:. Chiang Kai-shek was appointed as the first 1070: 1054: 740:8,368,561 km (3,231,119 sq mi) 215: 179:National Flag Anthem of the Republic of China 165: 119: 59: 9418:Wartime perception of the Chinese Communists 9296:Anti-Japanese resistance volunteers in China 7789:Wartime perception of the Chinese Communists 4041:Hsiung, James C. and Steven I. Levine, eds. 3540:Chinese Economic Performance in the Long Run 3280: 3118:Warlords and Muslims in Chinese Central Asia 893:National Government of the Republic of China 8869:Battle of Northern Burma and Western Yunnan 3960:Biographical Dictionary of Republican China 3943:Biographical Dictionary of Republican China 3357:(in Chinese). M.xzbu.com. 12 September 2012 2975:harvnb error: no target: CITEREFFenby2009 ( 2907:Theory of the Undetermined Status of Taiwan 2742:Nationalist Government in Chongqing (1939) 2550:Chengxian Street, Xuanwu District, Nanjing 2303:Legislative Yuan (1946) & Control Yuan 1908:(KMT) from 1925 until 1947, as well as the 971:and rival governments. They were nominally 7998: 7984: 7460: 7446: 6194: 6180: 4196: 4182: 3937:(1998), 480 pages, the standard biography 3140: 3134: 2453:The building is now an office building of 2172:Headquarters of the Nationalist Government 1970:, with the bulk of its forces forming the 1262:and ending nearly three thousand years of 1037: 247: 235: 34:. For the 1926–1927 Wuhan government, see 3193: 3191: 3022: 939:on 10 October 1911, revolutionary leader 3537: 2765:Nationalist Government in Hankow (1927) 2701:Nationalist Government in Canton (1925) 2023: 2015: 1831: 1823: 1738: 1607: 1472: 134:National Anthem of the Republic of China 3986:The Nationalist Era in China, 1927–1949 3895: 3713: 3711: 3709: 3707: 3705: 3703: 3701: 3699: 3490: 3236: 3234: 2720:Nationalist Government in Wuhan (1926) 1880: 1553:and a right-wing faction influenced by 979:-based government led by Generalissimo 40:Nationalist faction (Spanish Civil War) 14: 9480: 5131:Socialism with Chinese characteristics 3866: 3658: 3188: 3115: 2852:Communist-controlled China (1927–1949) 1327:between the ruling Kuomintang and the 1156: 9225: 9162: 8740: 8146: 8018: 7979: 7467: 7441: 6907: 6709:Opinion polling on Taiwanese identity 6444: 6331: 6217: 6175: 4177: 3743: 3717: 3109: 3097:from the original on 12 November 2018 2971: 2692: 2162: 2012:Economic history of China (1912–1949) 1964:Constitution of the Republic of China 1703:Constitution of the Republic of China 1549:opposed by a left-wing faction under 1333:Constitution of the Republic of China 1009:Constitution of the Republic of China 397:parliamentary constitutional republic 6719:Special non-state-to-state relations 4012: 3749: 3696: 3397: 3274: 3240: 3231: 3225: 2020:A currency bill from 1930, early ROC 1642: 1509: 1494: 9493:Government of the Republic of China 9265:Japanese armoured fighting vehicles 8315:Northeast Anti-Japanese United Army 6201: 5827:Major Historical and Cultural Sites 4161:Government of the Republic of China 3120:. Cambridge, England: CUP Archive. 2938: 2869:Sino-German cooperation (1926–1941) 2831:Government of the Republic of China 2770:Wuchang Uprising Memorial Building 2689: 2683: 2159: 2153: 1884:), pre-1928 sometimes shortened to 1788:Chairman of the National Government 1337:Government of the Republic of China 1005:Government of the Republic of China 924:), refers to the government of the 834:Government of the Republic of China 713:Government of the Republic of China 24: 9226: 4965: 4203: 3590:"Taiwan Timeline – Civil War" 3441: 3413:Journal of Guyuan Teachers College 3268:"禁纏足、興女學：南京國民政府在興女權上做出巨大努力 – 雪花新闻" 3197: 3076: 3067: 2874:Diplomatic history of World War II 1816:Republic of China Military Academy 25: 9539: 9403:1939 Japanese expedition to Tibet 8741: 5122:Political Consultative Conference 4116: 3542:. Paris: OECD Development Centre. 3464: 2651:Residence of the Chairman (1946) 2570:No.303-305 Zhongshan North Road, 2237:No.252-254 Zhongshan North Road, 1687:Political Consultative Conference 1653:After the defeat of Japan during 1453:Nanjing Decade and War with Japan 1234:The oldest surviving republic in 9461: 9451: 9442: 9441: 9408:Japanese occupation of Hong Kong 8222:East Hebei Autonomous Government 8147: 7929:ROC Government retreat to Taiwan 7613: 7600: 7581: 7565: 7556: 7547: 7536: 7518: 7505: 7495: 7485: 7419: 7407: 7396: 7395: 6638:List of administrative divisions 5908:Four Masters of the Yuan dynasty 5903:Four Masters of the Ming dynasty 4122: 3940:Boorman, Howard L., et al., ed. 2815: 2801: 2745: 2730:No.708, Zhongshan Avenue, Wuhan 2723: 2654: 2618: 2591: 2563: 2543: 2515: 2487: 2464: 2437: 2411: 2387: 2358: 2334: 2306: 2282: 2258: 2230: 2205: 2176: 1657:, Taiwan was surrendered to the 1021:History of the Republic of China 838: 813: 799: 596:• Established in Guangzhou 221: 185: 142: 98: 84: 9503:1948 disestablishments in China 8899:West Henan–North Hubei campaign 7918:Yangtze River Crossing campaign 7420: 5898:Four Paragons of the Early Tang 5095:Political parties and movements 4459:Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms 4444:Northern and Southern dynasties 4033:The Journal of Military History 3889: 3860: 3851: 3842: 3833: 3824: 3813: 3802: 3781: 3772: 3681: 3652: 3633: 3624: 3608: 3564: 3546: 3531: 3484: 3458: 3435: 3391: 3369: 3347: 3325: 3303: 3260: 3241:Teon, Aris (28 February 2018). 3218: 2143: 2060:Japan's occupation of Manchuria 1217: 1203: 1179: 367:provisional government under a 42:. For the general concept, see 8333:Imperial Japanese Armed Forces 8232:Provisional Chinese Government 8105:Hebei–Chahar Political Council 8045:Japanese invasion of Manchuria 8019: 4129:Nationalist Government (China) 3377:"抗戰前推動「普及教育案」的背景與實際作為 – 大中華民國" 3061: 3046: 3016: 2965: 2932: 2891: 2588:National Assembly Hall (1936) 2138:laid an educational groundwork 1968:Republic of China Armed Forces 1896: 1886: 1870: 1861: 1853: 1621:Japanese invasion of Manchuria 1571:Three Principles of the People 1250:, which itself began with the 1155: 1141: 1127: 1113: 1071: 1055: 935:Following the outbreak of the 921:Zhōnghuá mínguó guómín zhèngfǔ 920: 900: 649:7 July 1937 – 2 September 1945 216: 166: 120: 60: 18:Nationalist Government (China) 13: 1: 9347:Declaration by United Nations 9163: 9112:Yan'an Rectification Movement 9051:Kaimingjie germ weapon attack 8400:Collaborationist Chinese Army 7958:Kuomintang Islamic insurgency 7933:PRC incorporation of Xinjiang 7525:Constitutional ROC Government 6332: 6231:Timeline of Taiwanese history 3896:Davison, Gary Marvin (2003). 3848:Sun Jian, pp. 1237–1240. 3667:. Stanford University Press. 3116:Forbes, Andrew D. W. (1986). 3070:China at War: An Encyclopedia 3052: 3029:. Hoover Press. p. 102. 2920: 2841:Republic of China (1912–1949) 2614:National Assembly Hall (1946) 2581:PLA Nanjing Political College 2461:Ministry of Economic Affairs 2444:No.200 Zhongshan North Road, 2434:National Resource Commission 2394:No.101 Zhongshan North Road, 2313:No.105 Zhongshan North Road, 2248:PLA Nanjing Political College 2087:Rural Reconstruction Movement 1894:and between 1928 and 1947 as 1734: 9498:1927 establishments in China 9316:Soviet invasion of Manchuria 9189:Chinese Communist Revolution 9132:Hirohito surrender broadcast 9102:Nine Power Treaty Conference 8839:Zhongtiao Mountains campaign 7947:Wanshan Archipelago Campaign 7683:Chinese Communist Revolution 6996:Taiwanese indigenous peoples 6734:Taiwan independence movement 5200:Ministry of National Defense 4539:Chinese Communist Revolution 3867:DeMare, Brian James (2019). 2925: 2782:Wuhan Nationalist Government 2522:No.305 Zhongshan East Road, 2471:No.145 Zhongshan East Road, 2408:Military Affairs Commission 2365:No.41-43 Beijing East Road, 2045:boycott of Japanese products 1904:was the Military Arm of the 1670:in what is now known as the 1649:Chinese Communist Revolution 1431:rival Nationalist Government 1357:Wuhan Nationalist Government 1258:October 1911, replacing the 36:Wuhan Nationalist government 7: 9021:Zhengding Missionary Murder 8849:1941-1942 Changsha campaign 8824:Hundred Regiments Offensive 8237:Reformed Chinese Government 7543:Republic of China on Taiwan 7511:National Revolutionary Army 7479:Principal belligerents and 6891:Water supply and sanitation 6218: 5863:Flowers of the Four Seasons 5848:Four Treasures of the Study 5467:Water supply and sanitation 5195:Central Military Commission 5190:Outline of military history 4940:Province-level subdivisions 4072:Rubinstein, Murray A., ed. 4045:(1992), essays by scholars 4013:Fung, Edmund S. K. (2000). 3830:Sun Jian, pp. 615–616. 3620:. Vol. 40. Time. 1956. 3572:"Snow Red & Moon Angel" 3335:. Yangtse.com. 29 June 2020 3313:. Yangtse.com. 29 June 2020 2943:Taiwan: A Political History 2862:Mongolian People's Republic 2794: 2069:foreign investment in China 1976:retreated to Taiwan in 1949 1916:during the KMT's period of 1842:National Revolutionary Army 1828:The NRA during World War II 1810:National Revolutionary Army 1803: 1784:National Revolutionary Army 1689:. This was included in the 1559:National Revolutionary Army 1346: 172: 126: 67: 10: 9544: 9076:Zhejiang-Jiangxi massacres 9056:Execution of Huang Yiguang 9001:Marco Polo Bridge Incident 8854:Japanese invasion of Burma 8814:1939–1940 Winter Offensive 8779:Northern and Eastern Henan 8664:Japanese and collaborators 8481:Japanese and collaborators 8326:Japanese and collaborators 8200:Japanese and collaborators 8130:Marco Polo Bridge Incident 7755:Fujian People's Government 7621:People's Republic of China 7209:Inventions and discoveries 6714:Political status of Taiwan 6283:Taiwan under Japanese rule 5136:Primary stage of socialism 5078:National People's Congress 4546:People's Republic of China 3926: 3727:Cambridge University Press 3725:. Cambridge New York, NY: 3630:评马歇尔离华声明，周恩来选集上卷，1947-1-10 3379:. Stararctic108.weebly.com 3159:10.1177/009770049702300403 2911:political status of Taiwan 2642:and the birthplace of the 2640:1948 presidential election 2500:Huangpu District, Shanghai 2009: 2005: 1923:Originally organized with 1813: 1807: 1751:, effectively making it a 1710:National Assembly election 1646: 1466: 1456: 1350: 1318:political status of Taiwan 1018: 1014: 987:governed the country as a 29: 9437: 9355: 9324: 9288: 9275:Japanese infantry weapons 9242: 9238: 9221: 9169: 9158: 9094: 8963: 8917: 8859:Zhejiang-Jiangxi campaign 8751: 8747: 8736: 8663: 8632: 8625: 8480: 8419: 8412: 8325: 8263: 8254: 8199: 8164: 8157: 8153: 8142: 8060:Defense of the Great Wall 8050:Pacification of Manchukuo 8025: 8014: 7628: 7475: 7391: 7252: 7169: 7033: 6981: 6974: 6931: 6903: 6742: 6651: 6604: 6469: 6440: 6346: 6327: 6226: 6213: 6133: 6101: 6019: 5940: 5720: 5526: 5517: 5475: 5435: 5277: 5268: 5180: 5031: 4961: 4952: 4915: 4886:UNESCO Biosphere Reserves 4841: 4775: 4684: 4622: 4594: 4585: 4514: 4392: 4340: 4300: 4224: 4215: 4156: 4149: 4137: 4061:complete text online free 3917:and 71.3 percent in 1943. 3873:Stanford University Press 3756:Columbia University Press 3687:Wilbur, Clarence Martin. 3659:Westad, Odd Arne (2003). 3617:Truman, China and History 3505:10.1017/S0026749X13000103 3467:"Sichuan famine, 1936–37" 3283:"Gender Quotas in Taiwan" 3247:The Greater China Journal 3141:Fitzgerald, John (1997). 2331:Judicial Yuan's Entrance 1443:unified the entire nation 1228: 1210: 1193: 1186: 1172: 1165: 1148: 1134: 1120: 1106: 1099: 1094: 1090: 1080: 1064: 1048: 1036: 1032: 1027: 1007:in the newly promulgated 993:international recognition 854: 778: 766: 744: 734: 727: 723: 709: 696: 683: 666: 653: 640: 627: 617: 604: 594: 590: 582: 567: 552: 542: 538: 521: 504: 500: 490: 486: 474: 470: 460: 456: 439: 422: 418: 408: 355: 343: 333: 323: 263: 246: 234: 208: 114: 80: 75: 53: 9523:Second Sino-Japanese War 9301:American Volunteer Group 9061:New Fourth Army incident 9046:Tientsin Incident (1939) 8971:Tientsin Incident (1931) 8955:Battle of Guilin–Liuzhou 8894:1944-1945 Burma campaign 8819:Zaoyang–Yichang campaign 8799:Suixian–Zaoyang campaign 8271:Nationalist Armed Forces 8007:Second Sino-Japanese War 7606:People's Liberation Army 6704:One Country on Each Side 6616:Administrative divisions 6061:Catholic Church in China 5205:People's Liberation Army 5172:One country, two systems 3972:China at War, 1901–1949. 3408: 3400: 3333:"从合礼到非法：纳妾制度在中国是如何被废除的？" 3311:"从合礼到非法：纳妾制度在中国是如何被废除的？" 3206:. Transaction Publishers 3085: 3072:. ABC-CLIO. p. 531. 3054: 2884: 2627:Xuanwu District, Nanjing 2625:No.264 Changjiang Road, 2524:Xuanwu District, Nanjing 2473:Xuanwu District, Nanjing 2418:No.292 Changjiang Road, 2279:Legislative Yuan (1928) 2267:Xuanwu District, Nanjing 2183:No.292 Changjiang Road, 2096:Second Chinese Civil War 2092:Second Sino-Japanese War 1956:People's Liberation Army 1944:Second Sino-Japanese War 1820:Whampoa Military Academy 1625:Second Sino-Japanese War 1463:Second Sino-Japanese War 1402:and get rid of the KMT. 1323:After World War II, the 1050:Traditional Chinese 997:Second Sino-Japanese War 644:Second Sino-Japanese War 619:• Reset in Nanjing 9332:Sino-German cooperation 9199:Treaty of San Francisco 8996:Murder of Pamela Werner 8935:1944 Battle of Changsha 8930:Battle of Central Henan 8909:Second Guangxi campaign 8686:Prince Fushimi Hiroyasu 8364:Manchukuo Armed Forces 8189:Chinese Communist Party 8075:Inner Mongolia Campaign 7745:Chinese Soviet Republic 7721:Autumn Harvest Uprising 6886:Uniform Invoice lottery 6801:State-owned enterprises 6574:Office of the President 5893:Four Pillars of Destiny 5678:Regional discrimination 5100:Chinese Communist Party 4151:Nationalist government 3991:Fairbank, John K., ed. 3949:excerpt and text search 3933:Bergere, Marie-Claire. 3799:Sun Jian, p. 1089. 3787:Sun Jian, p. 1353. 3778:Sun Jian, pp. 1059–1071 3442:Li, Lillian M. (2007). 3401:浅析1928-1930年西北大旱灾的特点及影响 2899:Treaty of San Francisco 2572:Gulou District, Nanjing 2455:Nanjing Tech University 2446:Gulou District, Nanjing 2396:Gulou District, Nanjing 2343:Gulou District, Nanjing 2341:No.251 Zhongshan Road, 2315:Gulou District, Nanjing 2239:Gulou District, Nanjing 1699:China Democratic League 1469:Chinese Soviet Republic 1329:Chinese Communist Party 1304:surrendered control of 1066:Simplified Chinese 655:• Admitted to the 334:Official languages 173:Zhōnghuá míngúo gúoqígē 9528:Military dictatorships 9311:Soviet Volunteer Group 9179:Double Tenth Agreement 9137:Chongqing Negotiations 8844:1941 Changsha campaign 8809:First Guangxi campaign 8804:1939 Changsha campaign 8671:Prince Kan'in Kotohito 8300:Communist Armed Forces 8090:Chin–Doihara Agreement 7943:Hainan Island campaign 7822:Double Tenth Agreement 7818:Chongqing Negotiations 7735:Encirclement campaigns 6846:Semiconductor industry 6664:Cross-Strait relations 6621:Special municipalities 6273:Taiwan under Qing rule 5646:Science and technology 5319:Special economic zones 4571:persecution of Uyghurs 4499:Century of humiliation 3984:Eastman Lloyd, et al. 3406:Gùyuán Shīzhuān Xuébào 3398:Chen, Sherong (2002). 3204:China's Bloody Century 2540:Ministry of Education 2255:Executive Yuan (1949) 2227:Executive Yuan (1946) 2202:Executive Yuan (1928) 2193:The complex served as 2058:from 1931 to 1935 and 2036: 2021: 1992: 1972:Republic of China Army 1948:Imperial Japanese Army 1837: 1829: 1744: 1691:Double Tenth Agreement 1616: 1478: 963:to install himself as 955:, who established the 889:Nationalist government 287:(1927–1937, 1946–1949) 8986:North Chahar incident 8981:Pingdingshan massacre 8100:December 9th Movement 8080:North Chahar incident 7832:Jiaochangkou Incident 6729:Taiwanese nationalism 6248:Early Chinese contact 5853:Four Great Inventions 5237:People's Armed Police 4074:Taiwan: A New History 3857:Sun Jian, pp. 617–618 3538:Maddison, A. (1998). 3057:(in Chinese). 联经出版公司. 2638:. It was the site of 2265:Zhongshan East Road, 2212:No.19 Dongjian Road, 2195:Viceroy of Liangjiang 2027: 2019: 2010:Further information: 1987: 1835: 1827: 1742: 1667:provincial government 1611: 1599:Central Bank of China 1476: 1457:Further information: 1411:purged the Communists 945:Provisional President 369:military dictatorship 127:Zhōnghuá mínguó guógē 9280:Military engagements 9041:1938 Dalfram dispute 8945:Battle of Mount Song 8829:South Henan campaign 8774:Bombing of Chongqing 8528:Naruhiko Higashikuni 8390:Inner Mongolian Army 8227:Great Way Government 8095:August 1 Declaration 6241:archaeological sites 5832:World Heritage Sites 5360:Foreign aid received 5068:Environmental policy 4866:Environmental policy 4861:Environmental issues 4131:at Wikimedia Commons 3964:complete text online 3493:Modern Asian Studies 3415:] (in Chinese). 2289:No.273 Baixia Road, 1935:against the Chinese 1881:Kuo-min Ke-ming Chün 1672:February 28 Incident 1429:, had established a 700:Constitution adopted 687:February 28 incident 636:1927–1936, 1946–1950 9363:Japanese propaganda 9174:Occupation of Japan 9011:Guanganmen incident 8976:January 28 incident 8884:1944 Burma campaign 8874:West Hubei campaign 8242:Wang Jingwei regime 8125:Second United Front 8055:January 28 incident 7785:Second United Front 7705:Nanjing–Wuhan split 7653:Sun–Joffe Manifesto 7502:National Government 7379:Tourist attractions 6836:Maritime industries 6769:Automotive industry 6674:Chinese nationalism 6669:Chinese unification 6513:Additional Articles 6278:Republic of Formosa 6268:Kingdom of Tungning 6078:History of religion 6073:Freedom of religion 5928:Four Pests campaign 5873:Four Classic Novels 5485:Automotive industry 5365:Foreign aid program 5056:Pro-democratisation 4551:Cultural Revolution 4111:(2003). 413 pages. 4079:Shiroyama, Tomoko. 3962:(1970) 3: 170–189, 3871:. Stanford, Calif: 3750:Qian, Ying (2024). 3560:on 14 January 2005. 3554:"This Is the Shame" 3419:(1). Archived from 2939:Roy, Denny (2003). 2512:Ministry of Health 2496:East-1 Zhongshan Rd 2123:land redistribution 1933:Northern Expedition 1920:beginning in 1928. 1850:traditional Chinese 1695:Chinese Youth Party 1575:Chinese Nationalism 1547:Blue Shirts Society 1388:Northern Expedition 1365:was established in 1353:Northern Expedition 1274:(1937–45), and the 985:Northern Expedition 608:Northern Expedition 32:Wang Jingwei regime 9270:Japanese campaigns 9250:Aerial engagements 9209:Murayama Statement 9142:Surrender of Japan 9107:Konoe Declarations 9086:Gegenmiao massacre 9081:Changjiao massacre 9031:USS Panay incident 8950:Battle of Hengyang 8940:Siege of Myitkyina 8085:He–Umezu Agreement 7725:Guangzhou Uprising 7663:First United Front 7043:Formosan languages 6866:Telecommunications 6699:North–South divide 6643:Metropolitan areas 5985:Population history 5965:Internal migration 5580:Harmonious Society 5455:Telecommunications 5412:Standard of living 5331:Online advertising 5083:Standing Committee 4141:Beiyang government 4107:Westad, Odd Arne. 3970:Dreyer, Edward L. 3902:Praeger Publishers 3281:Chang-Ling Huang. 2846:Beiyang government 2706:No.118 Yuehua rd, 2693:Construction Date 2163:Construction Date 2037: 2022: 1892:Revolutionary Army 1858:simplified Chinese 1838: 1830: 1745: 1617: 1579:Political Tutelage 1484:political tutelage 1479: 1439:Beiyang government 1405:Chiang decided to 1180:Jūng'wàh Màhn'gwok 983:, which after the 975:in 1928 under the 957:Beiyang government 9475: 9474: 9433: 9432: 9429: 9428: 9383:On Protracted War 9260:Japanese Aircraft 9217: 9216: 9154: 9153: 9150: 9149: 9066:Panjiayu massacre 9006:Langfang Incident 8925:Battle of Lanfeng 8904:Zhijiang campaign 8889:Operation Ichi-Go 8834:Shanggao campaign 8794:Nanchang campaign 8759:Shanghai campaign 8732: 8731: 8728: 8727: 8724: 8723: 8621: 8620: 8558:Shigetarō Shimada 8498:Kiichirō Hiranuma 8413:Political Leaders 8408: 8407: 8305:Eighth Route Army 8250: 8249: 8172:Republic of China 8138: 8137: 8110:Wayaobu Manifesto 8035:Chinese Civil War 7973: 7972: 7968: 7967: 7963: 7962: 7887:Liaoshen campaign 7869:Yu Zisan Incident 7836:Peiping rape case 7805: 7804: 7717:Nanchang uprising 7713:Little Long March 7701:Shanghai massacre 7491:Nationalist Party 7469:Chinese Civil War 7435: 7434: 7387: 7386: 7165: 7164: 7135:Taiwanese Hokkien 6899: 6898: 6694:Foreign relations 6607:Regions of Taiwan 6591:Political parties 6579:Secretary-General 6436: 6435: 6383:Protected species 6323: 6322: 6293:Retreat to Taiwan 6288:Republic of China 6253:Kingdom of Middag 6169: 6168: 6129: 6128: 5936: 5935: 5513: 5512: 5500:Shipping industry 5264: 5263: 5230:Strategic Support 5105:General Secretary 5090:National security 5073:Foreign relations 5027: 5026: 4948: 4947: 4911: 4910: 4614:Natural disasters 4581: 4580: 4534:Chinese Civil War 4529:Republic of China 4504:Taiping Rebellion 4377:Spring and Autumn 4282:Foreign relations 4172: 4171: 4157:Succeeded by 4127:Media related to 4103:978-0-674-03338-2 4055:Hung, Chang-tai. 4048:Hsi-sheng, Ch'i. 4005:Fogel, Joshua A. 3951:. Also online at 3882:978-1-5036-0952-5 3839:Sun Jian, p. 1319 3736:978-1-009-29761-5 3578:on 17 March 2005. 3198:Rummel, Rudolph. 3127:978-0-521-25514-1 3001:on 3 January 2020 2857:Tibet (1912–1951) 2792: 2791: 2676: 2675: 2661:Purple Mountain, 2636:National Assembly 2355:Examination Yuan 1952:Chinese Civil War 1914:Republic of China 1871:Guómín Gémìng Jūn 1714:National Assembly 1676:Taiwanese history 1643:Post-World War II 1583:in Northern China 1415:Chinese Civil War 1363:Republic of China 1276:Chinese Civil War 1272:Japanese invasion 1248:Xinhai Revolution 1232: 1231: 1224: 1223: 1218:Tiong-huâ bîn-kok 1204:Tiong-hoâ Bîn-kok 1174:Yale Romanization 1142:Chung-hua min-kuo 1101:Standard Mandarin 1028:Republic of China 1001:Chinese Civil War 937:Xinhai Revolution 926:Republic of China 891:, officially the 885: 884: 850: 849: 846: 845: 826: 825: 757:Old Taiwan dollar 631:Chinese Civil War 547:National Assembly 523:• 1947–1948 506:• 1928–1930 476:• 1931–1946 441:• 1943–1948 297:(1927, 1937–1938) 200: 153: 55:Republic of China 16:(Redirected from 9535: 9465: 9455: 9445: 9444: 9240: 9239: 9223: 9222: 9204:Treaty of Taipei 9184:Retrocession Day 9160: 9159: 9117:Cairo Conference 9095:Political events 9071:Rape of Nancheng 9036:Kweilin incident 9026:Nanking Massacre 8879:Changde campaign 8769:Nanjing campaign 8764:Taiyuan campaign 8749: 8748: 8738: 8737: 8630: 8629: 8626:Military Leaders 8533:Seishirō Itagaki 8488:Emperor Hirohito 8417: 8416: 8353:Navy Air Service 8343:Army Air Service 8261: 8260: 8162: 8161: 8155: 8154: 8144: 8143: 8115:Suiyuan campaign 8016: 8015: 8000: 7993: 7986: 7977: 7976: 7901:Pingjin campaign 7897:Huaihai campaign 7846:Marshall Mission 7811: 7810: 7697:Shanghai Commune 7693:Nanking incident 7646: 7645: 7631: 7630: 7619: 7617: 7616: 7604: 7585: 7569: 7560: 7551: 7541: 7540: 7529:ROC Armed Forces 7523: 7522: 7509: 7500: 7499: 7489: 7462: 7455: 7448: 7439: 7438: 7423: 7422: 7411: 7399: 7398: 7287:Cultural history 7239:Waste management 6991:Taiwanese people 6979: 6978: 6933:National symbols 6912:National Symbols 6905: 6904: 6821:Economic history 6816: 6808:Defense industry 6652:Political issues 6557:Military history 6442: 6441: 6329: 6328: 6215: 6214: 6196: 6189: 6182: 6173: 6172: 6149: 6142: 6039:Tibetan Buddhism 6034:Chinese Buddhism 5888:Four Holy Beasts 5838: 5837: 5690:Social relations 5619:Standard Chinese 5614:Chinese language 5524: 5523: 5309:Economic history 5275: 5274: 5254:Maritime Militia 4963: 4962: 4959: 4958: 4930:Border crossings 4925:Baseline islands 4620: 4619: 4592: 4591: 4556:Tiananmen Square 4439:Sixteen Kingdoms 4247:Military history 4222: 4221: 4198: 4191: 4184: 4175: 4174: 4167: 4163: 4146: 4138:Preceded by 4135: 4134: 4126: 4028: 4002:(1986). 1092 pp. 3995:(1983). 1001 pp. 3974:(1995). 422 pp. 3953:Internet Archive 3920: 3919: 3893: 3887: 3886: 3864: 3858: 3855: 3849: 3846: 3840: 3837: 3831: 3828: 3822: 3817: 3811: 3806: 3800: 3797: 3788: 3785: 3779: 3776: 3770: 3769: 3754:. 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6341: 6319: 6313:Mandarin policy 6263:Spanish Formosa 6222: 6209: 6200: 6170: 6165: 6152: 6145: 6138: 6125: 6097: 6015: 5975:Life expectancy 5932: 5836: 5716: 5636:Public holidays 5624:Written Chinese 5609:Intellectualism 5561:Sex trafficking 5509: 5471: 5431: 5260: 5176: 5023: 5014:Nationality law 4997:Law enforcement 4975:Judicial system 4944: 4907: 4881:Nature reserves 4871:Protected areas 4837: 4808:Water resources 4771: 4680: 4618: 4577: 4561:Economic reform 4524:1911 Revolution 4510: 4474:Jin (1115–1234) 4388: 4336: 4296: 4211: 4202: 4168: 4165: 4164: 4159: 4153: 4147: 4144: 4143: 4119: 4114: 4076:(2006), 560 pp 4025: 3977:Eastman Lloyd. 3929: 3924: 3923: 3912: 3894: 3890: 3883: 3865: 3861: 3856: 3852: 3847: 3843: 3838: 3834: 3829: 3825: 3818: 3814: 3807: 3803: 3798: 3791: 3786: 3782: 3777: 3773: 3766: 3748: 3744: 3737: 3719:Coble, Parks M. 3716: 3697: 3686: 3682: 3675: 3657: 3653: 3648:. 1 March 1947. 3639: 3638: 3634: 3629: 3625: 3614: 3613: 3609: 3599: 3597: 3588: 3587: 3583: 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Declaration 1595:Academia Sinica 1538:able to survive 1486: 1471: 1465: 1455: 1374:Chiang Kai-shek 1359: 1351:Main articles: 1349: 1302:Empire of Japan 1291:one-party state 1286:(KMT) under an 1255: 1239: 1128:Jonghwa Min'gwo 1122:Gwoyeu Romatzyh 1114:Zhōnghuá mínguó 1086:Chunghwa Minkuo 1044: 1023: 1017: 989:one-party state 981:Chiang Kai-shek 881: 839: 814: 800: 762: 737: 716: 702: 689: 679:25 October 1945 676: 672:Taiwan and the 670:Retrocession of 662:24 October 1945 659: 646: 633: 620: 610: 597: 573: 558: 524: 507: 481:Chiang Kai-shek 477: 446:Chiang Kai-shek 442: 425: 404: 399: 387: 371: 319: 314: 313: 305: 304: 296: 295: 286: 284: 274: 273: 259: 242: 230: 227: 226: 220: 214: 204: 203: 186: 182: 176: 170: 156: 143: 138: 131: 130: 124: 110: 109: 108: 103: 95: 94: 89: 71: 68:Zhōnghuá mínguó 65: 58: 56: 47: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 9541: 9531: 9530: 9525: 9520: 9518:1940s in China 9515: 9513:1930s in China 9510: 9508:1920s in China 9505: 9500: 9495: 9490: 9473: 9472: 9470: 9469: 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8806: 8801: 8796: 8791: 8786: 8784:Wuhan campaign 8781: 8776: 8771: 8766: 8761: 8755: 8753: 8745: 8744: 8734: 8733: 8730: 8729: 8726: 8725: 8722: 8721: 8719: 8718: 8713: 8708: 8703: 8701:Koshirō Oikawa 8698: 8693: 8688: 8683: 8678: 8673: 8667: 8665: 8661: 8660: 8658: 8657: 8652: 8647: 8642: 8636: 8634: 8627: 8623: 8622: 8619: 8618: 8616: 8615: 8610: 8605: 8600: 8595: 8590: 8585: 8580: 8578:Demchugdongrub 8575: 8570: 8565: 8560: 8555: 8550: 8545: 8540: 8535: 8530: 8525: 8523:Kantarō Suzuki 8520: 8515: 8510: 8505: 8500: 8495: 8493:Fumimaro Konoe 8490: 8484: 8482: 8478: 8477: 8475: 8474: 8469: 8464: 8459: 8454: 8449: 8444: 8439: 8434: 8429: 8423: 8421: 8414: 8410: 8409: 8406: 8405: 8403: 8402: 8397: 8392: 8387: 8386: 8385: 8380: 8375: 8370: 8362: 8361: 8360: 8358:Naval Infantry 8355: 8350: 8345: 8340: 8329: 8327: 8323: 8322: 8320: 8319: 8318: 8317: 8312: 8307: 8297: 8296: 8295: 8294: 8293: 8283: 8278: 8267: 8265: 8258: 8252: 8251: 8248: 8247: 8245: 8244: 8239: 8234: 8229: 8224: 8219: 8214: 8209: 8203: 8201: 8197: 8196: 8194: 8193: 8192: 8191: 8181: 8180: 8179: 8168: 8166: 8159: 8151: 8150: 8140: 8139: 8136: 8135: 8133: 8132: 8127: 8122: 8120:Xi'an Incident 8117: 8112: 8107: 8102: 8097: 8092: 8087: 8082: 8077: 8072: 8067: 8065:Battle of Rehe 8062: 8057: 8052: 8047: 8042: 8037: 8032: 8030:Nanjing decade 8026: 8023: 8022: 8012: 8011: 8003: 8002: 7995: 7988: 7980: 7971: 7970: 7966: 7965: 7961: 7960: 7955: 7951: 7950: 7940: 7936: 7935: 7908: 7904: 7903: 7894: 7890: 7889: 7876: 7872: 7871: 7866: 7862: 7861: 7853: 7849: 7848: 7843: 7839: 7838: 7829: 7825: 7824: 7815: 7809: 7807: 7803: 7802: 7797: 7793: 7792: 7782: 7778: 7777: 7775:Xi'an Incident 7772: 7768: 7767: 7762: 7758: 7757: 7752: 7748: 7747: 7742: 7738: 7737: 7732: 7728: 7727: 7690: 7686: 7685: 7680: 7676: 7675: 7670: 7666: 7665: 7660: 7656: 7655: 7650: 7644: 7641: 7640: 7635: 7629: 7626: 7625: 7587:8th Route Army 7578:Liberated Area 7484: 7483: 7476: 7473: 7472: 7465: 7464: 7457: 7450: 7442: 7433: 7432: 7430: 7429: 7417: 7405: 7392: 7389: 7388: 7385: 7384: 7382: 7381: 7376: 7375: 7374: 7364: 7362:Taiwanese wave 7359: 7354: 7349: 7344: 7339: 7334: 7329: 7324: 7319: 7314: 7309: 7304: 7302:Glove puppetry 7299: 7294: 7289: 7284: 7274: 7269: 7264: 7258: 7256: 7250: 7249: 7247: 7246: 7241: 7236: 7234:Taiwan studies 7231: 7226: 7221: 7216: 7211: 7206: 7201: 7196: 7195: 7194: 7189: 7179: 7173: 7171: 7167: 7166: 7163: 7162: 7160: 7159: 7154: 7149: 7148: 7147: 7142: 7137: 7132: 7122: 7121: 7120: 7115: 7110: 7105: 7100: 7095: 7090: 7085: 7080: 7075: 7070: 7065: 7060: 7055: 7050: 7039: 7037: 7031: 7030: 7028: 7027: 7026: 7025: 7020: 7015: 7005: 7004: 7003: 6993: 6987: 6985: 6976: 6972: 6971: 6969: 6968: 6963: 6958: 6948: 6943: 6937: 6935: 6929: 6928: 6925: 6924: 6919: 6916: 6913: 6909: 6901: 6900: 6897: 6896: 6894: 6893: 6888: 6883: 6881:Transportation 6878: 6873: 6868: 6863: 6858: 6856:Taiwan Miracle 6853: 6851:Stock exchange 6848: 6843: 6838: 6833: 6828: 6823: 6818: 6810: 6805: 6804: 6803: 6798: 6788: 6787: 6786: 6781: 6771: 6766: 6765: 6764: 6759: 6748: 6746: 6740: 6739: 6737: 6736: 6731: 6726: 6721: 6716: 6711: 6706: 6701: 6696: 6691: 6686: 6681: 6679:Chinese Taipei 6676: 6671: 6666: 6661: 6655: 6653: 6649: 6648: 6646: 6645: 6640: 6635: 6634: 6633: 6628: 6623: 6612: 6610: 6605: 6602: 6601: 6599: 6598: 6593: 6588: 6587: 6586: 6584:Vice President 6581: 6576: 6566: 6561: 6560: 6559: 6549: 6544: 6539: 6534: 6533: 6532: 6522: 6517: 6516: 6515: 6505: 6500: 6495: 6494: 6493: 6482: 6480: 6470: 6467: 6466: 6463: 6462: 6457: 6452: 6446: 6438: 6437: 6434: 6433: 6431: 6430: 6425: 6420: 6415: 6410: 6408:National parks 6405: 6400: 6395: 6390: 6385: 6376: 6371: 6366: 6361: 6356: 6350: 6348: 6344: 6343: 6340: 6339: 6333: 6325: 6324: 6321: 6320: 6318: 6317: 6316: 6315: 6310: 6305: 6300: 6295: 6285: 6280: 6275: 6270: 6265: 6260: 6255: 6250: 6245: 6244: 6243: 6233: 6227: 6224: 6223: 6211: 6210: 6199: 6198: 6191: 6184: 6176: 6167: 6166: 6164: 6163: 6158: 6151: 6150: 6143: 6135: 6134: 6131: 6130: 6127: 6126: 6124: 6123: 6118: 6113: 6107: 6105: 6099: 6098: 6096: 6095: 6090: 6085: 6080: 6075: 6070: 6069: 6068: 6063: 6053: 6048: 6043: 6042: 6041: 6036: 6025: 6023: 6017: 6016: 6014: 6013: 6008: 6003: 6002: 6001: 5994: 5982: 5977: 5972: 5967: 5962: 5957: 5952: 5946: 5944: 5938: 5937: 5934: 5933: 5931: 5930: 5925: 5920: 5915: 5910: 5905: 5900: 5895: 5890: 5885: 5880: 5875: 5870: 5865: 5860: 5858:Four Gentlemen 5855: 5850: 5844: 5842: 5841:Fours of China 5835: 5834: 5829: 5824: 5819: 5814: 5809: 5804: 5799: 5794: 5789: 5784: 5779: 5778: 5777: 5767: 5762: 5757: 5752: 5747: 5742: 5737: 5732: 5726: 5724: 5718: 5717: 5715: 5714: 5709: 5704: 5699: 5698: 5697: 5687: 5686: 5685: 5680: 5675: 5670: 5660: 5655: 5654: 5653: 5643: 5638: 5633: 5628: 5627: 5626: 5621: 5611: 5606: 5605: 5604: 5599: 5598: 5597: 5582: 5577: 5576: 5575: 5565: 5564: 5563: 5558: 5553: 5543: 5538: 5533: 5527: 5521: 5515: 5514: 5511: 5510: 5508: 5507: 5502: 5497: 5492: 5490:Civil aviation 5487: 5481: 5479: 5473: 5472: 5470: 5469: 5464: 5463: 5462: 5452: 5451: 5450: 5439: 5437: 5436:Infrastructure 5433: 5432: 5430: 5429: 5424: 5419: 5414: 5409: 5404: 5403: 5402: 5397: 5392: 5390:Semiconductors 5387: 5382: 5372: 5370:Historical GDP 5367: 5362: 5357: 5356: 5355: 5350: 5345: 5335: 5334: 5333: 5323: 5322: 5321: 5316: 5306: 5301: 5300: 5299: 5289: 5284: 5278: 5272: 5266: 5265: 5262: 5261: 5259: 5258: 5257: 5256: 5246: 5245: 5244: 5234: 5233: 5232: 5227: 5222: 5217: 5212: 5202: 5197: 5192: 5186: 5184: 5178: 5177: 5175: 5174: 5169: 5168: 5167: 5162: 5152: 5151: 5150: 5148:Vice President 5140: 5139: 5138: 5128: 5127: 5126: 5125: 5124: 5114: 5113: 5112: 5107: 5092: 5087: 5086: 5085: 5075: 5070: 5065: 5060: 5059: 5058: 5048: 5043: 5037: 5035: 5029: 5028: 5025: 5024: 5022: 5021: 5016: 5011: 5006: 5005: 5004: 4994: 4993: 4992: 4987: 4977: 4971: 4969: 4956: 4950: 4949: 4946: 4945: 4943: 4942: 4937: 4932: 4927: 4921: 4919: 4913: 4912: 4909: 4908: 4906: 4905: 4904: 4903: 4898: 4888: 4883: 4878: 4876:National parks 4873: 4868: 4863: 4858: 4856:Climate policy 4853: 4851:Climate change 4847: 4845: 4839: 4838: 4836: 4835: 4834: 4833: 4828: 4823: 4818: 4810: 4805: 4800: 4795: 4790: 4785: 4779: 4777: 4773: 4772: 4770: 4769: 4764: 4759: 4757:Central Plains 4746: 4741: 4740: 4739: 4734: 4724: 4719: 4714: 4709: 4704: 4699: 4694: 4688: 4686: 4682: 4681: 4679: 4678: 4677: 4676: 4671: 4661: 4660: 4659: 4654: 4644: 4639: 4634: 4628: 4626: 4617: 4616: 4611: 4606: 4604:Extreme points 4601: 4595: 4589: 4583: 4582: 4579: 4578: 4576: 4575: 4574: 4573: 4568: 4563: 4558: 4553: 4543: 4542: 4541: 4536: 4526: 4520: 4518: 4512: 4511: 4509: 4508: 4507: 4506: 4501: 4496: 4486: 4481: 4476: 4471: 4466: 4461: 4456: 4451: 4446: 4441: 4436: 4431: 4430: 4429: 4424: 4419: 4412:Three Kingdoms 4409: 4404: 4398: 4396: 4390: 4389: 4387: 4386: 4385: 4384: 4382:Warring States 4379: 4374: 4364: 4363: 4362: 4352: 4346: 4344: 4338: 4337: 4335: 4334: 4333: 4332: 4327: 4322: 4312: 4306: 4304: 4298: 4297: 4295: 4294: 4289: 4284: 4279: 4274: 4273: 4272: 4267: 4262: 4254: 4249: 4244: 4242:Historiography 4239: 4234: 4228: 4226: 4219: 4213: 4212: 4201: 4200: 4193: 4186: 4178: 4170: 4169: 4166:(1948–present) 4158: 4155: 4148: 4139: 4133: 4132: 4118: 4117:External links 4115: 4113: 4112: 4105: 4091: 4084: 4077: 4070: 4063: 4053: 4046: 4039: 4029: 4023: 4010: 4003: 3996: 3989: 3982: 3975: 3968: 3967: 3966: 3938: 3930: 3928: 3925: 3922: 3921: 3910: 3904:. p. 64. 3888: 3881: 3875:. p. 18. 3859: 3850: 3841: 3832: 3823: 3812: 3801: 3789: 3780: 3771: 3764: 3742: 3735: 3695: 3680: 3673: 3651: 3632: 3623: 3607: 3581: 3563: 3545: 3530: 3483: 3457: 3434: 3423:on 7 July 2011 3390: 3368: 3346: 3324: 3302: 3273: 3259: 3230: 3217: 3187: 3133: 3126: 3108: 3075: 3060: 3045: 3035: 3015: 2982: 2964: 2957: 2930: 2929: 2927: 2924: 2922: 2919: 2916: 2915: 2889: 2888: 2886: 2883: 2882: 2881: 2879:Nanjing decade 2876: 2871: 2866: 2865: 2864: 2859: 2854: 2849: 2838: 2833: 2827: 2826: 2812: 2796: 2793: 2790: 2789: 2774: 2771: 2768: 2766: 2762: 2761: 2758: 2756: 2750: 2743: 2739: 2738: 2734: 2731: 2728: 2721: 2717: 2716: 2713: 2711: 2704: 2702: 2698: 2697: 2694: 2691: 2688: 2685: 2674: 2673: 2669: 2666: 2659: 2652: 2648: 2647: 2632: 2629: 2623: 2616: 2610: 2609: 2606: 2603: 2596: 2589: 2585: 2584: 2577: 2574: 2568: 2561: 2557: 2556: 2553: 2551: 2548: 2541: 2537: 2536: 2529: 2526: 2520: 2513: 2509: 2508: 2505: 2502: 2492: 2485: 2481: 2480: 2477: 2475: 2469: 2462: 2458: 2457: 2451: 2448: 2442: 2435: 2431: 2430: 2426: 2423: 2416: 2409: 2405: 2404: 2401: 2398: 2392: 2385: 2384:Supreme Court 2381: 2380: 2373: 2370: 2363: 2356: 2352: 2351: 2348: 2345: 2339: 2332: 2328: 2327: 2320: 2317: 2311: 2304: 2300: 2299: 2296: 2294: 2287: 2280: 2276: 2275: 2272: 2269: 2263: 2256: 2252: 2251: 2244: 2241: 2235: 2228: 2224: 2223: 2220: 2217: 2210: 2203: 2199: 2198: 2191: 2188: 2181: 2174: 2168: 2167: 2164: 2161: 2158: 2155: 2145: 2142: 2121:The communist 2115:hyperinflation 2077:overproduction 2052:Nanjing decade 2007: 2004: 1983:Rudolph Rummel 1808:Main article: 1805: 1802: 1764:Executive Yuan 1736: 1733: 1647:Main article: 1644: 1641: 1637:United Nations 1567:Nanjing Decade 1534:Rudolph Rummel 1530:even rebellion 1526:Xi'an Incident 1522:Zhang Xueliang 1459:Nanjing decade 1454: 1451: 1447:Nanjing Decade 1382:leader of the 1348: 1345: 1296:At the end of 1280:Nanjing Decade 1246:following the 1244:mainland China 1230: 1229: 1226: 1225: 1222: 1221: 1214: 1208: 1207: 1200: 1191: 1190: 1184: 1183: 1176: 1170: 1169: 1167:Yue: Cantonese 1163: 1162: 1152: 1146: 1145: 1138: 1132: 1131: 1124: 1118: 1117: 1110: 1104: 1103: 1097: 1096: 1095:Transcriptions 1088: 1087: 1084: 1078: 1077: 1068: 1062: 1061: 1052: 1046: 1045: 1042: 1034: 1033: 1030: 1029: 1019:Main article: 1016: 1013: 883: 882: 880: 879: 874: 869: 864: 858: 856: 852: 851: 848: 847: 844: 843: 836: 827: 824: 823: 818: 810: 809: 804: 792: 791: 786: 776: 775: 770: 764: 763: 761: 760: 754: 748: 746: 742: 741: 738: 735: 732: 731: 725: 724: 721: 720: 717: 710: 707: 706: 703: 697: 694: 693: 690: 684: 681: 680: 677: 667: 664: 663: 660: 657:United Nations 654: 651: 650: 647: 641: 638: 637: 634: 628: 625: 624: 621: 618: 615: 614: 611: 605: 602: 601: 598: 595: 592: 591: 588: 587: 584: 580: 579: 574: 568: 565: 564: 559: 553: 550: 549: 544: 540: 539: 536: 535: 525: 522: 519: 518: 508: 505: 502: 501: 498: 497: 494: 488: 487: 484: 483: 478: 475: 472: 471: 468: 467: 464: 458: 457: 454: 453: 443: 440: 437: 436: 426: 423: 420: 419: 416: 415: 412: 406: 405: 403: 402: 394:dominant-party 390: 374: 361: 359: 353: 352: 347: 341: 340: 335: 331: 330: 325: 321: 320: 318: 317: 308: 299: 290: 277: 267: 265: 261: 260: 252: 244: 243: 240: 232: 231: 206: 205: 184: 157: 141: 112: 111: 104: 97: 96: 90: 83: 82: 81: 78: 77: 73: 72: 57: 54: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 9540: 9529: 9526: 9524: 9521: 9519: 9516: 9514: 9511: 9509: 9506: 9504: 9501: 9499: 9496: 9494: 9491: 9489: 9486: 9485: 9483: 9468: 9464: 9460: 9458: 9454: 9450: 9448: 9440: 9439: 9436: 9422:Stubborn Army 9421: 9419: 9416: 9414: 9413:Dixie Mission 9411: 9409: 9406: 9404: 9401: 9399: 9396: 9394: 9391: 9389: 9386: 9384: 9381: 9379: 9376: 9374: 9371: 9369: 9366: 9364: 9361: 9360: 9358: 9354: 9348: 9345: 9343: 9340: 9338: 9335: 9333: 9330: 9329: 9327: 9323: 9317: 9314: 9312: 9309: 9307: 9306:Flying Tigers 9304: 9302: 9299: 9297: 9294: 9293: 9291: 9287: 9281: 9278: 9276: 9273: 9271: 9268: 9266: 9263: 9261: 9258: 9256: 9253: 9251: 9248: 9247: 9245: 9241: 9237: 9229: 9228: 9224: 9220: 9210: 9207: 9205: 9202: 9200: 9197: 9195: 9192: 9190: 9187: 9185: 9182: 9180: 9177: 9175: 9172: 9171: 9168: 9161: 9157: 9143: 9140: 9138: 9135: 9133: 9130: 9128: 9125: 9123: 9120: 9118: 9115: 9113: 9110: 9108: 9105: 9103: 9100: 9099: 9097: 9093: 9087: 9084: 9082: 9079: 9077: 9074: 9072: 9069: 9067: 9064: 9062: 9059: 9057: 9054: 9052: 9049: 9047: 9044: 9042: 9039: 9037: 9034: 9032: 9029: 9027: 9024: 9022: 9019: 9017: 9014: 9012: 9009: 9007: 9004: 9002: 8999: 8997: 8994: 8992: 8989: 8987: 8984: 8982: 8979: 8977: 8974: 8972: 8969: 8968: 8966: 8962: 8956: 8953: 8951: 8948: 8946: 8943: 8941: 8938: 8936: 8933: 8931: 8928: 8926: 8923: 8922: 8920: 8918:Major Battles 8916: 8910: 8907: 8905: 8902: 8900: 8897: 8895: 8892: 8890: 8887: 8885: 8882: 8880: 8877: 8875: 8872: 8870: 8867: 8865: 8862: 8860: 8857: 8855: 8852: 8850: 8847: 8845: 8842: 8840: 8837: 8835: 8832: 8830: 8827: 8825: 8822: 8820: 8817: 8815: 8812: 8810: 8807: 8805: 8802: 8800: 8797: 8795: 8792: 8790: 8787: 8785: 8782: 8780: 8777: 8775: 8772: 8770: 8767: 8765: 8762: 8760: 8757: 8756: 8754: 8750: 8746: 8742:Course of War 8739: 8735: 8717: 8714: 8712: 8709: 8707: 8704: 8702: 8699: 8697: 8694: 8692: 8689: 8687: 8684: 8682: 8679: 8677: 8674: 8672: 8669: 8668: 8666: 8662: 8656: 8653: 8651: 8648: 8646: 8643: 8641: 8638: 8637: 8635: 8631: 8628: 8624: 8614: 8611: 8609: 8606: 8604: 8603:Liang Hongzhi 8601: 8599: 8596: 8594: 8591: 8589: 8586: 8584: 8581: 8579: 8576: 8574: 8571: 8569: 8568:Zhang Jinghui 8566: 8564: 8561: 8559: 8556: 8554: 8553:Zengo Yoshida 8551: 8549: 8546: 8544: 8541: 8539: 8538:Shunroku Hata 8536: 8534: 8531: 8529: 8526: 8524: 8521: 8519: 8518:Kuniaki Koiso 8516: 8514: 8511: 8509: 8506: 8504: 8501: 8499: 8496: 8494: 8491: 8489: 8486: 8485: 8483: 8479: 8473: 8470: 8468: 8465: 8463: 8462:Zhang Wentian 8460: 8458: 8455: 8453: 8450: 8448: 8447:Soong Tse-ven 8445: 8443: 8440: 8438: 8435: 8433: 8430: 8428: 8425: 8424: 8422: 8418: 8415: 8411: 8401: 8398: 8396: 8393: 8391: 8388: 8384: 8381: 8379: 8376: 8374: 8371: 8369: 8366: 8365: 8363: 8359: 8356: 8354: 8351: 8349: 8346: 8344: 8341: 8339: 8336: 8335: 8334: 8331: 8330: 8328: 8324: 8316: 8313: 8311: 8308: 8306: 8303: 8302: 8301: 8298: 8292: 8289: 8288: 8287: 8284: 8282: 8279: 8277: 8274: 8273: 8272: 8269: 8268: 8266: 8262: 8259: 8257: 8253: 8243: 8240: 8238: 8235: 8233: 8230: 8228: 8225: 8223: 8220: 8218: 8215: 8213: 8210: 8208: 8205: 8204: 8202: 8198: 8190: 8187: 8186: 8185: 8182: 8178: 8175: 8174: 8173: 8170: 8169: 8167: 8163: 8160: 8156: 8152: 8145: 8141: 8131: 8128: 8126: 8123: 8121: 8118: 8116: 8113: 8111: 8108: 8106: 8103: 8101: 8098: 8096: 8093: 8091: 8088: 8086: 8083: 8081: 8078: 8076: 8073: 8071: 8068: 8066: 8063: 8061: 8058: 8056: 8053: 8051: 8048: 8046: 8043: 8041: 8038: 8036: 8033: 8031: 8028: 8027: 8024: 8017: 8013: 8008: 8001: 7996: 7994: 7989: 7987: 7982: 7981: 7978: 7959: 7956: 7953: 7952: 7948: 7944: 7941: 7938: 7937: 7934: 7930: 7926: 7924: 7919: 7915: 7913: 7909: 7906: 7905: 7902: 7898: 7895: 7892: 7891: 7888: 7884: 7882: 7877: 7874: 7873: 7870: 7867: 7864: 7863: 7860: 7859: 7854: 7851: 7850: 7847: 7844: 7841: 7840: 7837: 7833: 7830: 7827: 7826: 7823: 7819: 7816: 7813: 7812: 7808: 7801: 7800:Dixie Mission 7798: 7795: 7794: 7790: 7786: 7783: 7780: 7779: 7776: 7773: 7770: 7769: 7766: 7763: 7760: 7759: 7756: 7753: 7750: 7749: 7746: 7743: 7740: 7739: 7736: 7733: 7730: 7729: 7726: 7722: 7718: 7714: 7710: 7706: 7702: 7698: 7694: 7691: 7688: 7687: 7684: 7681: 7678: 7677: 7674: 7671: 7668: 7667: 7664: 7661: 7658: 7657: 7654: 7651: 7648: 7647: 7643: 7642: 7639: 7636: 7633: 7632: 7627: 7623: 7622: 7611: 7607: 7603: 7599: 7596: 7592: 7588: 7584: 7579: 7576: 7572: 7568: 7563: 7559: 7554: 7550: 7544: 7539: 7534: 7530: 7526: 7521: 7516: 7512: 7508: 7503: 7498: 7492: 7488: 7482: 7478: 7477: 7474: 7470: 7463: 7458: 7456: 7451: 7449: 7444: 7443: 7440: 7428: 7427: 7418: 7416: 7415: 7410: 7406: 7404: 7403: 7394: 7393: 7390: 7380: 7377: 7373: 7370: 7369: 7368: 7365: 7363: 7360: 7358: 7355: 7353: 7350: 7348: 7345: 7343: 7340: 7338: 7335: 7333: 7330: 7328: 7327:Night markets 7325: 7323: 7320: 7318: 7315: 7313: 7310: 7308: 7305: 7303: 7300: 7298: 7295: 7293: 7290: 7288: 7285: 7282: 7278: 7275: 7273: 7270: 7268: 7265: 7263: 7260: 7259: 7257: 7255: 7251: 7245: 7242: 7240: 7237: 7235: 7232: 7230: 7227: 7225: 7222: 7220: 7217: 7215: 7212: 7210: 7207: 7205: 7202: 7200: 7197: 7193: 7190: 7188: 7185: 7184: 7183: 7180: 7178: 7175: 7174: 7172: 7168: 7158: 7155: 7153: 7152:Sign Language 7150: 7146: 7145:Matsu dialect 7143: 7141: 7138: 7136: 7133: 7131: 7128: 7127: 7126: 7123: 7119: 7116: 7114: 7111: 7109: 7106: 7104: 7101: 7099: 7096: 7094: 7091: 7089: 7086: 7084: 7081: 7079: 7076: 7074: 7071: 7069: 7066: 7064: 7061: 7059: 7056: 7054: 7051: 7049: 7046: 7045: 7044: 7041: 7040: 7038: 7036: 7032: 7024: 7021: 7019: 7016: 7014: 7011: 7010: 7009: 7006: 7002: 7001:Ethnic groups 6999: 6998: 6997: 6994: 6992: 6989: 6988: 6986: 6984: 6980: 6977: 6973: 6967: 6964: 6962: 6959: 6956: 6952: 6949: 6947: 6944: 6942: 6939: 6938: 6936: 6934: 6930: 6923: 6920: 6917: 6914: 6911: 6910: 6906: 6902: 6892: 6889: 6887: 6884: 6882: 6879: 6877: 6874: 6872: 6869: 6867: 6864: 6862: 6859: 6857: 6854: 6852: 6849: 6847: 6844: 6842: 6839: 6837: 6834: 6832: 6829: 6827: 6824: 6822: 6819: 6817: 6811: 6809: 6806: 6802: 6799: 6797: 6794: 6793: 6792: 6789: 6785: 6782: 6780: 6779:List of banks 6777: 6776: 6775: 6772: 6770: 6767: 6763: 6760: 6758: 6755: 6754: 6753: 6750: 6749: 6747: 6745: 6741: 6735: 6732: 6730: 6727: 6725: 6722: 6720: 6717: 6715: 6712: 6710: 6707: 6705: 6702: 6700: 6697: 6695: 6692: 6690: 6687: 6685: 6682: 6680: 6677: 6675: 6672: 6670: 6667: 6665: 6662: 6660: 6657: 6656: 6654: 6650: 6644: 6641: 6639: 6636: 6632: 6629: 6627: 6624: 6622: 6619: 6618: 6617: 6614: 6613: 6611: 6608: 6603: 6597: 6594: 6592: 6589: 6585: 6582: 6580: 6577: 6575: 6572: 6571: 6570: 6567: 6565: 6562: 6558: 6555: 6554: 6553: 6550: 6548: 6545: 6543: 6540: 6538: 6535: 6531: 6528: 6527: 6526: 6523: 6521: 6518: 6514: 6511: 6510: 6509: 6506: 6504: 6503:Civil defense 6501: 6499: 6496: 6492: 6489: 6488: 6487: 6484: 6483: 6481: 6478: 6473: 6468: 6461: 6458: 6456: 6453: 6451: 6448: 6447: 6443: 6439: 6429: 6426: 6424: 6421: 6419: 6416: 6414: 6411: 6409: 6406: 6404: 6401: 6399: 6396: 6394: 6391: 6389: 6386: 6384: 6380: 6377: 6375: 6372: 6370: 6369:Deforestation 6367: 6365: 6362: 6360: 6357: 6355: 6352: 6351: 6349: 6345: 6338: 6335: 6334: 6330: 6326: 6314: 6311: 6309: 6306: 6304: 6301: 6299: 6298:Guanbi policy 6296: 6294: 6291: 6290: 6289: 6286: 6284: 6281: 6279: 6276: 6274: 6271: 6269: 6266: 6264: 6261: 6259: 6258:Dutch Formosa 6256: 6254: 6251: 6249: 6246: 6242: 6239: 6238: 6237: 6234: 6232: 6229: 6228: 6225: 6221: 6216: 6212: 6208: 6204: 6197: 6192: 6190: 6185: 6183: 6178: 6177: 6174: 6162: 6159: 6157: 6154: 6153: 6148: 6144: 6141: 6137: 6136: 6132: 6122: 6119: 6117: 6114: 6112: 6109: 6108: 6106: 6104: 6100: 6094: 6091: 6089: 6086: 6084: 6081: 6079: 6076: 6074: 6071: 6067: 6066:Protestantism 6064: 6062: 6059: 6058: 6057: 6054: 6052: 6051:Folk religion 6049: 6047: 6044: 6040: 6037: 6035: 6032: 6031: 6030: 6027: 6026: 6024: 6022: 6018: 6012: 6009: 6007: 6004: 5999: 5995: 5992: 5988: 5987: 5986: 5983: 5981: 5978: 5976: 5973: 5971: 5968: 5966: 5963: 5961: 5958: 5956: 5955:Ethnic groups 5953: 5951: 5948: 5947: 5945: 5943: 5939: 5929: 5926: 5924: 5921: 5919: 5916: 5914: 5911: 5909: 5906: 5904: 5901: 5899: 5896: 5894: 5891: 5889: 5886: 5884: 5881: 5879: 5876: 5874: 5871: 5869: 5868:Four Beauties 5866: 5864: 5861: 5859: 5856: 5854: 5851: 5849: 5846: 5845: 5843: 5839: 5833: 5830: 5828: 5825: 5823: 5820: 5818: 5815: 5813: 5810: 5808: 5805: 5803: 5800: 5798: 5795: 5793: 5790: 5788: 5785: 5783: 5780: 5776: 5773: 5772: 5771: 5768: 5766: 5763: 5761: 5758: 5756: 5753: 5751: 5748: 5746: 5743: 5741: 5738: 5736: 5733: 5731: 5728: 5727: 5725: 5723: 5719: 5713: 5710: 5708: 5707:Urban society 5705: 5703: 5700: 5696: 5693: 5692: 5691: 5688: 5684: 5681: 5679: 5676: 5674: 5671: 5669: 5666: 5665: 5664: 5663:Social issues 5661: 5659: 5656: 5652: 5649: 5648: 5647: 5644: 5642: 5641:Rural society 5639: 5637: 5634: 5632: 5629: 5625: 5622: 5620: 5617: 5616: 5615: 5612: 5610: 5607: 5603: 5600: 5596: 5593: 5592: 5591: 5588: 5587: 5586: 5583: 5581: 5578: 5574: 5571: 5570: 5569: 5566: 5562: 5559: 5557: 5554: 5552: 5549: 5548: 5547: 5544: 5542: 5541:Chinese Dream 5539: 5537: 5534: 5532: 5529: 5528: 5525: 5522: 5520: 5516: 5506: 5505:Space program 5503: 5501: 5498: 5496: 5493: 5491: 5488: 5486: 5483: 5482: 5480: 5478: 5474: 5468: 5465: 5461: 5458: 5457: 5456: 5453: 5449: 5446: 5445: 5444: 5441: 5440: 5438: 5434: 5428: 5425: 5423: 5420: 5418: 5415: 5413: 5410: 5408: 5405: 5401: 5398: 5396: 5393: 5391: 5388: 5386: 5383: 5381: 5378: 5377: 5376: 5373: 5371: 5368: 5366: 5363: 5361: 5358: 5354: 5351: 5349: 5346: 5344: 5341: 5340: 5339: 5336: 5332: 5329: 5328: 5327: 5324: 5320: 5317: 5315: 5312: 5311: 5310: 5307: 5305: 5302: 5298: 5295: 5294: 5293: 5290: 5288: 5285: 5283: 5280: 5279: 5276: 5273: 5271: 5267: 5255: 5252: 5251: 5250: 5247: 5243: 5240: 5239: 5238: 5235: 5231: 5228: 5226: 5223: 5221: 5218: 5216: 5213: 5211: 5208: 5207: 5206: 5203: 5201: 5198: 5196: 5193: 5191: 5188: 5187: 5185: 5183: 5179: 5173: 5170: 5166: 5163: 5161: 5158: 5157: 5156: 5155:State Council 5153: 5149: 5146: 5145: 5144: 5141: 5137: 5134: 5133: 5132: 5129: 5123: 5120: 5119: 5118: 5115: 5111: 5108: 5106: 5103: 5102: 5101: 5098: 5097: 5096: 5093: 5091: 5088: 5084: 5081: 5080: 5079: 5076: 5074: 5071: 5069: 5066: 5064: 5061: 5057: 5054: 5053: 5052: 5049: 5047: 5044: 5042: 5041:Civil service 5039: 5038: 5036: 5034: 5030: 5020: 5017: 5015: 5012: 5010: 5007: 5003: 5000: 4999: 4998: 4995: 4991: 4988: 4986: 4983: 4982: 4981: 4978: 4976: 4973: 4972: 4970: 4968: 4964: 4960: 4957: 4955: 4951: 4941: 4938: 4936: 4933: 4931: 4928: 4926: 4923: 4922: 4920: 4918: 4914: 4902: 4899: 4897: 4894: 4893: 4892: 4889: 4887: 4884: 4882: 4879: 4877: 4874: 4872: 4869: 4867: 4864: 4862: 4859: 4857: 4854: 4852: 4849: 4848: 4846: 4844: 4840: 4832: 4829: 4827: 4824: 4822: 4819: 4817: 4814: 4813: 4811: 4809: 4806: 4804: 4801: 4799: 4796: 4794: 4791: 4789: 4786: 4784: 4781: 4780: 4778: 4774: 4768: 4765: 4763: 4760: 4758: 4754: 4750: 4747: 4745: 4742: 4738: 4735: 4733: 4730: 4729: 4728: 4725: 4723: 4720: 4718: 4715: 4713: 4710: 4708: 4705: 4703: 4700: 4698: 4695: 4693: 4690: 4689: 4687: 4683: 4675: 4672: 4670: 4667: 4666: 4665: 4662: 4658: 4655: 4653: 4650: 4649: 4648: 4647:South Central 4645: 4643: 4640: 4638: 4635: 4633: 4630: 4629: 4627: 4625: 4621: 4615: 4612: 4610: 4607: 4605: 4602: 4600: 4597: 4596: 4593: 4590: 4588: 4584: 4572: 4569: 4567: 4564: 4562: 4559: 4557: 4554: 4552: 4549: 4548: 4547: 4544: 4540: 4537: 4535: 4532: 4531: 4530: 4527: 4525: 4522: 4521: 4519: 4517: 4513: 4505: 4502: 4500: 4497: 4495: 4492: 4491: 4490: 4487: 4485: 4482: 4480: 4477: 4475: 4472: 4470: 4467: 4465: 4462: 4460: 4457: 4455: 4452: 4450: 4447: 4445: 4442: 4440: 4437: 4435: 4434:Jin (266–420) 4432: 4428: 4425: 4423: 4420: 4418: 4415: 4414: 4413: 4410: 4408: 4405: 4403: 4400: 4399: 4397: 4395: 4391: 4383: 4380: 4378: 4375: 4373: 4370: 4369: 4368: 4365: 4361: 4358: 4357: 4356: 4353: 4351: 4348: 4347: 4345: 4343: 4339: 4331: 4328: 4326: 4323: 4321: 4318: 4317: 4316: 4313: 4311: 4308: 4307: 4305: 4303: 4299: 4293: 4290: 4288: 4285: 4283: 4280: 4278: 4277:Ethnic groups 4275: 4271: 4268: 4266: 4263: 4261: 4258: 4257: 4255: 4253: 4250: 4248: 4245: 4243: 4240: 4238: 4235: 4233: 4230: 4229: 4227: 4223: 4220: 4218: 4214: 4210: 4206: 4199: 4194: 4192: 4187: 4185: 4180: 4179: 4176: 4162: 4152: 4142: 4136: 4130: 4125: 4121: 4120: 4110: 4106: 4104: 4100: 4096: 4093:Taylor, Jay. 4092: 4089: 4086:Shuyun, Sun. 4085: 4082: 4078: 4075: 4071: 4068: 4065:Lara, Diana. 4064: 4062: 4058: 4054: 4051: 4047: 4044: 4040: 4038: 4034: 4030: 4026: 4020: 4016: 4011: 4008: 4004: 4001: 3997: 3994: 3990: 3987: 3983: 3980: 3976: 3973: 3969: 3965: 3961: 3957: 3956: 3954: 3950: 3946: 3944: 3939: 3936: 3932: 3931: 3918: 3913: 3911:0-275-98131-2 3907: 3903: 3899: 3892: 3884: 3878: 3874: 3870: 3863: 3854: 3845: 3836: 3827: 3821: 3816: 3810: 3805: 3796: 3794: 3784: 3775: 3767: 3765:9780231204477 3761: 3757: 3753: 3746: 3738: 3732: 3728: 3724: 3720: 3714: 3712: 3710: 3708: 3706: 3704: 3702: 3700: 3692: 3691: 3684: 3676: 3674:0-8047-4478-5 3670: 3665: 3664: 3655: 3647: 3643: 3636: 3627: 3619: 3618: 3611: 3595: 3591: 3585: 3577: 3573: 3567: 3559: 3555: 3549: 3541: 3534: 3527: 3522: 3518: 3514: 3510: 3506: 3502: 3498: 3494: 3487: 3472: 3468: 3465:Kelly, Luke. 3461: 3454: 3447: 3446: 3438: 3422: 3418: 3414: 3407: 3403: 3394: 3378: 3372: 3356: 3355:"南京国民政府时期的教育" 3350: 3334: 3328: 3312: 3306: 3291: 3284: 3277: 3269: 3263: 3248: 3244: 3237: 3235: 3227: 3221: 3205: 3201: 3194: 3192: 3176: 3172: 3168: 3164: 3160: 3156: 3152: 3148: 3144: 3137: 3129: 3123: 3119: 3112: 3096: 3092: 3088: 3079: 3071: 3064: 3049: 3042: 3038: 3036:0-8179-9272-3 3032: 3028: 3027: 3019: 3012: 3000: 2996: 2992: 2986: 2978: 2973: 2968: 2960: 2958:0-8014-8805-2 2954: 2950: 2945: 2944: 2935: 2931: 2912: 2908: 2904: 2901:in 1952. See 2900: 2894: 2890: 2880: 2877: 2875: 2872: 2870: 2867: 2863: 2860: 2858: 2855: 2853: 2850: 2847: 2844: 2843: 2842: 2839: 2837: 2834: 2832: 2829: 2828: 2824: 2823:Taiwan portal 2813: 2810: 2799: 2787: 2783: 2779: 2775: 2772: 2769: 2767: 2764: 2763: 2759: 2757: 2754: 2751: 2748: 2744: 2741: 2740: 2735: 2732: 2729: 2726: 2722: 2719: 2718: 2714: 2712: 2709: 2705: 2703: 2700: 2699: 2695: 2686: 2682: 2679: 2670: 2667: 2664: 2660: 2657: 2653: 2650: 2649: 2645: 2641: 2637: 2633: 2630: 2628: 2624: 2621: 2617: 2615: 2612: 2611: 2607: 2604: 2601: 2597: 2594: 2590: 2587: 2586: 2582: 2578: 2575: 2573: 2569: 2566: 2562: 2559: 2558: 2554: 2552: 2549: 2546: 2542: 2539: 2538: 2534: 2530: 2527: 2525: 2521: 2518: 2514: 2511: 2510: 2506: 2503: 2501: 2497: 2493: 2490: 2486: 2484:Central Bank 2483: 2482: 2478: 2476: 2474: 2470: 2467: 2463: 2460: 2459: 2456: 2452: 2449: 2447: 2443: 2440: 2436: 2433: 2432: 2427: 2424: 2421: 2417: 2414: 2410: 2407: 2406: 2402: 2399: 2397: 2393: 2390: 2386: 2383: 2382: 2378: 2374: 2371: 2368: 2364: 2361: 2357: 2354: 2353: 2349: 2346: 2344: 2340: 2337: 2333: 2330: 2329: 2325: 2321: 2318: 2316: 2312: 2309: 2305: 2302: 2301: 2297: 2295: 2292: 2288: 2285: 2281: 2278: 2277: 2273: 2270: 2268: 2264: 2261: 2257: 2254: 2253: 2249: 2245: 2242: 2240: 2236: 2233: 2229: 2226: 2225: 2221: 2218: 2215: 2211: 2208: 2204: 2201: 2200: 2196: 2192: 2189: 2186: 2182: 2179: 2175: 2173: 2170: 2169: 2165: 2156: 2152: 2149: 2141: 2139: 2135: 2131: 2126: 2124: 2119: 2116: 2111: 2107: 2104: 2099: 2097: 2093: 2088: 2083: 2078: 2073: 2070: 2066: 2061: 2057: 2053: 2048: 2046: 2042: 2034: 2030: 2026: 2018: 2013: 2003: 2001: 1997: 1991: 1986: 1984: 1979: 1977: 1973: 1969: 1965: 1959: 1957: 1953: 1950:, and in the 1949: 1945: 1941: 1938: 1934: 1930: 1926: 1921: 1919: 1915: 1911: 1910:national army 1907: 1903: 1902:National Army 1893: 1883: 1877: 1873: 1867: 1859: 1851: 1847: 1843: 1834: 1826: 1821: 1817: 1811: 1801: 1798: 1796: 1791: 1789: 1785: 1781: 1777: 1773: 1772:Judicial Yuan 1769: 1765: 1760: 1756: 1754: 1750: 1741: 1732: 1729: 1724: 1720: 1715: 1711: 1706: 1704: 1700: 1696: 1692: 1688: 1684: 1679: 1677: 1673: 1668: 1664: 1660: 1656: 1650: 1640: 1638: 1634: 1630: 1626: 1622: 1614: 1610: 1606: 1604: 1603:Olympic Games 1600: 1596: 1592: 1588: 1584: 1580: 1577:based on the 1576: 1572: 1568: 1562: 1560: 1556: 1552: 1548: 1544: 1539: 1535: 1531: 1527: 1523: 1519: 1515: 1511: 1506: 1504: 1503:authoritarian 1500: 1496: 1490: 1485: 1475: 1470: 1464: 1460: 1450: 1448: 1444: 1440: 1436: 1432: 1428: 1424: 1420: 1416: 1412: 1408: 1403: 1401: 1397: 1393: 1389: 1385: 1381: 1380: 1375: 1370: 1368: 1364: 1358: 1354: 1344: 1342: 1338: 1334: 1330: 1326: 1321: 1319: 1315: 1311: 1310:island groups 1307: 1303: 1300:in 1945, the 1299: 1294: 1292: 1289: 1288:authoritarian 1285: 1281: 1277: 1273: 1269: 1265: 1264:imperial rule 1261: 1253: 1249: 1245: 1237: 1227: 1215: 1213: 1209: 1201: 1199: 1196: 1192: 1189: 1185: 1177: 1175: 1171: 1168: 1164: 1158: 1153: 1151: 1147: 1139: 1137: 1133: 1125: 1123: 1119: 1111: 1109: 1105: 1102: 1098: 1093: 1089: 1085: 1083: 1079: 1074: 1069: 1067: 1063: 1058: 1053: 1051: 1047: 1040: 1035: 1031: 1026: 1022: 1012: 1010: 1006: 1002: 998: 994: 990: 986: 982: 978: 974: 970: 966: 962: 958: 954: 950: 946: 942: 938: 933: 932:(KMT) party. 931: 927: 923: 917: 912: 909: 906: 903: 898: 894: 890: 878: 875: 873: 870: 868: 865: 863: 860: 859: 857: 855:Today part of 853: 837: 835: 832: 831: 828: 822: 821:Beiyang China 819: 812: 811: 808: 805: 798: 797: 794: 793: 790: 787: 785: 782: 781: 777: 774: 771: 769: 768:ISO 3166 code 765: 758: 755: 753: 750: 749: 747: 743: 739: 733: 730: 726: 722: 718: 714: 708: 704: 701: 695: 691: 688: 682: 678: 675: 671: 665: 661: 658: 652: 648: 645: 639: 635: 632: 626: 623:18 April 1927 622: 616: 612: 609: 603: 599: 593: 589: 585: 581: 578: 575: 572: 566: 563: 560: 557: 551: 548: 545: 541: 537: 533: 529: 526: 520: 516: 512: 509: 503: 499: 495: 493: 489: 485: 482: 479: 473: 469: 465: 463: 462:Generalissimo 459: 455: 451: 447: 444: 438: 434: 430: 427: 421: 417: 413: 411: 407: 398: 395: 391: 385: 382: 379: 375: 370: 366: 363: 362: 360: 358: 354: 351: 348: 346: 342: 339: 336: 332: 329: 326: 322: 312: 309: 303: 300: 294: 291: 289: 283: 282: 278: 272: 269: 268: 266: 262: 257: 256: 250: 245: 238: 233: 224: 213: 212: 211:National seal 207: 180: 174: 163: 161: 135: 128: 117: 113: 107: 101: 93: 87: 79: 74: 69: 52: 49: 45: 41: 37: 33: 19: 9467:Japan Portal 9457:China Portal 9378:People's war 8696:Soemu Toyoda 8691:Osami Nagano 8583:Wang Jingwei 8503:Nobuyuki Abe 8291:Marine Corps 8256:Armed Forces 8148:Participants 8070:Tanggu Truce 7922: 7911: 7880: 7857: 7709:715 Incident 7546: 7501: 7424: 7412: 7400: 7229:Superlatives 7214:Prostitution 7177:Architecture 6983:Demographics 6784:Central bank 6762:Floriculture 6659:Conscription 6537:Intelligence 6525:Human rights 6508:Constitution 6423:Superlatives 6418:Scenic areas 6303:White Terror 6056:Christianity 6046:Confucianism 6006:Urbanization 5942:Demographics 5918:Gang of Four 5883:Four Symbols 5782:Martial arts 5556:Prostitution 5443:Architecture 5297:Central bank 5165:Vice Premier 5117:United front 5046:Constitution 5002:Penal system 4980:Human rights 4917:Subdivisions 4755: / 4751: / 4674:Southwestern 4669:Northwestern 4372:Western Zhou 4320:Yellow River 4270:1949–present 4150: 4108: 4094: 4087: 4080: 4073: 4066: 4056: 4049: 4042: 4032: 4014: 4006: 3999: 3992: 3985: 3978: 3971: 3959: 3941: 3934: 3915: 3897: 3891: 3868: 3862: 3853: 3844: 3835: 3826: 3815: 3804: 3783: 3774: 3751: 3745: 3722: 3689: 3683: 3662: 3654: 3641: 3635: 3626: 3616: 3610: 3598:. 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9373:On Practice 8655:Ma Zhanshan 8640:Bai Chongxi 8608:Ren Yuandao 8588:Chen Gongbo 8513:Hideki Tojo 8467:Wang Ruofei 8158:Governments 8009:(1937–1945) 7673:Canton Coup 7372:tea culture 7337:Photography 7023:Waishengren 6757:Aquaculture 6752:Agriculture 6530:LGBT rights 6388:Hot springs 6374:Earthquakes 6308:Martial law 5822:Variety art 5817:Tea culture 5745:Calligraphy 5730:Archaeology 5590:Food safety 5385:Gold mining 5287:Aquaculture 5282:Agriculture 5242:Coast Guard 5009:Naming laws 4843:Environment 4831:South China 4310:Paleolithic 4302:Prehistoric 4260:before 1912 4145:(1912–1928) 3935:Sun Yat-Sen 3476:21 November 3427:15 February 3252:19 February 3210:19 February 3180:19 February 3005:15 December 2848:(1912–1928) 2190:1870-1930s 1565:During the 1487: [ 1376:became the 1270:(1915–28), 953:Yuan Shikai 941:Sun Yat-sen 784:Preceded by 759:(1946–1949) 719:20 May 1948 600:1 July 1925 571:Lower house 556:Upper house 543:Legislature 400:(1947–1948) 388:(1928–1947) 384:directorial 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2576:1932–1934 2504:1899–1902 2422:, Nanjing 2369:, Nanjing 2293:, Nanjing 2216:, Nanjing 2187:, Nanjing 2000:press-gang 1929:warlordism 1918:party rule 1906:Kuomintang 1876:Wade–Giles 1814:See also: 1735:Government 1728:Zhou Enlai 1723:Li Zongren 1708:After the 1627:, part of 1518:Yan Xishan 1467:See also: 1384:Kuomintang 1284:Kuomintang 1268:warlordism 1136:Wade–Giles 999:, and the 930:Kuomintang 674:Pescadores 511:Tan Yankai 429:Tan Yankai 357:Government 345:Demonym(s) 9325:Political 9164:Aftermath 8964:Incidents 8752:Campaigns 8472:Ren Bishi 8373:Air Force 8281:Air Force 8217:Mengjiang 8212:Manchukuo 7954:1950–1958 7893:1948–1949 7858:Beleaguer 7852:1945–1949 7842:1945–1947 7781:1937–1946 7761:1934–1936 7751:1933–1934 7741:1931–1934 7731:1930–1934 7679:1927–1949 7638:Post-1945 7481:campaigns 7262:Animation 7224:Squatting 7199:Education 7035:Languages 6791:Companies 6569:President 6520:Elections 6428:Volcanoes 6403:Mountains 6347:Overviews 6337:Geography 5970:Languages 5923:Four Olds 5878:Four arts 5765:Libraries 5695:Structure 5658:Sexuality 5595:incidents 5568:Education 5477:Transport 5353:Renewable 5348:Petroleum 5143:President 5110:Politburo 5063:Elections 5051:Democracy 5019:Terrorism 4767:Volcanoes 4749:Northeast 4727:Mountains 4637:Northeast 4587:Geography 4494:High Qing 4315:Neolithic 4287:Dynasties 4265:1912–1949 4256:Economic 4225:Overviews 3646:Chongqing 3521:146274415 3513:1469-8099 3226:Fung 2000 3175:146794107 2995:重編囯語辭典修訂本 2926:Citations 2690:Location 2160:Location 1985:as such: 1942:, in the 1633:Chongqing 1555:Hu Hanmin 1543:CC Clique 1514:Ma Hushan 1510:Fung 2000 1499:one-party 1495:Fung 2000 1421:in 1927. 1367:Guangzhou 1325:civil war 1236:East Asia 1011:of 1948. 973:reunified 613:1926–1928 528:Zhang Qun 386:republic 381:one-party 378:Tridemist 311:Chongqing 271:Guangzhou 76:1925–1948 9447:Category 9289:Military 7925:Incident 7923:Amethyst 7914:Incident 7883:incident 7634:Pre-1945 7571:Red Army 7402:Category 7357:T-Beauty 7342:Religion 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