165:
supporters, and reformers." Woodhull decided to accept the nomination despite being only 33 years old at the time, which was too young to be president. As NERP candidate, she promised to fight for equal numbers of men and women in public office. Soon after being nominated, she became entangled in a few controversies which resulted in her not having time to work on her campaign. On election day, Woodhull was in jail as she was charged with sending indecent and immoral material through the postal service. There does not seem to be any record of tickets in ballot boxes from that election with her name on them. Yet, her campaign for president at a time when women could not legally vote in federal elections paved the way for future female presidential candidates.
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185:'s feminist opinion in a newspaper, which was that women needed to be represented in public office separately from men and with their own candidates. Lockwood shared the belief that male political candidates could not represent women no matter how sympathetic they were to the cause. As such, she asked Stow to run as her running mate in the 1884 election.
240:, the chairman of the party's National Committee, was aware that Love was favored as the Vice Presidential nominee. She sent him a letter urging him to accept the nomination, but Love did not receive the letter in time and instead found out about his nomination through multiple requests from the press asking him to comment on the nomination.
208:
NERP's campaign garnered a great deal of media attention. National news outlets reported the nomination, and a widely circulated journal containing satiric cartoons featured
Lockwood on its cover. Lockwood received letters from across the country, many of which contained requests to speak to a public
140:
in 1884 and 1888. Woodhull and
Lockwood are generally considered the first women who ran for president in the U.S. Although women could not vote in federal elections at the time, there were no laws prohibiting women from running for president. Their platform focused on equal rights for men and women.
188:
Lockwood was born in
Royalton, New York on October 24, 1830. She began her career as a teacher in New York where she was paid less than half the salary of her male counterparts. Lockwood later enrolled in a law school in Washington, D.C. She had to "talk her way into admission to the bar", according
157:
NERP's 1872 presidential candidate, Victoria
Woodhull, was the first woman to run for president in the U.S. Born in 1838 in Ohio, Woodhull worked as a psychic, a stockbroker, and as a newspaper publisher before announcing that she would run for president. She announced her candidacy in a letter sent
204:
As the presidential candidate for NERP, Lockwood's platform consisted of total "equal rights for all, equal marriage and divorce laws, temperance, and international peace", and she also wanted to establish more currency in the system and reorganize the banking system. At NERP's May 16, 1887, Nation
217:, a Civil War general and progressive who had supported Lockwood's petition in Congress to allow women to be allowed into the Supreme Court bar. Lockwood continued to be associated with an "unpopular cause", drawing more attention and intrigue than support to her campaign and the NERP as a whole.
212:
Not all attention she received was favorable. On the whole, Lockwood received more criticism and mockery in the press than favorable sentiments. Many letters she received contained "nasty bits of character assassination", according to historian Jill
Norgren. Her rallies, dubbed "Mother Hubbard
164:
on April 2, 1870. In the following summer, she accepted the presidential nomination of the brand-new Equal Rights Party, a party that
Woodhull herself had put much effort into establishing to fill the gap in political representation for "a new coalition of labor, spiritualists, women's rights
254:
Love rejected the nomination because he disagreed with a key responsibility of the Vice
President-–overseeing the military. However, Love expressed full support for Lockwood and NERP, wishing them success in their global efforts for equality. He credited Lockwood and NERP leaders for their
205:
Convention in Des Moines, Iowa, members of the party discussed NERP's platform focused on suffrage, pensions for soldiers and sailors, protective tariffs, and free sugar and lumber. The party also sought to repeal the whisky and tobacco tax and oppose taxing unrestricted emigration.
255:
accomplishments and emphasized that he adhered to the principles of Equal Rights and Peace, approaching these ideals with a strong moral conscience. Ultimately, the party elected
Charles Stuart Weld as Lockwood's running mate in place of Love.
585:
213:
parades", were met with resistance, as hecklers would arrive to such events with ribbons mocking
Lockwood. Lockwood was also featured as a caricature on a political card which implied a salacious relationship between Lockwood and
378:
The
Biographical Review of Prominent Men & Women of the Day: With Biographical Sketches & Reminiscences. Live & Services of All the Presidential Candidates for 1888: with Platform & History of Each
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243:
The convention's delegates cast 310 votes for Belva Lockwood and Alfred H. Love, more than any other candidates running. Several other notable suffragists also received votes, including
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that women should run for office since there was no explicit legislation preventing them from doing so.
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in 1879. Lockwood was a keen advocate for women's suffrage. In 1884, she wrote to the editor of the
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was nominated as NERP's Vice Presidential candidate, although he would turn down this nomination.
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560:"Belva Lockwood: Suffragist, Lawyer, and Presidential Candidate | Headlines & Heroes"
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were nominated for president and vice president respectively for the Equal Rights Party.
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audience. She spoke before large crowds at civic associations and state fairs.
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586:"International Arbitration and the Roots of Women's Foreign Policy Activism"
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We will be heard: women's struggles for political power in the United States
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Before Equal Suffrage Women in Partisan Politics from Colonial Times to 1920
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We will be heard: women's struggles for political power in the United States
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We will be heard: women's struggles for political power in the United States
132:. The party was notable for nominating two female presidential candidates:
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422:. Cambridge, Massachusetts London, England: Harvard University Press.
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The highest glass ceiling: women's quest for the American presidency
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Victoria Woodhull speaking before a congressional committee in 1871
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The Peacemaker and Court of Arbitration by Universal Peace Union
687:"American Advancement: The Vice-Presidency of the United States"
636:
The Peacemaker and Court of Arbitration by Universal Peace Union
632:"American Advancement: The Vice-Presidency of the United States"
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Women's Suffrage Memorabilia: An Illustrated Historical Study
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Women's Suffrage Memorabilia: An Illustrated Historical Study
329:. Santa Barbara, California Denver, Colorado: ABC-CLIO, LLC.
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Belva Lockwood was the NERP presidential candidate in both
418:
Fitzpatrick, Ellen F.; Fitzpatrick, Ellen Frances (2016).
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Women's rights organizations based in the United States
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325:
Bystrom, Dianne G.; Burrell, Barbara C., eds. (2019).
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Women in the American political system. Volume 2: N-Z
181:. Lockwood was inspired to run in 1884 after reading
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Belva Lockwood – 1884 and 1888 presidential candidacy
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590:The Journal of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era
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658:Belva Lockwood: The Woman Who Would Be President
537:. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers.
450:. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers.
354:. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers.
794:Defunct political parties in the United States
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128:during the late 19th century that supported
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394:"Victoria Woodhull | OSU eHistory"
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382:. W. H. Ives & Company.
119:National Equal Rights Party
26:National Equal Rights Party
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245:Elizabeth Cady Stanton
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238:Nettie Sanford Chapin
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39:Nettie Sanford Chapin
533:Freeman, Jo (2008).
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350:Freeman, Jo (2008).
273:"Equal Rights Party"
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111:Frederick Douglass
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361:978-0-7425-5608-9
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259:References
191:Jo Freeman
662:NYU Press
618:259287800
610:1537-7814
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