3796:
223:
238:
2930:
3760:
3832:
3856:
3770:
3808:
3844:
3820:
133:
including a realistic equation of state, delineating the specific relationship between the density and pressure within the cloud, has been thoroughly examined and investigated by numerous researchers over the years. They all result in either a black hole or a naked singularity depending on the initial data.
127:
emerges before the singularity, effectively covering it. Considering variations in the initial density (considering inhomogeneous density) profile, one can demonstrate a significant alteration in the behavior of the horizon. This leads to two distinct potential outcomes arising from the collapse of
132:
to escape the central singularity, where density and curvatures diverge, reaching distant observers. In exploring more realistic scenarios of collapse, one avenue involves incorporating pressures into the model. The consideration of gravitational collapse with non-zero pressures and various models
1267:â, the main character is able to create small naked singularities. It is not officially stated as such, but the ability âGo Beyondâ creates invisible, fast-spinning vortexes out of an infinitely small âstringâ, drawing similarities to the Cosmic Censorship Hypothesis and Loop quantum gravity.
1156:
March 2005), is a story about space travelers on an exploratory mission. While they investigate a strange cosmological phenomenon, their two small space crafts begin to shake, and they are unable to leave the area. One crew member realizes that they are trapped in the
1104:
Some research has suggested that if loop quantum gravity is correct, then naked singularities could exist in nature, implying that the cosmic censorship hypothesis does not hold. Numerical calculations and some other arguments have also hinted at this possibility.
128:
generic dust: the formation of a black hole, characterized by the horizon preceding the singularity, and the emergence of a naked singularity, where the horizon is delayed. In the case of a naked singularity, this delay enables null geodesics or
123:(OSD) model illustrates the collapse of a spherical cloud composed of homogeneous dust (pressureless matter). In this scenario, all the matter converges into the spacetime singularity simultaneously in terms of comoving time. Notably, the
69:
caused by the singularity is so strong that light cannot escape. Hence, objects inside the event horizonâincluding the singularity itselfâcannot be observed directly. In contrast, a naked singularity would be observable.
144:, which draw closer together as the spin of the singularity increases. When the outer and inner event horizons merge, they shrink toward the rotating singularity and eventually expose it to the rest of the universe.
830:
703:
361:
1002:
214:, has shown that contrary to what had been expected, singularities which are not hidden in a black hole also occur. However, he then showed that such "naked singularities" are unstable.
910:
512:
1232:, a naked singularity is used to compress the digitalized memories of the protagonist into a smaller size, to then be sent back in time with an improvised "time leap machine".
1165:
or naked singularity. The story describes a cluster of multiple black holes or singularities, and what the crew does to try to survive this seemingly inescapable situation.
750:
408:
1029:
3655:
608:
937:
570:
472:
1056:
445:
1101:, are consistent with these predictions. Although data anomalies would have resulted in the case of a singularity, the nature of those anomalies remains unknown.
850:
73:
The theoretical existence of naked singularities is important because their existence would mean that it would be possible to observe the collapse of an object to
115:
When a massive star undergoes a gravitational collapse due to its own immense gravity, the ultimate outcome of this persistent collapse can manifest as either a
957:
870:
532:
275:
119:
or a naked singularity. This holds true across a diverse range of physically plausible scenarios within the framework of the general theory of relativity. The
1139:
2069:
53:
that, in the future, extends to an observer either at infinity or to an observer comoving with the collapsing cloud, and in the past terminates at the
1118:
1147:
1075:
A naked singularity could allow scientists to observe an infinitely dense material, which would under normal circumstances be impossible by the
81:
near a singularity. In generic black holes, this is not a problem, as an outside viewer cannot observe the spacetime within the event horizon.
77:. It would also cause foundational problems for general relativity, because general relativity cannot make predictions about the evolution of
3011:
3016:
233:
background. The parameters of the singularity are M=1, a²+Q²=2M². The singularity is viewed from its equatorial plane at θ=90° (edge on).
3735:
3392:
140:, it is shown that a singularity, spinning rapidly, can become a ring-shaped object. This results in two event horizons, as well as an
2485:
2802:
1759:"Nakedness and curvature strength of a shell-focusing singularity in spherically symmetric spacetime with vanishing radial pressure"
3330:
3156:
3056:
147:
A singularity rotating fast enough might be created by the collapse of dust or by a supernova of a fast-spinning star. Studies of
2420:
2263:"Distinguishing Kerr naked singularities and black holes using the spin precession of a test gyro in strong gravitational fields"
2791:
2416:
755:
625:
283:
2833:
1315:
1183:
1175:
features the Xeelee, who create a massive ring that produces a naked singularity. It is used to travel to another universe.
2631:
Eardley, Douglas M.; Smarr, Larry (1979-04-15). "Time functions in numerical relativity: Marginally bound dust collapse".
1256:
experimentation, and threatens to destroy the universe if the time travel experiments are not stopped before they started.
3372:
962:
2736:
Werner, M. C.; Petters, A. O. (2007-09-24). "Magnification relations for Kerr lensing and testing cosmic censorship".
3461:
2562:
Goswami, Rituparno; Joshi, Pankaj S.; Singh, Parampreet (2006-01-27). "Quantum
Evaporation of a Naked Singularity".
3456:
2337:
D. Christodoulou (1999). "The instability of naked singularities in the gravitational collapse of a scalar field".
2302:
D.Christodoulou (1994). "Examples of naked singularity formation in the gravitational collapse of a scalar field".
1673:"Gravitational collapse with non-vanishing tangential stresses: II. A laboratory for cosmic censorship experiments"
3795:
3341:
616:
88:
indicate that their rate of rotation falls below the threshold to produce a naked singularity (spin parameter 1).
3377:
3173:
1332:
1179:
1152:
1093:
The cosmic censorship hypothesis says that a gravitational singularity would remain hidden by the event horizon.
254:
171:
could also be transmuted to the slowly-spinning near-solar mass naked singularities by capturing the asymmetric
3599:
3280:
2919:
1310:. International series of monographs on physics (1. paperback (with corr.) ed.). Oxford: Clarendon Press.
3367:
3242:
1640:"Gravitational collapse with non-vanishing tangential stresses: a generalization of the Tolman - Bondi model"
50:
3773:
3285:
3188:
2976:
1088:
1079:. Without an event horizon of any kind, some speculate that naked singularities could actually emit light.
1076:
120:
100:
3295:
3589:
3554:
3544:
1468:"Strengths of shell-focusing singularities in marginally bound collapsing self-similar Tolman spacetimes"
1260:
1195:
2261:
Chakraborty, C.; Kocherlakota, P.; Patil, M.; Bhattacharyya, S.; Joshi, P. S.; Krolak, A. (2017-04-12).
1060:, i.e. the charge exceeds what is normally viewed as the upper limit of its physically possible values.
222:
3786:
3275:
3227:
3210:
2909:
2501:
Goswami, Rituparno; Joshi, Pankaj S. (2007-10-22). "Spherical gravitational collapse in N dimensions".
875:
477:
612:, i.e. the spin exceeds what is normally viewed as the upper limit of its physically possible values.
3730:
3232:
3146:
2894:
2826:
1282:
959:, or in other words, the singularity has no event horizon. However, this corresponds to a case where
54:
39:
1607:"Naked singularities and other features of self-similar general-relativistic gravitational collapse"
3407:
2262:
2221:
2180:
2139:
1354:
711:
369:
24:
1007:
3584:
3120:
3083:
2986:
2981:
2899:
2140:"Near- and sub-solar-mass naked singularities and black holes from transmutation of white dwarfs"
1168:
207:
580:
3614:
3502:
3487:
3346:
3039:
2853:
1064:
915:
619:
geometry of a charged black hole. In this metric, it can be shown that the horizons occur at
537:
450:
3492:
3305:
3049:
2904:
2093:
Garfinkle, David (1997). "Choptuik scaling and the scale invariance of
Einstein's equation".
1530:"Naked singularities in spherically symmetric inhomogeneous Tolman-Bondi dust cloud collapse"
237:
226:
2070:"Naked Singularities Can Actually Exist in a Three-Dimensional Universe, Physicists Predict"
2019:"Naked Singularities Formation in the Gravitational Collapse of Barotropic Spherical Fluids"
1035:
413:
3876:
3763:
3471:
3443:
3326:
3254:
3222:
3066:
2874:
2819:
2755:
2697:
2640:
2581:
2520:
2479:
2112:
1976:"New Solutions of Einstein Equations in Spherical Symmetry: The Cosmic Censor to the Court"
104:
835:
8:
3860:
3594:
3569:
3539:
3497:
3451:
3088:
2954:
2949:
2879:
2044:
1277:
1208:
137:
20:
2759:
2701:
2644:
2585:
2524:
2206:
2165:
2116:
2018:
3848:
3836:
3428:
3300:
3205:
2996:
2964:
2929:
2889:
2884:
2779:
2745:
2687:
2613:
2571:
2544:
2510:
2372:
2364:
2346:
2319:
2274:
2233:
2192:
2151:
2102:
2030:
1987:
1942:
1899:
1856:
1813:
1770:
1727:
1684:
1541:
1366:
1247:
942:
855:
517:
260:
31:
1698:
155:, 1997) have been performed. Intriguingly, it is recently reported that some spinning
3574:
3559:
3259:
3247:
3200:
3141:
3110:
3100:
3034:
2783:
2771:
2715:
2656:
2605:
2597:
2548:
2536:
2048:
2005:
1962:
1917:
1874:
1831:
1827:
1788:
1784:
1745:
1702:
1659:
1655:
1626:
1593:
1448:
1311:
1212:
the nonexistence of a naked singularity hinders humanity from completing a theory of
1203:
1190:
447:. In this case, "event horizons disappear" means when the solutions are complex for
253:
is high enough, the event horizons could disappear. Transforming the Kerr metric to
2617:
1529:
1498:
1467:
3812:
3725:
3685:
3433:
3382:
3237:
3151:
2944:
2914:
2763:
2705:
2648:
2589:
2528:
2459:
2376:
2356:
2311:
2284:
2243:
2202:
2161:
2120:
2040:
1997:
1952:
1909:
1866:
1823:
1780:
1737:
1694:
1651:
1618:
1585:
1551:
1510:
1479:
1440:
1407:
1376:
1287:
1114:
250:
152:
93:
84:
Naked singularities have not been observed in nature. Astronomical observations of
2593:
1845:"Black holes versus naked singularities formation in collapsing Einstein clusters"
1395:
92:
comes closest to the limit, with a spin parameter of 0.82-1.00. It is hinted that
3745:
3695:
3670:
3466:
3310:
3217:
3183:
3095:
2489:
1672:
1573:
1213:
1172:
1122:
1844:
1802:"Initial data and the end state of spherically symmetric gravitational collapse"
1801:
1758:
1715:
1639:
1589:
1355:"Does the gravitomagnetic monopole exist? A clue from a black hole x-ray binary"
3800:
3660:
3645:
3412:
3351:
3195:
2869:
2767:
2532:
2288:
2247:
1975:
1974:
Giambò, Roberto; Giannoni, Fabio; Magli, Giulio; Piccione, Paolo (April 2003).
1870:
1741:
1499:"Shell-focusing singularities in spherically symmetric self-similar spacetimes"
1380:
1236:
2124:
2017:
Giambò, Roberto; Giannoni, Fabio; Magli, Giulio; Piccione, Paolo (June 2004).
2001:
1913:
1606:
3870:
3720:
3640:
3168:
3163:
2775:
2719:
2660:
2652:
2601:
2540:
2425:
2052:
2009:
1966:
1921:
1887:
1878:
1835:
1792:
1749:
1706:
1663:
1630:
1622:
1597:
1555:
1514:
1483:
1452:
1217:
1127:
168:
163:
with a wide range of near- and sub-solar-mass values by capturing asymmetric
124:
89:
62:
43:
939:
to be complex. This means the metric is regular for all positive values of
3824:
3675:
3549:
3517:
3125:
3044:
2609:
1429:"Ăber eine Klasse von LĂśsungen der Gravitationsgleichungen der Relativität"
1412:
1224:
573:
180:
156:
129:
3715:
3665:
3619:
3522:
3397:
3336:
3061:
2969:
2464:
2447:
2260:
1930:
1253:
1228:
246:
176:
172:
164:
160:
2710:
2675:
1957:
3705:
3635:
3604:
3579:
3532:
3527:
3512:
3178:
3115:
3105:
3006:
2842:
2323:
1444:
1162:
1158:
1133:
211:
196:
192:
184:
141:
116:
85:
58:
2692:
2576:
2515:
2368:
2107:
2035:
1992:
1947:
1904:
1861:
1818:
1775:
1732:
1689:
1574:"Naked singularities in self-similar spherical gravitational collapse"
1546:
3740:
3387:
3290:
3078:
3073:
2351:
1716:"Final fate of the spherically symmetric collapse of a perfect fluid"
1428:
1241:
230:
188:
78:
66:
2750:
2315:
249:, which is a spinning black hole in a vacuum. Specifically, if the
61:, the singularity is completely enclosed by a boundary known as the
57:, then that singularity is referred to as a naked singularity. In a
3650:
3609:
3507:
2360:
2279:
2238:
2197:
2156:
1371:
1264:
1098:
2222:"Spin precession in a black hole and naked singularity spacetimes"
159:
can realistically transmute into rotating naked singularities and
3690:
1216:
due to the inaccessibility of experimental data from inside the
3710:
3700:
3680:
3402:
3001:
2991:
2179:
Chakraborty, C.; Bhattacharyya, S.; Joshi, P. S. (2024-07-22).
1757:
Harada, Tomohiro; Nakao, Ken-ichi; Iguchi, Hideo (1999-07-20).
148:
2811:
2220:
Chakraborty, C.; Kocherlakota, P.; Joshi, P. S. (2017-02-06).
1888:"Singularities in Gravitational Collapse with Radial Pressure"
2178:
1886:
Gonçalves, SÊrgio M. C. V.; Jhingan, Sanjay (December 2001).
277:
coordinate (which is not the radius) of the event horizon is
2219:
1143:) centre upon humanity's exploration of a naked singularity.
2016:
1973:
1094:
107:
is correct, naked singularities may be possible in nature.
3819:
832:. Of the three possible cases for the relative values of
241:
Comparison with an extremal black hole with M=1, a²+Q²=1M²
825:{\displaystyle q^{2}=GQ^{2}/(4\pi \varepsilon _{0}c^{4})}
103:, gravitational singularities may not be observable. If
2137:
1352:
1333:"Pushing the Limit: Black Hole Spins at Phenomenal Rate"
698:{\displaystyle r_{\pm }=\mu \pm (\mu ^{2}-q^{2})^{1/2},}
356:{\displaystyle r_{\pm }=\mu \pm (\mu ^{2}-a^{2})^{1/2},}
229:
image of a hypothetical naked singularity in front of a
183:
can be modeled as an anisotropic fluid. In general, the
2448:"Viewpoint: Relativity Gets Thorough Vetting from LIGO"
1182:", the finale of the 2004 reimagined television series
2181:"Low mass naked singularities from dark core collapse"
615:
Disappearing event horizons can also be seen with the
3784:
1038:
1010:
965:
945:
918:
878:
858:
838:
758:
714:
628:
583:
540:
520:
480:
453:
416:
372:
286:
263:
2792:"Do Naked Singularities Break the Rules of Physics?"
1252:
a naked singularity is found to be a side effect of
2676:"Nature of Singularities in Gravitational Collapse"
1931:"Physical Processes in Naked Singularity Formation"
1929:Harada, T.; Iguchi, H.; Nakao, K.-I. (2002-03-01).
203:can be used to distinguish these exotic objects.
1050:
1023:
996:
951:
931:
904:
864:
844:
824:
744:
697:
602:
564:
526:
506:
466:
439:
402:
355:
269:
2639:(8). American Physical Society (APS): 2239â2259.
2561:
2421:"Is a 'naked singularity' lurking in our galaxy?"
2404:General Relativity an Introduction for Physicists
2391:General Relativity an Introduction for Physicists
2138:Chakraborty, C.; Bhattacharyya, S. (2024-06-05).
1928:
1756:
1393:
1353:Chakraborty, C.; Bhattacharyya, S. (2018-08-28).
997:{\displaystyle Q/{\sqrt {4\pi \varepsilon _{0}}}}
3868:
2336:
1885:
2301:
1082:
2185:Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics
2144:Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics
1186:, the Cylon colony orbits a naked singularity.
2827:
2735:
2406:, Cambridge University Press 2007, p. 320-325
2393:, Cambridge University Press 2007, p. 300-305
1800:Joshi, P. S.; Dwivedi, I. H. (January 1999).
1394:Oppenheimer, J. R.; Snyder, H. (1939-09-01).
2803:"Fast-spinning black holes might reveal all"
2630:
2500:
1842:
1799:
1527:
1330:
514:. However, this corresponds to a case where
195:of orbits of matter falling into a rotating
2330:
1528:Joshi, P. S.; Dwivedi, I. H. (1993-06-15).
1308:Global aspects in gravitation and cosmology
3393:Magnetospheric eternally collapsing object
2834:
2820:
2680:Progress of Theoretical Physics Supplement
1067:for a spinning, charged ring singularity.
2749:
2709:
2691:
2575:
2514:
2463:
2445:
2415:
2350:
2278:
2237:
2196:
2155:
2106:
2092:
2034:
1991:
1956:
1946:
1903:
1860:
1817:
1774:
1731:
1688:
1545:
1496:
1465:
1411:
1370:
245:Disappearing event horizons exist in the
1604:
1571:
1396:"On Continued Gravitational Contraction"
236:
221:
175:particles, if the accumulated cloud of
3869:
2673:
1980:Communications in Mathematical Physics
1713:
1199:is believed to be a naked singularity.
110:
2815:
1843:Jhingan, S.; Magli, G. (2000-05-09).
1670:
1637:
1605:Ori, Amos; Piran, Tsvi (1990-08-15).
1572:Ori, Amos; Piran, Tsvi (1987-11-09).
1497:Waugh, B.; Lake, Kayll (1989-09-15).
1466:Waugh, B.; Lake, Kayll (1988-08-15).
1305:
3769:
2067:
1426:
1324:
167:particles. Similarly, the spinning
13:
2729:
2045:10.1023/b:gerg.0000022388.11306.e1
2023:General Relativity and Gravitation
1892:General Relativity and Gravitation
14:
3888:
1331:Jeanna Bryne (20 November 2006).
905:{\displaystyle \mu ^{2}<q^{2}}
507:{\displaystyle \mu ^{2}<a^{2}}
3854:
3842:
3830:
3818:
3806:
3794:
3768:
3759:
3758:
3057:TolmanâOppenheimerâVolkoff limit
2928:
65:, inside which the curvature of
3174:Innermost stable circular orbit
2841:
2667:
2624:
2555:
2494:
2472:
2446:Pretorius, Frans (2016-05-31).
2439:
2409:
2396:
2383:
2295:
2254:
2213:
2172:
2131:
2086:
2061:
1935:Progress of Theoretical Physics
1714:Harada, Tomohiro (1998-10-09).
151:and some computer simulations (
49:When there exists at least one
3600:Timeline of black hole physics
1562:
1521:
1490:
1459:
1420:
1387:
1346:
1299:
819:
790:
675:
648:
333:
306:
96:could be a naked singularity.
1:
3368:Nonsingular black hole models
2594:10.1103/physrevlett.96.031302
2207:10.1088/1475-7516/2024/07/053
2166:10.1088/1475-7516/2024/06/007
1806:Classical and Quantum Gravity
1763:Classical and Quantum Gravity
1677:Classical and Quantum Gravity
1644:Classical and Quantum Gravity
1293:
1108:
745:{\displaystyle \mu =GM/c^{2}}
403:{\displaystyle \mu =GM/c^{2}}
1671:Magli, Giulio (1998-10-01).
1638:Magli, Giulio (1997-07-01).
1089:Cosmic censorship hypothesis
1083:Cosmic censorship hypothesis
1077:cosmic censorship hypothesis
1024:{\displaystyle M{\sqrt {G}}}
101:cosmic censorship hypothesis
7:
3590:Rossi X-ray Timing Explorer
3555:Hypercompact stellar system
3545:Gamma-ray burst progenitors
1699:10.1088/0264-9381/15/10/022
1590:10.1103/physrevlett.59.2137
1271:
1259:In the eighth part of the â
257:, it can be shown that the
255:BoyerâLindquist coordinates
179:particles in the core of a
10:
3893:
3276:Black hole complementarity
3243:Bousso's holographic bound
3228:Quasi-periodic oscillation
2926:
2920:MalamentâHogarth spacetime
2768:10.1103/physrevd.76.064024
2533:10.1103/physrevd.76.084026
2289:10.1103/PhysRevD.95.084024
2248:10.1103/PhysRevD.95.044006
1871:10.1103/physrevd.61.124006
1828:10.1088/0264-9381/16/1/003
1785:10.1088/0264-9381/16/8/315
1742:10.1103/physrevd.58.104015
1656:10.1088/0264-9381/14/7/026
1381:10.1103/PhysRevD.98.043021
1086:
1070:
603:{\displaystyle J>M^{2}}
217:
18:
3754:
3628:
3480:
3442:
3421:
3360:
3319:
3268:
3147:Gravitational singularity
3134:
3027:
2937:
2862:
2849:
2125:10.1103/PhysRevD.56.R3169
2068:Crew, Bec (23 May 2017).
2002:10.1007/s00220-003-0793-9
1306:Joshi, Pankaj S. (1996).
1283:Gravitational singularity
136:From concepts drawn from
55:gravitational singularity
40:gravitational singularity
3731:PSO J030947.49+271757.31
3656:SDSS J150243.09+111557.3
3189:BlandfordâZnajek process
2674:KrĂłlak, Andrzej (1999).
2653:10.1103/physrevd.19.2239
1623:10.1103/physrevd.42.1068
1556:10.1103/PhysRevD.47.5357
1515:10.1103/PhysRevD.40.2137
1484:10.1103/PhysRevD.38.1315
1261:JoJo's Bizarre Adventure
1196:The Night's Dawn Trilogy
932:{\displaystyle r_{\pm }}
565:{\displaystyle GM^{2}/c}
467:{\displaystyle r_{\pm }}
25:Naked Singularity (film)
2987:Active galactic nucleus
2564:Physical Review Letters
1914:10.1023/a:1015285531320
1578:Physical Review Letters
1427:Datt, B. (1938-05-01).
1178:In the episode titled "
208:Demetrios Christodoulou
121:OppenheimerâSnyderâDatt
16:Hypothetical phenomenon
3615:Tidal disruption event
3585:Supermassive dark star
3503:Black holes in fiction
3488:Outline of black holes
3121:Supermassive dark star
3040:Gravitational collapse
1433:Zeitschrift fĂźr Physik
1413:10.1103/PhysRev.56.455
1052:
1051:{\displaystyle Q>M}
1025:
998:
953:
933:
906:
866:
846:
826:
746:
699:
604:
566:
528:
508:
468:
441:
440:{\displaystyle a=J/Mc}
404:
357:
271:
242:
234:
3493:Black Hole Initiative
3306:Holographic principle
1053:
1031:(or in Planck units,
1026:
999:
954:
934:
907:
867:
847:
827:
747:
700:
605:
567:
529:
509:
469:
442:
405:
358:
272:
240:
225:
23:. For the movie, see
3296:Final parsec problem
3255:Schwarzschild radius
2465:10.1103/Physics.9.52
1189:The Sleeping God in
1184:Battlestar Galactica
1036:
1008:
963:
943:
916:
876:
856:
845:{\displaystyle \mu }
836:
756:
712:
626:
581:
538:
518:
478:
451:
414:
370:
284:
261:
138:rotating black holes
105:loop quantum gravity
3595:Superluminal motion
3570:Population III star
3540:Gravitational waves
3498:Black hole starship
3281:Information paradox
2796:Scientific American
2760:2007PhRvD..76f4024W
2711:10.1143/ptps.136.45
2702:1999PThPS.136...45K
2645:1979PhRvD..19.2239E
2586:2006PhRvL..96c1302G
2525:2007PhRvD..76h4026G
2117:1997PhRvD..56.3169G
1958:10.1143/ptp.107.449
1278:Black hole electron
111:Predicted formation
21:A Naked Singularity
19:For the novel, see
3429:Optical black hole
3342:ReissnerâNordstrĂśm
3301:Firewall (physics)
3206:Gravitational lens
2488:2015-12-21 at the
2419:(1 October 2007).
2417:Battersby, Stephen
2101:(6): R3169âR3173.
1568:Examples include:
1445:10.1007/BF01374951
1248:The Entropy Effect
1097:events, including
1065:KerrâNewman metric
1048:
1021:
994:
949:
929:
902:
862:
842:
822:
742:
695:
617:ReissnerâNordstrĂśm
600:
562:
524:
504:
464:
437:
400:
353:
267:
243:
235:
210:, a winner of the
38:is a hypothetical
32:general relativity
3782:
3781:
3575:Supermassive star
3565:Naked singularity
3560:Membrane paradigm
3286:Cosmic censorship
3260:Spaghettification
3248:Immirzi parameter
3201:Hawking radiation
3142:Astrophysical jet
3111:Supermassive star
3101:Binary black hole
3035:Stellar evolution
2977:Intermediate-mass
2790:Pankaj S. Joshi,
2738:Physical Review D
2633:Physical Review D
2503:Physical Review D
2267:Physical Review D
2226:Physical Review D
1898:(12): 2125â2149.
1849:Physical Review D
1720:Physical Review D
1683:(10): 3215â3228.
1611:Physical Review D
1584:(19): 2137â2140.
1540:(12): 5357â5369.
1534:Physical Review D
1503:Physical Review D
1472:Physical Review D
1359:Physical Review D
1317:978-0-19-850079-7
1263:â manga series, â
1204:Christopher Nolan
1019:
992:
952:{\displaystyle r}
872:, the case where
865:{\displaystyle q}
527:{\displaystyle J}
270:{\displaystyle r}
201:naked singularity
99:According to the
36:naked singularity
3884:
3859:
3858:
3857:
3847:
3846:
3845:
3835:
3834:
3833:
3823:
3822:
3811:
3810:
3809:
3799:
3798:
3790:
3772:
3771:
3762:
3761:
3434:Sonic black hole
3383:Dark-energy star
3238:Bekenstein bound
3223:Mâsigma relation
3152:Ring singularity
2932:
2836:
2829:
2822:
2813:
2812:
2787:
2753:
2724:
2723:
2713:
2695:
2671:
2665:
2664:
2628:
2622:
2621:
2579:
2559:
2553:
2552:
2518:
2498:
2492:
2481:Living Rev. Rel.
2476:
2470:
2469:
2467:
2443:
2437:
2436:
2434:
2433:
2413:
2407:
2402:Hobson, et al.,
2400:
2394:
2389:Hobson, et al.,
2387:
2381:
2380:
2354:
2334:
2328:
2327:
2299:
2293:
2292:
2282:
2258:
2252:
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2217:
2211:
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2176:
2170:
2169:
2159:
2135:
2129:
2128:
2110:
2090:
2084:
2083:
2081:
2080:
2065:
2059:
2056:
2038:
2029:(6): 1279â1298.
2013:
1995:
1970:
1960:
1950:
1925:
1907:
1882:
1864:
1839:
1821:
1796:
1778:
1769:(8): 2785â2796.
1753:
1735:
1710:
1692:
1667:
1650:(7): 1937â1953.
1634:
1617:(4): 1068â1090.
1601:
1566:
1560:
1559:
1549:
1525:
1519:
1518:
1509:(6): 2137â2139.
1494:
1488:
1487:
1478:(4): 1315â1316.
1463:
1457:
1456:
1424:
1418:
1417:
1415:
1391:
1385:
1384:
1374:
1350:
1344:
1343:
1341:
1340:
1328:
1322:
1321:
1303:
1288:Ring singularity
1146:"Dark Peril" by
1115:M. John Harrison
1059:
1057:
1055:
1054:
1049:
1030:
1028:
1027:
1022:
1020:
1015:
1003:
1001:
1000:
995:
993:
991:
990:
975:
973:
958:
956:
955:
950:
938:
936:
935:
930:
928:
927:
911:
909:
908:
903:
901:
900:
888:
887:
871:
869:
868:
863:
851:
849:
848:
843:
831:
829:
828:
823:
818:
817:
808:
807:
789:
784:
783:
768:
767:
751:
749:
748:
743:
741:
740:
731:
704:
702:
701:
696:
691:
690:
686:
673:
672:
660:
659:
638:
637:
611:
609:
607:
606:
601:
599:
598:
571:
569:
568:
563:
558:
553:
552:
533:
531:
530:
525:
513:
511:
510:
505:
503:
502:
490:
489:
473:
471:
470:
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446:
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438:
430:
409:
407:
406:
401:
399:
398:
389:
362:
360:
359:
354:
349:
348:
344:
331:
330:
318:
317:
296:
295:
276:
274:
273:
268:
251:angular momentum
75:infinite density
3892:
3891:
3887:
3886:
3885:
3883:
3882:
3881:
3867:
3866:
3865:
3855:
3853:
3843:
3841:
3831:
3829:
3817:
3807:
3805:
3793:
3785:
3783:
3778:
3750:
3726:ULAS J1342+0928
3686:SDSS J0849+1114
3671:Phoenix Cluster
3624:
3476:
3438:
3417:
3356:
3315:
3311:No-hair theorem
3264:
3218:Bondi accretion
3184:Penrose process
3130:
3096:Gamma-ray burst
3023:
2933:
2924:
2910:Direct collapse
2858:
2845:
2840:
2798:, January 2009.
2732:
2730:Further reading
2727:
2672:
2668:
2629:
2625:
2560:
2556:
2499:
2495:
2490:Wayback Machine
2477:
2473:
2444:
2440:
2431:
2429:
2414:
2410:
2401:
2397:
2388:
2384:
2335:
2331:
2316:10.2307/2118619
2300:
2296:
2259:
2255:
2218:
2214:
2177:
2173:
2136:
2132:
2091:
2087:
2078:
2076:
2066:
2062:
1567:
1563:
1526:
1522:
1495:
1491:
1464:
1460:
1425:
1421:
1400:Physical Review
1392:
1388:
1351:
1347:
1338:
1336:
1329:
1325:
1318:
1304:
1300:
1296:
1274:
1214:quantum gravity
1173:Xeelee Sequence
1123:science fiction
1119:Kefahuchi Tract
1111:
1091:
1085:
1073:
1037:
1034:
1033:
1032:
1014:
1009:
1006:
1005:
986:
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682:
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664:
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633:
629:
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623:
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590:
582:
579:
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577:
554:
548:
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536:
535:
519:
516:
515:
498:
494:
485:
481:
479:
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454:
452:
449:
448:
426:
415:
412:
411:
394:
390:
385:
371:
368:
367:
340:
336:
332:
326:
322:
313:
309:
291:
287:
285:
282:
281:
262:
259:
258:
220:
113:
51:causal geodesic
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3890:
3880:
3879:
3864:
3863:
3851:
3839:
3827:
3815:
3803:
3780:
3779:
3777:
3776:
3766:
3755:
3752:
3751:
3749:
3748:
3746:Swift J1644+57
3743:
3738:
3733:
3728:
3723:
3718:
3713:
3708:
3703:
3698:
3696:MS 0735.6+7421
3693:
3688:
3683:
3678:
3673:
3668:
3663:
3661:Sagittarius A*
3658:
3653:
3648:
3643:
3638:
3632:
3630:
3626:
3625:
3623:
3622:
3617:
3612:
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3602:
3597:
3592:
3587:
3582:
3577:
3572:
3567:
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3557:
3552:
3547:
3542:
3537:
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3535:
3530:
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3515:
3510:
3505:
3500:
3495:
3490:
3484:
3482:
3478:
3477:
3475:
3474:
3469:
3464:
3459:
3454:
3448:
3446:
3440:
3439:
3437:
3436:
3431:
3425:
3423:
3419:
3418:
3416:
3415:
3410:
3405:
3400:
3395:
3390:
3385:
3380:
3375:
3370:
3364:
3362:
3358:
3357:
3355:
3354:
3349:
3344:
3339:
3334:
3323:
3321:
3317:
3316:
3314:
3313:
3308:
3303:
3298:
3293:
3288:
3283:
3278:
3272:
3270:
3266:
3265:
3263:
3262:
3257:
3252:
3251:
3250:
3240:
3235:
3233:Thermodynamics
3230:
3225:
3220:
3215:
3214:
3213:
3203:
3198:
3196:Accretion disk
3193:
3192:
3191:
3186:
3176:
3171:
3166:
3161:
3160:
3159:
3154:
3144:
3138:
3136:
3132:
3131:
3129:
3128:
3123:
3118:
3113:
3108:
3103:
3098:
3093:
3092:
3091:
3086:
3081:
3071:
3070:
3069:
3059:
3054:
3053:
3052:
3042:
3037:
3031:
3029:
3025:
3024:
3022:
3021:
3020:
3019:
3014:
3009:
3004:
2999:
2994:
2989:
2979:
2974:
2973:
2972:
2962:
2961:
2960:
2957:
2952:
2941:
2939:
2935:
2934:
2927:
2925:
2923:
2922:
2917:
2912:
2907:
2902:
2897:
2892:
2887:
2882:
2877:
2872:
2870:BTZ black hole
2866:
2864:
2860:
2859:
2857:
2856:
2850:
2847:
2846:
2839:
2838:
2831:
2824:
2816:
2810:
2809:
2808:, August 2009.
2801:Marcus Chown,
2799:
2788:
2731:
2728:
2726:
2725:
2666:
2623:
2554:
2493:
2471:
2438:
2408:
2395:
2382:
2361:10.2307/121023
2345:(1): 183â217.
2329:
2310:(3): 607â653.
2294:
2253:
2212:
2171:
2130:
2085:
2060:
2058:
2057:
2014:
1986:(3): 545â563.
1971:
1941:(3): 449â524.
1926:
1883:
1840:
1797:
1754:
1711:
1668:
1635:
1602:
1561:
1520:
1489:
1458:
1439:(5): 314â321.
1419:
1406:(5): 455â459.
1386:
1345:
1323:
1316:
1297:
1295:
1292:
1291:
1290:
1285:
1280:
1273:
1270:
1269:
1268:
1257:
1237:Vonda McIntyre
1233:
1221:
1200:
1191:Peter Hamilton
1187:
1176:
1169:Stephen Baxter
1166:
1150:(published in
1148:James C. Glass
1144:
1110:
1107:
1087:Main article:
1084:
1081:
1072:
1069:
1047:
1044:
1041:
1018:
1013:
989:
985:
981:
978:
972:
968:
948:
926:
922:
899:
895:
891:
886:
882:
861:
841:
821:
816:
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806:
802:
798:
795:
792:
788:
782:
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766:
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739:
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726:
723:
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705:
694:
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681:
677:
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641:
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586:
561:
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547:
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523:
501:
497:
493:
488:
484:
461:
457:
436:
433:
429:
425:
422:
419:
397:
393:
388:
384:
381:
378:
375:
364:
363:
352:
347:
343:
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335:
329:
325:
321:
316:
312:
308:
305:
302:
299:
294:
290:
266:
219:
216:
206:Mathematician
112:
109:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3889:
3878:
3875:
3874:
3872:
3862:
3852:
3850:
3840:
3838:
3828:
3826:
3821:
3816:
3814:
3804:
3802:
3797:
3792:
3791:
3788:
3775:
3767:
3765:
3757:
3756:
3753:
3747:
3744:
3742:
3739:
3737:
3734:
3732:
3729:
3727:
3724:
3722:
3721:Markarian 501
3719:
3717:
3714:
3712:
3709:
3707:
3704:
3702:
3699:
3697:
3694:
3692:
3689:
3687:
3684:
3682:
3679:
3677:
3674:
3672:
3669:
3667:
3664:
3662:
3659:
3657:
3654:
3652:
3649:
3647:
3646:XTE J1118+480
3644:
3642:
3641:XTE J1650-500
3639:
3637:
3634:
3633:
3631:
3627:
3621:
3618:
3616:
3613:
3611:
3608:
3606:
3603:
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3489:
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3409:
3406:
3404:
3401:
3399:
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3394:
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3389:
3386:
3384:
3381:
3379:
3376:
3374:
3371:
3369:
3366:
3365:
3363:
3359:
3353:
3350:
3348:
3345:
3343:
3340:
3338:
3335:
3332:
3328:
3327:Schwarzschild
3325:
3324:
3322:
3318:
3312:
3309:
3307:
3304:
3302:
3299:
3297:
3294:
3292:
3289:
3287:
3284:
3282:
3279:
3277:
3274:
3273:
3271:
3267:
3261:
3258:
3256:
3253:
3249:
3246:
3245:
3244:
3241:
3239:
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3234:
3231:
3229:
3226:
3224:
3221:
3219:
3216:
3212:
3209:
3208:
3207:
3204:
3202:
3199:
3197:
3194:
3190:
3187:
3185:
3182:
3181:
3180:
3177:
3175:
3172:
3170:
3169:Photon sphere
3167:
3165:
3164:Event horizon
3162:
3158:
3155:
3153:
3150:
3149:
3148:
3145:
3143:
3140:
3139:
3137:
3133:
3127:
3124:
3122:
3119:
3117:
3114:
3112:
3109:
3107:
3104:
3102:
3099:
3097:
3094:
3090:
3089:Related links
3087:
3085:
3082:
3080:
3077:
3076:
3075:
3072:
3068:
3067:Related links
3065:
3064:
3063:
3060:
3058:
3055:
3051:
3050:Related links
3048:
3047:
3046:
3043:
3041:
3038:
3036:
3033:
3032:
3030:
3026:
3018:
3015:
3013:
3010:
3008:
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3003:
3000:
2998:
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2990:
2988:
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2911:
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2903:
2901:
2898:
2896:
2893:
2891:
2888:
2886:
2883:
2881:
2878:
2876:
2875:Schwarzschild
2873:
2871:
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26:
22:
3861:Solar System
3676:PKS 1302-102
3564:
3550:Gravity well
3518:Compact star
3472:Microquasars
3457:Most massive
3361:Alternatives
3126:X-ray binary
3045:Neutron star
2982:Supermassive
2959:Hawking star
2900:Supermassive
2805:
2795:
2741:
2737:
2683:
2679:
2669:
2636:
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2626:
2567:
2563:
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2496:
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2455:
2451:
2441:
2430:. Retrieved
2424:
2411:
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2352:math/9901147
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2095:Phys. Rev. D
2094:
2088:
2077:. Retrieved
2074:ScienceAlert
2073:
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1348:
1337:. Retrieved
1326:
1307:
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1227:
1225:visual novel
1209:Interstellar
1207:
1194:
1151:
1138:
1132:
1126:
1103:
1092:
1074:
1062:
912:causes both
707:
614:
574:Planck units
365:
244:
205:
200:
181:neutron star
157:white dwarfs
146:
135:
114:
98:
94:GRO J1655â40
90:GRS 1915+105
83:
74:
72:
48:
35:
29:
3877:Black holes
3849:Outer space
3837:Spaceflight
3666:Centaurus A
3620:Planet Nine
3523:Exotic star
3452:Black holes
3398:Planck star
3347:KerrâNewman
3062:White dwarf
3012:Radio-Quiet
2970:Microquasar
2843:Black holes
2751:0706.0132v2
2191:(07): 053.
2150:(06): 007.
1335:. space.com
1254:time travel
1229:Steins;Gate
1140:Empty Space
1121:trilogy of
247:Kerr metric
177:dark matter
173:dark matter
165:dark matter
161:black holes
86:black holes
42:without an
3716:Q0906+6930
3706:Hercules A
3636:Cygnus X-1
3605:White hole
3580:Quasi-star
3533:Preon star
3528:Quark star
3513:Big Bounce
3373:Black star
3331:Derivation
3179:Ergosphere
3135:Properties
3116:Quasi-star
3106:Quark star
3017:Radio-Loud
2905:Primordial
2895:Kugelblitz
2432:2008-03-06
2280:1611.08808
2239:1605.00600
2198:2405.08758
2157:2401.08462
2079:2020-09-02
1372:1712.01156
1339:2017-11-25
1294:References
1163:black hole
1159:ergosphere
1134:Nova Swing
1109:In fiction
227:Ray traced
212:Shaw Prize
197:black hole
193:precession
185:precession
142:ergosphere
130:light rays
117:black hole
59:black hole
3813:Astronomy
3741:AT2018hyz
3388:Gravastar
3378:Dark star
3211:Microlens
3084:Hypernova
3079:Micronova
3074:Supernova
3028:Formation
2784:119647924
2776:1550-7998
2720:0375-9687
2686:: 45â56.
2661:0556-2821
2602:0031-9007
2549:119441682
2541:1550-7998
2339:Ann. Math
2304:Ann. Math
2053:0001-7701
2010:0010-3616
1967:0033-068X
1922:0001-7701
1879:0556-2821
1836:0264-9381
1812:(1): 41.
1793:0264-9381
1750:0556-2821
1707:0264-9381
1664:0264-9381
1631:0556-2821
1598:0031-9007
1453:0044-3328
1242:Star Trek
984:ε
980:π
925:±
881:μ
840:μ
801:ε
797:π
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643:μ
635:±
483:μ
460:±
374:μ
320:−
311:μ
304:±
301:μ
293:±
231:Milky Way
189:gyroscope
79:spacetime
67:spacetime
3871:Category
3764:Category
3651:A0620-00
3610:Wormhole
3508:Big Bang
3408:Fuzzball
3291:ER = EPR
3157:Theorems
2955:Electron
2950:Extremal
2880:Rotating
2618:19851285
2610:16486681
2486:Archived
1272:See also
1265:JoJolion
1239:'s 1981
1180:Daybreak
1125:novels (
1099:GW150914
1004:exceeds
534:exceeds
191:and the
153:Choptuik
3801:Physics
3787:Portals
3774:Commons
3736:P172+18
3691:TON 618
3629:Notable
3481:Related
3467:Quasars
3462:Nearest
3422:Analogs
3352:Hayward
3320:Metrics
2965:Stellar
2890:Virtual
2885:Charged
2854:Outline
2756:Bibcode
2698:Bibcode
2641:Bibcode
2582:Bibcode
2521:Bibcode
2452:Physics
2377:8930550
2324:2118619
2113:Bibcode
1245:novel,
1223:In the
1071:Effects
572:(or in
218:Metrics
149:pulsars
3711:3C 273
3701:NeVe 1
3681:OJ 287
3403:Q star
3269:Issues
3002:Blazar
2992:Quasar
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708:where
410:, and
366:where
3825:Stars
3444:Lists
2945:Micro
2915:Rogue
2863:Types
2780:S2CID
2746:arXiv
2688:arXiv
2614:S2CID
2572:arXiv
2545:S2CID
2511:arXiv
2373:S2CID
2365:JSTOR
2347:arXiv
2320:JSTOR
2275:arXiv
2234:arXiv
2193:arXiv
2152:arXiv
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1988:arXiv
1943:arXiv
1900:arXiv
1857:arXiv
1814:arXiv
1771:arXiv
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1542:arXiv
1367:arXiv
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1128:Light
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2657:ISSN
2606:PMID
2598:ISSN
2537:ISSN
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2148:2024
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2006:ISSN
1963:ISSN
1918:ISSN
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