380:
on fisheries by creating microhabitats for juvenile fish and obstructing space for larger fish ultimately disrupting normal feeding patterns. Due to the
Eurasian milfoil plant's inability to provide the same microhabitat for invertebrates as compared to native aquatic plant species, densely populated areas of Eurasian milfoil create an ecosystem with less food sources for the surrounding fish. Dense Eurasian milfoil growth can also create hypoxic zones by blocking out sun penetration to native aquatic vegetation preventing them from photosynthesizing. Eurasian watermilfoil grows primarily from broken off stems, known as shoot fragments, which increases the rate at which the plant can spread and grow. In some areas, the Eurasian Watermilfoil is an Aquatic Nuisance Species. Eurasian watermilfoil is known to hybridize with the native northern watermilfoil (
427:
it is impossible to completely eradicate the species once it is established. As a result, maintenance must be done once an infestation has been reduced to affordably controlled levels. Well trained divers with proper techniques have been able to effectively control and then maintain many lakes, especially in the
Adirondack Park in Northern New York where chemicals, mechanical harvesters, and other disruptive and largely unsuccessful management techniques are banned. After only three years of hand harvesting in Saranac Lake the program was able to reduce the amount harvested from over 18 tons to just 800 pounds per year.
33:
77:
423:, is sometimes released into affected areas, since these fish primarily feed on aquatic plants and have proven effective at controlling the spread. However, the carp prefer many native species to the milfoil and will usually decimate preferred species before eating the milfoil. In Washington State the success rate of Grass Carp has been less than expected. They were used in 98 lakes and 39 percent of them had no submerged plant life left after only a short time.
52:
438:
Trailering boats has proven to be a significant vector by which
Eurasian milfoil is able to spread and proliferate across otherwise disconnected bodies of water. Effective methods for mitigating this spread, are visual inspections with subsequent hand removal or pressure washing upon boat removal. In
426:
Since roughly 2000, hand-harvesting of invasive milfoils has shown much success as a management technique. Several organizations in the New
England states have undertaken large scale, lake-wide hand-harvesting management programs with extremely successful results. Acknowledgment had to be made that
379:
In lakes or other aquatic areas where native aquatic plants are not well established, the
Eurasian plant can spread quickly. It has been known to crowd out native plants and create dense mats that interfere with recreational activity. Dense growth of Eurasian milfoil can also have a negative impact
266:
produced in the leaf axils (male above, female below) on a spike 5–15 cm long held vertically above the water surface, each flower is inconspicuous, orange-red, 4–6 mm long. Eurasian water milfoil has 12- 21 pairs of leaflets while northern watermilfoil
639:
Myriophyllum spicatum-released allelopathic polyphenols inhibiting growth of blue-greenalgaeMicrocystis aeruginosa. Satoshi Nakai, Yutaka Inoue, Masaaki Hosomi and
Akihiko Murakami, Water Research, Volume 34, Issue 11, 1 August 2000, Pages 3026–3032,
384:) and the hybrid taxon has also become invasive in North America. This hybridization has been observed across the upper midwestern United States (Indiana, Minnesota, Michigan, Wisconsin) and in the Northwest (Idaho, Washington).
430:
In order to prevent damages from mass growth of the plant in lakes, the water level can be lowered. By freezing out the bottom of the bank in the winter months, the population of the plant decreases.
992:
359:
in some areas. By the mid 1970s, watermilfoil had also covered thousands of hectares in
British Columbia and Ontario, Canada, and spread some 500 kilometres (310 mi) downstream via the
597:
Moody, M. L.; Les, D. H. (2007). "Geographic distribution and genotypic composition of invasive hybrid watermilfoil (Myriophyllum spicatum × M. sibiricum) populations in North
America".
271:
only has 5–9 pairs. The two can hybridize and the resulting hybrid plants can cause taxonomic confusion as leaf characters are intermediate and can overlap with parent species.
844:
870:
892:
Rothlisberger, John (January 9, 2011). "Aquatic
Invasive Species Transport via Trailered Boats: What Is Being Moved, Who Is Moving It, and What Can Be Done".
258:(usually between 15–35 mm long) are borne in pinnate whorls of four, with numerous thread-like leaflets roughly 4–13 mm long. Plants are
1348:
1580:
1446:
1009:
Newman, Raymond M. (2006). "Fish predation on
Eurasian watermilfoil (Myriophyllum spicatum) herbivores and indirect effects on macrophytes".
955:
1677:
1054:
948:
Proceedings of the first international symposium on watermilfoil (Myriophyllum spicatum) and related Haloragaceae species. July 23–24, 1985
984:
676:
Bole, J.B.; Allan, J.R. (1978). "Uptake of Phosphorus from Sediment by Aquatic Plants, Myriophyllum spicatum and Hydrilla verticillata".
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518:
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Proceedings of the First International Symposium on Watermilfoil (Myriophyllum Spicatum) and Related Haloragaceae Species
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234:, but has a wide geographic and climatic distribution among some 57 countries, extending from northern
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496:
401:, the water veneer moth, feeds upon and damages this water milfoil. It has been used as an agent of
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watermilfoil is now found across most of Northern America where it is recognized as a noxious weed.
822:
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Eurasian watermilfoil has slender stems up to 250 centimetres (8.2 ft) long. The submerged
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Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources and the Ontario Federation of Anglers and Hunters
1026:
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71:
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Engel, Sandy (January 9, 2011). "Eurasian Watermilfoil as a Fishery Management Tool".
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765:"Evidence of hybridity in invasive watermilfoil (Myriophyllum) populations"
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987:. Lists general information and resources for Eurasian Watermilfoil.
411:) has also been used as biocontrol. Another method for biocontrol is
1059:
1022:
298:, allelopathic polyphenols inhibiting the growth of blue-green alga
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127:
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10.1577/1548-8446(1995)020<0020:EWAAFM>2.0.CO;2
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which grows in still or slow-moving water. It is native to
405:
against the plant in North America. The milfoil weevil (
533:. Greensboro, North Carolina: National Plant Data Team
845:"Fund Supports Upper Saranac Lake Foundation Efforts"
16:
Species of flowering plant in the family Haloragaceae
769:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA
455:
shallow water to damage or destroy the root system.
954:. Vancouver, BC: Aquatic Plant Management Society,
433:
1011:Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
1669:
983:, National Invasive Species Information Center,
823:"Aquatic Plant Management – Triploid Grass Carp"
497:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-2.RLTS.T164481A120202935.en
762:
675:
656:
596:
471:
956:United States Environmental Protection Agency
891:
847:. Adirondack Community Trust. Archived from
985:United States National Agricultural Library
871:"So hält man eine Wasserpflanze in Schach"
517:
50:
31:
798:
788:
717:. United States Department of Agriculture
495:
977:Species Profile- Eurasian Watermilfoil (
825:. Washington State Department of Ecology
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531:The PLANTS Database (plants.usda.gov)
1462:4775ed69-43e0-4c1f-ab40-fcd4673d790f
944:
912:
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355:in the 1940s where it has become an
1678:IUCN Red List least concern species
545:
483:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
343:
338:
13:
922:. Okanagan Basin Water Board. 2019
242:. It is considered to be a highly
14:
1709:
938:
763:Moody, M. L.; Les, D. H. (2002).
419:species) which have been bred as
1560:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:430465-1
434:Management and spread prevention
315:is found in disperse regions of
75:
885:
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837:
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657:Couch, R.; Nelson, E. (1985). "
351:was likely first introduced to
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1:
646:10.1016/S0043-1354(00)00039-7
458:
698:10.1016/0043-1354(78)90123-9
274:
7:
1698:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
945:Anderson, Lars W.J. (ed.).
10:
1714:
906:10.1577/1548-8446-35.3.121
712:"Myriophyllum spicatum L."
387:
367:of the United States.
1072:
619:10.1007/s10530-006-9058-9
374:
186:
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72:Scientific classification
70:
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23:
1693:Plants described in 1753
1044:Jepson Manual Treatment
578:. CABI. 6 November 2018
490:: e.T164481A120202935.
472:Lansdown, R.V. (2019).
403:biological pest control
790:10.1073/pnas.172391499
576:(spiked watermilfoil)"
447:, a specially-adapted
408:Euhrychiopsis lecontei
301:Microcystis aeruginosa
1511:Myriophyllum_spicatum
1178:myriophyllum-spicatum
1104:Myriophyllum spicatum
1074:Myriophyllum spicatum
1003:Myriophyllum spicatum
995:Myriophyllum spicatum
979:Myriophyllum spicatum
659:Myriophyllum spicatum
574:Myriophyllum spicatum
525:Myriophyllum spicatum
476:Myriophyllum spicatum
349:Myriophyllum spicatum
313:Myriophyllum spicatum
280:Myriophyllum spicatum
212:Eurasian watermilfoil
207:Myriophyllum spicatum
190:Myriophyllum spicatum
25:Myriophyllum spicatum
1050:Foiling Watermilfoil
1038:Invading Species.com
599:Biological Invasions
441:Okanagan River Basin
398:Acentria ephemerella
216:spiked water-milfoil
781:2002PNAS...9914867M
775:(23): 14867–14871.
690:1978WatRe..12..353B
661:in North America".
611:2007BiInv...9..559M
42:Conservation status
873:. 17 December 2022
851:on 7 November 2014
1665:
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1496:Open Tree of Life
1066:Taxon identifiers
1001:Flora of Taiwan:
443:of south-central
365:Pacific Northwest
218:) is a submerged
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363:system into the
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344:Introduced areas
339:Invasive species
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244:invasive species
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110:
107:
106:
103:
102:Tracheophytes
100:
97:
94:
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87:
84:
83:
78:
73:
69:
63:
58:
57:Least Concern
47:
43:
38:
34:
29:
26:
22:
19:
1683:Myriophyllum
1073:
1014:
1010:
1002:
994:
978:
967:. Retrieved
960:the original
947:
924:. Retrieved
914:
897:
893:
887:
875:. Retrieved
865:
853:. Retrieved
849:the original
839:
827:. Retrieved
817:
772:
768:
758:
744:(3): 20–27.
741:
737:
731:
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714:
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677:
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662:
658:
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635:
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598:
592:
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573:
535:. Retrieved
530:
524:
513:
501:. Retrieved
487:
481:
475:
467:
437:
429:
425:
406:
396:
394:aquatic moth
391:
382:M. sibiricum
381:
378:
348:
347:
312:
311:
308:Distribution
299:
279:
278:
269:M. sibiricum
268:
253:
240:South Africa
232:North Africa
215:
211:
206:
205:
204:
189:
187:
171:
170:
159:Myriophyllum
158:
148:Haloragaceae
138:Saxifragales
121:
108:
95:
24:
18:
1534:kew-2366673
1421:NatureServe
1313:iNaturalist
1098:Wikispecies
855:18 December
829:18 December
721:18 December
451:is used to
250:Description
115:Angiosperms
1672:Categories
1616:WisFlora:
1529:Plant List
1165:Calflora:
1048:USDA ARS.
969:2019-12-06
877:17 January
519:USDA, NRCS
503:28 October
459:References
449:rototiller
417:Asian Carp
413:Grass Carp
260:monoecious
1256:200015097
1243:200015097
1175:Cal-IPC:
920:"Milfoil"
894:Fisheries
738:Fisheries
329:Australia
282:produces
275:Chemistry
166:Species:
85:Kingdom:
1606:VASCAN:
1599:15000007
1594:Tropicos
1508:PalDat:
1426:2.159460
1354:11201319
1341:430465-1
1142:BioLib:
1083:Wikidata
1031:53054588
809:12407174
521:(n.d.).
369:Eurasian
296:catechin
294:and (+)-
144:Family:
128:Eudicots
62:IUCN 3.1
1279:5361760
1089:Q158130
926:4 March
777:Bibcode
686:Bibcode
665:: 8–18.
607:Bibcode
582:4 March
537:15 July
421:sterile
388:Control
284:ellagic
264:flowers
154:Genus:
134:Order:
89:Plantae
60: (
1655:416205
1586:2536-3
1542:PLANTS
1501:461144
1488:416205
1459:NZOR:
1452:208873
1393:164481
1305:400094
1266:MYRSPI
1263:FoIO:
1230:175232
1204:583251
1158:126253
1132:APDB:
1112:AoFP:
1029:
807:
800:137510
797:
627:101649
625:
453:dredge
375:Impact
333:Africa
331:, and
321:Europe
288:gallic
256:leaves
236:Canada
230:, and
224:Europe
1650:WoRMS
1626:WoI:
1581:SANBI
1573:69328
1547:MYSP2
1518:PFI:
1470:NZPCN
1410:NAS:
1380:27039
1367:34941
1349:IRMNG
1325:IPA:
1318:78157
1225:EUNIS
1217:MYPSP
1191:4592Z
1135:13688
1122:APA:
1027:S2CID
963:(PDF)
952:(PDF)
623:S2CID
262:with
122:Clade
109:Clade
96:Clade
1619:4313
1609:6103
1555:POWO
1521:3393
1483:OBIS
1475:4117
1447:NCBI
1403:1428
1388:IUCN
1375:ITIS
1336:IPNI
1328:3055
1300:GRIN
1287:GISD
1274:GBIF
1212:EPPO
1168:5738
1153:BOLD
1145:3618
1125:2297
1115:1829
928:2019
879:2023
857:2012
831:2012
805:PMID
723:2012
584:2019
539:2015
505:2023
488:2019
439:the
392:The
325:Asia
290:and
228:Asia
1637:WFO
1629:691
1568:RHS
1434:NBN
1413:237
1362:ISC
1292:278
1251:FoC
1238:FNA
1199:EoL
1186:CoL
1019:doi
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902:doi
795:PMC
785:doi
746:doi
694:doi
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