433:
31:
338:, were added to this Title. The Fair Play Fair Pay Act had been designed to harmonize how royalties were paid by terrestrial radio broadcasters and Internet streaming services. Under previous law, songwriters and composers would receive mechanical license royalties for radio play, but the performing artists would not be paid as the use of songs on the radio was considered "promotional". The Fair Play Fair Pay Act had included language that would allow recording artists to receive performance royalties. However, these parts of the Fair Play Fair Pay Act were not included in the combined Music Modernization Act.
360:, sound recordings made prior to February 15, 1972, were not covered under federal copyright law, leaving them up to the individual states to pass laws for recording protection. This had created a complex series of laws that made it difficult for copyright enforcement and royalty payments. The CLASSICS Act established that sound recordings before 1972 are covered by copyright until February 15, 2067, with additional language to grandfather older recordings into the public domain at an earlier time.
585:, asserting that Spotify has allowed Eminem's music to be streamed without paying the proper royalties, as the service lists some of these works under "Copyright control" with no known owner. While the suit's primary complaint is with Spotify, the suit further argued that part of the law, limiting liabilities to those after January 1, 2018, was unconstitutional since it provides no proper compensation for the work that was taken from the publisher, against the
364:
on
January 1, 2026. Every January 1 following 2022, works will enter the public domain, until the final date occurring on January 1, 2047, which concludes the entire corpus of works published between 1923 and 1946. Following a 10 year break, recordings from 1947 to 1956 will enter every year until the final date occurring on January 1, 2067. All recordings from 1957 to February 14, 1972, will be protected until February 15, 2067.
311:
of musical works - the copyright that covers the music and lyrics of a musical composition; the actual performance and recording is typically held under a different license. This musical works database would be completed with help of the major music publishers. The new agency would establish blanket
363:
Recordings prior to 1923 entered the public domain three years from passage, which equates to
January 1, 2022 (see note). Recordings from 1923 to 1956 enter the public domain on January 1 the year after they turn 100 years old. For example, a work published on June 1, 1925, enters the public domain
312:
royalty rates that would be used to pay the composers and lyricists when used by streaming services using this database, eliminating the difficulty previously faced by streaming services to properly identify the mechanical license holder. These royalties would be paid to the non-profit agency as a
532:
When the House MMA bill was introduced in
December 2017, it included a provision that liabilities for streaming companies would be limited to infractions after January 1, 2018, a clause that remained through the final passed bill. On December 31, 2017, Wixen Music Publishing, representing artists
505:
had both come under prior separate legal actions for unpaid royalties for streaming music in part due to a lack of a central database with which to track down songwriters and composers, and had even set aside part of their working capital to deal with legal issues in order to offer full music
496:
The bills in both House and Senate had bipartisan support, as well as strong support from numerous music industry groups representing musicians, producers, and publishers, as well as from digital streaming media services and related industry groups. Digital streaming platforms
316:, not requiring the mechanical license holder's permission; the agency would then be responsible for distributing the royalties. Streaming services would still be able to negotiate other royalty rates directly with the mechanical license owner if they so chose.
384:, the non-profit organization established by Congress to distribute royalties on sound recordings, will also distribute part of those royalties to "a producer, mixer, or sound engineer who was part of the creative process that created sound recording".
692:
The bill passed on
October 11, 2018, however three years later does not equate to October 11, 2021, because all U.S. copyright terms extend to the end of the year, December 31, thus they entered the public domain on the first day of the following
405:
545:
in damages. The suit was filed to be able to recover damages for infractions that occurred before the MMA's
January 1, 2018 date. This suit was ultimately settled out of court by December 2018 for an undisclosed sum.
302:
on
January 24, 2018. Both versions of the bill looked to improve how music licensing and royalties would be paid in consideration of streaming media services. The bill established three major provisions:
553:
opposed an earlier version of the bill. After it passed, they used a provision allowing libraries to offer recordings that are not commercially available, to digitize and offer public downloads of some
1354:
1201:
1541:
1196:
702:
No works entered the public domain on
January 1, 2023, to give time for the one year offset to catch up. After the reprieve of 2022, the next year works became eligible was January 1, 2024.
319:
It ensures that composers and lyricists are paid a portion of mechanical license royalties for either physical or digital reproduction of musical compositions, at a rate set by contract.
323:
400:, began calling for the music industry to combine lobbying efforts with the goal of passing new legislation and regulatory reform. The following day he gave a speech to lawmakers at
1629:
1412:
1128:
1083:
529:
which allowed the bill to be passed by the Senate by a unanimous vote, allowing the bill to quickly pass through
Congress via "hotlining" before the end of the session.
408:. On January 8, 2018, representatives from numerous sections of the music industry united to join The Recording Academy's push for comprehensive music reform, including
1939:
1525:
1728:
1436:
1389:
1349:
949:
1752:
1680:
1605:
1517:
713:
2080:
1760:
352:
The
Compensating Legacy Artists for their Songs, Service, and Important Contributions to Society (CLASSICS) Act was originally introduced in the House as
1744:
2085:
1784:
918:
1824:
1121:
1005:
1688:
1589:
1031:
859:
417:
1947:
1501:
610:
1164:
452:, which the House agreed to. The Senate voted in favor of the bill on September 19, 2018, and was subsequently signed into law by President
977:
1864:
1597:
1281:
1114:
2090:
1880:
1736:
1509:
1848:
526:
413:
282:
The MMA is a combination of three bills previously introduced in
Congress. The three bills became the three titles of the final act.
890:
638:
1581:
1469:
1338:
666:
2003:
1768:
1672:
1656:
1565:
1372:
1971:
1776:
522:
769:
432:
1987:
1963:
1840:
1613:
1995:
1896:
1557:
1239:
1170:
797:
827:
1955:
1800:
1712:
1621:
1533:
1303:
1148:
1137:
147:
488:
had been reported to be attending the signing, he was not present, although had a luncheon with Trump later that day.
1856:
1648:
1343:
183:
2095:
2045:
1912:
562:
322:
It revamps the rate court process when disagreements over royalty rates arise. Previously, a single judge in the
120:
112:
1158:
1904:
1872:
1808:
1309:
448:
on May 10, 2018. During the Senate's review, the body voted to move the bill to an existing, unrelated bill,
326:
was assigned to handle all cases; the bill would assign a random judge in this Court to oversee these cases.
2011:
1979:
1332:
1320:
271:
58:
259:
105:
2100:
2058:
1493:
740:
307:
It would set up a non-profit governing agency that would create a database related to the owners of the
1792:
247:
93:
2040:
1888:
1297:
197:
1314:
256:
102:
1326:
1189:
1174:
521:, relating to royalties for pre-1972 sound recordings, but a deal was made between SiriusXM, the
541:, filed a lawsuit against Spotify to seek unpaid royalties for their artists' songs, asking for
445:
1184:
1088:
954:
449:
444:, which passed the bill on April 25, 2018. Hatch introduced the combined bill in the Senate as
441:
353:
331:
295:
243:
175:
160:
377:
290:
The Musical Works Modernization Act (MWMA) is the Act first introduced into the House by Rep.
1816:
1664:
1265:
1249:
1234:
1229:
1224:
745:
397:
30:
1244:
8:
2051:
1477:
1084:"Eminem Publisher Sues Spotify Claiming Massive Copyright Breach, "Unconstitutional" Law"
401:
2105:
1549:
1485:
982:
832:
802:
718:
671:
573:
One of the first high-profile legal challenges to the MMA was raised in a lawsuit from
313:
308:
262:) is United States legislation signed into law on October 11, 2018, aimed to modernize
266:-related issues for music and audio recordings due to new forms of technology such as
1445:
1179:
1106:
565:
began paying out unmatched mechanical royalties to songwriters and their publishers.
1032:"The Music Modernization Act is now law which means some pre-1972 music goes public"
950:"Spotify Hit With $ 1.6B Copyright Lawsuit Over Tom Petty, Weezer, Neil Young Songs"
2030:
1704:
1461:
1153:
1061:
1035:
1009:
578:
550:
357:
440:
The three bills were consolidated in the House by Goodlatte on April 10, 2018, as
1931:
1832:
1720:
1573:
1453:
1057:
267:
151:
919:"How the Music Modernization Act will help artists get paid more from streaming"
1696:
586:
406:
House Judiciary Subcommittee on Courts, Intellectual Property, and the Internet
373:
335:
404:
calling for unity legislation. On June 10, 2014, Portnow testified before the
2074:
2035:
1006:"The Music Modernization Act is Bad for the Preservation of Sound Recordings"
864:
774:
456:
on October 11, 2018. Among those in attendance at the signing were musicians
381:
291:
179:
70:
473:
453:
393:
347:
218:
1355:
WIPO Copyright and Performances and Phonograms Treaties Implementation Act
891:"A $ 1.6 Billion Spotify Lawsuit Is Based On A Law Made For Player Pianos"
1202:
Copyright status of works by subnational governments of the United States
498:
477:
299:
124:
1197:
Copyright status of works by the federal government of the United States
555:
538:
507:
485:
270:. It is a consolidation of three separate bills introduced during the
923:
895:
643:
615:
534:
469:
465:
461:
263:
372:
The Allocation for Music Producers (AMP) Act was introduced by Rep.
518:
457:
187:
324:
United States District Court for the Southern District of New York
582:
502:
481:
367:
574:
860:"Wixen's $ 1.6 Billion Spotify Lawsuit: What You Need to Know"
513:
There was a last-minute conflict in the Senate, brought up by
978:"Spotify Settles $ 1.6 Billion Lawsuit From Wixen Publishing"
514:
421:
409:
436:
President Donald Trump signs the act on October 11, 2018.
1940:
Elektra Records Co. v. Gem Electronic Distributors, Inc.
714:"Music Industry Pushes Unified Message on Compensation"
387:
330:
In addition, elements of the "Fair Play Fair Pay Act",
1729:
Computer Associates International, Inc. v. Altai, Inc.
1390:
Unlocking Consumer Choice and Wireless Competition Act
1350:
Online Copyright Infringement Liability Limitation Act
1136:
798:"Trump Signs Sweeping New Music Licensing Legislation"
611:"The Music Modernization Act has been signed into law"
1753:
Itar-Tass Russian News Agency v. Russian Kurier, Inc.
1681:
Midway Manufacturing Co. v. Artic International, Inc.
1518:
Sony Corp. of America v. Universal City Studios, Inc.
1761:
Sony Computer Entertainment, Inc. v. Connectix Corp.
232:
Orrin G. Hatch–Bob Goodlatte Music Modernization Act
24:
Orrin G. Hatch–Bob Goodlatte Music Modernization Act
1055:
285:
41:
To modernize copyright law, and for other purposes.
1745:Dr. Seuss Enters., L.P. v. Penguin Books USA, Inc.
822:
820:
667:"Music Modernization Act to Be Introduced Tuesday"
248:
94:
2072:
1825:Bill Graham Archives v. Dorling Kindersley, Ltd.
884:
882:
1689:Apple Computer, Inc. v. Franklin Computer Corp.
1590:American Broadcasting Cos., Inc. v. Aereo, Inc.
817:
604:
602:
1948:Broderbund Software Inc. v. Unison World, Inc.
1785:Veeck v. Southern Building Code Congress Int'l
1502:White-Smith Music Publishing Co. v. Apollo Co.
1165:Compendium of U.S. Copyright Office Practices
1122:
879:
368:Title III: Allocation for Music Producers Act
943:
941:
599:
2081:United States federal copyright legislation
1865:Penguin Group (USA) Inc. v. American Buddha
1510:Williams & Wilkins Co. v. United States
1282:Berne Convention Implementation Act of 1988
639:"Congress may actually fix music royalties"
1881:Viacom International Inc. v. YouTube, Inc.
1737:American Geophysical Union v. Texaco, Inc.
1129:
1115:
853:
851:
770:"Trump Signs Landmark Music Bill Into Law"
1849:Cartoon Network, LP v. CSC Holdings, Inc.
938:
636:
527:Recording Industry Association of America
341:
2086:Acts of the 115th United States Congress
1582:Kirtsaeng v. John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
1056:A. Rossi, Archivist (October 24, 2018).
431:
334:, introduced on March 30, 2017, by Rep.
1470:Burrow-Giles Lithographic Co. v. Sarony
1339:Fairness in Music Licensing Act of 1998
1081:
947:
848:
828:"Senate Passes Music Modernization Act"
795:
711:
2073:
2004:Equals Three, LLC v. Jukin Media, Inc.
1777:A&M Records, Inc. v. Napster, Inc.
1673:Walt Disney Productions v. Air Pirates
1657:Roth Greeting Cards v. United Card Co.
1566:Costco Wholesale Corp. v. Omega, S. A.
1373:Family Entertainment and Copyright Act
1029:
1003:
664:
211:on September 19, 2018 (unanimous)
1972:RealNetworks, Inc. v. Streambox, Inc.
1110:
975:
916:
888:
857:
637:Singleton, Micah (January 26, 2018).
608:
561:In 2021, in response to the MMA, the
558:that are not commercially available.
523:National Music Publishers Association
1988:Arista Records LLC v. Lime Group LLC
1964:Bridgeman Art Library v. Corel Corp.
1841:Perfect 10, Inc. v. Amazon.com, Inc.
1614:Georgia v. Public.Resource.Org, Inc.
767:
388:Lobbying from the recording industry
1996:Capitol Records, LLC v. ReDigi Inc.
1897:Authors Guild, Inc. v. Google, Inc.
1769:Nunez v. Caribbean Int'l News Corp.
1630:Andy Warhol Foundation v. Goldsmith
1558:MGM Studios, Inc. v. Grokster, Ltd.
1240:International Copyright Act of 1891
568:
298:), and later to the Senate by Sen.
13:
1956:Playboy Enterprises, Inc. v. Frena
1801:In re Aimster Copyright Litigation
1713:Vault Corp. v. Quaid Software Ltd.
1622:Google LLC v. Oracle America, Inc.
1534:Campbell v. Acuff-Rose Music, Inc.
1304:Copyright Remedy Clarification Act
1138:Copyright law of the United States
253:Tooltip Public Law (United States)
99:Tooltip Public Law (United States)
14:
2117:
2091:Internet law in the United States
1857:Ahanchian v. Xenon Pictures, Inc.
1649:Berlin v. E.C. Publications, Inc.
1082:Gardner, Eriq (August 21, 2019).
1030:Kaplan, Jeff (October 15, 2018).
948:Gardner, Eriq (January 2, 2018).
858:Kreps, Daniel (January 3, 2018).
796:Johnson, Ted (October 11, 2018).
277:
1606:Fourth Estate v. Wall-Street.com
1598:Star Athletica v. Varsity Brands
1344:Digital Millennium Copyright Act
976:Aswad, Jem (December 20, 2018).
917:Patel, Nilay (October 2, 2018).
609:Deahl, Dani (October 11, 2018).
286:Title I: Music Modernization Act
29:
2046:Home Recording Rights Coalition
1075:
1049:
1023:
1004:Bailey, Lila (March 30, 2018).
997:
969:
910:
889:Jeong, Sarah (March 14, 2018).
665:Parisi, Paula (April 9, 2018).
563:Mechanical Licensing Collective
1159:United States Copyright Office
789:
768:Wang, Amy (October 11, 2018).
761:
733:
712:Sisario, Ben (April 1, 2014).
705:
696:
686:
658:
630:
205:on April 25, 2018 (415-0)
1:
1905:Lenz v. Universal Music Corp.
1873:Monge v. Maya Magazines, Inc.
1809:NXIVM Corp. v. Ross Institute
1310:Copyright Renewal Act of 1992
592:
2012:Hachette v. Internet Archive
1980:Mannion v. Coors Brewing Co.
1333:Copyright Term Extension Act
1321:Uruguay Round Agreements Act
491:
272:115th United States Congress
59:115th United States Congress
7:
1494:Bobbs-Merrill Co. v. Straus
396:, the President and CEO of
380:. The bill designates that
18:United States copyright law
10:
2122:
1793:Kelly v. Arriba Soft Corp.
427:
345:
2026:
1923:
1889:Seltzer v. Green Day, Inc
1640:
1435:
1426:
1405:
1382:
1365:
1298:Visual Artists Rights Act
1290:
1274:
1258:
1217:
1210:
1144:
741:"Music Modernization Act"
506:catalogs, in contrast to
480:, and the Christian band
198:House Judiciary Committee
167:
158:
143:
135:
130:
111:
89:
84:
76:
64:
53:
45:
37:
28:
2059:You Wouldn't Steal a Car
1315:Audio Home Recording Act
589:of the Fifth Amendment.
144:U.S.C. sections affected
1396:Music Modernization Act
1327:No Electronic Theft Act
1190:Section 108 Study Group
376:on February 6, 2017 as
236:Music Modernization Act
194:Committee consideration
49:Music Modernization Act
2096:2018 in American music
2041:Don't Copy That Floppy
1796:(9th Cir. 2002 / 2003)
1542:Quality King v. L'anza
1185:Register of Copyrights
1089:The Hollywood Reporter
955:The Hollywood Reporter
437:
342:Title II: CLASSICS Act
294:on December 17, 2017 (
1817:BMG Music v. Gonzalez
1665:Eltra Corp. v. Ringer
1266:Copyright Act of 1976
1250:Copyright Act of 1909
1235:Copyright Act of 1870
1230:Copyright Act of 1831
1225:Copyright Act of 1790
1058:"Unlocked Recordings"
746:The Recording Academy
435:
398:The Recording Academy
77:Number of co-sponsors
1245:Printing Act of 1895
836:. September 18, 2018
556:long-playing records
510:'s music selection.
2052:Nimmer on Copyright
1935:(C.C.D. Mass. 1841)
1478:Banks v. Manchester
402:Grammys on the Hill
221:on October 11, 2018
190:) on April 10, 2018
161:Legislative history
25:
2101:Music and politics
1550:Eldred v. Ashcroft
1486:Callaghan v. Myers
719:The New York Times
438:
392:On April 1, 2014,
314:compulsory license
309:mechanical license
23:
2068:
2067:
2022:
2021:
1975:(W.D. Wash. 2000)
1446:Wheaton v. Peters
1422:
1421:
1180:Copyright Catalog
356:in July 2017. In
268:digital streaming
228:
227:
209:Passed the Senate
114:Statutes at Large
54:Announced in
2113:
2031:Berne Convention
2007:(C.D. Cal. 2015)
1959:(M.D. Fla. 1993)
1951:(N.D. Cal. 1986)
1913:Naruto v. Slater
1705:Whelan v. Jaslow
1462:Trade-Mark Cases
1433:
1432:
1215:
1214:
1154:Copyright Clause
1131:
1124:
1117:
1108:
1107:
1101:
1100:
1098:
1096:
1079:
1073:
1072:
1070:
1068:
1062:Internet Archive
1053:
1047:
1046:
1044:
1042:
1036:Internet Archive
1027:
1021:
1020:
1018:
1016:
1010:Internet Archive
1001:
995:
994:
992:
990:
973:
967:
966:
964:
962:
945:
936:
935:
933:
931:
914:
908:
907:
905:
903:
886:
877:
876:
874:
872:
855:
846:
845:
843:
841:
824:
815:
814:
812:
810:
793:
787:
786:
784:
782:
765:
759:
758:
756:
754:
737:
731:
730:
728:
726:
709:
703:
700:
694:
690:
684:
683:
681:
679:
662:
656:
655:
653:
651:
634:
628:
627:
625:
623:
606:
579:Eight Mile Style
569:Legal challenges
551:Internet Archive
544:
358:US copyright law
254:
250:
203:Passed the House
174:in the House as
163:
115:
100:
96:
67:
33:
26:
22:
2121:
2120:
2116:
2115:
2114:
2112:
2111:
2110:
2071:
2070:
2069:
2064:
2018:
2015:(S.D.N.Y. 2023)
1999:(S.D.N.Y. 2013)
1991:(S.D.N.Y. 2010)
1983:(S.D.N.Y. 2005)
1967:(S.D.N.Y. 1999)
1943:(E.D.N.Y. 1973)
1932:Folsom v. Marsh
1919:
1916:(9th Cir. 2018)
1908:(9th Cir. 2015)
1892:(9th Cir. 2013)
1876:(9th Cir. 2012)
1860:(9th Cir. 2010)
1852:(2nd Cir. 2008)
1844:(9th Cir. 2006)
1836:(2nd Cir. 2006)
1833:Blanch v. Koons
1828:(2nd Cir. 2006)
1820:(7th Cir. 2005)
1804:(7th Cir. 2003)
1788:(5th Cir. 2002)
1780:(9th Cir. 2001)
1772:(1st Cir. 2000)
1764:(9th Cir. 2000)
1748:(9th Cir. 1997)
1740:(2nd Cir. 1995)
1724:(2nd Cir. 1992)
1721:Rogers v. Koons
1716:(5th Cir. 1988)
1700:(9th Cir. 1986)
1684:(7th Cir. 1983)
1676:(9th Cir. 1978)
1668:(4th Cir. 1978)
1660:(9th Cir. 1970)
1636:
1574:Golan v. Holder
1454:Baker v. Selden
1428:
1418:
1401:
1378:
1361:
1286:
1270:
1254:
1206:
1140:
1135:
1105:
1104:
1094:
1092:
1080:
1076:
1066:
1064:
1054:
1050:
1040:
1038:
1028:
1024:
1014:
1012:
1002:
998:
988:
986:
974:
970:
960:
958:
946:
939:
929:
927:
915:
911:
901:
899:
887:
880:
870:
868:
856:
849:
839:
837:
826:
825:
818:
808:
806:
794:
790:
780:
778:
766:
762:
752:
750:
749:. July 16, 2018
739:
738:
734:
724:
722:
710:
706:
701:
697:
691:
687:
677:
675:
663:
659:
649:
647:
635:
631:
621:
619:
607:
600:
595:
571:
543:US$ 1.6 billion
542:
494:
430:
390:
370:
350:
344:
288:
280:
252:
224:
215:Signed into law
159:
136:Titles affected
113:
98:
65:
19:
12:
11:
5:
2119:
2109:
2108:
2103:
2098:
2093:
2088:
2083:
2066:
2065:
2063:
2062:
2055:
2048:
2043:
2038:
2033:
2027:
2024:
2023:
2020:
2019:
2017:
2016:
2008:
2000:
1992:
1984:
1976:
1968:
1960:
1952:
1944:
1936:
1927:
1925:
1921:
1920:
1918:
1917:
1909:
1901:
1900:(2d Cir. 2015)
1893:
1885:
1884:(2d Cir. 2012)
1877:
1869:
1868:(2d Cir. 2011)
1861:
1853:
1845:
1837:
1829:
1821:
1813:
1812:(2d Cir. 2004)
1805:
1797:
1789:
1781:
1773:
1765:
1757:
1756:(2d Cir. 1998)
1749:
1741:
1733:
1732:(2d Cir. 1992)
1725:
1717:
1709:
1708:(3d Cir. 1986)
1701:
1697:Fisher v. Dees
1693:
1692:(3d Cir. 1983)
1685:
1677:
1669:
1661:
1653:
1652:(2d Cir. 1964)
1644:
1642:
1641:Appeals courts
1638:
1637:
1635:
1634:
1626:
1618:
1610:
1602:
1594:
1586:
1578:
1570:
1562:
1554:
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587:Takings Clause
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450:H.R. 1551
442:H.R. 5447
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389:
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374:Joseph Crowley
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354:H.R. 3301
346:Main article:
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336:Jerrold Nadler
332:H.R. 1836
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278:Enjoined bills
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865:Rolling Stone
861:
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775:Rolling Stone
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577:'s publisher
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382:SoundExchange
379:
378:H.R. 881
375:
365:
361:
359:
355:
349:
339:
337:
333:
325:
321:
318:
315:
310:
306:
305:
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297:
293:
292:Bob Goodlatte
283:
275:
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269:
265:
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251:
245:
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237:
233:
220:
217:by President
216:
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210:
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185:
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180:Bob Goodlatte
177:
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149:
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138:
134:
129:
126:
122:
118:
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110:
107:
104:
97:
92:
88:
83:
79:
75:
72:
71:Bob Goodlatte
69:
63:
60:
56:
52:
48:
44:
40:
36:
32:
27:
21:
16:
2050:
2010:
2002:
1994:
1986:
1978:
1970:
1962:
1954:
1946:
1938:
1930:
1924:Lower courts
1911:
1903:
1895:
1887:
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1460:
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670:
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642:
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614:
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512:
495:
474:Craig Morgan
454:Donald Trump
446:S. 2823
439:
394:Neil Portnow
391:
371:
362:
351:
348:CLASSICS Act
329:
289:
281:
239:
235:
231:
229:
219:Donald Trump
214:
208:
202:
193:
171:
131:Codification
66:Sponsored by
20:
15:
1429:and rulings
1067:October 17,
1041:October 17,
1015:October 17,
930:October 21,
902:October 11,
871:October 11,
840:October 11,
809:October 11,
781:October 11,
753:October 11,
678:October 11,
650:October 11,
622:October 11,
499:Apple Music
478:Jeff Baxter
300:Orrin Hatch
2075:Categories
1427:Precedents
1095:August 22,
989:August 22,
961:August 22,
593:References
539:Neil Young
508:Amazon.com
486:Kanye West
172:Introduced
152:§ 101
90:Public law
38:Long title
2106:Streaming
1149:17 U.S.C.
924:The Verge
896:The Verge
644:The Verge
616:The Verge
535:Tom Petty
492:Reactions
470:John Rich
466:Sam Moore
462:Mike Love
264:copyright
119:132
85:Citations
46:Nicknames
1413:CASE Act
1218:Pre-1976
1211:Statutes
725:April 1,
581:against
525:and the
519:SiriusXM
484:. While
458:Kid Rock
1346:(1998)
983:Variety
833:Variety
803:Variety
672:Variety
583:Spotify
503:Spotify
482:MercyMe
428:Passage
249:Pub. L.
95:Pub. L.
1633:(2023)
1625:(2021)
1617:(2020)
1609:(2019)
1601:(2017)
1593:(2014)
1585:(2013)
1577:(2012)
1569:(2010)
1561:(2005)
1553:(2003)
1545:(1998)
1537:(1994)
1529:(1991)
1521:(1984)
1513:(1975)
1505:(1908)
1497:(1908)
1489:(1888)
1481:(1888)
1473:(1884)
1465:(1879)
1457:(1879)
1449:(1834)
1415:(2020)
1398:(2018)
1392:(2014)
1375:(2005)
1335:(1998)
1329:(1994)
1323:(1994)
1317:(1992)
1306:(1990)
1300:(1990)
575:Eminem
420:, and
255:
150:
123:
101:
1406:2020s
1383:2010s
1366:2000s
1291:1990s
1275:1980s
1259:1970s
693:year.
533:like
515:SESAC
422:ASCAP
260:(PDF)
234:, or
121:Stat.
106:(PDF)
1171:CARP
1097:2019
1069:2021
1043:2021
1017:2021
991:2019
963:2019
932:2018
904:2018
873:2018
842:2018
811:2018
783:2018
755:2018
727:2014
680:2018
652:2018
624:2018
549:The
537:and
517:and
501:and
476:and
418:NSAI
414:NMPA
410:RIAA
230:The
154:note
125:3676
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240:MMA
238:or
196:by
178:by
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