1245:
River, a major tributary of the Kura, is expended before it reaches Lake
Mingachevir. Of the 4,525,000 hectares (11,180,000 acres) of agricultural land in the lower Kura catchment area, 1,426,000 hectares (3,520,000 acres), about 31%, are irrigated. Much of the water diverted from the river for irrigation goes to waste because of leakage from the canals, evaporation, poor maintenance, and other causes. Leaking water causes groundwater to rise, in some areas so high that about 267,000 hectares (660,000 acres) of land are so waterlogged that they are no longer suitable for agriculture. About 631,000 hectares (1,560,000 acres) of the irrigated lands have a dangerously high salt content because of mineral deposits from irrigation. Of this, 66,000 hectares (160,000 acres) are extremely salinated. Irrigation returns water, returned to the river by an extensive but outdated drainage system, contributes to severe pollution. Some of this degradation also comes from industrial and municipal wastewater discharge.
1120:
808:
991:
46,237 square kilometres (17,852 sq mi) in
Georgia, 56,290 square kilometres (21,730 sq mi) in Azerbaijan, and about 63,500 square kilometres (24,500 sq mi) are in Iran. At the confluence with the Aras River, the drainage area of the tributary is actually larger than the Kura by about 4%, and it is also longer. However, because of the more arid conditions and equally intensive water use, the discharge of the Aras is much less than the Kura, so downstream of the confluence the river is still called the Kura. About 52% of the river's flow comes from snowmelt and glaciers, 30% comes from groundwater seepage, and roughly 18% from precipitation. Because of high water use, many of the smaller tributaries of the Kura no longer reach the river, instead disappearing in the plain many kilometers from their original mouths.
935:
3177:
3189:
2846:
1254:
2796:
2159:
2424:
2784:
55:
959:
1281:, Georgia, first settled as early as 3,500 years ago. The city, carved into a cliff on the bank of the Kura covering an area of 8 hectares (20 acres), contains underground living quarters, communal chambers, places of worship, storerooms, connected by a network of passageways. It reached its peak about 1,100 years ago as the political, religious and cultural center of the region, but in the 13th century, it fell to
74:
2105:
1289:
1276:
G.I. Ione, had "seven rectangular kilns … The fuel chamber was a trapezoid. The inner walls and floor were covered with a special coating. These kilns were attributed to the third century B.C. . The number of kilns and the quantity of raw material indicate a trade center." The settlement was probably
1183:
along the Kura's lower course, most of which are formed by flooding, and some of which are formed by irrigation runoff water. Many lakes also form at the mouths of small tributaries that do not reach the ultimate destination in the
Caspian most of the time. The local name for these lakes translate to
1244:
Irrigation agriculture has been one of the primary economic mainstays of the lower Kura valley since ancient times. Because of water taken out for irrigation use, up to 20% of the water that formerly flowed in the river no longer reaches the
Caspian Sea. Over 70% of the water in the Iori (Gabirry)
1216:
generation. The Kura is regarded as one of the most stressed river basins in Asia. Most of the water comes from snowmelt and infrequent precipitation in the mountains, which leads to severe floods and an abundance of water for a short time of the year (generally in June and July), and a relatively
990:
About 174 kilometres (108 mi) of the river is in Turkey, 435 kilometres (270 mi) in
Georgia, and 906 kilometres (563 mi) in Azerbaijan. About 5,500 square kilometres (2,100 sq mi) of the catchment is in Turkey, 29,743 square kilometres (11,484 sq mi) in Armenia,
587:
in the Kura Valley over 4,500 years ago. Large, complex civilizations eventually grew on the river, but by 1200 CE most were reduced to ruin by natural disasters and foreign invaders. The increasing human use, and eventual damage, of the watershed's forests and grasslands, contributed to a rising
986:
is the fourth largest among the rivers that flow into the
Caspian Sea, and is divided into three main sections, or "sleeves", composed of sediment the river deposited during different periods of time. Before 1998, the river flowed all the way to the tip of the delta, where it discharged into the
954:
and most of
Azerbaijan are drained by the river. Most of the elevation change in the river occurs within the first 200 kilometres (120 mi). While the river starts at 2,740 metres (8,990 ft) above sea level, the elevation is 693 metres (2,274 ft) by the time it reaches Khashuri in
1305:
and especially agriculture began to have a severe outcome on the water availability of the basin. Many forested areas in the mountains have been replaced by thin grassland because of logging. These habitat changes have been detrimental to the ecology of the Kura basin. After the 1920s,
987:
Caspian. In that year, the river escaped its channel and started to flow off to the west, leaving the last few kilometers abandoned. The course change is believed to be the result of a rise in the level of the
Caspian Sea coupled with a major flood of the Kura.
1265:, signifying the importance of the river to the region. The first irrigation agriculture began about 4,500 years ago in the eastern Azerbaijan lowlands. Trading centers were established in time, including one at Mingachevir in Azerbaijan and another at
1296:
Even though irrigation agriculture had been well established for thousands of years, until the 1920s, humans did not have a significant effect on the ecology or hydrology of the Kura catchment area. Since then,
1174:
to the region. Among rivers of the
Caucasus, the Kura has the largest number of endemic species. The upper section of the river supports much more biodiversity than the lower half, which is typically more
1179:
and polluted. This pattern is also apparent in most of its tributaries, especially the larger ones that span more climate zones, such as the Aras and
Alazani. There are many lakes and
1735:
894:
formerly joined the Kura, but their mouths are now submerged under the lake. After leaving the dam, the river meanders southeast where it meets its biggest tributary
2834:
1521:
2125:
1221:. Forest cover is sparse, especially in the Kura and Aras headwaters, and most of the water that falls on the highlands becomes runoff instead of supplying
1119:
1321:, construction of many of the reservoirs and waterworks in the Kura basin began. Of the major reservoirs in the Kura catchment, one of the earliest was at
1277:
destroyed by a fire around A.D. 600, but its demise is uncertain. But perhaps the most famous of the ancient settlements on the Kura is the "cave town" at
2812:
918:. At the Aras confluence it makes a large arc to the north and then flows almost due south for about 60 kilometres (37 mi), passing the west side of
1458:
2390:
946:
and Lesser Caucasus Mountains, and the major tributary, the Aras, drains most of the southern Caucasus and the mountain ranges of the extreme northern
1237:, an 80-metre (260 ft)-high rockfill dam impounding over 15.73 cubic kilometres (12,750,000 acre⋅ft) of water. However, because of the high
1743:(Map). Cartography by Trans-Boundary River Management Phase II for the Kura River basin—Armenia, Georgia, Azerbaijan. European Union. Archived from
1784:
1702:
1879:
2827:
1944:
2147:
1616:
1204:, the largest city on the river, the amount of water in the Kura has greatly diminished in the 20th century because of extensive use for
309:
2412:
1744:
1594:
3234:
2820:
1563:
1984:"AD 550 to 750—A Time for the New World's Renewal and Being 'Gracious to the Creatures' — Another Example of a Historical Cycle"
807:
3239:
1907:
3229:
2155:
1648:
1626:
3219:
2842:
1638:
1142:
are often found in the alpine areas. The Kura catchment area is considered as part of the Kura-South Caspian Sea Drainages
1261:
People have lived on the Kura for at least 7,000 years. The ancient inhabitants of the Kura-Aras lowland called the river
2381:
2163:
1339:
3098:
2420:
1529:
1983:
1421:
882:, the largest body of water in Azerbaijan, formed by a dam near its namesake town at the southeastern end. The rivers
2115:
2085:
1383:
839:
where it starts to run northeast in a gorge for about 75 kilometres (47 mi), spilling out of the mountains near
224:
2140:
811:
Old map showing the drainage south of the Caucasus split between the Phasis on the west and the Kura on the east.
1241:
content of rivers in the Kura basin, the effectiveness of these floodworks is limited and decreases every year.
2405:
1334:
2078:
The Earth as transformed by human action: global and regional changes in the biosphere over the past 300 years
974:, which covers most of central Azerbaijan and abuts the Caspian Sea. The Kura is the third largest, after the
3214:
2850:
1404:
934:
2858:
1618:
A history of the Georgian people: from the beginning down to the Russian conquest in the nineteenth century
2573:
955:
central Georgia, just out of the mountains, and only 291 metres (955 ft) when it reaches Azerbaijan.
3025:
2109:
627:
1154:
is sparse. Almost 60 species of fish inhabit the Kura and its tributaries. Some common families include
649:"gnaw" (as in, "river that eats its way through the mountains"). The name Kura was adopted first by the
600:
in Georgia, the Kura is now much slower and shallower, having been harnessed by irrigation projects and
2971:
2133:
1795:
1710:
3224:
2578:
2398:
2119:
2428:
2467:
3126:
2482:
657:
cartographers. In some definitions of Europe, the Kura defines the borderline between Europe and
17:
1359:
30:
This article is about the river south of the Caucasus. For the river north of the Caucasus, see
3106:
1422:"Regional Partnership for Prevention of Transboundary Degradation of the Kura-Aras River Basin"
717:
2616:
1955:
1661:
843:. It then arcs east before flowing east-southeast for about 120 kilometres (75 mi), past
3136:
3121:
2626:
2487:
2312:
1880:"Integrated Water Resources Management As Basis for Flood Prevention in the Kura River Basin"
1459:"Integrated Water Resources Management as Basis for Flood Prevention in the Kura River Basin"
919:
879:
780:
35:
3156:
3116:
665:
2666:
8:
2606:
1322:
1230:
620:
1829:
3161:
3058:
2767:
2558:
2241:
2033:
2025:
1500:. Symposium on River Morphology. General Assembly of Bern. Commission of Surface Waters
872:
772:
583:
People have inhabited the Caucasus region for thousands of years and first established
1567:
3151:
3146:
3141:
2593:
2158:
2081:
2037:
1785:"Using Spaceborne Data and GIS-technology for Research of Coastal Zone in Azerbaijan"
1681:
1644:
1622:
1398:
1386:. Caspian Environment Programme. 2004-11-06. Archived from the original on 2001-04-14
971:
868:
832:
691:
673:
631:
569:
472:
100:
1915:
607:. The river is now moderately polluted by major industrial centers like Tbilisi and
3131:
2866:
2661:
2017:
1673:
1490:
1213:
1004:
943:
915:
703:
687:
549:
166:
2641:
2636:
3033:
2998:
2988:
2941:
2901:
2886:
2800:
2497:
2051:
1598:
1528:. Center for Sustainability and the Global Environment. 1930–1984. Archived from
1209:
824:
749:
737:
576:, where it receives the Aras as a right tributary, and enters the Caspian Sea at
557:
291:
193:
2462:
1954:. General Directorate of State Hydraulic Works. pp. 100–105. Archived from
3063:
3053:
3048:
3015:
2983:
2916:
2621:
2611:
2525:
2517:
2434:
2268:
2224:
2219:
2180:
1314:
were created to facilitate development of irrigation in the lower Kura valley.
1272:
The site at Mingachevir (probably Sudagylan), first discovered in the 1940s by
1088:
768:
745:
725:
596:
started building many dams and canals on the river. Previously navigable up to
466:
3208:
3193:
3083:
2966:
2896:
2788:
2711:
2676:
2651:
2563:
2452:
2376:
2356:
2317:
2280:
2275:
2207:
2195:
1794:. International Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing. Archived from
1685:
1273:
1040:
963:
844:
792:
764:
760:
604:
601:
492:
324:
311:
239:
226:
136:
31:
2601:
1987:
1677:
1429:
3181:
3068:
3043:
2946:
2911:
2876:
2871:
2762:
2726:
2701:
2696:
2691:
2681:
2457:
2329:
2212:
2185:
1771:
1318:
1151:
1106:
1046:
1034:
1028:
979:
911:
883:
593:
561:
532:
504:
2956:
2472:
1076:
3088:
2978:
2921:
2754:
2706:
2656:
2583:
2568:
2530:
2492:
2477:
2292:
1709:. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Archived from
1278:
1234:
1222:
1082:
983:
947:
907:
899:
855:, the largest city in the region. The river flows steeply southeast past
852:
836:
584:
553:
275:
270:
2716:
1253:
999:
The following rivers are tributaries of the Kura, from source to mouth:
923:
577:
287:
171:
3078:
2891:
2881:
2845:
2744:
2671:
2631:
2540:
2301:
1498:
Institute of Geography of the Academy of Sciences of the Azerbaijan SSR
1205:
895:
864:
784:
741:
573:
552:
which drains the southern slopes of the Greater Caucasus east into the
528:
295:
156:
105:
2686:
2029:
710:. In Greek and Latin sources of antiquity, the river was known as the
3073:
2936:
2734:
2502:
2444:
2171:
2008:
Field, Henry; Price, Kathleen (1950). "Archaeological News, Russia".
1564:"Countries that exist wholly or partially within geographical Europe"
1325:
in 1952. Large-scale construction of dams continued until the 1970s.
1311:
1176:
1143:
1064:
903:
788:
643:
564:, drains the south side of those mountains. Starting in northeastern
2993:
3111:
3038:
2906:
2231:
2021:
1307:
1282:
1266:
1238:
1218:
1171:
1159:
1070:
938:
The headwaters of the Kura (here Mtkvari) near Akhaltsikhe, Georgia
848:
840:
580:. The total length of the river is 1,515 kilometres (941 mi).
131:
118:
64:
2646:
2507:
2190:
1792:
Department of General Geography, Baku State University, Azerbaijan
958:
54:
2951:
2553:
2548:
2334:
2263:
2258:
2236:
1317:
In the 1950s and 1960s, when the Caucasus region was part of the
1302:
1298:
1201:
1180:
1139:
1128:
1124:
1094:
1010:
951:
891:
887:
856:
828:
608:
597:
508:
151:
146:
141:
1192:, suggesting that these lakes do not support much biodiversity.
851:, flows south through a short canyon and along the west side of
3010:
3005:
2961:
2926:
2739:
2423:
2349:
2344:
2324:
2202:
2104:
1147:
1135:
1100:
1052:
1022:
1016:
942:
Most of the Kura runs in the broad and deep valley between the
860:
816:
733:
654:
650:
642:), either from Georgian "good water" or a Georgianized form of
565:
524:
520:
500:
210:
161:
95:
73:
60:
2339:
2253:
1226:
1163:
1155:
1058:
975:
776:
712:
589:
496:
1945:"Water Infrastructure of Kura River Basin Within Azerbaijan"
1887:
Azerbaijan Geographical Society, Azerbaijan Aerospace Agency
1428:. United Nations Development Programme. 2002. Archived from
1138:
characterizes the arid reaches of the Kura catchment, while
2248:
1865:
report states that 65% of Azerbaijan is drained by the Kura
1288:
1167:
922:, before turning east and emptying into the Caspian Sea at
820:
796:
658:
206:
1830:"Problems of Transboundary Water Management in Azerbaijan"
664:
In the various regional languages, the river is known as:
1543:
1225:. Attempts at flood control include the constructions of
1863:
Problems of Transboundary Water Management in Azerbaijan
906:
plain for several hundred kilometers, turning east near
59:
Confluence of clay-colored waters of Kura (left) with
1834:
Institute of Radiation Problems, Institute of Geology
1491:"Drift Balance of the Kura River in its Lower Course"
1914:. Freshwater Ecoregions of the World. Archived from
1877:
835:. It arcs to the northwest, then into a canyon near
1360:"Kura River—Transboundary Watercourse of Caucasus"
1146:. Some portions of the river flow through a semi-
3206:
1456:
982:, of the rivers that flow into the Caspian. Its
1977:
1975:
1873:
1871:
1853:Armenia is entirely in the Kura River catchment
1703:"Azerbaijan: Geography, climate and population"
1464:. United Nations Economic Commission for Europe
1457:Mammadov, R.M.; Verdiyev, R. (February 2009).
970:The lower part of the river flows through the
859:and turns eastward at its confluence with the
677:
385:directly downstream from Aras River confluence
2828:
2406:
2141:
1938:
1936:
1934:
1932:
1827:
1733:
1972:
1868:
592:through the 20th century. In the 1950s, the
1823:
1821:
1819:
1817:
1815:
1737:Background Map of the Kura-Aras River Basin
1729:
1727:
1697:
1695:
2835:
2821:
2413:
2399:
2148:
2134:
2007:
1929:
1905:
1878:Mammadov, R.; Ismatova, Kh.; Verdiyev, R.
1592:
1484:
1482:
1480:
1478:
1452:
1450:
1448:
1446:
867:border and flowing across grasslands into
827:. It flows west, then north and east past
759:The river should not be confused with the
1982:Pasichnyk, Richard Michael (2009-05-02).
1981:
1621:, Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1971, p.8.
1588:
1586:
1584:
1426:Environmental Conservation and Management
1351:
415:2,250 m/s (79,000 cu ft/s)
1812:
1724:
1692:
1488:
1287:
1252:
1195:
1118:
957:
933:
914:, the largest tributary, at the city of
806:
363:198,300 km (76,600 sq mi)
1912:World Wildlife Fund, Nature Conservancy
1659:
1475:
1443:
556:. It also drains the north side of the
451:378 m/s (13,300 cu ft/s)
395:443 m/s (15,600 cu ft/s)
14:
3207:
2075:
1581:
1416:
1414:
763:, a westward flowing tributary of the
548:is an east-flowing river south of the
405:206 m/s (7,300 cu ft/s)
2816:
2394:
2129:
1766:
1764:
1516:
1514:
1233:and dams, the largest of which is at
1782:
1603:Encyclopædia Iranica, Online Edition
1357:
337:40.67156883058258, 42.76519906444574
2382:List of rivers of Georgia (country)
2010:Archaeological Institute of America
1828:Mustafaev, Islam; Mammadov, Vagif.
1411:
1340:List of rivers of Georgia (country)
619:The name Kura is related either to
568:, the Kura flows through Turkey to
24:
1942:
1761:
1605:. Encyclopædia Iranica Foundation.
1511:
910:, and shortly after, receives the
25:
3251:
2097:
2080:. CUP Archive. pp. 527–528.
1292:Kura (Mtkvari) near Gori, Georgia
3187:
3175:
2844:
2795:
2794:
2782:
2422:
2157:
2103:
626:'water, river' or to an ancient
560:, while its main tributary, the
441:border of Georgia and Azerbaijan
72:
53:
2069:
2044:
2001:
1986:. Living Cosmos. Archived from
1906:Bogutskaya, Nina (2010-03-11).
1899:
1856:
1847:
1776:
1662:"Pahlavi References To Armenia"
1653:
1631:
1609:
1522:"Kura River Discharge at Surra"
3235:Tributaries of the Caspian Sea
1908:"Kura-South Caspian Drainages"
1556:
1551:Geograficheskie nazvaniya mira
1376:
1365:. Fondazione Eni Enrico Mattei
1335:Rivers and lakes in Azerbaijan
994:
325:40.6715688305°N 42.765199064°E
303: • coordinates
218: • coordinates
13:
1:
3240:Landforms of Ardahan Province
2851:Bodies of water of Azerbaijan
1615:Allen, William Edward David.
1345:
1170:, and many of these fish are
902:and continues across a broad
181:Physical characteristics
3230:International rivers of Asia
2058:. United Nations. 2007-10-24
2056:UNESCO World Heritage Center
614:
343: • elevation
261:2,740 m (8,990 ft)
257: • elevation
27:River in the Caucasus region
7:
3220:Rivers of Georgia (country)
2076:Turner, Billie Lee (1990).
1660:Shapira, Dan (1999-01-01).
1328:
1123:The Kura flowing along the
878:The Kura then empties into
628:Caucasian Albanian language
437: • location
381: • location
355:1,515 km (941 mi)
330:40.6715688305; 42.765199064
283: • location
201: • location
10:
3256:
1952:Basin Resources Protection
1734:Megvinetukhutsest, Nutsa.
1643:, TAMU Press, 1996, p.18.
1248:
1114:
721:
630:term for 'reservoir'. The
550:Greater Caucasus Mountains
447: • average
411: • maximum
401: • minimum
391: • average
347:−26.5 m (−87 ft)
29:
3170:
3097:
3024:
2857:
2776:
2753:
2725:
2592:
2539:
2516:
2443:
2366:
2291:
2170:
2122:, Sixth Edition. 2001–05.
2120:The Columbia Encyclopedia
1593:Wordsworth, Paul (2021).
1403:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
1200:Formerly navigable up to
819:in a small valley in the
815:It rises in northeastern
802:
752:, refers to the river as
695:
678:
538:
514:
486:
478:
464:
459:
455:
445:
435:
427:
423:
419:
409:
399:
389:
379:
371:
367:
359:
351:
341:
301:
281:
269:
265:
255:
216:
199:
189:
185:
180:
124:
114:
88:
83:
71:
52:
43:
2559:Karamenderes (Scamander)
1526:River Discharge Database
1489:Rustanov, S. G. (1967).
962:The Kura (Mtkvari) near
929:
516: • right
2052:"Uplistsikhe Cave Town"
1678:10.1163/157338499X00092
1553:(Moskva, 1998), p. 231.
863:, crossing the Georgia-
488: • left
2972:Samur–Absheron channel
2368:Note: † also known as
1637:Gachechiladze, Revaz.
1293:
1258:
1132:
967:
939:
812:
791:, which is located in
729:
707:
669:
34:. For other uses, see
1666:Iran and the Caucasus
1291:
1256:
1196:Economy and human use
1122:
961:
937:
920:Shirvan National Park
880:Mingachevir reservoir
810:
787:, also in Russia and
240:40.67528°N 42.74222°E
205:Near Kartsakhi Lake,
36:Kura (disambiguation)
3215:Rivers of Azerbaijan
2112:at Wikimedia Commons
1432:on November 20, 2008
1384:"General Background"
761:Kura river in Russia
831:, and crosses into
460:Basin features
321: /
236: /
2468:Kızılırmak (Halys)
1358:Guluzada, Lidiya.
1294:
1259:
1257:Kura in Azerbaijan
1133:
968:
950:. The entirety of
940:
873:Yenikend reservoir
813:
748:source written in
245:40.67528; 42.74222
3202:
3201:
3194:Rivers portal
2810:
2809:
2789:Turkey portal
2735:Fırat (Euphrates)
2677:Mezitli (Liparis)
2594:Mediterranean Sea
2388:
2387:
2164:Rivers of Georgia
2108:Media related to
1943:Imanov, Farda A.
1649:978-0-89096-703-4
1627:978-0-7100-6959-7
1310:were drained and
972:Kura-Aras Lowland
869:Shemkir reservoir
732:, as attested by
638:(in old Georgian
542:
541:
473:Caspian Sea basin
16:(Redirected from
3247:
3225:Rivers of Turkey
3192:
3191:
3190:
3182:Lakes portal
3180:
3179:
3178:
2849:
2848:
2837:
2830:
2823:
2814:
2813:
2798:
2797:
2787:
2786:
2785:
2531:Susurluk (Simav)
2438:
2437:
2429:Rivers of Turkey
2427:
2426:
2415:
2408:
2401:
2392:
2391:
2374:‡ also known as
2162:
2161:
2150:
2143:
2136:
2127:
2126:
2107:
2092:
2091:
2073:
2067:
2066:
2064:
2063:
2048:
2042:
2041:
2005:
1999:
1998:
1996:
1995:
1979:
1970:
1969:
1967:
1966:
1960:
1949:
1940:
1927:
1926:
1924:
1923:
1903:
1897:
1896:
1894:
1893:
1884:
1875:
1866:
1860:
1854:
1851:
1845:
1844:
1842:
1841:
1825:
1810:
1809:
1807:
1806:
1800:
1789:
1780:
1774:
1768:
1759:
1758:
1756:
1755:
1749:
1742:
1731:
1722:
1721:
1719:
1718:
1699:
1690:
1689:
1657:
1651:
1635:
1629:
1613:
1607:
1606:
1599:Yarshater, Ehsan
1590:
1579:
1578:
1576:
1575:
1566:. Archived from
1560:
1554:
1547:
1541:
1540:
1538:
1537:
1518:
1509:
1508:
1506:
1505:
1495:
1486:
1473:
1472:
1470:
1469:
1463:
1454:
1441:
1440:
1438:
1437:
1418:
1409:
1408:
1402:
1394:
1392:
1391:
1380:
1374:
1373:
1371:
1370:
1364:
1355:
1217:low sustainable
1214:hydroelectricity
1127:neighborhood of
944:Greater Caucasus
723:
697:
681:
680:
634:name of Kura is
517:
489:
469:
448:
438:
412:
402:
392:
382:
336:
335:
333:
332:
331:
326:
322:
319:
318:
317:
314:
258:
251:
250:
248:
247:
246:
241:
237:
234:
233:
232:
229:
219:
202:
78:Kura River Basin
76:
57:
41:
40:
21:
3255:
3254:
3250:
3249:
3248:
3246:
3245:
3244:
3205:
3204:
3203:
3198:
3188:
3186:
3176:
3174:
3166:
3093:
3020:
2902:Damiraparanchay
2853:
2843:
2841:
2811:
2806:
2783:
2781:
2772:
2749:
2721:
2692:Berdan (Tarsus)
2588:
2549:Meriç (Maritsa)
2535:
2512:
2439:
2432:
2431:
2421:
2419:
2389:
2384:
2380:
2362:
2287:
2166:
2156:
2154:
2100:
2095:
2088:
2074:
2070:
2061:
2059:
2050:
2049:
2045:
2006:
2002:
1993:
1991:
1980:
1973:
1964:
1962:
1958:
1947:
1941:
1930:
1921:
1919:
1904:
1900:
1891:
1889:
1882:
1876:
1869:
1861:
1857:
1852:
1848:
1839:
1837:
1826:
1813:
1804:
1802:
1798:
1787:
1781:
1777:
1769:
1762:
1753:
1751:
1747:
1740:
1732:
1725:
1716:
1714:
1701:
1700:
1693:
1658:
1654:
1640:The New Georgia
1636:
1632:
1614:
1610:
1591:
1582:
1573:
1571:
1562:
1561:
1557:
1549:Pospelov, E.M.
1548:
1544:
1535:
1533:
1520:
1519:
1512:
1503:
1501:
1493:
1487:
1476:
1467:
1465:
1461:
1455:
1444:
1435:
1433:
1420:
1419:
1412:
1396:
1395:
1389:
1387:
1382:
1381:
1377:
1368:
1366:
1362:
1356:
1352:
1348:
1331:
1251:
1210:municipal water
1198:
1117:
1112:
997:
932:
886:(also known as
825:Lesser Caucasus
805:
617:
558:Lesser Caucasus
515:
487:
465:
446:
436:
410:
400:
390:
380:
344:
329:
327:
323:
320:
315:
312:
310:
308:
307:
304:
292:Neftchala Rayon
284:
256:
244:
242:
238:
235:
230:
227:
225:
223:
222:
217:
200:
194:Lesser Caucasus
176:
110:
79:
67:
48:
45:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3253:
3243:
3242:
3237:
3232:
3227:
3222:
3217:
3200:
3199:
3197:
3196:
3184:
3171:
3168:
3167:
3165:
3164:
3159:
3154:
3149:
3144:
3139:
3134:
3129:
3124:
3119:
3114:
3109:
3103:
3101:
3095:
3094:
3092:
3091:
3086:
3081:
3076:
3071:
3066:
3061:
3056:
3051:
3046:
3041:
3036:
3030:
3028:
3022:
3021:
3019:
3018:
3013:
3008:
3003:
3002:
3001:
2996:
2991:
2981:
2976:
2975:
2974:
2964:
2959:
2954:
2949:
2944:
2939:
2934:
2929:
2924:
2919:
2914:
2909:
2904:
2899:
2894:
2889:
2884:
2879:
2874:
2869:
2863:
2861:
2855:
2854:
2840:
2839:
2832:
2825:
2817:
2808:
2807:
2805:
2804:
2792:
2777:
2774:
2773:
2771:
2770:
2765:
2759:
2757:
2751:
2750:
2748:
2747:
2742:
2740:Dicle (Tigris)
2737:
2731:
2729:
2723:
2722:
2720:
2719:
2714:
2709:
2704:
2699:
2694:
2689:
2684:
2682:Efrenk (Müftü)
2679:
2674:
2669:
2664:
2659:
2657:Alata (Sorgun)
2654:
2649:
2644:
2639:
2634:
2629:
2624:
2619:
2614:
2609:
2604:
2598:
2596:
2590:
2589:
2587:
2586:
2581:
2579:Büyük Menderes
2576:
2574:Küçük Menderes
2571:
2566:
2561:
2556:
2551:
2545:
2543:
2537:
2536:
2534:
2533:
2528:
2522:
2520:
2514:
2513:
2511:
2510:
2505:
2500:
2495:
2490:
2485:
2480:
2475:
2470:
2465:
2460:
2455:
2449:
2447:
2441:
2440:
2435:drainage basin
2418:
2417:
2410:
2403:
2395:
2386:
2385:
2367:
2364:
2363:
2361:
2360:
2354:
2353:
2352:
2347:
2342:
2337:
2332:
2327:
2322:
2321:
2320:
2304:
2298:
2296:
2289:
2288:
2286:
2285:
2284:
2283:
2273:
2272:
2271:
2269:Tskhenistsqali
2266:
2261:
2251:
2246:
2245:
2244:
2239:
2229:
2228:
2227:
2217:
2216:
2215:
2205:
2200:
2199:
2198:
2188:
2183:
2177:
2175:
2168:
2167:
2153:
2152:
2145:
2138:
2130:
2124:
2123:
2113:
2099:
2098:External links
2096:
2094:
2093:
2086:
2068:
2043:
2022:10.2307/501010
2016:(4): 425–429.
2000:
1971:
1928:
1898:
1867:
1855:
1846:
1811:
1775:
1760:
1723:
1691:
1672:(1): 143–146.
1652:
1630:
1608:
1580:
1555:
1542:
1510:
1474:
1442:
1410:
1375:
1349:
1347:
1344:
1343:
1342:
1337:
1330:
1327:
1250:
1247:
1197:
1194:
1116:
1113:
1111:
1110:
1104:
1098:
1092:
1086:
1080:
1074:
1068:
1062:
1056:
1050:
1044:
1038:
1032:
1026:
1020:
1014:
1008:
1001:
996:
993:
931:
928:
823:Upland of the
804:
801:
769:Stavropol Krai
740:respectively.
616:
613:
605:power stations
540:
539:
536:
535:
518:
512:
511:
490:
484:
483:
480:
476:
475:
470:
462:
461:
457:
456:
453:
452:
449:
443:
442:
439:
433:
432:
429:
425:
424:
421:
420:
417:
416:
413:
407:
406:
403:
397:
396:
393:
387:
386:
383:
377:
376:
373:
369:
368:
365:
364:
361:
357:
356:
353:
349:
348:
345:
342:
339:
338:
305:
302:
299:
298:
285:
282:
279:
278:
273:
267:
266:
263:
262:
259:
253:
252:
220:
214:
213:
203:
197:
196:
191:
187:
186:
183:
182:
178:
177:
175:
174:
169:
164:
159:
154:
149:
144:
139:
134:
128:
126:
122:
121:
116:
112:
111:
109:
108:
103:
98:
92:
90:
86:
85:
81:
80:
77:
69:
68:
58:
50:
49:
46:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3252:
3241:
3238:
3236:
3233:
3231:
3228:
3226:
3223:
3221:
3218:
3216:
3213:
3212:
3210:
3195:
3185:
3183:
3173:
3172:
3169:
3163:
3160:
3158:
3155:
3153:
3150:
3148:
3145:
3143:
3140:
3138:
3135:
3133:
3130:
3128:
3127:Khanbulanchay
3125:
3123:
3120:
3118:
3115:
3113:
3110:
3108:
3105:
3104:
3102:
3100:
3096:
3090:
3087:
3085:
3082:
3080:
3077:
3075:
3072:
3070:
3067:
3065:
3062:
3060:
3057:
3055:
3052:
3050:
3047:
3045:
3042:
3040:
3037:
3035:
3032:
3031:
3029:
3027:
3023:
3017:
3014:
3012:
3009:
3007:
3004:
3000:
2997:
2995:
2992:
2990:
2987:
2986:
2985:
2982:
2980:
2977:
2973:
2970:
2969:
2968:
2965:
2963:
2960:
2958:
2955:
2953:
2950:
2948:
2945:
2943:
2940:
2938:
2935:
2933:
2930:
2928:
2925:
2923:
2920:
2918:
2915:
2913:
2910:
2908:
2905:
2903:
2900:
2898:
2895:
2893:
2890:
2888:
2885:
2883:
2880:
2878:
2875:
2873:
2870:
2868:
2865:
2864:
2862:
2860:
2856:
2852:
2847:
2838:
2833:
2831:
2826:
2824:
2819:
2818:
2815:
2803:
2802:
2793:
2791:
2790:
2779:
2778:
2775:
2769:
2766:
2764:
2761:
2760:
2758:
2756:
2752:
2746:
2743:
2741:
2738:
2736:
2733:
2732:
2730:
2728:
2724:
2718:
2715:
2713:
2712:Asi (Orontes)
2710:
2708:
2705:
2703:
2700:
2698:
2695:
2693:
2690:
2688:
2685:
2683:
2680:
2678:
2675:
2673:
2670:
2668:
2665:
2663:
2660:
2658:
2655:
2653:
2650:
2648:
2645:
2643:
2640:
2638:
2635:
2633:
2630:
2628:
2625:
2623:
2620:
2618:
2615:
2613:
2610:
2608:
2605:
2603:
2600:
2599:
2597:
2595:
2591:
2585:
2582:
2580:
2577:
2575:
2572:
2570:
2567:
2565:
2562:
2560:
2557:
2555:
2552:
2550:
2547:
2546:
2544:
2542:
2538:
2532:
2529:
2527:
2524:
2523:
2521:
2519:
2515:
2509:
2506:
2504:
2501:
2499:
2496:
2494:
2491:
2489:
2486:
2484:
2481:
2479:
2476:
2474:
2471:
2469:
2466:
2464:
2461:
2459:
2456:
2454:
2451:
2450:
2448:
2446:
2442:
2436:
2430:
2425:
2416:
2411:
2409:
2404:
2402:
2397:
2396:
2393:
2383:
2379:
2378:
2373:
2372:
2365:
2358:
2355:
2351:
2348:
2346:
2343:
2341:
2338:
2336:
2333:
2331:
2328:
2326:
2323:
2319:
2316:
2315:
2314:
2311:
2310:
2308:
2305:
2303:
2300:
2299:
2297:
2294:
2290:
2282:
2281:Bakhvistsqali
2279:
2278:
2277:
2274:
2270:
2267:
2265:
2262:
2260:
2257:
2256:
2255:
2252:
2250:
2247:
2243:
2240:
2238:
2235:
2234:
2233:
2230:
2226:
2223:
2222:
2221:
2218:
2214:
2211:
2210:
2209:
2206:
2204:
2201:
2197:
2196:Acharistsqali
2194:
2193:
2192:
2189:
2187:
2184:
2182:
2179:
2178:
2176:
2173:
2169:
2165:
2160:
2151:
2146:
2144:
2139:
2137:
2132:
2131:
2128:
2121:
2117:
2114:
2111:
2106:
2102:
2101:
2089:
2087:0-521-36357-8
2083:
2079:
2072:
2057:
2053:
2047:
2039:
2035:
2031:
2027:
2023:
2019:
2015:
2011:
2004:
1990:on 2009-12-17
1989:
1985:
1978:
1976:
1961:on 2016-10-20
1957:
1953:
1946:
1939:
1937:
1935:
1933:
1918:on 2011-10-05
1917:
1913:
1909:
1902:
1888:
1881:
1874:
1872:
1864:
1859:
1850:
1835:
1831:
1824:
1822:
1820:
1818:
1816:
1801:on 2011-07-17
1797:
1793:
1786:
1783:Mamedova, N.
1779:
1773:
1770:Derived from
1767:
1765:
1750:on 2010-10-13
1746:
1739:
1738:
1730:
1728:
1713:on 2010-06-19
1712:
1708:
1704:
1698:
1696:
1687:
1683:
1679:
1675:
1671:
1667:
1663:
1656:
1650:
1646:
1642:
1641:
1634:
1628:
1624:
1620:
1619:
1612:
1604:
1600:
1596:
1589:
1587:
1585:
1570:on 2018-05-23
1569:
1565:
1559:
1552:
1546:
1532:on 2010-06-16
1531:
1527:
1523:
1517:
1515:
1499:
1492:
1485:
1483:
1481:
1479:
1460:
1453:
1451:
1449:
1447:
1431:
1427:
1423:
1417:
1415:
1406:
1400:
1385:
1379:
1361:
1354:
1350:
1341:
1338:
1336:
1333:
1332:
1326:
1324:
1320:
1315:
1313:
1309:
1304:
1300:
1290:
1286:
1284:
1280:
1275:
1274:archaeologist
1270:
1268:
1264:
1255:
1246:
1242:
1240:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1193:
1191:
1187:
1182:
1178:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1150:environment.
1149:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1130:
1126:
1121:
1108:
1105:
1102:
1099:
1096:
1093:
1090:
1087:
1084:
1081:
1078:
1075:
1072:
1069:
1066:
1063:
1060:
1057:
1054:
1051:
1048:
1045:
1042:
1041:Great Liakhvi
1039:
1036:
1033:
1030:
1027:
1024:
1021:
1018:
1015:
1012:
1009:
1006:
1003:
1002:
1000:
992:
988:
985:
981:
977:
973:
965:
960:
956:
953:
949:
945:
936:
927:
925:
921:
917:
913:
909:
905:
901:
897:
893:
889:
885:
881:
876:
874:
870:
866:
862:
858:
854:
850:
846:
842:
838:
834:
830:
826:
822:
818:
809:
800:
798:
794:
793:Fars Province
790:
786:
782:
778:
774:
770:
766:
762:
757:
756:in Persian.
755:
751:
747:
743:
739:
735:
731:
727:
719:
718:Ancient Greek
715:
714:
709:
705:
701:
693:
689:
685:
675:
671:
667:
662:
660:
656:
653:and later by
652:
648:
645:
641:
637:
633:
629:
625:
622:
612:
610:
606:
603:
602:hydroelectric
599:
595:
591:
588:intensity of
586:
581:
579:
575:
571:
567:
563:
559:
555:
551:
547:
537:
534:
530:
526:
522:
519:
513:
510:
506:
502:
498:
494:
491:
485:
481:
477:
474:
471:
468:
463:
458:
454:
450:
444:
440:
434:
430:
426:
422:
418:
414:
408:
404:
398:
394:
388:
384:
378:
374:
370:
366:
362:
358:
354:
350:
346:
340:
334:
306:
300:
297:
293:
289:
286:
280:
277:
274:
272:
268:
264:
260:
254:
249:
221:
215:
212:
208:
204:
198:
195:
192:
188:
184:
179:
173:
170:
168:
165:
163:
160:
158:
155:
153:
150:
148:
145:
143:
140:
138:
135:
133:
130:
129:
127:
123:
120:
117:
113:
107:
104:
102:
99:
97:
94:
93:
91:
87:
82:
75:
70:
66:
63:(right) near
62:
56:
51:
42:
37:
33:
32:Kura (Russia)
19:
3107:Aghstafachay
2931:
2912:Girdimanchay
2799:
2780:
2727:Persian Gulf
2375:
2370:
2369:
2306:
2213:Chanistsqali
2077:
2071:
2060:. Retrieved
2055:
2046:
2013:
2009:
2003:
1992:. Retrieved
1988:the original
1963:. Retrieved
1956:the original
1951:
1920:. Retrieved
1916:the original
1911:
1901:
1890:. Retrieved
1886:
1862:
1858:
1849:
1838:. Retrieved
1833:
1803:. Retrieved
1796:the original
1791:
1778:
1772:Google Earth
1752:. Retrieved
1745:the original
1736:
1715:. Retrieved
1711:the original
1706:
1669:
1665:
1655:
1639:
1633:
1617:
1611:
1602:
1595:"KURA RIVER"
1572:. Retrieved
1568:the original
1558:
1550:
1545:
1534:. Retrieved
1530:the original
1525:
1502:. Retrieved
1497:
1466:. Retrieved
1434:. Retrieved
1430:the original
1425:
1388:. Retrieved
1378:
1367:. Retrieved
1353:
1319:Soviet Union
1316:
1295:
1271:
1269:in Georgia.
1262:
1260:
1243:
1199:
1189:
1185:
1152:Forest cover
1134:
1035:Girdymanchay
998:
989:
969:
941:
877:
847:, then near
814:
758:
753:
750:Book Pahlavi
711:
699:
683:
663:
646:
639:
635:
623:
618:
611:in Georgia.
594:Soviet Union
582:
545:
543:
467:River system
3137:Mingachevir
3122:Jeyranbatan
2979:Shamkirchay
2922:Khachinchay
2667:Karacaoğlan
1279:Uplistsikhe
1235:Mingachevir
1223:groundwater
1083:Shamkirchay
995:Tributaries
948:Middle East
908:Lake Sarysu
900:Barda Rayon
837:Akhaltsikhe
746:Zoroastrian
666:Azerbaijani
585:agriculture
554:Caspian Sea
479:Tributaries
328: /
276:Caspian Sea
243: /
3209:Categories
3157:Vileshchay
3132:Khudafarin
3117:Giz Galasi
3099:Reservoirs
3079:Masazirgol
2999:Turağayçay
2989:Ağdabançay
2942:Pirsaatçay
2892:Bolgarchay
2882:Astarachay
2483:Yeşilırmak
2302:Andi Koysu
2242:Ochkhamuri
2110:Kura River
2062:2010-03-13
1994:2010-03-13
1965:2010-03-12
1922:2010-03-18
1892:2010-03-12
1840:2010-03-13
1805:2010-03-13
1754:2010-03-12
1717:2010-03-18
1574:2011-12-03
1536:2010-03-12
1504:2010-04-05
1468:2010-03-12
1436:2010-03-12
1390:2010-03-12
1369:2010-03-12
1346:References
1312:reservoirs
1285:invaders.
1263:Mother Kür
1206:irrigation
1190:dead water
896:Tartarchay
865:Azerbaijan
785:Khabarovsk
779:, Russia;
742:Bundahishn
621:Mingrelian
574:Azerbaijan
572:, then to
529:Tartarchay
360:Basin size
316:42°45′55″E
313:40°40′18″N
296:Azerbaijan
231:42°44′32″E
228:40°40′31″N
157:Mingacevir
106:Azerbaijan
3074:Maral-gol
3064:Hajikabul
3054:Boyukshor
3006:Türyançay
2984:Tərtərçay
2957:Qarqarçay
2937:Kurekchay
2887:Bargushad
2503:Kara Dere
2488:Yağlıdere
2445:Black Sea
2172:Black sea
2038:191409715
1836:. docstoc
1686:1573-384X
1283:Mongolian
1186:dead lake
1144:ecoregion
1131:, Georgia
1077:Qarqarçay
1065:Kurekchay
966:, Georgia
916:Sabirabad
904:irrigated
871:and then
789:Kor River
684:Mt’k’vari
644:Megrelian
640:Mt'k'uari
636:Mt'k'vari
615:Etymology
428:Discharge
372:Discharge
167:Sabirabad
89:Countries
3162:Yenikend
3049:Bulbula
3039:Ajinohur
2907:Garachay
2897:Cəhriçay
2801:Category
2717:Deli Çay
2622:Kaledran
2617:Köprüçay
2612:Manavgat
2564:Bakırçay
2498:Gelevara
2232:Natanebi
2191:Chorokhi
1707:AQUASTAT
1399:cite web
1329:See also
1308:wetlands
1267:Mtskheta
1239:sediment
1219:baseflow
1181:wetlands
1071:Paravani
1005:Aghstafa
924:Neftçala
853:T'bilisi
849:Mtskheta
841:Khashuri
716:river;
692:Armenian
674:Georgian
655:European
651:Russians
647:tkvar-ua
632:Georgian
578:Neftçala
288:Neftçala
172:Neftçala
132:Khashuri
119:Caucasus
84:Location
65:Mtskheta
3152:Varvara
3147:Shamkir
3142:Sarsang
3084:Mehman
3069:Jandari
2947:Qabırlı
2867:Ağstafa
2755:Caspian
2687:Deliçay
2652:Limonlu
2642:Babadıl
2637:Soğuksu
2518:Marmara
2453:Sakarya
2335:Alazani
2313:Liakhvi
2307:Mtkvari
2293:Caspian
2264:Tekhuri
2259:Qvirila
2237:Choloki
1601:(ed.).
1323:Varvara
1303:grazing
1299:logging
1249:History
1202:Tbilisi
1172:endemic
1140:meadows
1129:Tbilisi
1125:Metekhi
1115:Ecology
1109:(right)
1097:(right)
1095:Tedzami
1091:(right)
1085:(right)
1079:(right)
1073:(right)
1067:(right)
1055:(right)
1031:(right)
1019:(right)
1011:Alazani
1007:(right)
952:Armenia
892:Alazani
888:Qabirri
857:Rustavi
833:Georgia
829:Ardahan
704:Turkish
690:: Korr,
688:Persian
679:მტკვარი
609:Rustavi
598:Tbilisi
570:Georgia
509:Alazani
493:Liakhvi
152:Rustavi
147:Tbilisi
142:Borjomi
101:Georgia
47:Mtkvari
18:Mtkvari
3089:Sarysu
3059:Göygöl
3044:Alagöl
2994:Levçay
2962:Qudyal
2927:Khrami
2917:Hakari
2859:Rivers
2702:Ceyhan
2697:Seyhan
2627:Dragon
2541:Aegean
2463:Bartın
2458:Filyos
2350:Khrami
2345:Algeti
2325:Aragvi
2225:Sakeni
2220:Kodori
2203:Enguri
2181:Abasha
2084:
2036:
2030:501010
2028:
1684:
1647:
1625:
1227:levees
1212:, and
1177:turbid
1148:desert
1136:Steppe
1103:(left)
1101:Turyan
1089:Tartar
1061:(left)
1053:Khrami
1049:(left)
1043:(left)
1037:(left)
1025:(left)
1023:Aragvi
1017:Algeti
1013:(left)
890:) and
861:Khrami
817:Turkey
803:Course
771:; the
734:Strabo
702:, and
676::
590:floods
566:Turkey
525:Khrami
521:Algeti
501:Aragvi
482:
431:
375:
352:Length
211:Turkey
190:Source
162:Zardab
125:Cities
115:Region
96:Turkey
61:Aragvi
3034:Ağgöl
3026:Lakes
3011:Viləş
2967:Samur
2952:Qanıx
2745:Hezil
2707:Payas
2662:Tömük
2647:Göksu
2584:Azmak
2569:Gediz
2554:Tunca
2508:Çoruh
2478:Terme
2377:Terek
2357:Tergi
2340:Ksani
2318:Patsa
2295:basin
2276:Supsa
2254:Rioni
2208:Khobi
2186:Bzipi
2174:basin
2034:S2CID
2026:JSTOR
1959:(PDF)
1948:(PDF)
1883:(PDF)
1799:(PDF)
1788:(PDF)
1748:(PDF)
1741:(PDF)
1597:. In
1494:(PDF)
1462:(PDF)
1363:(PDF)
1231:dikes
1164:trout
1160:bleak
1156:loach
1059:Ksani
984:delta
976:Volga
930:Basin
783:near
777:Kursk
775:near
765:Malka
738:Pliny
730:Cyrus
726:Latin
722:Κῦρος
713:Cyrus
497:Ksani
271:Mouth
3112:Araz
3016:Oxçu
2877:Arpa
2872:Araz
2768:Kura
2763:Aras
2672:Tece
2632:Sini
2607:Aksu
2602:Eşen
2526:Biga
2493:Aksu
2371:Kura
2330:Iori
2249:Psou
2116:Kura
2082:ISBN
1682:ISSN
1645:ISBN
1623:ISBN
1405:link
1168:nase
1166:and
1107:Vere
1047:Iori
1029:Aras
980:Ural
978:and
964:Gori
912:Aras
884:Iori
845:Gori
821:Kars
797:Iran
754:Tord
744:, a
736:and
700:Kour
696:Կուր
659:Asia
562:Aras
546:Kura
544:The
533:Aras
505:Iori
207:Kars
137:Gori
44:Kura
2932:Kür
2473:Gök
2433:by
2018:doi
1674:doi
1670:3–4
1188:or
898:in
781:Kur
773:Kur
767:in
708:Kür
670:Kür
624:kur
3211::
2309:†
2118:.
2054:.
2032:.
2024:.
2014:54
2012:.
1974:^
1950:.
1931:^
1910:.
1885:.
1870:^
1832:.
1814:^
1790:.
1763:^
1726:^
1705:.
1694:^
1680:.
1668:.
1664:.
1583:^
1524:.
1513:^
1496:.
1477:^
1445:^
1424:.
1413:^
1401:}}
1397:{{
1301:,
1229:,
1208:,
1162:,
1158:,
926:.
875:.
799:.
795:,
728::
724:;
720::
706::
698:,
694::
686:,
682:,
672:,
668::
661:.
531:,
527:,
523:,
507:,
503:,
499:,
495:,
294:,
290:,
209:,
2836:e
2829:t
2822:v
2414:e
2407:t
2400:v
2359:‡
2149:e
2142:t
2135:v
2090:.
2065:.
2040:.
2020::
1997:.
1968:.
1925:.
1895:.
1843:.
1808:.
1757:.
1720:.
1688:.
1676::
1577:.
1539:.
1507:.
1471:.
1439:.
1407:)
1393:.
1372:.
38:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
