Mountain gorilla - Knowledge

1125:. The forest was designated a national park in 1991; this occurred with little community consultation and the new status prohibited local people from accessing resources within the park as well as reducing economic opportunities. Subsequently, a number of forest fires were deliberately lit and threats were made to the gorillas. To counteract this, three schemes to provide benefits from the existence of forest communities and involving the local community in park management were developed. They included agreements allowing the controlled harvesting of resources in the park, receipt of some revenue from tourism, and establishment of a trust fund partly for community development. Tension between people and the park has thus been reduced and now there is more willingness to take part in gorilla protection. Surveys of community attitudes conducted by CARE show a steadily increasing proportion of people in favour of the park. Moreover, there have been no cases of deliberate burning and the problem of snares in these areas has been reduced. 513:, which attach to the lower jaw (mandible). Adult females also have these crests, but they are less pronounced. Like all gorillas, they feature dark brown eyes framed by a black ring around the iris. Adult males are called silverbacks because a saddle of gray or silver-colored hair develops on their backs with age. The hair on their backs is shorter than on most other body parts, and their arm hair is especially long. Fully erect males average 1.7 m (5 ft 7 in) in height, with an arm span of 2.3 m (7 ft 7 in) and weigh 155 kg (342 lb). The tallest silverback recorded was 1.95 m (6 ft 5 in) tall with an arm span of 2.7 m (8 ft 10 in), a chest of 1.98 m (6 ft 6 in), and a weight of 219 kg (483 lb), shot in Alimbongo, northern 790: 653: 80: 695: 667: 558: 1144:, "As we have seen in Rwanda, species conservation succeeds when local communities are placed at the heart of the conservation strategy. Biodiversity protection measures must go hand in hand with measures that meet the needs of these local communities". In Rwanda, it costs $ 1,500 per person to come and see the gorillas. Under Rwandan law, 10% of this revenue must be returned to the community, which represents around €10 million invested in building schools, roads and drinking water supplies. As Audrey Azoulay explains, in 1980 there were just 250 mountain gorillas, today there are 1,063 - and 80% of them in Rwanda. 1204:

poachers seeking infant and juvenile specimens will kill and wound other members of the group in the process. Those of the group that survive often disband. One well-documented case is known as the "Taiping 4". In this situation, a Malaysian Zoo received four wild-born infant gorillas from Nigeria at a cost of US$ 1.6 million using falsified export documents. Poaching for meat also is particularly threatening in regions of political unrest. Most of the African great apes survive in areas of chronic insecurity, where there is a breakdown of law and order. The killing of mountain gorillas at

1179:. This led to a massive reduction in mountain gorilla population numbers by the mid-1970s. The resulting deforestation confines the gorillas to isolated deserts. Some groups may raid crops for food, creating further animosity and retaliation. The impact of habitat loss extends beyond the reduction of suitable living space for gorillas. As gorilla groups are increasingly isolated from one another geographically due to human settlements, the genetic diversity of each group is reduced. Some signs of inbreeding are already appearing in younger gorillas, including webbed hands and feet. 3864: 681: 66: 489: 146: 744:, or other gorillas, the silverback will protect them, even at the cost of his own life. He is the center of attention during rest sessions, and young gorillas frequently stay close to him and include him in their games. If a mother dies or leaves the group, the silverback is usually the one who looks after her abandoned offspring, even allowing them to sleep in his nest. Young mountain gorillas have been observed searching for and dismantling poachers' snares. 4417: 4112: 311: 104: 402: 1133:, stated that "They got more rangers on better salaries, more radios, more patrol cars and better training in wildlife conservation. They also built more shelters in the park, from which rangers could protect the gorillas". The funding for these types of improvements usually comes from tourism - in 2008, approximately 20,000 tourists visited gorilla populations in Rwanda, generating around $ 8 million in revenue for the parks. 724:

ten individuals. A typical group contains: one dominant silverback, who is the group's undisputed leader; another subordinate silverback (usually a younger brother, half-brother, or even an adult son of the dominant silverback); one or two blackbacks, who act as sentries; three to four sexually mature females, who have bonded for life to the dominant silverback; and from three to six juveniles and infants.

1284: 720:, and lives in relatively stable, cohesive groups held together by long-term bonds between adult males and females. Relationships among females are relatively weak. These groups are nonterritorial; the silverback generally defends his group rather than his territory. In the Virunga mountain gorillas, the average length of tenure for a dominant silverback is 4.7 years. 918:

estimated that 480 mountain gorillas inhabited the region. The 2003 census had estimated the Virunga gorilla population to be 380 individuals, which represented a 17% increase in the total population since 1989, when there were 320 individuals. The population has almost doubled since its lowest point in 1981, when a census estimated that only 254 gorillas remained.

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of infants generally involves the loss of at least one adult, as members of a group will fight to the death to protect their young. The Virunga gorillas are particularly susceptible to animal trafficking for the illegal pet trade. With young gorillas worth from $ 1,000 to $ 5,000 on the black market,

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In Uganda too, tourism is seen as a "high value activity that generates enough revenue to cover park management costs and contribute to the national budget of the Uganda Wildlife Authority." Furthermore, tourist visits which are conducted by park rangers also allow censuses of gorilla sub-populations

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Mountain gorillas generally demonstrate aversion to certain reptiles and insects. Infants, whose typical behavior is to chase anything that moves, will go out of their way to avoid chameleons and caterpillars. The gorillas also demonstrate an aversion to water bodies in the environment and will cross

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are recognized, many of which are used primarily for group communication within dense vegetation. Sounds classified as grunts and barks are heard most frequently while traveling, and indicate the whereabouts of individual group members. They also may be used during social interactions when discipline

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When the silverback dies or is killed by disease, accident, or poachers, the family group may be disrupted. Unless there is an accepted male descendant capable of taking over his position, the group will either split up or adopt an unrelated male. When a new silverback joins the family group, he may

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61% of groups are composed of one adult male and a number of females and 36% contain more than one adult male. The remaining gorillas are either lone males or exclusively male groups, usually made up of one mature male and a few younger males. Group sizes vary from five to thirty, with an average of

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According to computer modeling of their population dynamics in both Bwindi and the Virungas, groups of gorillas who were habituated for research and ecotourism have higher growth rates than unhabituated gorillas. Habituation means that through repeated, neutral contact with humans, gorillas exhibit

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is rare in stable groups, but when two mountain gorilla groups meet, sometimes the two silverbacks can engage in a fight to the death, using their canines to cause deep, gaping injuries. Conflicts are most often resolved by displays and other threat behaviors that are intended to intimidate without

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While community-based conservation bears out individual analysis, there are significant overlaps between active and theoretical conservation and a discussion of the two as halves of a whole seems more constructive. For example, in 2002, Rwanda's national parks went through a restructuring process.

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The 2006 census at Bwindi indicated a population of 340 gorillas, representing a 6% increase in total population size since 2002 and a 12% increase from 320 individuals in 1997. All of those estimates were based on traditional census methods using dung samples collected at night nests. Conversely,

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practices, such as anti-poaching patrols. The Digit Fund, which Fossey started, continued her work and was later renamed the Dian Fossey Gorilla Fund International. The Fund's Karisoke Research Center monitors and protects the mountain gorillas of the Virungas. Close monitoring and research of the

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indicates that a recent decline in their population size has led to extensive inbreeding. As an apparent result, individuals are typically homozygous for 34% of their genome sequence. Furthermore, homozygosity and the expression of deleterious recessive mutations as consequences of inbreeding have

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in the early morning, rests during the late morning and around midday, and in the afternoon it forages again before resting at night. Each gorilla builds a nest from surrounding vegetation to sleep in, constructing a new one every evening. Only infants sleep in the same nest as their mothers. They

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With the implementation of a successful ecotourism program in which human-gorilla interaction was minimised, during the period of 1989–2000 four sub-populations in Rwanda experienced an increase of 76%. By contrast, seven of the commonly visited sub-populations in the Democratic Republic of Congo

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Despite the protection garnered from being located in national parks, the mountain gorilla is also at risk from people of a more well-meaning nature. Groups subjected to regular visits from tourists and locals are at a continued risk of disease cross-transmission (Lilly et al., 2002) – this is in

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With a similar genetic makeup to humans and an immune system that has not evolved to cope with human disease, this poses a serious conservation threat. Indeed, according to some researchers, infectious diseases (predominantly respiratory) are responsible for approximately 20% of sudden deaths in

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normal behavior when people are in proximity. Habituated gorillas are more closely guarded by field staff and they receive veterinary treatment for snares, respiratory disease, and other life-threatening conditions. Nonetheless, researchers recommended that some gorillas remain unhabituated as a

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Most males and approximately 60% of females leave their natal group. Males leave when they are about eleven years old, and often the separation process is slow: they spend more and more time on the edge of the group until they leave altogether. They may travel alone or with an all-male group for

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Rwanda, Uganda, and the Democratic Republic of Congo have been politically unstable and beleaguered by war and civil unrest during the last decades. Using simulation modeling, Byers et al. (2003) have suggested that times of war and unrest have negative impacts on the habitat and populations of

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In December 2010, the official website of Virunga National Park announced that "the number of mountain gorillas living in the tri-national forested area of which Virunga forms a part, has increased by 26.3% during the last seven years - an average growth rate of 3.7% per annum." The 2010 census

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The midday rest period is an important time for establishing and reinforcing relationships within the group. Mutual grooming reinforces social bonds, and helps keep hair free from dirt and parasites. It is not so common among gorillas as in other primates, although females groom their offspring

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The mountain gorilla is primarily a herbivore; the majority of its diet is composed of the leaves, shoots, and stems (85.8%) of 142 plant species. It also feeds on bark (6.9%), roots (3.3%), flowers (2.3%), and fruit (1.7%), as well as small invertebrates. (0.1%). In a year long study in Bwindi

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charge display is unique to gorillas. The entire sequence has nine steps: (1) progressively quickening hooting, (2) symbolic feeding, (3) rising bipedally, (4) throwing vegetation, (5) chest-beating with cupped hands, (6) one leg kick, (7) sideways running four-legged, (8) slapping and tearing

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Males reach a standing height of 161–171 cm (63–67 in), a girth of 138–163 cm (54–64 in), an arm span of 2 to 2.7 m (6 ft 7 in to 8 ft 10 in) and a weight of 120–191 kg (265–421 lb). Females are smaller with a weight of 70–98 kg

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in May 1938. There is an unconfirmed record of another individual, shot in 1932, that was 2.06 m (6 ft 9 in) and weighed 218.6 kg (482 lb). The heaviest silverback recorded was a 267 kg (589 lb) 1.83 m (6 ft 0 in) tall specimen shot in

1175:) agriculture, pastoral expansion, and logging, villages in forest zones cause fragmentation and degradation of habitat. The late 1960s saw the Virunga Conservation Area (VCA) of Rwanda's national park reduced by more than half of its original size to support the cultivation of 537:. However, it will climb into fruiting trees if the branches can carry its weight. Like all great apes other than humans, its arms are longer than its legs. It moves by knuckle-walking, supporting its weight on the backs of its curved fingers rather than its palms. 819:

is required. Screams and roars signal alarm or warning, and are produced most often by silverbacks. Deep, rumbling belches suggest contentment and are heard frequently during feeding and resting periods. They are the most common form of intragroup communication.

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Active conservation includes frequent patrols in wildlife areas to destroy poacher equipment and weapons, firm and prompt law enforcement, census counts in regions of breeding and ranging concentration, and strong safeguards for the limited habitat the animals

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Theoretical conservation seeks to encourage growth in tourism by improving existing roads that circle the mountains, by renovating the park headquarters and tourist lodging, and by the habituation of gorillas near the park boundaries for tourists to visit and

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when they are about eight years old, either transferring directly to an established group or beginning a new one with a lone male. Females often transfer to a new group several times before they choose to settle down with a certain silverback male.

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The risk of disease transmission is not limited to those of a human origin; pathogens from domestic animals and livestock through contaminated water are also a concern. Studies have found that waterborne, gastrointestinal parasites such as

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in the form of logging also increased as refugees fled the cities and cut down trees for wood. During the Rwandan genocide, some poaching activity also was linked to the general breakdown of law and order and lack of any ramifications.

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genetic analyses of the entire population during the 2006 census indicated there only were approximately 300 individuals in Bwindi. The discrepancy highlights the difficulty in using imprecise census data to estimate population growth.

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than the large adults. Playing helps them learn how to communicate and behave within the group. Activities include wrestling, chasing, and somersaults. The silverback and his females tolerate and, if encouraged, even participate.

589:. The vegetation is very dense at the bottom of the mountains, becoming more sparse at higher elevations, and the forests are often cloudy, misty and cold. The mountain gorilla also occasionally uses the border habitat with the 2767:

Robbins, M. M.; Gray, M.; Fawcett, K. A.; Nutter, F. B.; Uwingeli, P.; Mburanumwe, I.; Kagoda, E.; Basabose, A.; Stoinski, T. S.; Cranfield, M. R.; Byamukama, J.; Spelman, L. H.; Robbins, A. M. (2011). Getz, Wayne M (ed.).

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Palacios, G.; Lowenstine, L.; Cranfield, M.; Gilardi, K.; Spelman, L.; Lukasik-Braum, M.; Kinani, J.; Mudakikwa, A.; Nyirakaragire, E.; Bussetti, A.V.; Savji, N.; Hutchison, S.; Egholm, M.; Lipkin, W.I. (2011).

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The fur of the mountain gorilla, often thicker and longer than that of other gorilla species, enables them to live in colder temperatures. Gorillas can be identified by nose prints unique to each individual

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primates (apes) found in East Africa approximately 22–32 million years ago. The fossil record of the area where mountain gorillas live is particularly poor and so its evolutionary history is not clear.

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Stoinski T.S., Steklis H.D., and Mehlman P.T. (2008) Conservation in the 21st Century: Gorillas as a Case Study. Developments in Primatology: Progress and Prospects. XVI, 368 p. 41 illus., 2 in colour.

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In addition to tourism, other measures for conservation of the sub-population can be taken such as ensuring connecting corridors between isolated areas to make movement between them easier and safer.

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strategy against the risk of human pathogens being transmitted throughout the population. The main international non-governmental organization involved in conservation of mountain gorillas is the

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intended for other animals. They have been killed for their heads, hands, and feet, which are sold to collectors. Infants are sold to zoos, researchers, and people who want them as pets. The

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Loss of habitat is one of the most severe threats to gorilla populations. The forests where mountain gorillas live are surrounded by rapidly increasing human settlement. Through shifting (

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Lilly, A.A.; Mehlamn, P.T.; Doran, D. (2002). "Intestinal parasites in gorillas, chimpanzees, and humans at Mondika Research site, Dzanga-Ndoki National Park, Central African Republic".

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It was about 8.8 to 12 million years ago that the group of primates who were to evolve into gorillas split from their common ancestor with humans and chimps; this is when the genus

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vegetation, and (9) thumping the ground with palms. Jill Donisthorpe has stated that a male charged at her twice. In both cases, the gorilla turned away when she stood her ground.

393:. Some primatologists speculate the Bwindi population is a separate subspecies, though no description has been finalized. As of June 2018, there were more than 1,000 individuals. 1260:

mountain gorillas. Due to the increase in human encounters, both aggressive and passive, this has resulted in a rise in mortality rates and a decrease in reproductive success.

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for approximately 10,000 years and these two taxa separated from their western counterparts approximately 1.2 to 3 million years ago. The genus was first referenced as

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Glew L & Hudson MD 2007, Gorillas in the midst: the impact of armed conflict on the conservation of protected areas in sub-Saharan Africa, Oryx 41(2): 140-150

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Byers, A. P.; Miller, P. S.; Westley, F. R. (2003). "Guns, Germs and Refugees: The Mountain Gorilla PHVA in Uganda". In Westley, F. R.; Miller, P. S. (eds.).

2994: 1588: 509:. Adult males have more pronounced bony crests on the top and back of their skulls, giving their heads a more conical shape. These crests anchor the powerful 2924:

Conservation through community use of plant resources: Establishing Collaborative Management in Bwindi Impenetrable and Mgahinga Gorilla National Park Uganda

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Hamilton, A.; Cunningham, A.; Byarugaba, D.; Kayanja, F. (2000). "Conservation in a Region of Political Instability: Bwindi Impenetrable Forest, Uganda".

946:. Conservation requires work at many levels, from local to international, and involves protection and law enforcement as well as research and education. 1968:

Rothman, J. M.; Dierenfeld, E. S.; Hintz, H. F. & Pell, A. N. (2008). "Nutritional quality of gorilla diets: Consequences of age, sex, and season".

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sp. are genetically identical when found in livestock, humans, and gorillas, particularly along the border of the Bwindi Impenetrable Forest, Uganda.

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Harcourt, A. H.; Stewart, K. J.; Hauser, M. (1993). "Functions of wild gorilla 'close' calls. I. Repertoire, context, and interspecific comparison".

789: 883:. Little was known about the life of the mountain gorilla before his research, which described its social organization, life history, and ecology. 3973: 2968: 4685: 577:, ranging in elevation from 2,200 to 4,300 m (7,200 to 14,100 ft). Most groups live on the slopes of three of the dormant volcanoes: 549:

leave their sleeping sites when the sun rises at around 6 am, except when it is cold and overcast; then they often stay longer in their nests.

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The dominant silverback generally determines the movements of the group, leading it to appropriate feeding sites throughout the year. He also

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Stewart, K. J. & Harcourt, A. H. (1987). "Gorillas: variation in female relationships". In Smuts, B. B.; Cheney, D. L.; Seyfarth, R. M.;

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began what would become an 18-year study in 1967. Fossey made new observations, completed the first accurate census, and established active

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Kanyamibwa S 1998, Impact of war on conservation: Rwandan environment and wildlife in agony, Biodiversity and Conservation 7(11): 1399-1406

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Stewart, K. J. (2001). "Social relationships of immature gorillas and silverbacks". In Robbins, M. M.; Sicotte, P.; Stewart, K. J. (eds.).

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used by one group of gorillas during one year is influenced by availability of food sources and usually includes several vegetation zones.

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Grueter, C. C.; Robbins, M. M.; Abavandimwe, D.; Ortmann, S.; Mudakikwa, A.; Ndagijimana, F.; Vecellio, V.; Stoinski, T. S. (2016-05-16).

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More direct impacts from conflict can also be seen. Kanyamibwa notes that there were reports that mines were placed along trails in the

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Impenetrable Forest adult males ate an average of 18.8 kg (41 lb) of food a day, while females ate 14.9 kg (33 lb).

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McNeilage, A; Robbins, MM; Gray, M; Olupot, W; Babaasa, D; Bitariho, R; Kasangaki, A; Rainer, H; Asuma, S; Mugiri, G; Baker, J (2006).

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spite of attempts to enforce a rule that humans and gorillas be separated by a distance of seven metres at all times to prevent this.

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Nizeyi, J.B.; Cranfield, M.R.; Graczyk, T.K. (2002a). "Cattle near the Bwindi Impenetrable National Park, Uganda, as a reservoir of

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Abduction of infants for illegal selling to zoos and as pets often results in other adult gorillas being killed in the process

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streams only if they can do so without getting wet, such as by using fallen logs to cross the stream. They also dislike rain.

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Fragmentation of forested areas has resulted in the isolation of gorilla groups from each other, reducing genetic diversity

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Robbins, M. M.; Gray, M.; Kagoda, E.; Robbins, A. M. (2009). "Population dynamics of the Bwindi mountain gorillas".

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Hickey, J. R.; Basabose, A.; Gilardi, K. V.; Greer, D.; Nampindo, S.; Robbins, M. M. & Stoinski, T. S. (2018) .

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George Schaller began his 20-month observation of the mountain gorillas in 1959, subsequently publishing two books:

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are found year-round. All parts of this vine are consumed: leaves, stems, flowers, and berries. It travels to the

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Robbins, M. M. (1995). "A demographic analysis of male life history and social structure of mountain gorillas".

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Community-based conservation management involves biodiversity protection by, for, and with the local community.

939: 566: 366: 34: 914:) in the Virungas and at Bwindi. The overall population is now believed to be at more than 1,000 individuals. 3330:"Gorillas in the crossfire: Population dynamics of the Virunga mountain gorillas over the past three decades" 3328:

Kalpers, J.; Williamson, E.A.; Robbins, M.M.; McNeilage, A.; Nzamurambaho, A.; Lola, N.; Mugiri, G. (2003).

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Harcourt, A.; Curry-Lindahl, K. (1979). "Conservation of the Mountain Gorilla and its Habitat in Rwanda".

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Hickey, J.R.; Basabose, A.; Gilardi, K.V.; Greer, D.; Nampindo, S.; Robbins, M.M.; Stoinski, T.S. (2020).

1925: 544:, spending most of the day eating, as large quantities of food are needed to sustain its massive bulk. It 4575: 4141: 3570: 1841: 1037:

Regular contact of tourists with the gorillas allows transmission of diseases from humans to the gorillas

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conflicts within the group and protects it from external threats. When the group is attacked by humans,

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Watts, D. P. (1990). "Ecology of gorillas and its relation to female transfer in mountain gorillas".

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identified ten distinct zones, including: bamboo forest at 2,200–2,800 m (7,200–9,200 ft);

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two–five years before they can attract females to join them and form a new group. Females typically

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zone at 3,400–4,300 m (11,200–14,100 ft). The mountain gorilla spends most of its time in

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Nizeyi, J.B.; Sebunya, D.; Dasilva, A.J.; Cranfield, M.R.; Pieniazek, N.J.; Graczyk, T.K. (2002b).

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Gray, M.; McNeilage, A.; Fawcett, K.; Robbins, M. M.; Ssebide, B.; Mbula, D.; Uwingeli, P. (2003),

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Created Virunga biodiversity inventory and field guides, to support public education and ecotourism

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Lack of support for conservation efforts due to insufficient education and awareness amongst locals

4126: 3923: 910:. Conservation efforts have led to an increase in the overall population of the mountain gorilla ( 845: 557: 472:, found in the Virungas and Bwindi). In 2003, after a review, they were divided into two species ( 4019: 3998: 3381: 3377:

genotype (assemblage) A infections in habitats of free-ranging human-habituated gorillas, Uganda"

2969:"On a visit to Rwanda, Audrey Azoulay calls for greater global efforts to protect the great apes" 1647: 1264: 756: 502: 437: 374: 4632: 3172: 1343: 4437: 4134: 3908: 2065:

Harcourt, A. H. (1988). "Bachelor groups of gorillas in captivity: The situation in the wild".

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Graczyk, T.K.; Bosco-Nizeyi, J.; Ssebide, B.; Thompson, A.; Read, C.; Cranfield, M.R. (2002).

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Fossey, D. & Harcourt, A. H. (1977). "Feeding ecology of free ranging mountain gorillas (

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Stanford, C. (2001). "The subspecies concept in primatology: the case of mountain gorillas".

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forest during the few months of the year when fresh shoots are available, and it climbs into

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Conservation Through Public Health, an Ugandan NGO working for mountain gorilla conservation

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Weber, A.W.; Vedder, A. (1983). "Population dynamics of the Virunga gorillas: 1959–1978".

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Although strong and powerful, mountain gorillas are generally gentle and very shy. Severe

8: 3958: 3948: 2401:"Elevated activity in adult mountain gorillas is related to consumption of bamboo shoots" 2234: 1878: 1268: 865: 93: 3150: 3071: 2881: 2785: 2677:"Census of the mountain gorilla population in Bwindi Impenetrable National Park, Uganda" 2580: 2297: 1981: 4259: 4241: 3878: 3836: 3816: 3698: 3645: 3589: 3457: 3406: 3305: 3280: 3260: 3083: 2901: 2804: 2769: 2314: 2281: 2160: 2001: 1830: 1705: 1680: 1444: 1307: 841: 837: 530: 140: 3888: 2709: 2499: 2398: 2339: 1387: 760:

likely resulted in the purging of severely deleterious mutations from the population.

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Mountain Gorilla Veterinary Project, a NGO that provides medical care to the gorillas

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Harcourt, A. H. (1979). "Social relationships among adult female mountain gorillas".

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Primate Ecology: Studies of Feeding and Ranging Behaviour in Lemurs, Monkeys and Apes

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IPPL News (2002b). "Taiping Four" Gorillas to be confiscated. IPPL News 29(3):9–10.

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Karisoke Research Centre runs a facility for young gorillas rescued from poachers

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Dian Fossey broke down conservation efforts into the following three categories:

741: 606: 578: 506: 339: 261: 2265:) with comparative notes on chimpanzees". In Hausfater, G.; Hrdy, S. B. (eds.). 1385: 3029: 1289: 1172: 1141: 541: 488: 354: 65: 3499: 3476: 3445: 3346: 3329: 3256: 3122: 3105: 3079: 3043: 3020: 2707: 2693: 2676: 2660: 2643: 1989: 1631: 1614: 4649: 4562: 4460: 4420: 4115: 3691: 3581: 2722: 2417: 2400: 1560: 1400: 1348:(3rd ed.). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 181–182. 1339: 1241: 907: 849: 636: 616: 362: 300: 113: 3224:

IPPL News (2002a). Animal dealer offers gorilla babies. IPPL News 29(1):3–4.

2445: 2305: 2051: 1363: 424:

epoch (34–24 million years ago). The fossil record provides evidence of the

3933: 3918: 3893: 3531: 3508: 3453: 3402: 3314: 3296: 2945: 2897: 2813: 2484: 2323: 1997: 1714: 1542: 1327: 1110:

Provided biodiversity training for local park staff and conservation groups

586: 582: 570: 449: 4606: 4536: 4469: 4335: 3928: 3883: 3752: 2770:"Extreme conservation leads to recovery of the Virunga mountain gorillas" 2521: 886: 857: 749: 534: 358: 852:(1861–1926) classified the animal as a new form of gorilla and named it 4528: 4356: 4197: 4077: 3768: 3106:"The impact of war on forest areas in the Democratic Republic of Congo" 2431: 2156: 1533: 1516: 1440: 1200: 903: 769: 602: 343: 335: 310: 207: 4541: 1696: 1517:"The evolutionary origin and population history of the grauer gorilla" 1040:

Domestic animals and livestock also contribute to disease transmission

997:

Karisoke's guards find and remove approximately 1,000 snares each year

4277: 4226: 4207: 4158: 4067: 3810: 3356: 1176: 1091:

Poverty encourages the use of slash-and-burn agriculture to grow food

737: 632: 593:, at elevations higher than the Albertine Rift montane cloud forest. 421: 237: 227: 157: 4431: 2926:, People and Plants Working Paper, Division of Ecological Sciences, 1229:(DRC) saw a decline of almost 20% over only four years (1996–2000). 1053:

More education for local communities to minimise impact of livestock

1047:

Requirement to stay at least seven meters from gorillas at all times

1015:

Rapidly expanding human settlements are removing the gorilla habitat

4454: 4325: 4216: 4179: 4156: 4036: 3678: 3281:"Human Metapneumovirus Infection in Wild Mountain Gorillas, Rwanda" 1188: 1160: 1113:

Provided field courses and internships for Rwandan college students

802: 729: 545: 523: 425: 401: 177: 3370: 3277: 3193:. National Geographic News, 2002. 4 September 2002. Archived from 2995:"REPORTAGE. " Les gorilles des mo ntagnes, c'est l'or du Rwanda "" 2865: 2279: 1515:

Tocheri, M. W.; Dommain, R.; McFarlin, S. C.; et al. (2016).

4515: 4287: 4191: 4031: 4014: 3781: 3663: 3327: 2280:

Xue, Y.; Prado-Martinez, J.; Sudmant, P. H.; et al. (2015).

1837: 1679:

Balolia, Katharine L.; Soligo, Christophe; Wood, Bernard (2017).

1345:

Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference

1247: 994:

Increased patrolling using armed guards in protected forest areas

611: 247: 197: 1645: 1267:, and that many gorillas were killed as a result. Pressure from 4347: 4185: 4173: 3848: 3758: 3575: 2927: 1463:"Endangered mountain gorilla population recovers to over 1,000" 1137: 1121:

A collaborative management process has had some success in the

1104:

Supplied primary school students with books and other materials

777: 717: 628: 413: 378: 370: 217: 187: 167: 3474: 1071:

Gorillas may be killed by land mines placed along forest paths

4386: 4097: 4087: 3739: 3673: 2827: 2230:"Gorilla youngsters seen dismantling poachers' traps—a first" 2018: 1514: 615:

forest at 2,800–3,400 m (9,200–11,200 ft); and the

519: 130: 124: 2498:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 15–34. Archived from 984:

Gorillas are maimed or killed by traps set for other animals

4371: 4092: 3733: 3674:

Official website for Dian Fossey Gorilla Fund International

3395:

10.1645/0022-3395(2002)088[0905:AGDGAA]2.0.CO;2

2626: 1654:. In Butynski, T. M.; Kingdon, J. & Kalina, J. (eds.). 1192: 514: 2674: 2546: 1967: 396: 3714: 1948: 1283: 934:, which was established in 1991 as a joint effort of the 492:

Silverback of Ntambara group, in typical resting attitude

417: 2828:"About the International Gorilla Conservation Programme" 2766: 2564: 2205:

Mountain Gorillas: Three Decades of Research at Karisoke

1565:

Handbook of the Mammals of the World. Volume 3. Primates

1555: 1492:

Mountain Gorillas: Biology, Conservation and Coexistence

3683: 3668: 3423: 3173:"Mountain gorillas surviving despite severe inbreeding" 3103: 2336: 1159:

The mountain gorilla is threatened by habitat loss and

1068:

Increased use of gorillas for meat by displaced peoples

1065:

Refugees removing trees to create settlements and farms

501:(154–216 lb). This subspecies is smaller than the 452:

proposed that all gorillas be regarded as one species (

2267:

Infanticide: Comparative and Evolutionary Perspectives

2261:

Fossey, D. (1984). "Infanticide in mountain gorillas (

1025:

Expansion of areas of national park to protect habitat

3057: 2520:. Fathom / Cambridge University Press. Archived from 2515: 2115: 2516:

Stewart, K. J.; Sicotte, P.; Robbins, M. M. (2001).

1681:"Sagittal crest formation in great apes and gibbons" 1279: 2560: 2558: 2556: 2012: 1780: 1549: 448:in 1852. It was not until 1967 that the taxonomist 436:emerged. Mountain gorillas have been isolated from 420:found in Africa and Arabia during the start of the 3521: 3191:"Rwanda's Mountain Gorillas Beating Survival Odds" 2830:. The International Gorilla Conservation Programme 2367: 2338: 2088: 1875:Exploring the Environment - Modules and Activities 1829: 1759: 464:(lowland gorillas found west of the Virungas) and 3486:American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 3242: 2109: 1923: 1678: 872:to protect the animals of the Virunga mountains. 389:(DRC). The other population is found in Uganda's 4647: 4224: 3432:for local community and free-ranging gorillas". 2553: 2496:Gorilla biology: A multidisciplinary perspective 1961: 1789:Gorilla Biology: A Multidisciplinary Perspective 1646:Williamson, E. A. & Butynski, T. M. (2013). 844:. One of the apes was recovered and sent to the 748:kill all of the infants of the dead silverback. 4666:Mammals of the Democratic Republic of the Congo 3580: 3099: 3097: 3021:"The rules and the reality of mountain gorilla 3018: 2861: 2859: 2737:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T39999A176396749.en 2641: 2064: 1824: 1786: 1508: 1107:Run conservation programs for secondary schools 902:As of 2018, the mountain gorilla was listed as 686:Male feeding on insects in a rotting tree trunk 412:Mountain gorillas are descendants of ancestral 349:There are two populations: One is found in the 3679:African Wildlife Foundation, mountain gorillas 2762: 2760: 2758: 2756: 2754: 2631:, Joint organisers’ report, UWA / ORTPN / ICCN 2202: 2037: 1942: 1489: 1000:Gorilla censuses to monitor gorilla population 4142: 3699: 3543: 3541: 2917: 2915: 2847: 2629:Virunga Volcano Range mountain gorilla census 2595: 2494:. In Taylor, A. B.; Goldsmith, M. L. (eds.). 2330: 2082: 2080: 2078: 2076: 1612: 1485: 1483: 1187:Mountain gorillas are not usually hunted for 894:Bwindi mountain gorillas began in the 1990s. 3209: 3094: 2856: 2365: 2273: 2142: 2058: 1426: 1212:in January 2007 was a well-documented case. 932:International Gorilla Conservation Programme 864:who wished to study the gorillas, convinced 3136: 2751: 2345:. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold Company. 2196: 2031: 1907:The Diana Fossey Gorilla Fund International 1820: 1818: 1816: 1762:The Guinness Book of Animal Facts and Feats 552: 15: 4149: 4135: 3706: 3692: 3538: 3104:Draulans, D.; Van Krunkoisven, E. (2001). 3019:Sandbrook, C.; Semple, S. (October 2006). 2921: 2912: 2477: 2458: 2452: 2425: 2260: 2254: 2176: 2174: 2086: 2073: 1832:The Mountain Gorilla: Ecology and Behavior 1480: 309: 102: 78: 64: 16: 3498: 3355: 3345: 3304: 3121: 3042: 2803: 2793: 2735: 2692: 2659: 2541: 2539: 2416: 2313: 2136: 1865: 1863: 1861: 1704: 1630: 1613:Harcourt, A. H.; Groom, A. F. G. (1972). 1532: 1521:American Journal of Physical Anthropology 635:regions to eat the soft centers of giant 3627: 2605:. gorilla.cd. 2010-12-15. Archived from 2374:. New York: Simon and Schuster. p. 2221: 2207:. New York: Cambridge University Press. 1917: 1813: 1757: 1751: 788: 755:Analysis of mountain gorilla genomes by 752:has not been observed in stable groups. 596: 556: 487: 400: 24:This is an accepted version of this page 2171: 2027:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 1897: 1895: 1420: 1254: 801:Young gorillas play often and are more 397:Evolution, taxonomy, and classification 14: 4648: 3608: 2992: 2826: 2536: 2483: 2269:. New York: Aldine Publishing Company. 1858: 1727: 1721: 1494:. The Johns Hopkins University Press. 1381: 1379: 1377: 1375: 1373: 1326: 4686:Critically endangered fauna of Africa 4436: 4435: 4130: 4042:Chimpanzee–human last common ancestor 3687: 3025:tracking: how close do tourists get?" 1581: 4052:Orangutan–human last common ancestor 3245:International Journal of Primatology 2642:Aveling, C.; Harcourt, A.H. (1984). 2227: 2145:International Journal of Primatology 2095:. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company. 1926:"Rwenzori-Virunga Montane Moorlands" 1892: 856:after the man who shot it. In 1925, 2723:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2518:"Mountain Gorillas of the Virungas" 1401:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 1370: 711: 48: 4701:Species endangered by habitat loss 4047:Gorilla–human last common ancestor 3979:Kinshasa Declaration on Great Apes 2848:Western, D; Wright, R. M. (1994). 2644:"A census of the Virunga gorillas" 2337:Maple, T. L.; Hoff, M. P. (1982). 1787:Taylor, A.; Goldsmith, M. (2008). 1320: 862:American Museum of Natural History 793:Young gorilla, two-three years old 591:Rwenzori-Virunga montane moorlands 565:The mountain gorilla inhabits the 529:The mountain gorilla is primarily 483: 87:Female and baby mountain gorillas 49: 4722: 4057:Gibbon–human last common ancestor 3657: 2852:. Washington, D.C.: Island Press. 2603:"Good News for Mountain Gorillas" 1490:Eckhart, G.; Lanjouw, A. (2008). 1123:Bwindi Impenetrable National Park 391:Bwindi Impenetrable National Park 51:Subspecies of the eastern gorilla 4656:IUCN Red List endangered species 4416: 4415: 4111: 4110: 3862: 3563: 2922:Wild, R. G.; Mutebi, J. (1996), 2890:10.1111/j.1523-1739.2000.99452.x 2116:Lindsley, T.; Sorin, A. (2001). 2023:& Struhsaker, T. T. (eds.). 1953:)". In Clutton-Brock, T. (ed.). 1282: 693: 679: 665: 651: 144: 3989:Great Apes Survival Partnership 3939:Iowa Primate Learning Sanctuary 3550: 3515: 3468: 3417: 3364: 3321: 3271: 3236: 3227: 3218: 3183: 3165: 3130: 3051: 3012: 2993:VERNAY, Stéphane (2023-09-05). 2986: 2961: 2941:"Mountain Gorilla Numbers Soar" 2933: 2841: 2820: 2701: 2668: 2635: 2620: 2547:"Dian Fossey Gorilla Fund - UK" 2509: 2489:"A history of gorilla taxonomy" 2392: 2370:The Dark Romance of Dian Fossey 2359: 1903:"The life of mountain gorillas" 1672: 1639: 1166: 1148:to be undertaken concurrently. 1050:Better management of ecotourism 940:Fauna & Flora International 897: 809: 716:The mountain gorilla is highly 1791:. Cambridge University Press. 1606: 1455: 1225:mountain gorilla populations. 1097:Karisoke Research centre has: 784: 468:(mountain gorillas, including 13: 1: 4711:Species endangered by disease 4706:Species endangered by warfare 2184:. African Wildlife Foundation 1313: 1136:According to the Director of 971:Effect on Gorilla Population 763: 3642:10.1016/0003-3472(79)90145-3 3285:Emerging Infectious Diseases 3159:10.1016/0006-3207(83)90096-4 2795:10.1371/journal.pone.0019788 2589:10.1016/j.biocon.2009.07.010 1797:10.1017/CBO9780511542558.018 1567:. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions. 822: 387:Democratic Republic of Congo 7: 4696:Taxa named by Paul Matschie 3571:African Wildlife Foundation 1842:University of Chicago Press 1275: 1191:, but frequently, they are 1182: 936:African Wildlife Foundation 831: 460:(western lowland gorilla), 318:Distribution range in blue 10: 4727: 4062:List of fictional primates 3914:Neanderthal genome project 3524:Experiments in Consilience 3060:Environmental Conservation 1215: 1154: 1129:The director of the IGCP, 944:World Wide Fund for Nature 505:, the other subspecies of 351:Virunga volcanic mountains 4691:Mammals described in 1903 4503:gorilla-beringei-beringei 4476:Gorilla beringei beringei 4446:Gorilla beringei beringei 4444: 4411: 4369: 4333: 4324: 4285: 4276: 4215: 4206: 4168: 4157:Extant species of family 4106: 4007: 3994:International Primate Day 3957: 3944:Borneo Orangutan Survival 3899:Chimpanzee genome project 3871: 3860: 3721: 3500:10.4269/ajtmh.2002.66.442 3446:10.1007/s00436-001-0543-x 3347:10.1017/s0030605303000589 3123:10.1017/s0030605302000066 3080:10.1017/s0376892900002666 3044:10.1017/S0030605306001323 3023:Gorilla beringei beringei 2694:10.1017/s0030605306001311 2661:10.1017/s0030605300018524 2228:Than, K. (19 July 2012). 1990:10.1007/s00442-007-0901-1 1957:. London: Academic Press. 1730:"Gorilla natural history" 1632:10.1017/S0030605300010401 1589:"Primates: gorilla facts" 1334:Gorilla beringei beringei 973: 970: 912:Gorilla beringei beringei 836:In October 1902, Captain 331:Gorilla beringei beringei 317: 308: 294:Gorilla beringei beringei 290: 283: 141:Scientific classification 139: 122: 100: 91: 86: 77: 72: 63: 58: 3713: 3479:Gorilla gorilla beringei 2263:Gorilla gorilla beringei 1951:Gorilla gorilla beringei 1924:Martin, E.; Burgess, N. 1342:; Reeder, D. M. (eds.). 846:Berlin Zoological Museum 553:Distribution and habitat 540:The mountain gorilla is 466:Gorilla gorilla beringei 456:) with three subspecies 444:in 1847, but renamed to 438:eastern lowland gorillas 346:by the IUCN as of 2018. 31:latest accepted revision 4020:List of individual apes 3999:Nonhuman Rights Project 3382:Journal of Parasitology 3257:10.1023/A:1014969617036 3139:Biological Conservation 2568:Biological Conservation 2446:10.1163/156853993X00524 2306:10.1126/science.aaa3952 2052:10.1163/156853995X00261 1766:. Sterling Publishing. 1265:Volcanoes National Park 1195:or killed by traps and 881:The Year of the Gorilla 757:whole genome sequencing 642: 503:eastern lowland gorilla 462:Gorilla gorilla graueri 458:Gorilla gorilla gorilla 3909:Gladys Kalema-Zikusoka 3426:Cryptosporidium parvum 3297:10.3201/eid1704.100883 2730:: e.T39999A176396749. 2418:10.1093/jmammal/gyw132 2124:. Animal Diversity Web 1909:. 2002. Archived from 1877:. 2003. Archived from 794: 562: 493: 409: 73:Male mountain gorilla 4628:Paleobiology Database 3924:Lone Drøscher Nielsen 3594:. London: Pan Books. 3434:Parasitology Research 3197:on September 15, 2002 2366:Harold Hayes (1990). 1303:Small population size 1210:Virunga National Park 974:Conservation Efforts 814:Twenty-five distinct 792: 597:Behaviour and ecology 560: 491: 404: 4260:Tapanuli orangutan ( 4242:Sumatran orangutan ( 3904:Human Genome Project 2869:Conservation Biology 2524:on 21 September 2008 2405:Journal of Mammalogy 2242:on February 20, 2021 2091:Gorillas in the mist 1408:: e.T39999A176396749 1255:War and civil unrest 877:The Mountain Gorilla 870:Albert National Park 860:, a hunter from the 700:A 2 year old gorilla 672:Female eating leaves 334:) is one of the two 4251:Bornean orangutan ( 3949:Primate archaeology 3609:Groves, C. (2001). 3534:. pp. 105–130. 3151:1983BCons..26..341W 3072:1979EnvCo...6..143H 2882:2000ConBi..14.1722H 2850:Natural Connections 2786:2011PLoSO...619788R 2581:2009BCons.142.2886R 2459:Godwin, S. (1990). 2298:2015Sci...348..242X 2235:National Geographic 2087:Fossey, D. (1983). 1982:2008Oecol.155..111R 1871:"Mountain gorillas" 1728:Knight, T. (2008). 1269:habitat destruction 866:Albert I of Belgium 773:becoming physical. 276:G. b. beringei 94:Conservation status 21:Page version status 3879:Great ape language 3837:Tapanuli orangutan 3817:Sumatran orangutan 3591:Last Chance to See 3430:Giardia duodenalis 3375:Giardia duodenalis 3373:"Anthropozoonotic 2182:"Mountain gorilla" 2157:10.1007/BF02193694 1685:Journal of Anatomy 1559:; Rylands, A. B.; 1557:Mittermeier, R. A. 1534:10.1002/ajpa.22900 1527:(Suppl 61): 4–18. 1441:10.1007/bf02629622 1308:Sumatran orangutan 1080:Local communities 848:, where Professor 842:German East Africa 838:Robert von Beringe 795: 658:Female eating root 563: 511:temporalis muscles 494: 410: 342:. It is listed as 27: 4681:Virunga Mountains 4676:Mammals of Uganda 4671:Mammals of Rwanda 4643: 4642: 4615:Open Tree of Life 4438:Taxon identifiers 4429: 4428: 4407: 4406: 4403: 4402: 4399: 4398: 4380: 4341: 4312:Western gorilla ( 4303:Eastern gorilla ( 4296: 4272: 4271: 4235: 4162: 4124: 4123: 3984:Great Ape Project 3827:Bornean orangutan 2949:. 8 December 2010 2575:(12): 2886–2895. 2505:on 26 March 2009. 2470:978-1-86325-034-4 2463:. Mallard Press. 2352:978-0-442-25152-9 2025:Primate Societies 1773:978-0-85112-235-9 1758:Wood, G. (1983). 1697:10.1111/joa.12609 1656:Mammals of Africa 1574:978-84-96553-89-7 1501:978-0-8018-9011-6 1298:Eugène Rutagarama 1131:Eugène Rutagarama 1119: 1118: 868:to establish the 575:Virunga Mountains 385:, in the eastern 322: 321: 134: 117: 59:Mountain gorilla 18: 4718: 4636: 4635: 4623: 4622: 4610: 4609: 4597: 4596: 4584: 4583: 4571: 4570: 4558: 4557: 4545: 4544: 4532: 4531: 4519: 4518: 4506: 4505: 4493: 4492: 4480: 4479: 4478: 4465: 4464: 4463: 4433: 4432: 4419: 4418: 4379: 4376: 4340: 4331: 4330: 4295: 4292: 4283: 4282: 4262:P. tapanuliensis 4234: 4231: 4222: 4221: 4213: 4212: 4160: 4151: 4144: 4137: 4128: 4127: 4114: 4113: 4083:Mythic humanoids 3866: 3841:P. tapanuliensis 3708: 3701: 3694: 3685: 3684: 3653: 3630:Animal Behaviour 3624: 3611:Primate Taxonomy 3605: 3557: 3554: 3548: 3545: 3536: 3535: 3528:Washington, D.C. 3519: 3513: 3512: 3502: 3472: 3466: 3465: 3421: 3415: 3414: 3368: 3362: 3361: 3359: 3349: 3325: 3319: 3318: 3308: 3275: 3269: 3268: 3240: 3234: 3231: 3225: 3222: 3216: 3213: 3207: 3206: 3204: 3202: 3187: 3181: 3180: 3169: 3163: 3162: 3134: 3128: 3127: 3125: 3101: 3092: 3091: 3055: 3049: 3048: 3046: 3016: 3010: 3009: 3007: 3006: 2990: 2984: 2983: 2981: 2979: 2965: 2959: 2958: 2956: 2954: 2937: 2931: 2930: 2919: 2910: 2909: 2876:(6): 1722–1725. 2863: 2854: 2853: 2845: 2839: 2838: 2836: 2835: 2824: 2818: 2817: 2807: 2797: 2764: 2749: 2748: 2746: 2744: 2739: 2712:Gorilla beringei 2705: 2699: 2698: 2696: 2672: 2666: 2665: 2663: 2639: 2633: 2632: 2624: 2618: 2617: 2615: 2614: 2599: 2593: 2592: 2562: 2551: 2550: 2543: 2534: 2533: 2531: 2529: 2513: 2507: 2506: 2504: 2493: 2481: 2475: 2474: 2456: 2450: 2449: 2429: 2423: 2422: 2420: 2411:(6): 1663–1670. 2396: 2390: 2389: 2373: 2363: 2357: 2356: 2344: 2341:Gorilla Behavior 2334: 2328: 2327: 2317: 2277: 2271: 2270: 2258: 2252: 2251: 2249: 2247: 2238:. Archived from 2225: 2219: 2218: 2200: 2194: 2193: 2191: 2189: 2178: 2169: 2168: 2140: 2134: 2133: 2131: 2129: 2120:Gorilla beringei 2113: 2107: 2106: 2094: 2084: 2071: 2070: 2062: 2056: 2055: 2035: 2029: 2028: 2016: 2010: 2009: 1965: 1959: 1958: 1946: 1940: 1939: 1937: 1936: 1921: 1915: 1914: 1899: 1890: 1889: 1887: 1886: 1867: 1856: 1855: 1835: 1822: 1811: 1810: 1784: 1778: 1777: 1765: 1755: 1749: 1748: 1746: 1745: 1736:. Archived from 1725: 1719: 1718: 1708: 1676: 1670: 1669: 1652:eastern gorilla" 1650:Gorilla beringei 1643: 1637: 1636: 1634: 1615:"Gorilla Census" 1610: 1604: 1603: 1601: 1600: 1591:. Archived from 1585: 1579: 1578: 1553: 1547: 1546: 1536: 1512: 1506: 1505: 1487: 1478: 1477: 1475: 1474: 1459: 1453: 1452: 1424: 1418: 1417: 1415: 1413: 1390:Gorilla beringei 1383: 1368: 1367: 1324: 1292: 1287: 1286: 965: 964: 854:Gorilla beringei 712:Social structure 697: 683: 669: 655: 573:, including the 561:Mountain gorilla 478:Gorilla beringei 470:Gorilla beringei 326:mountain gorilla 313: 296: 262:G. beringei 149: 148: 128: 111: 106: 105: 82: 68: 56: 55: 4726: 4725: 4721: 4720: 4719: 4717: 4716: 4715: 4646: 4645: 4644: 4639: 4631: 4626: 4618: 4613: 4605: 4602:Observation.org 4600: 4592: 4587: 4579: 4574: 4566: 4561: 4553: 4548: 4540: 4535: 4527: 4522: 4514: 4509: 4501: 4496: 4488: 4483: 4474: 4473: 4468: 4459: 4458: 4453: 4440: 4430: 4425: 4395: 4377: 4375: 4365: 4339: 4320: 4293: 4291: 4268: 4232: 4230: 4202: 4164: 4155: 4125: 4120: 4102: 4073:Human evolution 4003: 3960: 3953: 3889:Birutė Galdikas 3867: 3858: 3798:Western gorilla 3788:Eastern gorilla 3724: 3717: 3712: 3660: 3621: 3613:. Smithsonian. 3602: 3566: 3561: 3560: 3555: 3551: 3546: 3539: 3520: 3516: 3473: 3469: 3422: 3418: 3369: 3365: 3326: 3322: 3276: 3272: 3241: 3237: 3232: 3228: 3223: 3219: 3214: 3210: 3200: 3198: 3189: 3188: 3184: 3171: 3170: 3166: 3135: 3131: 3102: 3095: 3056: 3052: 3017: 3013: 3004: 3002: 2999:Ouest-France.fr 2991: 2987: 2977: 2975: 2967: 2966: 2962: 2952: 2950: 2939: 2938: 2934: 2920: 2913: 2864: 2857: 2846: 2842: 2833: 2831: 2825: 2821: 2765: 2752: 2742: 2740: 2706: 2702: 2673: 2669: 2640: 2636: 2625: 2621: 2612: 2610: 2601: 2600: 2596: 2563: 2554: 2545: 2544: 2537: 2527: 2525: 2514: 2510: 2502: 2491: 2482: 2478: 2471: 2457: 2453: 2440:(1–2): 89–122. 2430: 2426: 2397: 2393: 2386: 2364: 2360: 2353: 2335: 2331: 2292:(6231): 242–5. 2278: 2274: 2259: 2255: 2245: 2243: 2226: 2222: 2215: 2201: 2197: 2187: 2185: 2180: 2179: 2172: 2141: 2137: 2127: 2125: 2114: 2110: 2103: 2085: 2074: 2063: 2059: 2036: 2032: 2021:Wrangham, R. W. 2017: 2013: 1966: 1962: 1947: 1943: 1934: 1932: 1922: 1918: 1901: 1900: 1893: 1884: 1882: 1869: 1868: 1859: 1852: 1826:Schaller, G. B. 1823: 1814: 1807: 1785: 1781: 1774: 1756: 1752: 1743: 1741: 1734:Gorillas Online 1726: 1722: 1677: 1673: 1666: 1644: 1640: 1611: 1607: 1598: 1596: 1587: 1586: 1582: 1575: 1563:, eds. (2013). 1554: 1550: 1513: 1509: 1502: 1488: 1481: 1472: 1470: 1461: 1460: 1456: 1425: 1421: 1411: 1409: 1384: 1371: 1356: 1325: 1321: 1316: 1288: 1281: 1278: 1257: 1236:Cryptosporidium 1218: 1185: 1169: 1157: 1085:Habitat removal 1060:War and unrest 900: 834: 825: 812: 787: 766: 714: 705: 704: 703: 702: 701: 698: 689: 688: 687: 684: 675: 674: 673: 670: 661: 660: 659: 656: 645: 607:George Schaller 599: 555: 507:eastern gorilla 486: 484:Characteristics 474:Gorilla gorilla 454:Gorilla gorilla 399: 377:, in northwest 369:, in southwest 361:, within three 340:eastern gorilla 304: 298: 292: 279: 265: 143: 135: 118: 107: 103: 96: 52: 47: 46: 45: 44: 43: 42: 26: 12: 11: 5: 4724: 4714: 4713: 4708: 4703: 4698: 4693: 4688: 4683: 4678: 4673: 4668: 4663: 4658: 4641: 4640: 4638: 4637: 4624: 4611: 4598: 4585: 4572: 4559: 4546: 4533: 4520: 4507: 4494: 4481: 4466: 4450: 4448: 4442: 4441: 4427: 4426: 4424: 4423: 4412: 4409: 4408: 4405: 4404: 4401: 4400: 4397: 4396: 4394: 4393: 4383: 4381: 4367: 4366: 4364: 4363: 4359:P. troglodytes 4354: 4344: 4342: 4328: 4322: 4321: 4319: 4318: 4309: 4299: 4297: 4280: 4274: 4273: 4270: 4269: 4267: 4266: 4257: 4248: 4238: 4236: 4219: 4210: 4204: 4203: 4201: 4200: 4194: 4188: 4182: 4176: 4169: 4166: 4165: 4154: 4153: 4146: 4139: 4131: 4122: 4121: 4119: 4118: 4107: 4104: 4103: 4101: 4100: 4095: 4090: 4085: 4080: 4075: 4070: 4065: 4059: 4054: 4049: 4044: 4039: 4034: 4029: 4023: 4017: 4011: 4009: 4005: 4004: 4002: 4001: 3996: 3991: 3986: 3981: 3976: 3971: 3965: 3963: 3955: 3954: 3952: 3951: 3946: 3941: 3936: 3931: 3926: 3921: 3916: 3911: 3906: 3901: 3896: 3891: 3886: 3881: 3875: 3873: 3869: 3868: 3861: 3859: 3857: 3856: 3855:: Hylobatidae) 3846: 3845: 3844: 3834: 3824: 3807: 3806: 3805: 3795: 3778: 3777: 3776: 3773:P. troglodytes 3766: 3749: 3748: 3747: 3729: 3727: 3719: 3718: 3711: 3710: 3703: 3696: 3688: 3682: 3681: 3676: 3671: 3666: 3659: 3658:External links 3656: 3655: 3654: 3636:(1): 251–264. 3625: 3619: 3606: 3600: 3586:Carwardine, M. 3578: 3565: 3562: 3559: 3558: 3549: 3537: 3514: 3493:(4): 442–444. 3467: 3440:(4): 380–385. 3416: 3389:(5): 905–909. 3363: 3340:(3): 326–337. 3320: 3270: 3251:(3): 555–573. 3235: 3226: 3217: 3208: 3182: 3164: 3145:(4): 341–366. 3129: 3093: 3066:(2): 143–147. 3050: 3037:(4): 428–433. 3011: 2985: 2960: 2932: 2911: 2855: 2840: 2819: 2750: 2700: 2687:(4): 419–427. 2667: 2634: 2619: 2594: 2552: 2535: 2508: 2476: 2469: 2451: 2424: 2391: 2384: 2358: 2351: 2329: 2272: 2253: 2220: 2213: 2195: 2170: 2135: 2108: 2101: 2072: 2057: 2046:(1–2): 21–47. 2030: 2011: 1976:(1): 111–122. 1960: 1941: 1916: 1913:on 1999-05-08. 1891: 1857: 1850: 1812: 1805: 1779: 1772: 1750: 1720: 1691:(6): 820–832. 1671: 1664: 1638: 1625:(5): 355–363. 1605: 1580: 1573: 1548: 1507: 1500: 1479: 1454: 1435:(4): 309–318. 1419: 1369: 1354: 1318: 1317: 1315: 1312: 1311: 1310: 1305: 1300: 1294: 1293: 1290:Mammals portal 1277: 1274: 1256: 1253: 1217: 1214: 1184: 1181: 1173:slash-and-burn 1168: 1165: 1156: 1153: 1142:Audrey Azoulay 1117: 1116: 1115: 1114: 1111: 1108: 1105: 1102: 1094: 1093: 1092: 1089: 1086: 1081: 1077: 1076: 1074: 1073: 1072: 1069: 1066: 1061: 1057: 1056: 1055: 1054: 1051: 1048: 1043: 1042: 1041: 1038: 1033: 1029: 1028: 1027: 1026: 1021: 1020: 1019: 1016: 1011: 1007: 1006: 1005: 1004: 1001: 998: 995: 990: 989: 988: 985: 980: 976: 975: 972: 969: 963: 962: 959: 955: 899: 896: 833: 830: 824: 821: 811: 808: 786: 783: 765: 762: 713: 710: 699: 692: 691: 690: 685: 678: 677: 676: 671: 664: 663: 662: 657: 650: 649: 648: 647: 646: 644: 641: 623:forest, where 598: 595: 567:Albertine Rift 554: 551: 485: 482: 398: 395: 363:National Parks 320: 319: 315: 314: 306: 305: 299: 288: 287: 285:Trinomial name 281: 280: 273: 271: 267: 266: 259: 257: 253: 252: 245: 241: 240: 235: 231: 230: 225: 221: 220: 215: 211: 210: 205: 201: 200: 195: 191: 190: 185: 181: 180: 175: 171: 170: 165: 161: 160: 155: 151: 150: 137: 136: 123: 120: 119: 101: 98: 97: 92: 89: 88: 84: 83: 75: 74: 70: 69: 61: 60: 50: 28: 22: 19: 17: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4723: 4712: 4709: 4707: 4704: 4702: 4699: 4697: 4694: 4692: 4689: 4687: 4684: 4682: 4679: 4677: 4674: 4672: 4669: 4667: 4664: 4662: 4659: 4657: 4654: 4653: 4651: 4634: 4629: 4625: 4621: 4616: 4612: 4608: 4603: 4599: 4595: 4590: 4586: 4582: 4577: 4573: 4569: 4564: 4560: 4556: 4551: 4547: 4543: 4538: 4534: 4530: 4525: 4521: 4517: 4512: 4508: 4504: 4499: 4495: 4491: 4486: 4482: 4477: 4471: 4467: 4462: 4456: 4452: 4451: 4449: 4447: 4443: 4439: 4434: 4422: 4414: 4413: 4410: 4392: 4390: 4385: 4384: 4382: 4374: 4373: 4368: 4362: 4360: 4355: 4353: 4351: 4346: 4345: 4343: 4338: 4337: 4332: 4329: 4327: 4323: 4317: 4315: 4310: 4308: 4306: 4301: 4300: 4298: 4290: 4289: 4284: 4281: 4279: 4275: 4265: 4263: 4258: 4256: 4254: 4249: 4247: 4245: 4240: 4239: 4237: 4229: 4228: 4223: 4220: 4218: 4214: 4211: 4209: 4205: 4199: 4195: 4193: 4189: 4187: 4183: 4181: 4177: 4175: 4171: 4170: 4167: 4163: 4152: 4147: 4145: 4140: 4138: 4133: 4132: 4129: 4117: 4109: 4108: 4105: 4099: 4096: 4094: 4091: 4089: 4086: 4084: 4081: 4079: 4076: 4074: 4071: 4069: 4066: 4063: 4060: 4058: 4055: 4053: 4050: 4048: 4045: 4043: 4040: 4038: 4035: 4033: 4030: 4027: 4026:Apes in space 4024: 4021: 4018: 4016: 4013: 4012: 4010: 4006: 4000: 3997: 3995: 3992: 3990: 3987: 3985: 3982: 3980: 3977: 3975: 3972: 3970: 3967: 3966: 3964: 3962: 3961:social status 3956: 3950: 3947: 3945: 3942: 3940: 3937: 3935: 3932: 3930: 3927: 3925: 3922: 3920: 3917: 3915: 3912: 3910: 3907: 3905: 3902: 3900: 3897: 3895: 3892: 3890: 3887: 3885: 3882: 3880: 3877: 3876: 3874: 3872:Study of apes 3870: 3865: 3854: 3850: 3847: 3842: 3838: 3835: 3832: 3828: 3825: 3822: 3818: 3815: 3814: 3813: 3812: 3808: 3803: 3799: 3796: 3793: 3789: 3786: 3785: 3784: 3783: 3779: 3774: 3770: 3767: 3764: 3760: 3757: 3756: 3755: 3754: 3750: 3745: 3741: 3738: 3737: 3736: 3735: 3731: 3730: 3728: 3726: 3720: 3716: 3709: 3704: 3702: 3697: 3695: 3690: 3689: 3686: 3680: 3677: 3675: 3672: 3670: 3667: 3665: 3662: 3661: 3651: 3647: 3643: 3639: 3635: 3631: 3626: 3622: 3620:1-56098-872-X 3616: 3612: 3607: 3603: 3601:0-330-32002-5 3597: 3593: 3592: 3587: 3583: 3579: 3577: 3573: 3572: 3568: 3567: 3564:Other sources 3553: 3544: 3542: 3533: 3529: 3525: 3518: 3510: 3506: 3501: 3496: 3492: 3488: 3487: 3482: 3480: 3471: 3463: 3459: 3455: 3451: 3447: 3443: 3439: 3435: 3431: 3427: 3420: 3412: 3408: 3404: 3400: 3396: 3392: 3388: 3384: 3383: 3378: 3376: 3367: 3358: 3353: 3348: 3343: 3339: 3335: 3331: 3324: 3316: 3312: 3307: 3302: 3298: 3294: 3290: 3286: 3282: 3274: 3266: 3262: 3258: 3254: 3250: 3246: 3239: 3230: 3221: 3212: 3196: 3192: 3186: 3179:. 2015-04-10. 3178: 3174: 3168: 3160: 3156: 3152: 3148: 3144: 3140: 3133: 3124: 3119: 3115: 3111: 3107: 3100: 3098: 3089: 3085: 3081: 3077: 3073: 3069: 3065: 3061: 3054: 3045: 3040: 3036: 3032: 3031: 3026: 3024: 3015: 3000: 2996: 2989: 2974: 2970: 2964: 2948: 2947: 2942: 2936: 2929: 2925: 2918: 2916: 2907: 2903: 2899: 2895: 2891: 2887: 2883: 2879: 2875: 2871: 2870: 2862: 2860: 2851: 2844: 2829: 2823: 2815: 2811: 2806: 2801: 2796: 2791: 2787: 2783: 2780:(6): e19788. 2779: 2775: 2771: 2763: 2761: 2759: 2757: 2755: 2738: 2733: 2729: 2725: 2724: 2719: 2717: 2713: 2704: 2695: 2690: 2686: 2682: 2678: 2671: 2662: 2657: 2653: 2649: 2645: 2638: 2630: 2623: 2609:on 2013-12-17 2608: 2604: 2598: 2590: 2586: 2582: 2578: 2574: 2570: 2569: 2561: 2559: 2557: 2548: 2542: 2540: 2523: 2519: 2512: 2501: 2497: 2490: 2486: 2480: 2472: 2466: 2462: 2455: 2447: 2443: 2439: 2435: 2428: 2419: 2414: 2410: 2406: 2402: 2395: 2387: 2385:0-671-63339-2 2381: 2377: 2372: 2371: 2362: 2354: 2348: 2343: 2342: 2333: 2325: 2321: 2316: 2311: 2307: 2303: 2299: 2295: 2291: 2287: 2283: 2276: 2268: 2264: 2257: 2241: 2237: 2236: 2231: 2224: 2216: 2214:0-521-01986-9 2210: 2206: 2199: 2183: 2177: 2175: 2166: 2162: 2158: 2154: 2150: 2146: 2139: 2123: 2121: 2112: 2104: 2102:0-395-28217-9 2098: 2093: 2092: 2083: 2081: 2079: 2077: 2068: 2061: 2053: 2049: 2045: 2041: 2034: 2026: 2022: 2015: 2007: 2003: 1999: 1995: 1991: 1987: 1983: 1979: 1975: 1971: 1964: 1956: 1952: 1945: 1931: 1927: 1920: 1912: 1908: 1904: 1898: 1896: 1881:on 2008-02-09 1880: 1876: 1872: 1866: 1864: 1862: 1853: 1851:0-226-73635-0 1847: 1843: 1839: 1834: 1833: 1827: 1821: 1819: 1817: 1808: 1806:9780521078917 1802: 1798: 1794: 1790: 1783: 1775: 1769: 1764: 1763: 1754: 1740:on 2012-01-14 1739: 1735: 1731: 1724: 1716: 1712: 1707: 1702: 1698: 1694: 1690: 1686: 1682: 1675: 1667: 1665:9781408189962 1661: 1657: 1653: 1651: 1642: 1633: 1628: 1624: 1620: 1616: 1609: 1595:on 2010-06-01 1594: 1590: 1584: 1576: 1570: 1566: 1562: 1561:Wilson, D. E. 1558: 1552: 1544: 1540: 1535: 1530: 1526: 1522: 1518: 1511: 1503: 1497: 1493: 1486: 1484: 1468: 1464: 1458: 1450: 1446: 1442: 1438: 1434: 1430: 1423: 1407: 1403: 1402: 1397: 1395: 1391: 1382: 1380: 1378: 1376: 1374: 1365: 1361: 1357: 1355:0-801-88221-4 1351: 1347: 1346: 1341: 1340:Wilson, D. E. 1337: 1335: 1329: 1328:Groves, C. P. 1323: 1319: 1309: 1306: 1304: 1301: 1299: 1296: 1295: 1291: 1285: 1280: 1273: 1270: 1266: 1261: 1252: 1250: 1249: 1244: 1243: 1242:Microsporidia 1238: 1237: 1230: 1226: 1222: 1213: 1211: 1207: 1202: 1198: 1194: 1190: 1180: 1178: 1174: 1164: 1162: 1152: 1149: 1145: 1143: 1139: 1134: 1132: 1126: 1124: 1112: 1109: 1106: 1103: 1100: 1099: 1098: 1095: 1090: 1087: 1084: 1083: 1082: 1079: 1078: 1075: 1070: 1067: 1064: 1063: 1062: 1059: 1058: 1052: 1049: 1046: 1045: 1044: 1039: 1036: 1035: 1034: 1031: 1030: 1024: 1023: 1022: 1017: 1014: 1013: 1012: 1010:Habitat loss 1009: 1008: 1002: 999: 996: 993: 992: 991: 986: 983: 982: 981: 978: 977: 967: 966: 960: 956: 952: 951: 950: 947: 945: 941: 937: 933: 929: 923: 919: 915: 913: 909: 908:IUCN Red List 905: 895: 892: 888: 884: 882: 878: 873: 871: 867: 863: 859: 855: 851: 850:Paul Matschie 847: 843: 839: 829: 820: 817: 816:vocalizations 807: 804: 799: 791: 782: 779: 774: 771: 761: 758: 753: 751: 745: 743: 739: 734: 731: 725: 721: 719: 709: 696: 682: 668: 654: 640: 638: 637:senecio trees 634: 630: 626: 622: 618: 617:giant senecio 614: 613: 608: 604: 594: 592: 588: 584: 580: 576: 572: 568: 559: 550: 547: 543: 538: 536: 532: 527: 525: 521: 516: 512: 508: 504: 498: 490: 481: 479: 475: 471: 467: 463: 459: 455: 451: 447: 443: 439: 435: 430: 427: 423: 419: 415: 407: 403: 394: 392: 388: 384: 380: 376: 372: 368: 364: 360: 356: 352: 347: 345: 341: 337: 333: 332: 327: 316: 312: 307: 302: 297: 295: 289: 286: 282: 278: 277: 272: 269: 268: 264: 263: 258: 255: 254: 251: 250: 246: 243: 242: 239: 236: 233: 232: 229: 226: 223: 222: 219: 216: 213: 212: 209: 206: 203: 202: 199: 196: 193: 192: 189: 186: 183: 182: 179: 176: 173: 172: 169: 166: 163: 162: 159: 156: 153: 152: 147: 142: 138: 132: 126: 121: 115: 110: 99: 95: 90: 85: 81: 76: 71: 67: 62: 57: 54: 40: 39:8 August 2024 36: 32: 25: 20: 4445: 4388: 4370: 4358: 4357:Chimpanzee ( 4349: 4334: 4313: 4304: 4286: 4261: 4252: 4243: 4233:(Orangutans) 4225: 4161:(great apes) 3974:Research ban 3934:Elgin Center 3919:Willie Smits 3894:Jane Goodall 3840: 3830: 3820: 3809: 3801: 3791: 3780: 3772: 3762: 3751: 3743: 3732: 3633: 3629: 3610: 3590: 3569: 3552: 3532:Island Press 3523: 3517: 3490: 3484: 3478: 3470: 3437: 3433: 3429: 3425: 3419: 3386: 3380: 3374: 3366: 3337: 3333: 3323: 3291:(4): 711–3. 3288: 3284: 3273: 3248: 3244: 3238: 3229: 3220: 3211: 3201:10 September 3199:. 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