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465:, and taught the young Ueshiba some of the esoteric chants and ritual observances of the sect, which Ueshiba found intriguing. His interest in Buddhism was sufficiently great that his mother considered enrolling him in the priesthood, but his father Yoroku vetoed the idea. Ueshiba went to Tanabe Higher Elementary School and then to Tanabe Prefectural Middle School, but left formal education in his early teens, enrolling instead at a private
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after
Ueshiba was questioned by the police following his meeting with Deguchi; the authorities were keeping the Ōmoto-kyō leader under close surveillance. Angered at the treatment he had received, Ueshiba went back to Ayabe again. Six months later, this time with Deguchi's blessing, he and his family moved permanently to Tokyo. This move allowed Ueshiba to teach politicians, high-ranking military personnel, and members of the
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compound self-sufficient. He viewed farming as a logical complement to martial arts; both were physically demanding and required single-minded dedication. Not only did his farming activities provide a useful cover for martial arts training under the government's restrictions, it also provided food for
Ueshiba, his students and other local families at a time when food shortages were commonplace.
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his teacher. However, Deguchi encouraged
Ueshiba to create his own style of martial arts, "Ueshiba-ryū", and sent many Ōmoto followers to study at the dojo. He also brought Ueshiba into the highest levels of the group's bureaucracy, making Ueshiba his executive assistant and putting him in charge of the Showa Seinenkai (Ōmoto-kyō's national youth organisation) and the Ōmoto Shobotai, a
388:, on an expedition to Mongolia in 1924, where they were captured by Chinese troops and returned to Japan. The following year, he had a profound spiritual experience, stating that, "a golden spirit sprang up from the ground, veiled my body, and changed my body into a golden one." After this experience, his martial arts technique became gentler, with a greater emphasis on the control of
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him. He became the leader of the Kishū Settlement Group, a collective of eighty-five pioneers who intended to settle in the
Shirataki district and live as farmers; the group founded the village of Yubetsu (later Shirataki village) in August, 1912. Much of the funding for this project came from Ueshiba's father and his brothers-in-law Zenzo and Koshiro Inoue. Zenzo's son
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714:. Ueshiba's dojo was undamaged and, over the following two years, he worked closely with Deguchi to reconstruct the group's centre, becoming heavily involved in farming work and serving as the group's "Caretaker of Forms", a role which placed him in charge of overseeing Ōmoto's move towards self-sufficiency. His son
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Ueshiba found that Yoroku had died. Criticised by family and friends for arriving too late to see his father, Ueshiba went into the mountains with a sword and practised solo sword exercises for several days; this almost led to his arrest when the police were informed of a sword-wielding madman on the loose.
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In 1926 Takeshita invited
Ueshiba to visit Tokyo again. Ueshiba relented and returned to the capital, but while residing there was stricken with a serious illness. Deguchi visited his ailing student and, concerned for his health, commanded Ueshiba to return to Ayabe. The appeal of returning increased
755:. As his prowess as a martial artist increased, his fame began to spread. He was challenged by many established martial artists, some of whom later became his students after being defeated by him. In the autumn of 1925 he was asked to give a demonstration of his art in Tokyo, at the behest of Admiral
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sword transmission scroll. Ueshiba then became a representative of Daitō-ryū, toured with Takeda as a teaching assistant and taught the system to others. The relationship between
Ueshiba and Takeda was a complicated one. Ueshiba was an extremely dedicated student, dutifully attending to his teacher's
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I felt the universe suddenly quake and a golden spirit sprang up from the ground, veiled my body, and changed my body into a golden one. At the same time, my body became light. I was able to understand the whispering of the birds and was aware of the mind of God, the creator of the universe. At that
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Takeda visited
Ueshiba in Ayabe to provide instruction, although he was not a follower of Ōmoto and did not get along with Deguchi, which led to a cooling of the relationship between him and Ueshiba. Ueshiba continued to teach his martial art under the name "Daitō-ryū Aiki-jūjutsu", at the behest of
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Within a few months, Ueshiba was back in Ayabe, having decided to become a full-time student of Ōmoto-kyō. In 1920 he moved his entire family, including his mother, to the Ōmoto compound; at the same time he also purchased enough rice to feed himself and his family for several years. That same year,
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suitable for his plans. Despite the hardships he suffered on this journey (which included getting lost in snowstorms several times and an incident in which he nearly drowned in a freezing river), Ueshiba returned to Tanabe filled with enthusiasm for the project, and began recruiting families to join
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The Way of the
Warrior has been misunderstood. It is not a means to kill and destroy others. Those who seek to compete and better one another are making a terrible mistake. To smash, injure, or destroy is the worst thing a human being can do. The real Way of a Warrior is to prevent such slaughter –
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In 1903, Ueshiba was called up for military service. He failed the initial physical examination, being shorter than the regulation 5 feet 2 inches (1.57 m). To overcome this, he stretched his spine by attaching heavy weights to his legs and suspending himself from tree branches; when
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newspaper. Frustrated by the appearance of his teacher, who was openly critical of
Ueshiba's martial arts and who appeared intent on taking over the classes there, Ueshiba left Osaka during the night, bowing to the residence in which Takeda was staying and thereafter avoiding all contact with him.
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academy, the
Yoshida Institute, to study accountancy. On graduating from the academy, he worked at a local tax office for a few months, but the job did not suit him and in 1901 he left for Tokyo, funded by his father. Ueshiba Trading, the stationery business which he opened there, was short-lived;
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The technical curriculum of aikido was derived from the teachings of Takeda Sōkaku; the basic techniques of aikido stem from his Daitō-ryū system. In the earlier years of his teaching, from the 1920s to the mid-1930s, Ueshiba taught the Daitō-ryū Aiki-jūjutsu system; his early students' documents
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The rural nature of his new home in Iwama allowed Ueshiba to concentrate on the second great passion of his life: farming. He had been born into a farming family and spent much of his life cultivating the land, from his settlement days in Hokkaidō to his work in Ayabe trying to make the Ōmoto-kyō
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1921–1935), students who trained during the Second World War (c.1936–1945), the post-war students in Iwama (c.1946–1955) and the students who trained with Ueshiba during his final years (c.1956–c.1969). As a result of Ueshiba's martial development throughout his life, students from each of these
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by the Chinese authorities. Fortunately for Ueshiba, whilst Lu and his men were executed by firing squad, the Japanese group was released into the custody of the Japanese consul. They were returned under guard to Japan, where Deguchi was imprisoned for breaking the terms of his bail. During this
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religion (Ueshiba's nephew Noriaki Inoue had already joined the religion and may have recommended it to his uncle). Ueshiba stayed at the Ōmoto-kyō headquarters for several days, and met with Deguchi, who told him that, "There is nothing to worry about with your father". On his return to Tanabe,
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The government prohibition (on aikido, at least) was lifted in 1948 with the creation of the Aiki Foundation, established by the Japanese Ministry of Education with permission from the Occupation forces. The Hombu dojo re-opened the following year. After the war Ueshiba effectively retired from
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The "Second Ōmoto Incident" in 1935 saw another government crackdown on Deguchi's sect, in which the Ayabe compound was destroyed and most of the group's leaders imprisoned. Although he had relocated to Tokyo, Ueshiba had retained links with the Ōmoto-kyō group (he had in fact helped Deguchi to
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is God's love – the spirit of loving protection for all beings ... Budō is not the felling of an opponent by force; nor is it a tool to lead the world to destruction with arms. True Budō is to accept the spirit of the universe, keep the peace of the world, correctly produce, protect and
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and farm livestock. The burgeoning timber industry provided a boost to the settlement's economy, and by 1918 there were over 500 families residing there. A fire in 1917 razed the entire village, leading to the departure of around twenty families. Ueshiba was attending a meeting over railway
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construction around 50 miles away, but on learning of the fire travelled back the entire distance on foot. He was elected to the village council that year, and took a prominent role in leading the reconstruction efforts. In the summer of 1918, Hatsu gave birth to their first son, Takemori.
589:, in March 1915. Ueshiba was deeply impressed with Takeda's martial art, and despite being on an important mission for his village at the time, abandoned his journey to spend the next month studying with Takeda. He requested formal instruction and began studying Takeda's style of
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he re-took the physical exam he had increased his height by the necessary half-inch to pass. He was assigned to the Osaka Fourth Division, 37th Regiment, and was promoted to corporal of the 61st Wakayama regiment by the following year; after serving on the front lines during the
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under Masakatsu Nakai started in 1903 and continued until 1908; although this training was sporadic due to his military service, Ueshiba was granted a Menkyo Kaiden (certificate of "Total Transmission") in 1908. In 1901 he received some instruction from Tozawa Tokusaburōin in
972:, teaching his aikido. Despite the prohibition on the teaching of martial arts after World War II, Ueshiba and his students continued to practice in secret at the Iwama dojo; the Hombu dojo in Tokyo was in any case being used as a refugee centre for citizens displaced by the
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In 1969, Ueshiba became ill. He led his last training session on March 10, and was taken to hospital where he was diagnosed with cancer of the liver. He died suddenly on April 26, 1969. His body was buried at Kozan-ji Temple Tanabe-shi Wakayama Japan, and he was given the
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In November 1919, Ueshiba learned that his father Yoroku was ill, and was not expected to survive. Leaving most of his possessions to Takeda, Ueshiba left Shirataki with the apparent intention of returning to Tanabe to visit his ailing parent. En route he made a detour to
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aikido. He delegated most of the work of running the Hombu dojo and the Aiki Federation to his son Kisshomaru, and instead chose to spend much of his time in prayer, meditation, calligraphy and farming. He still travelled extensively to promote aikido, even visiting
964:) of farmland there. In 1942, disenchanted with the war-mongering and political manoeuvring in the capital, he left Tokyo and moved to Iwama permanently, settling in a small farmer's cottage. Here he founded the Aiki Shuren Dojo, also known as the
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The 1930s saw Japan's invasion of mainland Asia and increased military activity in Europe. Ueshiba was concerned about the prospect of war, and became involved in a number of efforts to try and forestall the conflict that would eventually become
553:, Japan's northernmost island, were offering various grants and incentives for mainland Japanese groups willing to relocate there. At the time, Hokkaidō was still largely unsettled by the Japanese, being occupied primarily by the indigenous
557:. In 1910, Ueshiba travelled to Hokkaidō in the company of his acquaintance Denzaburo Kurahashi, who had lived on the northern island before. His intent was to scout out a propitious location for a new settlement, and he found the site at
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Around 2 a.m., I suddenly forgot all the martial techniques I had ever learned. The techniques of my teachers appeared completely new. Now they were vehicles for the cultivation of life, knowledge, and virtue, not devices to throw people
681:, stressed by many biographers, must be viewed in the light of these relationships and his Ōmoto-kyō beliefs. His association with the extreme right-wing is understandable when one considers that Ōmoto-kyō's view of world peace was of a
968:, and the Aiki Shrine, a devotional shrine to the "Great Spirit of Aiki". Among the students that continued studying with him starting in Iwama was Saito Morihiro. During this time he travelled extensively in Japan, particularly in the
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with Kiyoichi Takagi in Tanabe in 1911, after his father had a dojo built on the family compound to encourage his son's training. In 1907, after his return from the war, he was also presented with a certificate of enlightenment
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Deguchi asked Ueshiba to become the group's martial arts instructor, and a dojo—the first of several that Ueshiba was to lead—was constructed on the centre's grounds. Ueshiba also taught Takeda's Daitō-ryū in neighbouring
904:, who was adopted as Ueshiba's heir under the name Morihiro Ueshiba. The marriage ended after a few years, and Nakakura left the family in 1937. Ueshiba later designated his son Kisshomaru as the heir to his martial art.
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and minor politician, being an elected member of the Nishinotani village council for 22 consecutive years. His mother Yuki was from the Itokawa clan, a prominent local family who could trace their lineage back to the
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studied directly under Ueshiba for more than five or six years. After the war, Ueshiba and the Hombu Dojo dispatched some of their students to various other countries, resulting in aikido spreading around the world.
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needs and displaying great respect. However, Takeda overshadowed him throughout his early martial arts career, and Ueshiba's own students recorded the need to address what they referred to as "the Takeda problem".
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As Ueshiba grew older, more skilled, and more spiritual in his outlook, his art also changed and became softer and more gentle. Martial techniques became less important, and more focus was given to the control of
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in his martial art. After a couple of weeks, however, Ueshiba took issue with several government officials who voiced concerns about his connections to Deguchi; he cancelled the training and returned to Ayabe.
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expedition Ueshiba was given the Chinese alias Wang Shou-gao, rendered in Japanese as "Moritaka" – he was reportedly very taken with this name and continued to use it intermittently for the rest of his life.
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after being challenged by (and defeating) General Makoto Miura, another student of Takeda Sōkaku's Daitō-ryū. Takeda himself met Ueshiba for the last time around 1935, while Ueshiba was teaching at the
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After these events, Ueshiba seemed to slowly grow away from Takeda, and he began to change his art. These changes are reflected in the differing names with which he referred to his system, first as
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generations tend to have markedly different approaches to aikido. These variations are compounded by the fact that few students trained with Ueshiba for a protracted period; only Yoichiro Inoue,
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During his lifetime, Ueshiba had three spiritual experiences that impacted greatly his understanding of the martial arts. The first occurred in 1925, after Ueshiba had defeated a naval officer's
411:, and he continued training at the dojo he had set up there. From the end of the war until the 1960s, he worked to promote aikido throughout Japan and abroad. He died from liver cancer in 1969.
1067:—is a fighting system that focuses on throws, pins, and joint locks together with some striking techniques. It emphasizes protecting the opponent and promotes spiritual and social development.
1214:, expecting them to attend to him at all times, act as training partners (even in the middle of the night), arrange his travel plans, massage, and bathe him, and assist with household chores.
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1084:), and greater use of weapons. The schools of aikido developed by Ueshiba's students from the pre-war period tend to reflect the harder style of the early training. These students included
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establish a paramilitary branch of the sect only three years earlier) and expected to be arrested as one of its senior members. However, he had a good relationship with the local
403:. By this point he was comparatively famous in martial arts circles, and taught at this dojo and others around Japan, including in several military academies. In the aftermath of
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After Ueshiba's death, aikido continued to be promulgated by his students (many of whom became noted martial artists in their own right). It is now practiced around the world.
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During this period, Ueshiba was invited to teach at a number of military institutes, due to his close personal relationships with key figures in the military (among them
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priest and who introduced Ueshiba to the religion. At the age of six Ueshiba was sent to study at the Jizōderu Temple, but had little interest in the rote learning of
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1112:). Many of these styles are therefore considered "pre-war styles", although some of these teachers continued to train with Ueshiba in the years after World War II.
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The early form of training under Ueshiba was noticeably different from later forms of aikido. It had a larger curriculum, increased use of strikes to vital points (
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729:. Deguchi's intent was to establish a new religious kingdom in Mongolia, and to this end he had distributed propaganda suggesting that he was the reincarnation of
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Gīchi Morita, both of whom had been his students. As a result, although he was taken in for interrogation, he was released without charge on Morita's authority.
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in his era. The need for such strength was further emphasized when the young Ueshiba witnessed his father being attacked by followers of a competing politician.
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Ueshiba studied several martial arts during his early life, and was renowned for his physical strength during his youth. During his sojourn in Tokyo he studied
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he was promoted to sergeant. He was discharged in 1907, and again returned to his father's farm in Tanabe. Here he befriended the writer and philosopher
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during this period. His second son, Kuniharu, was born in 1920 in Ayabe, but died from illness the same year, along with three-year-old Takemori.
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Poor soil conditions and bad weather led to crop failures during the first three years of the project, but the group still managed to cultivate
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district. The building proved too small to house the growing number of aikido students, and so the Ueshibas moved to larger premises, first in
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1185:, or "breath throws" which are soft and blending, utilizing the opponent's movement to throw them. Ueshiba regularly practiced cold water
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920:), although this effort ultimately failed. In 1941 Ueshiba also undertook a secret diplomatic mission to China at the behest of Prince
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in earnest, going so far as to construct a dojo at his home and inviting his new teacher to be a permanent house guest. He received a
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His third experience was in 1942 during the worst fighting of World War II when Ueshiba had a vision of the "Great Spirit of Peace".
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980:. The study of kotodama was to become one of Ueshiba's passions in later life, and Nakanishi's work inspired Ueshiba's concept of
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442:. Ueshiba was a rather weak, sickly child and bookish in his inclinations. At a young age his father encouraged him to take up
1125:) attacks unarmed and without hurting the officer. Ueshiba then walked to his garden, where he had the following realization:
710:, the Japanese authorities raided the compound, destroying the main buildings on the site and arresting Deguchi on charges of
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After returning to Ayabe, Ueshiba began a regimen of spiritual training, regularly retreating to the mountains or performing
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wrestling and swimming and entertained him with stories of his great-grandfather Kichiemon, who was considered a very strong
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to establish peace talks, but Ueshiba was unable to meet with the Chinese leader, arriving too late to fulfil his mission.
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912:. He was part of a group, along with Shūmei Ōkawa and several wealthy Japanese backers, that tried to broker a deal with
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1204:, many of whom later became famous teachers in their own right and developed their styles of aikido. Some of them were
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Three years later, in 1924, Deguchi led a small group of Ōmoto-kyō disciples, including Ueshiba, on a journey to
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His close relationship with Deguchi introduced Ueshiba to various members of Japan's far-right; members of the
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to some of Japan's most important citizens. Arriving in October 1927, the Ueshiba family set up home in the
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unhappy with life in the capital, he returned to Tanabe less than a year later after suffering a bout of
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A major influence on Ueshiba's early education was his elementary schoolteacher Tasaburo Nasu, who was a
430:, Japan, on December 14, 1883, the fourth child (and only son) born to Yoroku Ueshiba and his wife Yuki.
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bear the term Daitō-ryū. Indeed, Ueshiba trained one of the future highest grade earners in Daitō-ryū,
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at the invitation of retired naval captain Yutaro Yano and his associates within the ultra-nationalist
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2018:
Aikido Pioneers – Prewar Era: Interviews with 20 of the Top Students of Aikido Founder Morihei Ueshiba
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certificate, a teaching license, for the system from Takeda in 1922, when Takeda visited him in
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The young Ueshiba was raised in a somewhat privileged setting. His father Yoroku was a wealthy
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the Hombu dojo was temporarily closed, but Ueshiba had by this point left Tokyo and retired to
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There were roughly four generations of students, comprising the pre-war students (training
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His second experience occurred in 1940 when engaged in the ritual purification process of
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would hold meetings at Ueshiba's dojo, and he developed a friendship with the philosopher
8:
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976:. It was during this period that Ueshiba met and befriended Koun Nakanishi, an expert in
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Martial Arts of the World: An Encyclopedia of History and Innovation [2 volumes]
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819:. During its construction, Ueshiba rented a property nearby, where he was visited by
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874:(Japanese occupied Manchuria) where he was the principal martial arts instructor at
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Collaborative Nationalism: The Politics of Friendship on China's Mongolian Frontier
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Invincible Warrior: A Pictorial Biography of Morihe Ueshiba, the Founder of Aikido
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Remembering O-Sensei: Living and Training with Morihei Ueshiba, Founder of Aikido
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to export aviation fuel from the United States to Japan (in contravention of the
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2292:"From Aikijujutsu to Aikido! Where did it come from ... how did it evolve?"
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Modern Japanese Religions: With Special Emphasis Upon Their Doctrines of Healing
1897:(Revised Expanded Edition 2017 ed.). Wheaton, IL: Freelance Academy Press.
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2638:"When Koichi Tohei and Morihiro Saito met for the last time… October 29, 2001"
2323:"Historical photo: "Takuma Hisa, the bridge between Daito-ryu and Aiki Budo,""
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Ueshiba with a group of his international students at the Hombu dojo in 1967.
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494:. He and his wife had their first child, a daughter named Matsuko, in 1911.
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education. However, his schoolmaster Mitsujo Fujimoto was also a priest of
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348:, Ueshiba studied a number of martial arts in his youth, and served in the
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474:. Shortly thereafter he married his childhood acquaintance Hatsu Itokawa.
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Training with the Master: Lessons with Morihei Ueshiba, Founder of Aikido
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Morihei Ueshiba was born in Nishinotani village (now part of the city of
1986:"Historical photo: "The amazing chameleon photo of O-Sensei from 1922,""
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in 1961. He also appeared in a television documentary on aikido: NTV's
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Von Krenner, Walther G.; Apodaca, Damon; Jeremiah, Ken (14 May 2013).
1925:"The love-hate relationship between Morihei Ueshiba and Sōkaku Takeda"
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Offner, Clark B.; Straelen, Henricus Johannes Josephus Maria (1963).
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In the early part of the 20th century, the prefectural government of
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Duelling with O-sensei: Grappling with the Myth of the Warrior Sage
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1577:. Tokyo, New York, London: Kodansha International. pp. 8–23.
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as the head of a pioneer settlement; here he met and studied with
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In 1932, Ueshiba's daughter Matsuko was married to the swordsman
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was adopted instead. He also became a visiting instructor at the
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3070:
2991:
2986:
2960:
2783:
2167:"Focus on History: Ueshiba Family Tree: The Line of Succession"
1122:
1117:
1054:
1002:, broadcast in January 1960. Ueshiba maintained links with the
995:
851:
790:
747:
677:, the Sakurakai's founder. Ueshiba's commitment to the goal of
570:
466:
454:
373:
327:
310:
129:
2461:. Aikidojournal.com. Archived from the original on 5 June 2011
2940:
1314:
The Essence of Aikido: Spiritual Teachings of Morihei Ueshiba
1080:
936:
878:. Whilst in Manchuria, he met and defeated the sumo wrestler
860:
622:
396:
88:
2996:
673:. Deguchi also offered Ueshiba's services as a bodyguard to
2950:
2582:
Aikido Ground Fighting: Grappling and Submission Techniques
1075:, in the art before Takeda took charge of Hisa's training.
953:
824:
689:, with other nations being subjugated under Japanese rule.
525:
443:
381:
2578:
2266:
Aikido and the Dynamic Sphere: An Illustrated Introduction
1453:
A Life in Aikido: The Biography of Founder Morihei Ueshiba
692:
In 1921, in an event known as the First Ōmoto-kyō Incident
278:
Map of Japan showing the major locations in Ueshiba's life
2752:
1952:
1950:
1379:. Translated by Stevens, John. Shambhala Publications.
1276:"The Art of Peace" redirects here. For other uses, see
1210:, live-in students. Ueshiba placed many demands on his
1178:
944:
From 1935 onwards, Ueshiba had been purchasing land in
389:
2370:
The Endless Practice: Becoming Who You Were Born to Be
1957:
Guttmann, Allen; Thompson, Lee Austin (January 2001).
486:, becoming involved with Minakata's opposition to the
3222:
Japanese military personnel of the Russo-Japanese War
3110:
3207:
Recipients of the Order of the Rising Sun, 4th class
2550:"Ueshiba and Timing: Pre-War vs. Post-War Technique"
2063:
Green, Thomas A.; Svinth, Joseph R. (11 June 2010).
1947:
1816:"The Morihei Ueshiba Biography: From Sumo to Aikido"
1523:. Boston & London: Shambhala. pp. ix–xxii.
1512:
1510:
1508:
1506:
1504:
1502:
1368:
1366:
1364:
1328:
The Art of Peace: Teachings of the Founder of Aikido
1286:
The Heart of Aikido: The Philosophy of Takemusu Aiki
809:. This last location, originally named the Kobukan (
2189:
2113:. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. p. 41.
2058:
1748:
1746:
2629:
2572:
2425:
2283:
2256:
2197:
2083:
2056:
2054:
2052:
2050:
2048:
2046:
2044:
2042:
2040:
2038:
1918:
1916:
1914:
1655:
1653:
384:. He accompanied the head of the Ōmoto-kyō group,
368:. On leaving Hokkaido in 1919, Ueshiba joined the
2695:"Japanese Govt. Decorates Aikido Master Uyeshiba"
2234:"Is O-Sensei Really the Father of Modern Aikido?"
1886:
1884:
1882:
1880:
1878:
1876:
1499:
1446:
1444:
1442:
1440:
1438:
1436:
1434:
1432:
1430:
1428:
1426:
1424:
1422:
1420:
1418:
1416:
1361:
3158:
2479:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
2227:
2225:
1963:. University of Hawaii Press. pp. 148–149.
1956:
1809:
1807:
1805:
1743:
1598:
1596:
1594:
1563:
1561:
1559:
1557:
1555:
1553:
1551:
1474:
1472:
1414:
1412:
1410:
1408:
1406:
1404:
1402:
1400:
1398:
1396:
952:, and by the early 1940s had acquired around 17
870:Between 1940 and 1942 he made several visits to
2195:
2096:. Brill Archive. p. 69. GGKEY:RH5B37ENWUL.
2035:
1911:
1755:"Interview with Kisshomaru and Morihei Ueshiba"
1662:"The "Co-founder of Aikido" Ignored by History"
1650:
1259:Order of the Rising Sun, Gold Rays with Rosette
701:
399:in 1926, where he set up what would become the
294:
2400:AiKiDô: The Trinity of Conflict Transformation
2263:Westbrook, Adele; Ratti, Oscar (1 July 2001).
2262:
2089:
1873:
1707:
1567:
1516:
1478:
1033:
1027:
810:
695:
356:. After being discharged in 1907, he moved to
334:
319:
288:
116:
110:
2768:
2392:
2390:
2222:
2127:
2008:
1802:
1705:
1703:
1701:
1699:
1697:
1695:
1693:
1691:
1689:
1687:
1591:
1548:
1469:
1393:
545:Morihei Ueshiba at around 35 years old (1918)
533:) by his childhood teacher Mitsujo Fujimoto.
2604:
2602:
2487:
1977:
1773:
1014:, one of the naval officers involved in the
1010:reported that Ueshiba temporarily sheltered
665:during this period, as well as meeting with
508:, and briefly enrolled in a school teaching
2660:
2514:
2417:
2314:
2062:
1571:; Ueshiba, Morihei (1996). "Introduction".
1169:. In 1942, when Ueshiba's group joined the
566:was also a member of the settlement group.
313:. He is often referred to as "the founder"
3202:Recipients of the Medal with Purple Ribbon
2775:
2761:
2387:
2158:
2136:"Sumo champion Tenryu and Morihei Ueshiba"
1684:
1602:
1157:it is the Art of Peace, the power of love.
838:). He accepted an invitation from Admiral
299:, December 14, 1883 – April 26, 1969)
46:
2599:
2100:
1629:
842:to be the martial arts instructor at the
805:, and finally to a purpose-built hall in
2724:
2687:
2527:. Univ of California Press. p. 12.
2493:
2450:
2373:. Simon and Schuster. pp. 302–303.
2360:
2345:
1838:
1603:Dang, Phong Thong; Seiser, Lynn (2006).
1574:Budo: Teachings of the Founder of Aikido
1517:Stevens, John; Krenner, Walther (2004).
1479:Stevens, John; Shirata, Rinjiro (1984).
1342:Budo: Teachings of the Founder of Aikido
1191:
1130:moment I was enlightened: the source of
1048:
935:
775:
540:
217:
2666:
2520:
2423:
2351:
1711:
1623:
1450:
1372:
924:. The intended goal was a meeting with
918:oil embargo that was currently in force
3159:
2521:Bennett, Alexander C. (31 July 2015).
2456:
2396:
2014:
1844:
1752:
1659:
536:
201:
2756:
2608:
2541:
2269:. Tuttle Publishing. pp. 17–20.
2106:
1890:
1822:. Cruz Bay Publishing. Archived from
265:
249:
233:
2585:. North Atlantic Books. p. 18.
2366:
1861:from the original on 19 October 2023
1813:
1761:from the original on 25 October 2016
1373:Ueshiba, Morihei (3 December 2002).
417:
16:20th-century Japanese martial artist
1165:, then Ueshiba-ryū, Asahi-ryū, and
1026:"Aiki-in Moritake En'yū Daidōshi" (
931:
771:
737:, Deguchi's group were arrested in
733:. Allied with the Mongolian bandit
611:
13:
2635:
2500:. Trafford Publishing. p. 8.
2320:
2289:
2231:
2164:
2133:
1983:
1922:
1660:Pranin, Stanley (12 August 2016).
1485:. Boston: Shambhala Publications.
159:Kuneharu Ueshiba (died in infancy)
156:Takemori Ueshiba (died in infancy)
14:
3233:
3177:Deaths from liver cancer in Japan
2738:from the original on 3 April 2012
2732:"L'ORDRE DU TRÉSOR SACRÉ (JAPON)"
2609:Perry, Susan (12 November 2002).
2547:
2424:Donohue, John (4 November 2004).
2397:Wagner, Winfried (19 June 2015).
2196:Strozzi-Heckler, Richard (1985).
2107:Bulag, Uradyn E. (16 July 2010).
1845:Nelson, Gail E. (February 1986).
1779:
1672:from the original on 16 July 2017
1278:The Art of Peace (disambiguation)
1059:Aikido—usually translated as the
210:
3144:
3132:
3120:
2428:The Overlook Martial Arts Reader
2204:. North Atlantic Books. p.
2173:. Aikido Journal. Archived from
1609:. Tuttle Publishing. p. 3.
1344:(1991), Kodansha International,
1316:(1994), Kodansha International,
1302:(2008), Kodansha International,
1288:(2010), Kodansha International,
1200:Over the years, Ueshiba trained
1006:even in later life; his student
718:was born in the summer of 1921.
257:
241:
225:
209:
193:
186:
3217:Imperial Japanese Army soldiers
2356:. Tokyo: Hozansha Publications.
1732:from the original on 2023-10-19
1537:from the original on 2023-10-19
1135:cultivate all beings in nature.
844:Imperial Japanese Naval Academy
815:), would eventually become the
1300:The Secret Teachings of Aikido
1253:Medal of Honor (Purple Ribbon)
1092:sometimes called Tomiki-ryū),
856:Imperial Japanese Army Academy
629:, the spiritual leader of the
194:
1:
2670:The Shambhala Guide to Aikido
2667:Stevens, John (9 July 1996).
2615:. Shambhala. p. xiv–xv.
1718:. Boston, London: Shambhala.
1355:
1218:
1096:(who founded Shin'ei Taidō),
1004:Japanese nationalist movement
258:
242:
226:
3212:20th-century philanthropists
3197:People from Tanabe, Wakayama
3192:Martial arts school founders
2872:Modern period (1980–present)
2352:Ueshiba, Kisshomaru (1985).
1451:Ueshiba, Kisshomaru (2008).
1265:Order of the Sacred Treasure
759:; one of the spectators was
344:The son of a landowner from
31:when mentioning individuals.
7:
2524:Kendo: Culture of the Sword
2367:Nepo, Mark (14 July 2015).
702:
492:Shrine Consolidation Policy
295:
10:
3238:
2782:
2734:(in French). L'Harmattan.
2432:. Overlook Press. p.
2200:Aikido and the New Warrior
1960:Japanese Sports: A History
1630:Stone, J; Myer, R (1995).
1482:Aikido; the Way of Harmony
1275:
1202:a large number of students
1052:
18:
3099:
3063:
3041:
3015:
2974:
2926:
2871:
2836:Post-war (first 40 years)
2835:
2811:
2802:
2790:
2673:. Shambhala. p. 27.
2457:Takeda, Tokimune (2006).
1636:. Frog Books. p. 2.
1246:
1034:
1028:
1024:posthumous Buddhist title
846:, and also taught at the
811:
696:
603:. Takeda also gave him a
335:
320:
289:
171:
146:
136:
125:
117:
111:
105:
99:
95:
74:
54:
45:
38:
2459:"Sōkaku Takeda in Osaka"
2015:Pranin, Stanley (2010).
1847:"Aikijujutsu vs. Aikido"
1753:Pranin, Stanley (2006).
1271:
1065:Way of Spiritual Harmony
1045:; 1881–1969) also died.
940:The Aiki Shrine in Iwama
882:during a demonstration.
132:, Daitō-ryū Aiki-jūjutsu
27:. This article uses
19:The native form of this
2494:Saunders, Neil (2003).
780:Morihei Ueshiba in 1938
683:benevolent dictatorship
585:, at the Hisada Inn in
2819:Daitō-ryū Aiki-jūjutsu
2497:Aikido: The Tomiki Way
1712:Stevens, John (1999).
1455:. New York: Kodansha.
1197:
1159:
1150:
1137:
1061:Way of Unifying Spirit
941:
781:
648:volunteer fire service
583:Daitō-ryū Aiki-jūjutsu
577:The young Ueshiba met
546:
366:Daitō-ryū Aiki-jūjutsu
1891:Amdur, Ellis (2017).
1784:Hidden in Plain Sight
1757:. Aikidojournal.com.
1195:
1171:Dai Nippon Butoku Kai
1154:
1145:
1127:
1049:Development of aikido
939:
779:
625:, intending to visit
544:
2705:(7): 50. July 1965.
2302:on 21 September 2017
1000:The Master of Aikido
863:headquarters of the
727:Black Dragon Society
364:, the headmaster of
275:class=notpageimage|
3187:Japanese Shintoists
2333:on 27 February 2017
2146:on 12 November 2020
1851:Black Belt Magazine
1569:Ueshiba, Kisshomaru
1330:(1992), Shambhala,
888:police commissioner
537:Hokkaidō, 1912–1920
428:Wakayama Prefecture
341:, "Great Teacher".
305:and founder of the
3076:Etiquette in Japan
3049:Aikikai Hombu Dojo
2793:Aikido founded by
1198:
974:severe firebombing
950:Ibaraki Prefecture
942:
876:Kenkoku University
840:Sankichi Takahashi
817:Aikikai Hombu Dojo
787:Imperial household
782:
761:Yamamoto Gonnohyōe
671:Kozaburō Tachibana
605:Yagyū Shinkage-ryū
547:
519:Tenjin Shin'yō-ryū
512:. His training in
480:Russo-Japanese War
401:Aikikai Hombu Dojo
354:Russo-Japanese War
163:Kisshomaru Ueshiba
109:Moritaka Ueshiba (
29:Western name order
3182:Japanese aikidoka
3108:
3107:
3033:Aikido techniques
2922:
2921:
2680:978-0-8348-0010-6
2636:Pranin, Stanley.
2622:978-0-8348-2946-6
2592:978-1-58394-621-3
2534:978-0-520-28437-1
2507:978-1-4120-0668-2
2443:978-1-58567-463-3
2410:978-3-658-10166-4
2380:978-1-4767-7466-4
2321:Pranin, Stanley.
2290:Pranin, Stanley.
2276:978-0-8048-3284-7
2232:Pranin, Stanley.
2215:978-0-938190-51-6
2165:Pranin, Stanley.
2134:Pranin, Stanley.
2120:978-1-4422-0433-1
2076:978-1-59884-244-9
2028:978-4-904464-17-5
1984:Pranin, Stanley.
1970:978-0-8248-2464-8
1923:Pranin, Stanley.
1904:978-1-937439-24-8
1725:978-1-57062-394-3
1643:978-1-883319-27-4
1633:Aikido in America
1616:978-0-8048-3785-9
1530:978-1-57062-568-8
1492:978-0-394-71426-4
1462:978-1-56836-573-2
1386:978-0-8348-2168-2
1350:978-4-7700-1532-7
1340:Morihei Ueshiba,
1336:978-0-8777-3851-0
1326:Morihei Ueshiba,
1322:978-4-7700-1727-7
1312:Morihei Ueshiba,
1308:978-4-7700-3030-6
1298:Morihei Ueshiba,
1294:978-4-7700-3114-3
1284:Morihei Ueshiba,
1088:(who founded the
1008:Kanshu Sunadomari
848:Nakano Spy School
823:, the founder of
675:Kingoro Hashimoto
627:Onisaburo Deguchi
581:, the founder of
514:Gotō-ha Yagyū-ryu
506:Takisaburo Tobari
484:Minakata Kumagusu
418:Tanabe, 1883–1912
395:Ueshiba moved to
386:Onisaburo Deguchi
182:
181:
65:December 14, 1883
3229:
3149:
3148:
3147:
3137:
3136:
3135:
3125:
3124:
3123:
3116:
3102:List of aikidoka
2809:
2808:
2777:
2770:
2763:
2754:
2753:
2748:
2747:
2745:
2743:
2728:
2722:
2721:
2719:
2717:
2691:
2685:
2684:
2664:
2658:
2657:
2655:
2653:
2644:. Archived from
2633:
2627:
2626:
2606:
2597:
2596:
2576:
2570:
2569:
2567:
2565:
2560:on 15 March 2017
2556:. Archived from
2545:
2539:
2538:
2518:
2512:
2511:
2491:
2485:
2484:
2478:
2470:
2468:
2466:
2454:
2448:
2447:
2431:
2421:
2415:
2414:
2394:
2385:
2384:
2364:
2358:
2357:
2349:
2343:
2342:
2340:
2338:
2329:. Archived from
2318:
2312:
2311:
2309:
2307:
2298:. Archived from
2287:
2281:
2280:
2260:
2254:
2253:
2251:
2249:
2240:. Archived from
2229:
2220:
2219:
2203:
2193:
2187:
2186:
2184:
2182:
2162:
2156:
2155:
2153:
2151:
2142:. Archived from
2131:
2125:
2124:
2104:
2098:
2097:
2087:
2081:
2080:
2060:
2033:
2032:
2012:
2006:
2005:
2003:
2001:
1992:. Archived from
1981:
1975:
1974:
1954:
1945:
1944:
1942:
1940:
1935:on 4 August 2020
1931:. Archived from
1920:
1909:
1908:
1888:
1871:
1870:
1868:
1866:
1842:
1836:
1835:
1833:
1831:
1814:Schaefer, Jean.
1811:
1800:
1799:
1797:
1795:
1790:
1777:
1771:
1770:
1768:
1766:
1750:
1741:
1740:
1738:
1737:
1709:
1682:
1681:
1679:
1677:
1657:
1648:
1647:
1627:
1621:
1620:
1600:
1589:
1588:
1565:
1546:
1545:
1543:
1542:
1514:
1497:
1496:
1476:
1467:
1466:
1448:
1391:
1390:
1376:The Art of Peace
1370:
1220:
1110:Yoshinkan Aikido
1098:Minoru Mochizuki
1037:
1036:
1031:
1030:
932:Iwama, 1942–1969
902:Kiyoshi Nakakura
814:
813:
772:Tokyo, 1927–1942
709:
707:
699:
698:
687:Emperor of Japan
655:ultranationalist
640:Hyōgo Prefecture
612:Ayabe, 1920–1927
488:Meiji government
463:Shingon Buddhism
435:gentleman farmer
340:
338:
337:
325:
323:
322:
300:
298:
292:
291:
261:
260:
245:
244:
229:
228:
213:
212:
197:
196:
190:
177:List of aikidoka
172:Notable students
120:
119:
114:
113:
101:
81:
68:Tanabe, Wakayama
64:
62:
50:
41:
36:
35:
3237:
3236:
3232:
3231:
3230:
3228:
3227:
3226:
3157:
3156:
3155:
3145:
3143:
3133:
3131:
3121:
3119:
3111:
3109:
3104:
3095:
3059:
3037:
3011:
2970:
2928:Aikido concepts
2918:
2867:
2831:
2798:
2795:Morihei Ueshiba
2786:
2781:
2751:
2741:
2739:
2730:
2729:
2725:
2715:
2713:
2693:
2692:
2688:
2681:
2665:
2661:
2651:
2649:
2648:on 22 June 2017
2634:
2630:
2623:
2607:
2600:
2593:
2577:
2573:
2563:
2561:
2546:
2542:
2535:
2519:
2515:
2508:
2492:
2488:
2472:
2471:
2464:
2462:
2455:
2451:
2444:
2422:
2418:
2411:
2395:
2388:
2381:
2365:
2361:
2350:
2346:
2336:
2334:
2319:
2315:
2305:
2303:
2288:
2284:
2277:
2261:
2257:
2247:
2245:
2244:on 4 March 2017
2230:
2223:
2216:
2194:
2190:
2180:
2178:
2163:
2159:
2149:
2147:
2132:
2128:
2121:
2105:
2101:
2088:
2084:
2077:
2061:
2036:
2029:
2013:
2009:
1999:
1997:
1996:on 1 March 2017
1982:
1978:
1971:
1955:
1948:
1938:
1936:
1921:
1912:
1905:
1889:
1874:
1864:
1862:
1843:
1839:
1829:
1827:
1812:
1803:
1793:
1791:
1788:
1778:
1774:
1764:
1762:
1751:
1744:
1735:
1733:
1726:
1710:
1685:
1675:
1673:
1658:
1651:
1644:
1628:
1624:
1617:
1606:Advanced Aikido
1601:
1592:
1585:
1566:
1549:
1540:
1538:
1531:
1515:
1500:
1493:
1477:
1470:
1463:
1449:
1394:
1387:
1371:
1362:
1358:
1281:
1274:
1249:
1240:Mitsugi Saotome
1090:Shodokan Aikido
1057:
1051:
1016:May 15 Incident
934:
926:Chiang Kai-shek
895:chief of police
836:Minister of War
834:, the Japanese
774:
757:Isamu Takeshita
693:
614:
539:
524:and he studied
420:
332:
317:
301:was a Japanese
296:Ueshiba Morihei
286:
284:Morihei Ueshiba
281:
280:
279:
277:
271:
270:
269:
268:
262:
254:
253:
252:
246:
238:
237:
236:
230:
222:
221:
220:
214:
206:
205:
204:
198:
167:
153:Matsuko Ueshiba
83:
79:
66:
60:
58:
40:Morihei Ueshiba
39:
32:
25:Ueshiba Morihei
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2642:Aikido Journal
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2554:Aikido Journal
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2327:Aikido Journal
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2007:
1990:Aikido Journal
1976:
1969:
1946:
1929:Aikido Journal
1910:
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1801:
1780:Amdur, Ellis.
1772:
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1666:Aikido Journal
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1245:
1236:Tsutomu Yukawa
1232:Morihiro Saito
1053:Main article:
1050:
1047:
933:
930:
922:Fumimaro Konoe
914:Harry Chandler
773:
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765:Imperial Guard
613:
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303:martial artist
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82:(aged 85)
78:April 26, 1969
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3042:Historic dojo
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2804:Aikido styles
2801:
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2548:Ohama, Gary.
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2177:on 2 May 2015
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2024:
2021:. Aiki News.
2020:
2019:
2011:
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1826:on 2016-12-16
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1782:"Errata from
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1108:(who founded
1107:
1103:
1102:Yoseikan Budo
1100:(who founded
1099:
1095:
1094:Noriaki Inoue
1091:
1087:
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21:personal name
3151:Martial arts
3056:(Aiki Jinja)
2894:Kobayashi-ha
2794:
2792:
2740:. Retrieved
2726:
2714:. Retrieved
2702:
2698:
2689:
2669:
2662:
2650:. Retrieved
2646:the original
2641:
2631:
2611:
2581:
2574:
2562:. Retrieved
2558:the original
2553:
2543:
2523:
2516:
2496:
2489:
2463:. Retrieved
2452:
2427:
2419:
2403:. Springer.
2399:
2369:
2362:
2353:
2347:
2335:. Retrieved
2331:the original
2326:
2316:
2304:. Retrieved
2300:the original
2295:
2285:
2265:
2258:
2246:. Retrieved
2242:the original
2237:
2199:
2191:
2179:. Retrieved
2175:the original
2170:
2160:
2148:. Retrieved
2144:the original
2139:
2129:
2109:
2102:
2092:
2085:
2069:. ABC-CLIO.
2065:
2017:
2010:
1998:. Retrieved
1994:the original
1989:
1979:
1959:
1937:. Retrieved
1933:the original
1928:
1893:
1863:. Retrieved
1857:(2): 34–38.
1854:
1850:
1840:
1828:. Retrieved
1824:the original
1819:
1792:. Retrieved
1783:
1775:
1763:. Retrieved
1734:. Retrieved
1714:
1674:. Retrieved
1665:
1632:
1625:
1605:
1573:
1539:. Retrieved
1519:
1481:
1452:
1375:
1341:
1327:
1313:
1299:
1285:
1224:Kenji Tomiki
1216:
1211:
1205:
1199:
1186:
1182:
1175:
1166:
1163:aiki-jūjutsu
1162:
1160:
1155:
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1140:
1138:
1128:
1116:
1114:
1086:Kenji Tomiki
1079:
1077:
1069:
1064:
1060:
1058:
1042:
1038:
1020:
1018:, at Iwama.
999:
992:
988:
981:
943:
910:World War II
906:
899:
891:Kenji Tomita
884:
864:
829:
783:
746:
744:
731:Genghis Khan
720:
712:lèse-majesté
703:
691:
667:Nisshō Inoue
663:Shūmei Ōkawa
652:
644:
636:
615:
594:
576:
568:
548:
530:
510:Shinkage-ryū
496:
476:
452:
440:Heian period
432:
421:
413:
405:World War II
394:
372:movement, a
343:
328:
314:
283:
282:
80:(1969-04-26)
33:
24:
3172:1969 deaths
3167:1883 births
2909:Keijutsukai
2337:27 February
2306:27 February
2150:28 February
2000:28 February
1865:27 February
1830:27 February
1676:27 February
1228:Gozo Shioda
1106:Gozo Shioda
1073:Takuma Hisa
1012:Mikami Taku
832:Sadao Araki
821:Kanō Jigorō
753:Nachi Falls
704:Ōmoto jiken
679:world peace
596:kyōju dairi
352:during the
307:martial art
106:Other names
96:Native name
3161:Categories
3086:Uchi-deshi
3054:Iwama dojo
2956:Tai sabaki
2879:Yuishinkai
2853:Ki Society
2699:Black Belt
2171:Screencast
1820:Black Belt
1736:2020-12-15
1541:2020-12-15
1356:References
1212:uchi-deshi
1207:uchi-deshi
1183:kokyū-nage
1029:合気院盛武円融大道士
966:Iwama dojo
962:sq mi
956:(6.9
801:, then in
735:Lu Zhankui
716:Kisshomaru
657:group the
137:Teacher(s)
61:1883-12-14
3127:Biography
3081:Senshusei
2975:Equipment
2889:Fugakukai
2863:Yoshinkan
2848:Iwama Ryu
2823:Aiki Budō
2711:0277-3066
1167:aiki budō
872:Manchukuo
795:Shirokane
659:Sakurakai
631:Ōmoto-kyō
559:Shirataki
472:beri-beri
459:Confucian
376:sect, in
370:Ōmoto-kyō
218:Shirataki
3016:Practice
2982:Aikidogi
2914:Seidokan
2858:Shodokan
2827:Yoseikan
2742:4 August
2736:Archived
2652:29 March
2564:14 March
2475:cite web
2465:4 August
2248:24 March
1859:Archived
1765:4 August
1759:Archived
1730:Archived
1670:Archived
1535:Archived
1121:(wooden
978:kotodama
893:and the
807:Shinjuku
803:Takanawa
739:Tongliao
723:Mongolia
551:Hokkaidō
499:Kitō-ryū
358:Hokkaidō
147:Children
85:Shinjuku
3113:Portals
2966:Zanshin
2946:Kuzushi
2904:Korindo
2899:Kokikai
2843:Aikikai
2812:Pre-war
2716:4 April
2181:26 June
1939:1 March
1794:25 July
1063:or the
751:in the
685:by the
621:, near
591:jūjutsu
564:Noriaki
522:jujutsu
502:jujutsu
448:samurai
336:大先生/翁先生
329:Ōsensei
91:, Japan
70:, Japan
3071:Kamiza
2992:Hakama
2987:Bokken
2961:Tenkan
2784:Aikido
2709:
2677:
2619:
2589:
2531:
2504:
2440:
2407:
2377:
2354:Aikido
2273:
2212:
2117:
2073:
2025:
1967:
1901:
1722:
1640:
1613:
1581:
1527:
1489:
1459:
1383:
1348:
1334:
1320:
1306:
1292:
1261:, 1964
1247:Honors
1187:misogi
1141:misogi
1123:katana
1118:bokken
1104:) and
1055:Aikido
1041:, née
996:Hawaii
852:karate
791:sensei
748:misogi
587:Engaru
504:under
467:abacus
455:Shinto
424:Tanabe
374:Shinto
346:Tanabe
311:aikido
202:Tanabe
130:Aikido
3139:Japan
3064:Other
3007:Tantō
2941:Irimi
1789:(PDF)
1272:Works
1148:with.
1081:atemi
1035:植芝 はつ
954:acres
946:Iwama
861:Osaka
623:Kyoto
619:Ayabe
601:Ayabe
409:Iwama
397:Tokyo
378:Ayabe
315:Kaiso
290:植芝 盛平
266:Iwama
250:Tokyo
234:Ayabe
126:Style
100:植芝 盛平
89:Tokyo
3028:Tori
2951:Maai
2936:Aiki
2744:2014
2718:2017
2707:ISSN
2675:ISBN
2654:2017
2617:ISBN
2587:ISBN
2566:2017
2529:ISBN
2502:ISBN
2481:link
2467:2014
2438:ISBN
2405:ISBN
2375:ISBN
2339:2017
2308:2017
2271:ISBN
2250:2017
2210:ISBN
2183:2013
2152:2017
2115:ISBN
2071:ISBN
2023:ISBN
2002:2017
1965:ISBN
1941:2017
1899:ISBN
1867:2017
1832:2017
1796:2014
1767:2014
1720:ISBN
1678:2017
1638:ISBN
1611:ISBN
1579:ISBN
1525:ISBN
1487:ISBN
1457:ISBN
1381:ISBN
1346:ISBN
1332:ISBN
1318:ISBN
1304:ISBN
1290:ISBN
1238:and
1132:budō
825:judo
697:大本事件
669:and
571:mint
555:Ainu
526:judo
444:sumo
382:dojo
175:see
112:植芝守高
75:Died
55:Born
3091:IAF
3023:Uke
3002:Obi
2884:ASU
948:in
812:皇武館
490:'s
426:),
326:or
309:of
23:is
3163::
2997:Jō
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