Abortion debate - Knowledge

1762:, holding that the fetus is "not the same entity" as the adult into which it will develop, and thus that the fetus does not have a "future like ours" in the required sense. Others grant that the fetus has a "future like ours" but argue that being deprived of this future is not a significant harm or a significant wrong to the fetus because there are relatively few "psychological connections" (continuations of memory, belief, desire, and the like) between the fetus as it is now and the adult into which it will develop. Another criticism is that the argument creates inequalities in the wrongness of killing; as the futures of some people appear to be far more valuable or desirable than the futures of other people, the argument appears to entail that some killings are far more wrong than others, or that some people have a far stronger right to life than others—a conclusion that is taken to be counterintuitive or unacceptable. 728: 995:, she noted that the majority of surgical abortions in Britain were performed under general anesthesia which affects the fetus, and considers the discussion "to be unhelpful to women and to the scientific debate". Others caution against unnecessary use of fetal anesthetic during abortion, as it poses potential health risks to the pregnant woman. David Mellor and colleagues have noted that the fetal brain is already awash in naturally occurring chemicals that keep it sedated and anesthetized until birth. At least one anesthesia researcher has suggested the fetal pain legislation may make abortions harder to obtain because abortion clinics lack the equipment and expertise to supply fetal anesthesia. Anesthesia is administered directly to fetuses only while they are undergoing surgery. 4765:

that you alone have the right blood type to help. They have therefore kidnapped you, and last night the violinist's circulatory system was plugged into yours, so that your kidneys can be used to extract poisons from his blood as well as your own. The director of the hospital now tells you, 'Look, we're sorry the Society of Music Lovers did this to you—we would never have permitted it if we had known. But still, they did it, and the violinist is now plugged into you. To unplug you would be to kill him. But never mind, it's only for nine months. By then he will have recovered from his ailment, and can safely be unplugged from you.' Is it morally incumbent on you to accede to this situation?

596: 986:, citing a lack of evidence or rationale. Page 20 of the report definitively states that the fetus cannot feel pain prior to week 24. Because pain can involve sensory, emotional and cognitive factors, leaving it "impossible to know" when painful experiences are perceived, even if it is known when thalamocortical connections are established. In December 2022, the RCOG conducted a review of the existing literature surrounding fetal pain awareness, and concluded, "To date, evidence indicates that the possibility of pain perception before 28 weeks of gestation is unlikely." 1164: 2040:

limited access to procedure, high costs, and lack of information still leads to unsafe abortion practices. In Nigeria, the abortion laws are even stricter. Rather than being ostracized by the community, abortion in Nigeria can lead to life imprisonment for both the abortion seekers and those who assist them. The country’s government has outlawed abortion in all cases except to save the life of the pregnant person. In a survey of women, many cited religion, incomplete abortion, future infertility, and death as a fear when seeking abortion in Nigeria.

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projects, and enjoyments. If a being has such a future, then killing that being would seriously harm the fetus and hence would be seriously wrong. According to the argument, since a fetus does have such a future, the "overwhelming majority" of deliberate abortions are placed in the "same moral category" as killing an innocent adult human being. Not all abortions are unjustified according to this argument; abortion would be justified if the same justification could be applied to killing an adult human.

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born into an environment in which there was no replacement available for her mother's breast milk, and the baby would either breastfeed or starve, the mother would have to allow the baby to breastfeed. But the mother would never have to give the baby a blood transfusion, no matter what the circumstances were. The difference between breastfeeding in that scenario and blood transfusions is the difference between using one's body as a kidney dialysis machine, and gestation and childbirth.

9155: 1302:, criminalization can have a major negative impact on "the provision of quality care" by preventing medical personnel from acting out of fear of retaliation or punishment. The 2022 LTP Evaluation found that doctors were unwilling to conduct late abortions even when the legislation allowed them, preferring to refer pregnant women to clinics abroad out of anxiety for the possibility of exposing themselves to criminal culpability. 1317:

continue to be abortion providers; these regulations are not imposed on other similar clinics or facilities. Some criticize these laws as excessive, with many of the regulations seeming excessive. Some states have requirements for room sizes and ceiling heights, room temperatures, procedure supervision, etc. that may make it harder for facilities to acquire licensure or hard for physicians to perform the procedure.

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common mandate rooted in the Constitution ... hatever the premises of opposition may be, only the most convincing justification under accepted standards of precedent could suffice to demonstrate that a later decision overruling the first was anything but a surrender to political pressure and an unjustified repudiation of the principle on which the Court staked its authority in the first instance.

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punishment for those who perform abortions based on that criteria. The bill characterized sex-based abortions as sex-based infanticide, and abortions based on the race of the fetus, or the race of the parent of the fetus, were seen as a practice that reinforces aspects of racial discrimination. Laws like these can be seen as heightening the racialization of certain issues surrounding abortion.

273:. The two sides of the political debate represent the competing moral principles of either the “sanctity of life” versus “a woman’s right to choose.” The abortion debate itself derives from federal and public policies rapidly changing when determining women’s reproductive health demands which is hard to measure accurately like other common public health issues. 108:, while abortion-rights campaigners seek to repeal or ease such laws and expand access to the procedure. Abortion laws vary considerably between jurisdictions, ranging from outright prohibition of the procedure to public funding of abortion. The availability of safe abortion also varies across the world and exists mainly in places that legalize abortion. 2016:; 18% said that abortion should be "legal in all cases", 28% said that abortion should be "legal in most cases", 28% said abortion should be "illegal in most cases" and 16% said abortion should be "illegal in all cases". A November 2005 poll in Mexico found that 73.4% think abortion should not be legalized while 11.2% think it should be. 2036:

in all cases, down from 11% earlier that same year. A 2024 Pew Research Center poll reported 63% of Americans believed abortion should be legal in all or most cases. The poll also found the share of Americans living in states with abortion bans or restrictions who believe abortions should be easier to access has increased by 12%.

2012:, asking in what circumstances they believe abortion should be permitted; 32% responded that they believe abortion should be legal in all circumstances, 52% that it should be legal in certain circumstances, and 14% that it should be legal in no circumstances. A similar poll in April 2009 surveyed people in the United States about 348:, which first found official expression under Henry II in 11th century England, but has precedent in Anglo-Saxon law. This provision guarantees the right to freedom from arbitrary government interference, as well as due process of law. This conception of the right to privacy is operant in all countries which have adopted 1291:, argue that the criminalization of abortion furthers the marginalization of oppressed groups such as poor women and women of color. Sending these women into the prison system would do nothing to address the social/political/economic problems that marginalize these women or, sometimes, cause them to require abortions. 2052:

found that 65% of Brazilians believe that it "should not be modified", 16% that it should be expanded "to allow abortion in other cases", 10% that abortion should be "decriminalized", and 5% were "not sure". Later a poll made in September 2022 found that the 70% of Brazilians where against abortions,

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Some anti-abortion supporters argue that if there is uncertainty as to whether the fetus has a right to life, then having an abortion is equivalent to consciously taking the risk of killing another. According to this argument, if it is not known for certain whether something (such as the fetus) has a

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The argument of deprivation states that abortion is morally wrong because it deprives the fetus of a valuable future. On this account, killing an adult human being is wrong because it deprives the victim of a "future like ours"—a future containing highly valuable or desirable experiences, activities,

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wrote: "No woman can call herself free until she can choose consciously whether she will or will not be a mother." From this perspective the right to abortion can be construed to be necessary in order for women to achieve equality with men whose freedom is not nearly so restricted by having children.

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We need not resolve the difficult question of when life begins. When those trained in the respective disciplines of medicine, philosophy, and theology are unable to arrive at any consensus, the judiciary, at this point in the development of man's knowledge, is not in a position to speculate as to the

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and those rare, comparable cases, its decision has a dimension that the resolution of the normal case does not carry. It is the dimension present whenever the Court's interpretation of the Constitution calls the contending sides of a national controversy to end their national division by accepting a

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Teenagers are shown to seek abortion across state lines to areas with less restrictive abortion laws to bypass these preventative methods. In the United States, 37 states require the parent to have knowledge while only 21 of those states need one parent to consent. Certain states have an alternative

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should be allowed "regardless of situation", 47% that it should be allowed "under some circumstances", and 23% that it should not be allowed "regardless of situation". A more recent poll now suggest that 45% of Argentineans are in favor of abortion for any reason in the first twelve weeks. This same

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people. Critics of these measures charge that they are hypocritical since many of their proponents appear to be unconcerned with addressing the needs of living disabled persons. In response to one such proposed measure in North Carolina, a spokesperson for Disability Rights North Carolina commented,

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Some argue that race and sex based abortions being prohibited further marginalizes oppressed groups by criminalizing those aspects of abortions. The Susan B. Anthony and Frederick Douglas Prenatal Nondiscrimination Act, proposed in Arizona in 2011, prohibited race and sex based abortions and allowed

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Other critics claim that there is a difference between artificial and extraordinary means of preservation, such as medical treatment, kidney dialysis, and blood transfusions, and normal and natural means of preservation, such as gestation, childbirth, and breastfeeding. They argue that if a baby was

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proposes the scenario of a family who was found to be liable for frostbite finger loss suffered by a dinner guest whom they refused to allow to stay overnight, although it was very cold outside and the guest showed signs of being sick. Noonan argues that just as it would not be permissible to refuse

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the fetus rather than merely letting it die; and that in the case of pregnancy arising from voluntary intercourse, the woman has either tacitly consented to the fetus using her body, or has a duty to allow it to use her body since she herself is responsible for its need to use her body. Some writers

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the fetus is a person and has a right to life, abortion is morally permissible because a woman has a right to control her own body and its life-support functions (i.e. the right to life does not include the right to be kept alive by another person's body). Thomson's variant of this argument draws an

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Quite to the contrary, by foreclosing all democratic outlet for the deep passions this issue arouses, by banishing the issue from the political forum that gives all participants, even the losers, the satisfaction of a fair hearing and an honest fight, by continuing the imposition of a rigid national

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supporters uphold that individuals have the right to make their own decisions about their reproductive health, and that they should have the option to end a pregnancy if they choose to do so, taking into account various factors such as the stage of fetal development, the health of the woman, and the

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let me ask you to imagine this. You wake up in the morning and find yourself back to back in bed with an unconscious violinist. A famous unconscious violinist. He has been found to have a fatal kidney ailment, and the Society of Music Lovers has canvassed all the available medical records and found

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and can decide medical matters on their own. The capability of judgment does not come at a defined age, however, and is dependent on how well the person is able to understand the decision and its consequences. For most medical procedures, the capability of judgment usually sets in at ages 12 to 14.

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Studies have shown that these the required notification laws have not affected the probability that teenagers will engage in sexual activity or the demand for abortion. The rate of abortions for minors decreases in states with parental involvement laws by nearly 13 to 22 percent, however, it raises

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poll conducted in March showed that 60% of voters believed that abortion should be legal in most cases, an increase of 5% earlier in the year. 29% of participates believed it should be illegal in most cases, except for endangerment of the woman, rape, or incest. Lastly, 6% said it should be illegal

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A 2021 study showed that abortion providers faced discrimination and termination in the workplace, death threats, harassment, and impacts to their private and personal lives for them and their families. The same study shows that the providers continue to work in the field due to their commitment to

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Some feminists have argued that abortion does not liberate women, but gives society an excuse to not allow women who are mothers to access financial and social services that would benefit them more, such as better access to childcare, workplaces acknowledging the needs of mothers, and state support

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used against the practice of abortion claims that the continuity of human life from conception onward requires that we do not arbitrarily deny life prior to any particular developmental milestone. For otherwise, it would be a slippery slope to the denial of adult human being's right to life because

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David Boonin replies that if this kind of argument were correct, then the killing of nonhuman animals and plants would also be morally wrong because Boonin contends it is not known for certain that such beings lack a right to life. Boonin also argues that arguments from uncertainty fail because the

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In contrast, philosophers who define the right to life by reference to particular levels of physical or psychological development typically maintain that such characteristics are morally relevant, and reject the assumption that all human life necessarily has value (or that membership in the species

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disregards several policy-making purposes: assessing the burdens, opportunity costs, and unintended consequences of public policies. Prioritization of such assessments benefits the essential understanding of trends regarding abortion rates and depicts an accurate evaluation of the status of women's

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KFF conducted a nationally representative survey of office-based OBGYNs in the U.S. Since Dobbs, 42% of OBGYNs report that they are very or somewhat concerned about their own legal risk when making decisions about patient care and abortion. This could greatly affect how many OBGYNs will continue to

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A May 2005 survey examined attitudes toward abortion in 10 European countries, asking respondents whether they agreed with the statement, "If a woman doesn't want children, she should be allowed to have an abortion". The highest level of approval was 81% (in the Czech Republic); the lowest was 47%

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There are women who are raped and become pregnant; the problem is that they were raped, not that they are pregnant. There are women who are starving who become pregnant; the problem is that they are starving, not that they are pregnant. There are women in abusive relationships who become pregnant;

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People traveling interstate for abortions decreases their home state's abortion rates, but it increases the percentages of women who will need to travel across state lines to get access to abortion care. The travel also comes with other costs, such as transportation, insurance costs, missing work,

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argues that this can be derived from everyday beliefs and language and one can legitimately say "if my mother had had an abortion six months into her pregnancy, she would have killed me" then one can reasonably infer that at six months the "me" in question would have been an existing person with a

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connections (at about 26 weeks) may be critical to fetal perception of pain. However, legislation was proposed by anti-abortion advocates that would require abortion providers to tell a woman that the fetus may feel pain during an abortion procedure if the woman's proposed abortion was at least 20

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ruling, the Court had determined the importance of the opposing factors of "respect for and preservation of prenatal life at all stages...; the protection of maternal health and safety; the elimination of particularly gruesome or barbaric medical procedures;... integrity of the medical profession;

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Armed with images of fully developed, dismembered fetuses and a sign christening Albuquerque as 'America's Auschwitz,' they set up camp in front of the city's modest Holocaust and Intolerance Museum and demanded a new exhibit to commemorate the victims of what they call 'the silent holocaust,' or

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that is based outside the U.S. and receives U.S. government funding to refrain from performing or promoting abortion services. It is known by critics as the "global gag rule". Kelly Lifchez and Beatriz Maldonado cite studies showing that "the policy results in higher abortion rates, more unwanted

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Even where abortions are illegal, they continue to take place, however, they are generally done unsafely, both because the need for secrecy tends to be more important than the woman's safety, and due to the lack of training and experience the person performing the abortion. When done correctly by

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of pregnancy. However a number of medical critics have since disputed these conclusions. Other researchers such as Anand and Fisk have challenged the idea that pain cannot be felt before 26 weeks, positing instead that pain can be felt at around 20 weeks. Anand's suggestion is disputed in a March

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There is abundant debate regarding the extent of abortion regulation. Some abortion rights advocates argue that it should be illegal for governments to regulate abortion any more than other medical practices. On both sides of the debate, some argue that governments should be permitted to prohibit

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In contrast, abortion is associated with increased risk of carcinomas of the breast. The explanation for these epidemiologic findings is not known, but the parallelism between the DMBA-induced rat mammary carcinoma model and the human situation is striking. ... Abortion would interrupt this

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Criminalization of abortion in certain states has forced women in those to cross state lines for abortion care. It was found that women living in states with more hostile abortion laws were traveling out of state for abortion care in greater percentages than women living in states with protected

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relationships and private medical decisions. Abortion decisions bring focus onto other state efforts corresponding to abortion, such as limiting access to medication abortions, preventing third parties from assisting anyone seeking an abortion, or punishing women who end their pregnancies. While

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judge noted, "If a fetus is a person, it is a person in very special circumstances – it exists entirely within the body of another much larger person and usually cannot be the object of direct action by another person." Proposals in the current debate range from complete prohibition, even if the

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or based on one's perspectives in some contexts regarding politics, reproductive rights in policy are classified as fundamental freedoms for multiple reasons. Several reasons include but are not limited to the necessary proper analysis of public interests and policy, legislative violations when

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African countries have different views based on region and cultural influences. In Kenya, both male and female opinions show that abortion is frowned upon, due to embedded social norms that stem from religious and cultural beliefs. While younger generations are starting to normalize abortions,

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laws. The parents or guardians of the pregnant person must be consulted before an abortion is to be induced legally. States with these laws generally have different degrees of involvement and enforcement. A judge can be consulted to overrule a parent in the event the pregnant person is denied

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Abortion criminalization also affects abortion providers by placing strict regulations and requirements on the providers. Targeted Regulation of Abortion Provider laws (TRAP laws) are state laws that impose annual licensing fees, personnel or facility mandates, etc. on facilities that want to

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Research has been conducted exploring whether banning abortion actually reduces abortion rates. Researchers from the Guttmacher Institute, the World Health Organization, and the University of Massachusetts concluded that, in countries where abortions were restricted, the number of unintended

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Views from different religions can often be in direct opposition to each other. Muslims typically cite the Quranic verse 17:31 which states that a fetus should not be aborted out of fear of poverty. Christians who oppose abortion support their views with Scripture references such as that of

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Related issues attached to the question of the beginning of human personhood include the legal status, and subjectivity of the pregnant woman and the philosophical concept of "natality" (i.e. "the distinctively human capacity to initiate a new beginning", which a new human life embodies).

1152:, are all persons with a right to life. Respondents to this criticism argue that the noted human cases in fact would not be classified as persons as they do not have a natural capacity to develop any psychological features. Also, in a view that favors benefiting even unconceived but 124:, gender selection, population control, and the property rights of the patriarch. Rarely were the rights of the prospective mother, much less the prospective child, taken into consideration. Then, as now, these discussions often concerned the nature of humankind, the existence of a 1230:. It is argued that just as it would be permissible to "unplug" and thereby cause the death of the person who is using one's kidneys, so it is permissible to abort the fetus (who similarly, it is said, has no right to use one's body's life-support functions against one's will). 2706:

It is no accident that Ragon both calls himself an "abolitionist" and that his group uses these so-called disturbing images. He sees himself as carrying on the tradition of 19th century anti-slavery activists, who he says similarly tried to shock their fellow Americans into

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Fellow economists Christopher Foote and Christopher Goetz criticized the methodology in the Donohue-Levitt study, noting a lack of accommodation for statewide yearly variations such as cocaine use, and recalculating based on incidence of crime per capita; they found no

181:, while suggesting that the opposition must be "anti-choice" or "anti-life". Terms used by some in the debate to describe their opponents include "pro-abortion" or "pro-abort"; however, these terms do not always reflect a political view or fall along a binary; in one 2048:

poll conducted in September 2011 also suggests that most Argentineans favor abortion being legal when a woman's health or life is at risk (81%), when the pregnancy is a result of rape (80%) or the fetus has severe abnormalities (68%). A March 2007 poll regarding the

1144:(or whenever they come into existence). Critics of this position argue that mere genetic potential is not a plausible basis for respect (or for the right to life), and that basing a right to life on natural capacities would lead to the counterintuitive position that 762:

to enforce strict limits on how many children each family can have. In the United States, there are increasing efforts to limit access to abortion by states in the wake of the 2022 reversal of Roe v Wade (1973) which allowed for a constitutional right to abortion.

3939:. A search in dictionaries and encyclopedia for the term "personhood" generally redirects to "person". The American Heritage Dictionary at Yahoo has: "The state or condition of being a person, especially having those qualities that confer distinct individuality." 421:, the Court decided that the state has an "important and legitimate interest in protecting the potentiality of human life" from the point of viability on, but that prior to viability, the woman's fundamental rights are more compelling than that of the state. 1934:

births, higher maternal mortality, worse health status for unwanted children, and substantial reductions in the provision of family planning services in countries that rely on U.S. funding for family planning." The Mexico City policy was instituted under

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The abortion–breast cancer hypothesis posits that induced abortion may increase the risk of developing breast cancer. This 1980's paper actually contrasts with other scientific data that abortion is not related causality with breast cancer occurrence.

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Although the two main sides of the abortion debate tend to agree that a human fetus is biologically and genetically human (that is, of the human species), they often differ in their view on whether or not a human fetus is, in any of various ways, a

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A deep respect for the sanctity of human life meant that many right-to-life activists saw euthanasia and abortion as similar crimes against innocent life. Indeed, euthanasia ranked second only to abortion within the pro-life movement as a topic of

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The multidimensionality of pain perception, involving sensory, emotional, and cognitive factors may in itself be the basis of conscious, painful experience, but it will remain difficult to attribute this to a fetus at any particular developmental

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A number of opinion polls around the world have explored public opinion regarding the issue of abortion. Results have varied from poll to poll, country to country, and region to region, while varying with regard to different aspects of the issue.

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there would only be an arbitrary difference between the two cases. Thus the argument concludes that the only non-arbitrary and fair point at which to distinguish when human life has a stringent right to life and when it does not is at conception.

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and similar cases. Donohue and Levitt's study also noted that states which legalized abortion before the rest of the nation experienced the lowering crime rate pattern earlier, and those with higher abortion rates had more pronounced reductions.

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mere fact that one might be mistaken in finding certain arguments persuasive (for example, arguments for the claim that the fetus lacks a right to life) does not mean that one should act contrary to those arguments or assume them to be mistaken.

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Critics of this argument generally argue that there are morally relevant disanalogies between abortion and the kidney failure scenario. For example, it is argued that the fetus is the woman's child as opposed to a mere stranger; that abortion

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and John Donohue. They attributed the drop in crime to a reduction in individuals said to have a higher statistical probability of committing crimes: unwanted children, especially those born to mothers who are African American, impoverished,

609:, a 5–2 majority of the Supreme Court of Canada held that the abortion provisions of the Criminal Code were unconstitutional. The majority of the Court held that the abortion provisions infringed the rights of pregnant women, contrary to the 143:

in the U.S. a fetus or an embryo is not legally a "person", not having reached the age of majority and not deemed able to enter into contracts and sue or be sued. Since the 1860s, they have been treated as persons for the limited purposes of

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is a subject of controversy, with proponents of the theory generally arguing that "unwanted children" are more likely to become criminals and that an inverse correlation is observed between the availability of abortion and subsequent crime.

632:. The next year, in 1989, the Mulroney government introduced a bill that would allow abortion only if two doctors certified that the woman's health was in danger. This bill passed the House of Commons but was defeated by a tie vote in the 580:

Although there is a general presumption against a state’s ability to regulate extraterritorially (i.e., beyond its borders), legal authority suggests that the Constitution does not clearly prohibit a state from regulating abortion travel.

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advocates, on the other hand, maintain that a fetus is a human being with inherent rights that cannot be overridden by the woman's choice or circumstances, and that abortion is morally wrong in most or all cases. Both terms are considered

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answer to the involvement of the parent by getting the judicial system involved with a judicial bypass. In those states, minors can get permission from the judge if parents are not willing to do so or if they are absent from their lives.

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poll, seven in ten Americans described themselves as "pro-choice" while almost two-thirds described themselves as "pro-life". Another identifier in the debate is "abolitionist", which harks back to the 19th-century struggle against human

617:, and could not be justified. The only laws currently governing abortion in Canada are those which govern medical procedures in general, such as those regulating licensing of facilities, the training of medical personnel, and the like. 2679: 1909:

Some feminists see abortion as an excuse for men to not take responsibility for sexually exploiting women because abortion prevents men from having to take care of any children the woman has as a result of the sexual intercourse.

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defined privacy, in relation to abortion, as the ability of a woman to "decide what happens to her own body". In political terms, privacy can be understood as a condition in which one is not observed or disturbed by government.

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or because a fetus is a potential life that will, in most cases, develop into a fully functional human being. They believe that a fetus is a person upon conception. Others reject this position by drawing a distinction between

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patients, and human infants – from having a right to life, since they, like fetuses, are not self-conscious, do not communicate, and so on. Defenders of the proposed criteria may respond that the reversibly comatose

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Proponents of these bans claim that their goal is to protect the rights of people with disabilities. Such attempts to co-opt the mantle of disability rights to ban abortion are not only hypocritical but also deeply

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argued that parental involvement laws are largely ineffective at reducing abortion demands. One cause could be that some states do not require parental involvement, so out-of-state abortions could meet the demands.

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Parental involvement is one of the most common methods of restricting abortion, along with Medicaid funding restrictions, mandatory delay laws, licensing fees for abortion providers, and mandatory counseling laws.

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While most people have no difficulty accepting the legality of abortion at early stages of pregnancy, fewer are so sure about their position as pregnancy progresses – especially when the fetus is perceived to be

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struck a fair balance between the responsibility of the state to protect a woman's right to make personal medical decisions and the responsibility of the state to protect the potentially viable third trimester

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AHA activists disdain the phrase "pro-life" altogether. They prefer 'abolitionists', with all slavery comparisons explicitly intended, and they want to push the larger movement to abide by their uncompromising

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The use of the term "baby" to describe the unborn human organism is seen by some scholars as part of an effort to assign the organism agency. This assignation of agency functions to further the construction of

6164:"The Mexico City Policy – Memorandum for the Secretary of State[,] the Secretary of Health and Human Services[, and] the Administrator of the United States Agency for International Development" 1112:

mental states". or at least some higher brain function (brain waves). Warren concedes that infants are not "persons" by her proposed criteria, and on that basis she and others, including the moral philosopher

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is not explicitly stated in many constitutions of sovereign nations, many people see it as foundational to a functioning democracy. In general the right to privacy can be found to rest on the provisions of

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decision allows other debates to form over several different concepts in other state legislature concerning the terms "privacy" and "liberty interests" Which those cases have determined the foundation of

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childcare, etc. that impact the people need that need this abortion care. These burdens tend to disproportionately affect people of color and impoverished people in need of reproductive healthcare.

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rights call for complete legal freedom to secure an abortion, in the sense that the legal status of abortion should be the same as that of other medical services that a doctor provides to a patient

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A theory attempts to draw a correlation between the United States' unprecedented nationwide decline of the overall crime rate during the 1990s and the decriminalization of abortion 20 years prior.

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Because the courts did not establish abortion as a constitutional right, Parliament continues to have jurisdiction to legislate with respect to abortion. The Progressive Conservative government of

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Those in favor of abortion rights argue that governments should not restrict abortion more strictly than other medical practices for various reasons regarding potential human rights violations and

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to help women reintegrate into the workplace. Further, they argue that if women did not have easy access to abortions, governments would be forced to invest more money into supporting mothers.

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decision address many points, among them are several suggesting that it is an overreach of judicial powers, or that it was not properly based on the Constitution, or that it is an example of

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It is similarly unclear which features one must have a natural capacity for, in order to have a right to life (cf. Schwarz 1990: 105–109), or which features constitute a "future like ours".

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human life, but instead, select arbitrary characteristics (such as particular levels of physical or psychological development) as giving some human beings more value or rights than others.

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relied on the 14th Amendment, which guarantees that federal rights shall be applied equally to all persons born in the United States. The 14th Amendment has given rise to the doctrine of

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Each movement has, with varying results, sought to influence public opinion and to attain legal support for its position. Many who take a position argue that abortion is essentially a

1080:), the fetus is not a person and abortion is therefore morally permissible. Other philosophers apply similar criteria, concluding that a fetus lacks a right to life because it lacks 6185: 2060:

According to global surveys in 2023 and 2024, the right to access legal abortion is widely supported. There is particularly strong widespread support for legal abortion in Europe.

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on the legality of the procedure itself. The debate has become a political and legal issue in some countries with anti-abortion campaigners seeking to enact, maintain, and expand

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which are intended to prevent anti-abortion activists from interfering with staff and patient access to hospitals and clinics, for instance by creating buffer zones around them.

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of them (or perhaps only one), then it is certainly not a person. Warren concludes that as the fetus satisfies only one criterion, consciousness (and this only after it becomes

6509:""I just have to hope that this abortion should go well": Perceptions, fears, and experiences of abortion clients in Nigeria. - Document - Gale In Context: Opposing Viewpoints" 4926: 3409: 1868:, constituting approximately 70% of Christians worldwide, believe that human life begins at conception, as does the right to life; thus, abortion is considered immoral. Most 6334: 3106:

the unique value that human life has, as a gift from God, regardless of stage of development or physical health, from the point of conception to the point of physical death

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properly trained doctors, abortion is generally safe. Where laws restrict rights to abortion, abortions are less safe and result in the deaths of 30,000 women each year.

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process, leaving in the gland undifferentiated structures like those observed in the rat mammary gland, which could render the gland again susceptible to carcinogenesis.

6383:""No One Does This for the Money or Lifestyle": Abortion Providers' Perspectives on Factors Affecting Workforce Recruitment and Retention in the Southern United States" 4833: 1196:

can occur until the fourteenth day of pregnancy, Kenny argues that individual identity is obtained at this point and thus abortion is not permissible after two weeks.

6682: 3629: 871:

have come to encompass a number of aspects of human being previously considered the domain of the "soul". Thus, while the historical question has been: when does the

221:). The appropriate terms with which to designate the human organism prior to birth are also debated. Some anti-abortion supporters regard the technical terminology " 1803:

Another argument used by anti-abortion activists is the slippery slope argument, that normalizing abortion may lead to the normalization of other practices such as

610: 96:. Additionally, some argue that government involvement in abortion-related decisions, particularly through public funding, raises ethical and political questions. 6563: 6625: 4276: 806:

has argued that the legalization of abortion in the United States contributed to a declining sense of paternal duty among biological fathers and to a decline in

7015: 1305:

This worry even extends to an unfounded fear of being prosecuted for sending their patient to a clinic in a different country where late abortion is permitted.

6484:"Community perception of abortion, women who abort and abortifacients in Kisumu and Nairobi counties, Kenya. - Document - Gale In Context: Opposing Viewpoints" 6034: 1239:

defend the analogy against these objections, arguing that the disanalogies are morally irrelevant or do not apply to abortion in the way critics have claimed.

528:

Where, in the performance of its judicial duties, the Court decides a case in such a way as to resolve the sort of intensely divisive controversy reflected in

389: 1905:

We believe in a woman's right to control her body, and she deserves this right no matter where she lives, even if she's still living inside her mother's womb.

5307: 3255: 2428: 1330:

Table: Rates of unintended pregnancy and abortion, and proportion of unintended pregnancies ending in abortion, by legal status of abortion for years 2015–19

1279:

reproductive freedoms and equality overall. The right to abortion is consequently determined by referring to either the policy method of life versus choice.

1121:

could be morally acceptable under some circumstances (for example if the infant is severely disabled or in order to save the lives of several other infants.

5880: 3426:

approach would allow such disputes to be settled by the citizens and elected representatives of each state, and appropriately defer to democratic governance

3044: 2680:"Committed to Availability, Conflicted about Morality: What the Millennial Generation Tells Us about the Future of the Abortion Debate and the Culture Wars" 5220: 1876:

also considers abortion to be morally wrong, though their position admits abortion when "the continuance of a pregnancy threatens the life of the mother".

719:), even if it might mean saving her life. Penalties include jail time. For example, in El Salvador abortions are punishable with up to 50 years in prison. 6359: 5374:

Bearak, Jonathan; Popinchalk, Anna; Ganatra, Bela; Moller, Ann-Beth; Tunçalp, Özge; Beavin, Cynthia; Kwok, Lorraine; Alkema, Leontine (1 September 2020).

1140:

to develop the relevant psychological features; and, since human beings do have this natural capacity, they essentially have a right to life beginning at

5603: 7478:

Moseson, Heidi; Smith, Mikaela H.; Chakraborty, Payal; Gyuras, Hilary J.; Foster, Abigail; Bessett, Danielle; Wilkinson, Tracey; Norris, Alison (2023).

6458: 2096:. The change coincided with what would have been the adolescence, or peak years of potential criminality, of those who had not been born as a result of 309:

aspects vary from each perspective and interest but ultimately form the strategic decisions for legislators for support or opposition to their efforts.

381: 6283: 3539: 6968: 983: 639:

Although the courts have not ruled on the question of fetal personhood as a matter of constitutional law, the question has been raised in two cases,

385: 17: 6823: 5574: 2331: 5924: 1247:

temporary accommodation for the guest to protect him from physical harm, it would not be permissible to refuse temporary accommodation of a fetus.

791:. Withholding access to safe abortions results in 30,000 abortion related deaths per year. Women may also choose suicide when abortion is illegal. 6959: 6439: 3924:

The question could also be put historically. The concept of "personhood" is of fairly recent vintage, and cannot be found in the 1828 edition of

2925:'the American genocide'—or the roughly 50 million abortions performed in the United States since the Supreme Court's Roe vs. Wade ruling in 1973. 413:

While governments are allowed to invade the privacy of their citizens in some cases, they are expected to protect privacy in all cases lacking a

314: 296: 810:, even when women chose childbirth over abortion, and thus to an increase rather than a decrease in the rate of children born to unwed mothers. 8804: 6065: 5769: 3644: 2441:

See generally, "The Kindness of Strangers: The Abandonment of Children in Western Europe from Late Antiquity to the Renaissance", John BosLik

989:

Wendy Savage—former press officer, Doctors for a Woman's Choice on Abortion—considered the question to be irrelevant. In a 1997 letter to the

618: 6862: 2562: 878:

Since human development occurs continuously, identifying a precise time when a human being becomes a person could lead to an instance of the

100:, for example, may oppose taxpayer funding for abortion based on principles of limited government and personal responsibility, while holding 2304: 2188:

There are different guidelines for minors and abortions in every country. In most of Europe, all persons that are capable of judgment enjoy

2172:

Many states require an unmarried minor to have parental consent or notification before an abortion is allowed to happen. These are known as

2057:

found that 65.6% said they thought that abortion should remain illegal, 26.9% that it should be made legal, and 7.5% that they were unsure.

1897:

Some feminists have argued that abortion is inconsistent with feminist principles of justice and opposition to discrimination and violence.

7904: 6929: 5376:"Unintended pregnancy and abortion by income, region, and the legal status of abortion: Estimates from a comprehensive model for 1990–2019" 2276: 1072:. According to Warren, a being need not exhibit all of these criteria to qualify as a person with a right to life, but if a being exhibits 152:

in England, Scotland and Wales. Furthermore, there are logistic difficulties in treating a fetus as "the object of direct action". As one

957: 7736:

Smith, Mikaela H.; Muzyczka, Zoe; Chakraborty, Payal; Johns-Wolfe, Elaina; Higgins, Jenny; Bessett, Danielle; Norris, Alison H. (2022).

4430: 1309:

abortion access. This also brought about the term "abortion deserts", which are locations or counties that have no abortion facilities.

6508: 6483: 5808:. Critical Issues in World and International History Series. Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield (published 2007). p. 133. 3868: 3004: 2937: 2530: 2256: 955:

The existence and implications of fetal pain are part of a larger debate about abortion. A 2005 multidisciplinary systematic review in

6247: 2390: 1716:

Some abortion opponents have argued for, and promoted legislation for, a ban on the abortion of fetuses that have been diagnosed with

1218:

analogy between forcing a woman to continue an unwanted pregnancy and forcing a person to allow his body to be used to maintain blood

6708: 2079: 961:

in the area of fetal development found that a fetus is unlikely to feel pain until after the sixth month of pregnancy. Developmental

660: 3526: 2364: 9002: 8188: 3399: 3093: 2271: 875:, in modern terms, the question could be put instead: at what point does the developing individual develop personhood or selfhood. 727: 465: 242: 6331: 5423: 4982: 3722: 3287: 2115:

which took into account these concerns and reported that the data maintained the statistical significance of their initial paper.

1242:

Alternative scenarios have been put forth as more accurate and realistic representations of the moral issues present in abortion.

7803: 7166:"The Economic Impact of State Restrictions on Abortion: Parental Consent and Notification Laws and Medicaid Funding Restrictions" 614: 1821:

Some anti-abortion activists argue that having an abortion can cause long-term harm to a woman's emotional and physical health.

977:

review concluded that data from dozens of medical reports and studies indicate that fetuses are unlikely to feel pain until the

8967: 7812:

of the College Historical Society debate on abortion featuring Professor William Binchy, Frances Kissling, and Rebecca Gomperts

3603: 2217: 7963: 7588: 7564: 7399: 7290: 7271: 6976: 6141: 6114: 4903: 4848: 4460: 3757: 3500: 2889: 2644: 2609: 2446: 2141: 8992: 4368:

Mellor, D. J.; Diesch, T. J.; Gunn, A. J.; Bennet, L. (2005). "The importance of 'awareness' for understanding fetal pain".

2013: 8952: 8459: 8023: 4342: 417:. In the US, the compelling state interest test has been developed in accordance with the standards of strict scrutiny. In 101: 7738:"Abortion Travel Within the United States: An Observational Study of Cross-State Movement to Obtain Abortion Care in 2017" 4202:

Lowery, C. L.; Hardman, M. P.; Manning, N.; Hall, R. W.; Anand, K. J. (2007). "Neurodevelopmental changes of fetal pain".

3343: 3169: 2053:

20% where in favor of it, 8% where neither in favor or against it, and 2% didn't know what to answer. A July 2005 poll in

636:. There have not been any further government attempts to enact legislation relating to abortion in Parliament since then. 241:. Anti-abortion activists occasionally use the term the "Silent Holocaust" or "the American genocide" in reference to the 8972: 8572: 8098: 8018: 6163: 6006: 2069: 1963: 795: 8957: 7833: 7228: 6595: 6301: 4175: 577:

decision on 24 June 2022. This was a Supreme Court decision about Mississippi's law stopping abortions after 14 weeks.

43:

is a longstanding and contentious discourse that touches on the moral, legal, medical, and religious aspects of induced

8743: 8512: 8103: 8048: 7958: 7861: 7047:"Susceptibility of the mammary gland to carcinogenesis. II. Pregnancy interruption as a risk factor in tumor incidence" 6886:"Susceptibility of the mammary gland to carcinogenesis. II. Pregnancy interruption as a risk factor in tumor incidence" 6651: 6570: 6533: 4148: 2906: 2720: 436: 182: 7788: 7086:

Russo, J.; Tay, L.; Russo, I. H. (1982). "Differentiation of the mammary gland and susceptibility to carcinogenesis".

5250:"The (mis)use of fetal viability as the determinant of non-criminal abortion in the Netherlands and England and Wales" 4280: 8783: 7697: 7545: 7023: 5813: 5735: 5498: 4965: 4820: 4311: 377: 6740:

Foote, Christopher L.; Goetz, Christopher F. (February 2008). "The Impact of Legalized Abortion on Crime: Comment".

6042: 2694: 8819: 4656: 2484: 747: 480:, abortion has been legal throughout the country, but states have placed varying regulations on it, from requiring 1095:

Critics of this typically argue that some of the proposed criteria for personhood would disqualify two classes of

8839: 8778: 8108: 7707:

Denbow, Jennifer M. (2016). "Abortion as Genocide: Race, Agency, and Nation in Prenatal Nondiscrimination Bans".

5884: 3052: 2970: 2173: 1888:

Other feminists oppose abortion because it distracts from other women's issues. Writer Megan Clancy argued that:

320: 6211: 3321: 9033: 8702: 6788: 6742: 6713: 5981: 5783: 5611: 4000: 517: 5897: 1699:

against the unborn. According to this argument, those who deny that fetuses have a right to life do not value

329:

the mitigation of fetal pain, and the prevention of discrimination on the basis of race, sex, or disability."

8364: 7953: 7737: 4043: 2761: 1930: 1758:

Criticism of this line of reasoning follows several threads. Some reject the argument on grounds relating to

1326:

pregnancies increased. The following table taken from their research shows these findings in greater detail:

1187:. They argue that abortion is not permissible from the point at which individual human identity is realized. 1004: 829: 823: 469: 454: 129: 85: 6280: 5910: 3932: 1084:

or higher brain function, self-consciousness, rationality, and autonomy. These lists diverge over precisely

9118: 8829: 8063: 7894: 5167:

Smith, Andrea (Spring 2005). "Beyond Pro-Choice versus Pro-Life: Women of Color and Reproductive Justice".

3892: 732: 393: 3462: 554:

rule instead of allowing for regional differences, the Court merely prolongs and intensifies the anguish .

8632: 8627: 8429: 8424: 7988: 6177: 4254: 3520: 2578: 2541: 2222: 1016:. Anti-abortion supporters argue that abortion is morally wrong on the basis that a fetus is an innocent 655:, part of Canadian common law and Quebec civil law, to determine that the fetus was not a person at law. 543: 5932: 301:

ruling, state governments have been granted political authority over abortion access and resources. The

233:, whereas some abortion rights proponents regard ordinary terms such as "baby" or "child" as emotional. 8947: 8527: 7948: 7387: 6990: 2132:

that they are neither promoting nor negating any course of action—merely reporting data as economists.

1865: 1816: 1744: 1271:

criminalizing abortion, utilizing humanitarian efforts, equality of resources and medical access, etc.

629: 295:

As an example of political decisions concerning the abortion debate, in the recent years following the

169:: terms used to validate one's own stance while invalidating the opposition's. For example, the labels 145: 48: 5724:

Three Approaches to Abortion: A Thoughtful and Compassionate Guide to Today's Most Controversial Issue

2991:

Good medical practice indicates that abortion should not be performed after the 20th week of pregnancy

407: 93: 9113: 8592: 7927: 7680:(1991) . "On the Moral and Legal Status of Abortion". In Mappes, Thomas A.; Zembaty, Jane S. (eds.). 7342: 7337: 6933: 6831: 6655: 6599: 6537: 6305: 4303: 4140: 2108: 2009: 1775:

a right to life (for example by killing it). This would place abortion in the same moral category as

1667: 1299: 780: 302: 166: 153: 52: 6080: 5955: 5181: 9179: 9140: 8439: 8268: 8263: 8168: 7973: 6756: 2020:(in Poland). In 2019, 58% of Poles supported abortion on request up to the 12th week of pregnancy. 353: 255: 74: 6854: 3265: 2341: 742:

allowed abortion only in case of rape or if the woman's health was at risk. In December 2020, the

9023: 8824: 8748: 8718: 8692: 8399: 8394: 8309: 7983: 7884: 7800:, RSRevision.com - Case studies, Christian and non-Christian responses and resources for students 6937: 5443: 5248:

Halliday, Samantha; Romanis, Elizabeth Chloe; de Proost, Lien; Verweij, E. Joanne (30 May 2023).

2336: 2237: 1861: 1796: 1288: 991: 403: 170: 56: 7815: 6781:"Measurement Error, Legalized Abortion, and the Decline in Crime: A Response to Foote and Goetz" 4957: 4743: 2043:

Of attitudes in South America, a December 2003 survey found that 30% of Argentines thought that

832:

or was always a "person". If "personhood" is acquired, opinions differ about when this happens.

595: 9028: 8733: 8662: 8622: 8602: 8582: 8389: 8359: 8329: 8319: 8238: 8208: 8183: 8088: 7968: 7932: 7854: 6751: 5851: 5176: 3867:

Frederiksen, Brittni; Ranji, Usha; Gomez, Ivette; Published, Alina Salganicoff (21 June 2023).

1951: 1869: 157:

procedure is necessary to save the woman's life, to complete legalization with public funding.

6106: 5038: 3749: 3669: 499:

and that it should be overturned so that abortion law can be decided by legislatures. Justice

9125: 9108: 9100: 9085: 9043: 8982: 8925: 8870: 8799: 8768: 8753: 8597: 8444: 8083: 8008: 7797: 7682: 7627:

Stretton, Dean (June 2004). "Essential Properties and the Right to Life: A Response to Lee".

7414:"State Abortion Policies, Targeted Regulation of Abortion Provider Laws, and Abortion Demand" 5214: 4895: 4438: 4249: 2818: 2781:"Dominant Discourse, Professional Language, and Legal Change in Child Custody Decisionmaking" 2422: 2232: 2227: 2044: 1857: 1830: 1210: 711:. This prohibits a woman from having an abortion for any reason (underage, fetal impairment, 8987: 7129:

Russo, J.; Russo, I. H. (1987). "Biological and molecular bases of mammary carcinogenesis".

5575:"In debate over Down syndrome/abortion bill, disability groups struggle with how to respond" 4296: 4133: 3490: 3015: 2945: 2881: 2599: 1199: 510:

Candidates competing for the Democratic nomination for the 2008 presidential election cited

9135: 9048: 9038: 8915: 8905: 8890: 8814: 8758: 8677: 8672: 8647: 8517: 8414: 8344: 8293: 8273: 8203: 8178: 8163: 8073: 7525: 7480:"Abortion-Related Laws and Concurrent Patterns in Abortion Incidence in Indiana, 2010-2019" 7236: 3830: 3695: 1734: 1725:"We would never think of using limits on someone's bodily autonomy to protect our rights." 1671: 1157: 1141: 784: 771:

Abortion rights advocates argue that illegalization of abortion increases the incidence of

218: 217:

that the right appealed to takes precedence over all other competing rights (an example of

1163: 775:, as the availability of professional abortion services decreases, and leads to increased 524:

is the first judicial opinion upholding a legal barrier to a specific abortion procedure.

507:

opinion as "legislative" and asked that more consideration be paid to state legislatures.

337:

In the United States, the debate has been framed as an aspect of privacy. Even though the

27:

Debate about whether and under which circumstances a fetus should be allowed to be aborted

8: 9184: 8997: 8962: 8920: 8895: 8875: 8854: 8697: 8652: 8612: 8567: 8562: 8552: 8542: 8537: 8532: 8522: 8507: 8502: 8497: 8492: 8487: 8464: 8409: 8324: 8314: 8258: 8253: 8248: 8233: 8228: 8173: 8148: 8093: 8078: 8043: 7889: 7537: 4180: 3949:

Kerckhove, Lee F.; Waller, Sara (June 1998). "Fetal Personhood and the Sorites Paradox".

3422:

avoiding the bitter battles engendered by 'one size fits all' judicial pronouncements. A

2632: 2261: 2167: 1780: 1748: 1675: 914: 512: 481: 7821: 7504: 7479: 7300:

Lee, Patrick (June 2004). "The Pro-Life Argument from Substantial Identity: A Defense".

5284: 5249: 3085: 2516: 1987:

Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.

938:

Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.

9130: 8900: 8880: 8849: 8773: 8763: 8728: 8723: 8687: 8667: 8657: 8642: 8637: 8617: 8587: 8557: 8547: 8479: 8454: 8449: 8379: 8354: 8339: 8334: 8288: 8283: 8243: 8218: 8153: 8140: 8068: 8028: 8013: 7765: 7724: 7665: 7615: 7375: 7359: 7325: 7185: 7111: 7063: 7046: 6902: 6885: 6805: 6415: 6216: 6099: 5520: 5493: 5202: 5194: 5149: 5097: 5013: 4950: 4706: 4681: 4635:"Christian Research Journal, Summer 1991, page 28 – When Does a Human Become a Person?" 4511: 4486: 4393: 4227: 3974: 3849: 3806: 3798: 3700: 3467: 3365: 3295: 3150: 2856: 2848: 2800: 2583: 2460:

To Bring Down the Flowers: The Cultural Context of Abortion Law in Early Modern England

2309: 2049: 1924: 1898: 1275: 1243: 1149: 1133: 1081: 776: 751: 700: 641: 590: 485: 349: 7413: 7266:. Cambridge Studies in Philosophy and Public Policy. Boulder: University of Colorado. 5852:"Ethics Guide: Arguments against abortion – Women's rights arguments against abortion" 5463: 5392: 5375: 4381: 3086:"Evaluation of the BGCT Christian Life Commission's "Abortion and the Christian Life"" 9158: 9018: 8885: 8844: 8834: 8682: 8607: 8577: 8469: 8434: 8419: 8384: 8369: 8349: 8223: 8213: 8198: 8158: 8123: 7847: 7770: 7728: 7693: 7644: 7640: 7619: 7584: 7578: 7560: 7541: 7509: 7466: 7432: 7395: 7367: 7317: 7313: 7286: 7267: 7193: 7146: 7138: 7103: 7068: 6982: 6972: 6907: 6420: 6402: 6255: 6221: 6110: 5809: 5779: 5731: 5525: 5467: 5405: 5397: 5308:"State Abortion Bans Will Harm Women and Families' Economic Security Across the U.S." 5289: 5271: 5153: 5141: 5102: 5084: 5005: 4961: 4922:'Is Abortion Morally Justifiable in a Free Society?' Public debate at Yale University 4899: 4816: 4711: 4516: 4385: 4355: 4307: 4219: 4144: 4084: 4017:(2006). "The Idea of a New Beginning: A romantic source of normativity and freedom". 4014: 3966: 3753: 3496: 3373: 3234: 3226: 3154: 3142: 2885: 2843: 2821:(1987). "Fetal Images: The Power of Visual Culture in the Politics of Reproduction". 2640: 2605: 2480: 2442: 2410: 2089: 1873: 1759: 856: 496: 149: 148:

law in the UK including Northern Ireland, although this treatment was amended by the

7379: 7329: 7115: 6809: 4889: 4578:

Stretton 2004: 267, original emphasis; see also Singer 2000: 137; Boonin 2003: 64–70

4231: 3978: 3810: 3123:"Framing morality policy issues: state legislative debates on abortion restrictions" 2860: 1192:

valid claim to life. Since division of the zygote into twins through the process of

259: 9053: 8910: 8809: 8738: 8404: 8374: 8278: 8193: 8058: 7760: 7752: 7716: 7677: 7636: 7611: 7607: 7499: 7491: 7456: 7428: 7351: 7309: 7177: 7095: 7058: 6897: 6797: 6761: 6722: 6410: 6394: 5773: 5515: 5507: 5459: 5387: 5279: 5261: 5206: 5186: 5133: 5092: 5076: 5068: 4997: 4701: 4693: 4506: 4498: 4397: 4377: 4211: 4074: 3958: 3839: 3790: 3778: 3404: 3357: 3348: 3216: 3134: 2838: 2830: 2792: 2512: 2402: 1739: 1267: 1172: 1153: 743: 633: 605: 569: 538: 266: 238: 6683:"Support for legal abortion is widespread in many countries, especially in Europe" 6133: 4657:"Ethics & Medicine, volume 19:1 – The conception view of personhood: a review" 4215: 3540:"The Constitutionality of Banning Interstate Travel for Abortion - Bill of Health" 2181:

the rate for out-of-state abortions such in the case of Mississippi and Missouri.

1893:

the problem is that they are in abusive relationships, not that they are pregnant.

1771:

right to life, then it is reckless and morally wrong to treat that thing as if it

9090: 8118: 8038: 8003: 7440: 7409: 6338: 6287: 5830:

Right-to-life activists were highly effective at linking euthanasia and abortion.

5803: 3908: 3743: 3317: 3260: 2911: 2875: 2626: 2500: 2365:"Libertarians: Abortion is a matter for individual conscience, not public decree" 2200: 2189: 1259: 1223: 1148:

infants, irreversibly comatose patients, and brain-dead patients kept alive on a

1053: 978: 879: 807: 772: 759: 652: 414: 360: 121: 7461: 6801: 6765: 4834:"Suffer the violinist: Why the pro-abortion argument from bodily autonomy fails" 4061:

Lee, S. J.; Ralston, H. J.; Drey, E. A.; Partridge, J. C.; Rosen, M. A. (2005).

1124:

An alternative approach is to base personhood or the right to life on a being's

1048:. In support of this distinction, some propose a list of criteria as markers of 8113: 7756: 7444: 6398: 5727: 4459:

Warren 1991. See also Tooley 1972: 40–43; Singer 2000: 126–28 and 155–156; and

3439: 3381: 3122: 2665: 2242: 2119: 1954:

on 23 January 2017. In 2021, President Biden rescinded the Mexico City policy.

1943: 1696: 1227: 1069: 966: 803: 758:

has a free abortion policy but some studies show that its government also uses

647: 628:

twice attempted to do. The first bill, introduced in 1988, was defeated in the

625: 560: 500: 230: 210: 201:, pregnant woman, or other parties. Such appeals can generate confusion if the 97: 6726: 5190: 5121: 4634: 4162:

emerging consensus among developmental neurobiologists that the establishment.

3962: 3138: 269:. Those who oppose abortion rights argue against the procedures and nature of 139:

of the fetus may be complicated by the current legal status of children. Like

9173: 9058: 8033: 7978: 7521: 7495: 7470: 7142: 6986: 6603: 6406: 6382: 6309: 6259: 6225: 5799: 5401: 5275: 5266: 5145: 5137: 5088: 5056: 3936: 3630:"El giro de Bukele con el aborto: De defenderlo a calificarlo de "genocidio"" 3339: 3230: 3146: 2300: 2093: 2084: 2077:

The suggestion was brought to widespread attention by a 1999 academic paper,

1935: 1717: 1188: 1184: 1065: 1057: 840: 344: 306: 178: 6659: 6541: 5661:

Marquis 1989: 190. The type of wrongness appealed to here is presumptive or

5511: 5072: 4339:

Fetal Awareness: Updated review of Research and Recommendations for Practice

3844: 3825: 3121:

Mucciaroni, Gary; Ferraiolo, Kathleen; Rubado, Meghan E. (27 October 2018).

406:, which is said to guarantee various privacy rights, including the right to 51:, the debate most visibly polarizes around adherents of the self-described " 9068: 9063: 8977: 8939: 7998: 7911: 7774: 7648: 7574: 7513: 7371: 7321: 7197: 6424: 5604:"The Offensive Hypocrisy of Banning Abortion for a Down Syndrome Diagnosis" 5447: 5428: 5409: 5293: 5106: 5009: 4715: 4389: 4223: 4088: 4079: 4062: 3970: 3781:(1996). "An analysis on out-of-wedlock childbearing in the United States". 3774: 3727: 3377: 3238: 2414: 2389:

Cates, Willard Jr.; Grimes, David A.; Schulz, Kenneth F. (1 January 2003).

2128: 1947: 1939: 1776: 1709: 1114: 962: 852: 788: 696: 677: 432: 206: 105: 89: 7150: 7107: 7072: 6911: 6212:"Trump Revives Ban on Foreign Aid to Groups That Give Abortion Counseling" 5529: 5471: 5080: 4520: 9073: 7689: 7529: 6440:"Support for Legalized Abortion Grows Since Dobbs Ruling, WSJ Poll Shows" 5663: 5001: 4697: 4502: 4105: 4037: 3992: 3395: 3221: 3200: 3067: 2098: 1929:

The Mexico City policy is a U.S. federal government policy requiring any

1779:(if it turns out that the fetus has a right to life) or certain forms of 1219: 1200:

Arguments for abortion rights which do not depend on fetal non-personhood

1145: 1118: 895: 848: 844: 704: 688: 460: 441: 428: 338: 140: 117: 70: 6780: 4341:". Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists. Archived from the 3014:. University of Kent, Canterbury, CT2 7NY, UK. p. 2. Archived from 2111:

results. Levitt and Donohue responded to this by presenting an adjusted

7669: 7363: 7189: 7165: 7099: 5198: 3929: 3853: 3802: 3423: 3170:""State Laws Restricting Abortion: The Need to Document Their Impact."" 2852: 2804: 2780: 2266: 1845: 1841: 1804: 1168: 1077: 1049: 872: 836: 398: 136: 6459:"Broad Public Support for Legal Abortion Persists 2 Years After Dobbs" 6352:"Sondaż: Rośnie poparcie dla aborcji na żądanie do 12. tygodnia ciąży" 3369: 2122:, discriminatory as to race and socioeconomic class, and as promoting 1341:

Unintended pregnancy rate per 1000 women aged between 15 and 49 years

6381:

Chowdhary, Pari; Newton-Levinson, Anna; Rochat, Roger (1 June 2022).

6181: 4022: 3926:

1828 edition of Webster's American Dictionary of the English Language

2155: 1853: 1849: 1061: 847:

concept referring to a non-corporeal or extra-corporeal dimension of

828:

There are differences of opinion as to whether a zygote/embryo/fetus

739: 708: 687:

As of 2016, there are six countries that completely outlaw abortion:

7804:

Reasons why women have induced abortions, evidence from 27 countries

7355: 7181: 6626:"Ipec: 70% dos brasileiros dizem ser contra a legalização do aborto" 5057:"State Laws Restricting Abortion: The Need to Document Their Impact" 3794: 3579:"The 9 countries with the most draconian abortion laws in the world" 2834: 2796: 2406: 9078: 8053: 7993: 7870: 7735: 7720: 6186:"TPP withdrawal Trump's first executive action Monday, sources say" 5424:"When Abortion is Illegal, Women Rarely die. But They Still Suffer" 4952:

The Unfinished Constitution: Philosophy and Constitutional Practice

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2010 report on fetal awareness published by a working party of the

270: 81: 44: 33: 5667:

wrongness, and it may be overridden in exceptional circumstances.

1180: 365: 262:. Some want to prohibit all abortions, starting from conception. 243:

number of abortions that have been performed in the United States

187: 174: 7020:

United States House Committee on Oversight and Government Reform

6248:"Biden Targets Abortion Restrictions as Fight Looms in Congress" 4983:"Personal Bodily Rights, Abortion, and Unplugging the Violinist" 1783:(if it turns out that the fetus does not have a right to life). 1160:

in favor for conceiving a new child later in better conditions.

899:, the opinion of the justices included the following statement: 666:

Winnipeg Child & Family Services (Northwest Area) v G.(D.F.)

7827: 5805:

A Concise History of Euthanasia: Life, Death, God, and Medicine

5247: 4682:"Abortion, embryo destruction and the future of value argument" 3645:"Constitutional court ends almost all legal abortion in Poland" 2762:"A Sheep in Wolf's Clothing – Language and the Abortion Debate" 2150:

The hypothesis suggests that during early pregnancy, levels of

1837: 1720:

on the basis that such abortions unfairly discriminate against

1020: 1012: 860: 779:. According to a global study collaboratively conducted by the 716: 222: 194: 6380: 5778:. New York, New York: Cambridge University Press. p. 36. 5712:

Schwarz 1990: 58–59; Beckwith 2007: 60–61; Reagan et al. 1983.

5703:

Stretton 2004: 250–260; see also McMahan 2002: 234–235 and 271

4487:"The problematic symmetry between brain birth and brain death" 3866: 3012:

Legal Issues for Pro-Choice Opinion – Abortion Law in Practice

2944:. British Columbia Civil Liberties Association. Archived from 1092:

psychological or physiological features not found in fetuses.

563:, "concurring in the judgment in part and dissenting in part". 7477: 6569:. Belden Russonello Strategists. October 2011. Archived from 5597: 5595: 5373: 2725: 1193: 1108:

satisfy the relevant criteria because they "retain all their

1088:

features confer a right to life, but tend to propose various

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Making Abortion Unthinkable: The Art of Pro-Life Persuasion

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The Morality of abortion: legal and historical perspectives

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Singer 2000: 217–18; McMahan 2002: 242–3; Boonin 2003: 126

5039:"BBC - Ethics - Abortion: Arguments in favour of abortion" 1344:

Abortion rate per 1000 women aged between 15 and 49 years

5859: 5448:"Role of Abortion in Control of Global Population Growth" 3997:

Unbearable Weight: Feminism, Western Culture and the Body

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struck down state laws banning abortion in 1973. Over 20

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Stone, Jim (December 1987). "Why Potentiality Matters".

7520: 6246:

Lucey, Catherine; Peterson, Kristina (28 January 2021).

5560:, Singer 2000: 221–2; McMahan 2002: 214; Boonin 2003: 25 5325: 4201: 4056: 4054: 4052: 984:

Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists (RCOG)

6930:"Induced abortion does not increase breast cancer risk" 5602:

Kolbi-Molinas, Alexa; Mizner, Susan (14 January 2020).

5344: 5342: 5340: 4060: 1901:, an anti-abortion feminist organization, argued that: 7445:"Social Policy and Abortion: A Review of the Research" 7392:

The Ethics of Killing: Problems at the Margins of Life

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increase, leading to breast growth in preparation for

1213:

in her 1971 paper "A Defense of Abortion" states that

746:

passed a bill to legalize abortion. Also in 2020, the

6779:

Donohue, John J.; Levitt, Steven D. (February 2008).

5657: 5655: 4730:

Reason and Religion: Essays in Philosophical Theology

4049: 193:

Appeals are often made in the abortion debate to the

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6564:"Views on Changing the Law on Abortion in Argentina" 5337: 3442:. Judiciary Committee, U.S. House of Representatives 3344:"The Wages of Crying Wolf: A Comment on Roe v. Wade" 2598:

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Levitt states in his book 1666:It has been suggested that access to abortion can 682: 6969:Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists 4173: 3772: 3194: 3192: 3190: 2477:Contemporary Ethics: History, Theories and Issues 2427:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of September 2024 ( 2388: 1950:on 24 January 2009 and re-instated once again by 165:Many of the terms used in the debate are seen as 9171: 7218: 6707:Donohue, John J.; Levitt, Steven D. (May 2001). 6063: 5219:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of February 2024 ( 4887: 4471:property (being rational and self-conscious), a 3460: 2008:In North America, a December 2001 poll surveyed 1321:Inefficacy of abortion bans on reducing abortion 376:Traditionally, American courts have located the 173:imply endorsement of widely held values such as 7211: 7209: 7207: 6066:"Health consequences of the Mexico City policy" 5846: 5844: 5842: 5840: 5838: 5360: 5358: 5356: 5354: 5234: 5232: 5230: 4872: 4815:John T. 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University of California Press. p. 2750:Brennan 'Dehumanizing the vulnerable' 2000 2624: 2257:Opposition to the legalization of abortion 1872:also consider abortion to be immoral. The 73:in mainstream media, where terms such as " 7764: 7534:Abortion and the Conscience of the Nation 7503: 7460: 7340:(April 1989). "Why Abortion is Immoral". 7170:Journal of Policy Analysis and Management 7062: 6901: 6755: 6414: 5960:Saint John the Evangelist Orthodox Church 5798: 5694:McMahan 2002: 271; Stretton 2004: 171–179 5519: 5391: 5283: 5265: 5180: 5096: 4705: 4679: 4510: 4078: 4013: 3843: 3693: 3463:"The Presidential Candidates on Abortion" 3461:Hossain, Farhana; Werschkul, Ben (2007). 3220: 3198: 3003:Lee, Ellie; Furedi, Ann (February 2002). 3002: 2842: 2817: 2474: 2080:The Impact of Legalized Abortion on Crime 2063: 1693:Abortion and the Conscience of the Nation 1226:machine is used) for another person with 661:Dobson (Litigation Guardian of) v. Dobson 7626: 7285:. 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(2002). 4370:Brain Research Reviews 4298:Essential reproduction 4135:Essential reproduction 4080:10.1001/jama.294.8.947 3928:, nor even as late as 3826:"Men without children" 3256:"Abortion and Privacy" 2064:Effect upon crime rate 2050:abortion law in Brazil 1952:President Donald Trump 1948:President Barack Obama 1907: 1895: 1870:Evangelical Christians 1751: 1274:The regulation of the 1176: 906: 736: 600: 566: 550: 472:, all of which upheld 445: 84:issue, concerning the 9086:Self-induced abortion 8084:Self-induced abortion 8009:Genetics and abortion 7905:Philosophical aspects 7822:Pro and Con: Abortion 7443:(25 September 2013). 7281:Lee, Patrick (1996). 7264:A Defense of Abortion 7016:"Breast Cancer Risks" 6859:St. Anthony Messenger 6011:Religion & Ethics 5800:Dowbiggin, Ian Robert 5775:A Defense of Abortion 5649:Marquis 1989: 189–190 5061:The Milbank Quarterly 4948:Arthur, John (1989). 4596:McMahan 2002: 359–360 4485:Jones, D. G. (1998). 4302:. Blackwell. p. 3177:The Milbank Quarterly 2540:. Ethics Department, 2462:. Available at SSRN: 2363:Staff (17 May 2019). 2228:Consistent life ethic 2045:abortion in Argentina 1946:, suspended again by 1903: 1890: 1858:Roman Catholic Church 1831:Religion and abortion 1742: 1733:Further information: 1211:Judith Jarvis Thomson 1179:Philosophers such as 1166: 901: 830:acquires "personhood" 730: 598: 551: 526: 427: 9049:Menstrual extraction 8998:Parental involvement 8460:United Arab Emirates 8074:Prenatal development 7692:. pp. 438–444. 7237:Guttmacher Institute 6337:19 June 2007 at the 6286:15 June 2010 at the 6121:reproductive rights. 5348:Moseson et al. 2023. 5002:10.5840/ipq199232156 4698:10.1136/jme.28.3.133 4587:Singer 2000: 186–193 4503:10.1136/jme.24.4.237 4044:410 U.S. 113 3831:The Economic Journal 3773:Akerlof, George A.; 3527:505 U.S. 833 3298:on 29 September 2007 3222:10.1056/nejmp2206055 3055:on 20 September 2007 3021:on 26 September 2007 2948:on 26 September 2007 2877:The Worth of a Child 2633:Taylor & Francis 2174:parental involvement 1735:Deprivation argument 1478:Abortion restricted 1255:Freedom and equality 1194:monozygotic twinning 1158:unintended pregnancy 785:Guttmacher Institute 482:parental involvement 390:Fourteenth Amendment 267:the right to privacy 219:begging the question 150:Abortion Act of 1967 9059:Abortifacient drugs 8779:Trinidad and Tobago 8094:Sidewalk counseling 8079:Reproductive rights 8044:Minors and abortion 7798:Abortion and Ethics 7441:Medoff, Marshall H. 7410:Medoff, Marshall H. 6996:on 27 February 2008 6940:on 14 December 2007 6834:on 28 February 2005 6687:Pew Research Center 6463:Pew Research Center 6444:Wall Street Journal 6281:Pew Research Center 6252:Wall Street Journal 6140:. 24 January 2009. 5887:on 29 January 2010. 5750:Boonin 2003: 314–15 5685:McMahan 2002: ch 1. 5542:Reagan et al. 1983. 4847:(4). Archived from 4345:on January 4, 2024. 4283:on 14 October 2010. 4181:The Washington Post 3608:Pew Research Center 2262:Reproductive rights 2177:abortion services. 2168:Minors and abortion 2033:Wall Street Journal 1781:criminal negligence 1749:Washington Monument 1676:natural environment 1662:Population planning 1183:use the concept of 1078:susceptible to pain 915:Prenatal perception 873:soul enter the body 513:Gonzales v. Carhart 486:late-term abortions 90:rights of the fetus 8953:Constitutional law 8744:Dominican Republic 8069:Post-abortion care 8029:Limit of viability 8014:Late-term abortion 7100:10.1007/BF01805718 6362:on 28 October 2020 6217:The New York Times 6086:on 26 August 2024. 6073:Economics Bulletin 5676:Marquis 1989: 183. 5432:. 11 October 2018. 5386:(9): e1152–e1161. 5254:Medical Law Review 4015:Kompridis, Nikolas 3731:. 11 October 2018. 3701:The New York Times 3468:The New York Times 3268:on 14 October 2007 3168:Lantz, M. (2019). 2785:Harvard Law Review 2584:The New York Times 2310:The New York Times 2092:, uneducated, and 1938:, suspended under 1925:Mexico City policy 1919:Mexico City policy 1899:Feminists for Life 1880:Feminist arguments 1752: 1616:−18% (−24 to −12) 1573:−19% (−26 to −12) 1530:−27% (−35 to −19) 1487:−20% (−25 to −14) 1458:−43% (−49 to −36) 1446:−34% (−39 to −29) 1177: 1150:medical ventilator 1038:biologically human 777:maternal mortality 752:abortion in Poland 737: 701:Dominican Republic 642:Tremblay v. Daigle 601: 591:Abortion in Canada 446: 437:U.S. Supreme Court 350:English common law 106:anti-abortion laws 9167: 9166: 9019:Vacuum aspiration 8934: 8933: 7684:Biomedical Ethics 7678:Warren, Mary Anne 7590:978-0-06-019838-1 7566:978-0-8294-0623-8 7526:Clark, William P. 7401:978-0-19-516982-9 7292:978-0-8132-0846-6 7273:978-0-521-52035-5 6978:978-1-904752-06-6 6662:on 3 January 2009 6606:on 3 January 2009 6544:on 3 January 2009 6312:on 3 January 2009 6116:978-0-8265-1528-5 5019:on 16 August 2010 4905:978-0-385-14461-2 4803:Boonin 2003: ch 4 4623:Schwarz 1990: 52. 4551:McMahan 2002: 260 4277:"Fetal Awareness" 4139:. Wiley. p. 4025:. pp. 48–49. 4003:. pp. 71–97. 3779:Katz, Lawrence F. 3759:978-1-4129-0487-2 3649:Notes From Poland 3546:. 16 October 2023 3502:978-0-472-08899-7 3320:(May–June 2005). 2891:978-0-520-91530-5 2646:978-1-134-77933-8 2611:978-0-8160-7407-5 2447:978-0-226-06712-4 2369:Libertarian Party 2303:(27 March 2017). 2284: 2283: 2002: 2001: 1940:President Clinton 1874:Church of England 1825:Religious beliefs 1760:personal identity 1647: 1646: 1524:110 (100 to 123) 1470:−13% (−18 to −8) 1403:−19% (−28 to −9) 1383:2015–19 (80% UI) 1380:1990–94 (80% UI) 1371:2015–19 (80% UI) 1368:1990–94 (80% UI) 1359:2015–19 (80% UI) 1356:1990–94 (80% UI) 1298:According to the 953: 952: 857:intersubjectivity 672:Worldwide stances 497:judicial activism 321:clinician-patient 167:political framing 16:(Redirected from 9192: 9157: 9156: 9054:Medical abortion 8988:Informed consent 8978:Fetal protection 8830:Papua New Guinea 8820:Marshall Islands 8137: 8136: 8059:One-child policy 7864: 7857: 7850: 7841: 7840: 7824:, Britannica.com 7778: 7768: 7742: 7732: 7703: 7687: 7673: 7652: 7623: 7594: 7570: 7551: 7517: 7507: 7474: 7464: 7436: 7418: 7405: 7383: 7333: 7296: 7277: 7249: 7248: 7246: 7244: 7225: 7216: 7213: 7202: 7201: 7161: 7155: 7154: 7126: 7120: 7119: 7083: 7077: 7076: 7066: 7042: 7036: 7035: 7033: 7031: 7026:on 27 March 2008 7022:. 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Archived from 5921: 5915: 5914: 5907: 5901: 5898:Sanctity of life 5895: 5889: 5888: 5883:. Archived from 5877: 5871: 5870: 5868: 5866: 5848: 5833: 5832: 5824: 5822: 5796: 5790: 5789: 5766: 5760: 5759:Boonin 2003: 323 5757: 5751: 5748: 5742: 5741: 5719: 5713: 5710: 5704: 5701: 5695: 5692: 5686: 5683: 5677: 5674: 5668: 5659: 5650: 5647: 5641: 5638: 5632: 5631: 5625: 5623: 5599: 5590: 5589: 5587: 5585: 5570: 5561: 5558: 5552: 5549: 5543: 5540: 5534: 5533: 5523: 5489: 5483: 5482: 5480: 5478: 5444:Mumford, Stephen 5440: 5434: 5433: 5420: 5414: 5413: 5395: 5371: 5365: 5362: 5349: 5346: 5335: 5332: 5323: 5322: 5320: 5318: 5313:. 25 August 2022 5304: 5298: 5297: 5287: 5269: 5245: 5239: 5236: 5225: 5224: 5218: 5210: 5184: 5164: 5158: 5157: 5117: 5111: 5110: 5100: 5052: 5043: 5042: 5035: 5029: 5028: 5026: 5024: 5018: 5012:. 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SAGE. p. 3739: 3733: 3732: 3719: 3713: 3712: 3710: 3708: 3691: 3685: 3684: 3682: 3680: 3666: 3660: 3659: 3657: 3655: 3640: 3634: 3633: 3632:. 26 March 2023. 3626: 3620: 3619: 3617: 3615: 3610:. 6 October 2015 3600: 3594: 3593: 3591: 3589: 3583:Business Insider 3574: 3565: 3562: 3556: 3555: 3553: 3551: 3536: 3530: 3524: 3516: 3507: 3506: 3486: 3480: 3479: 3477: 3475: 3458: 3452: 3451: 3449: 3447: 3435: 3429: 3428: 3419: 3417: 3405:The Boston Globe 3398:(26 July 2005). 3392: 3386: 3385: 3384:on 25 June 2007. 3380:. Archived from 3349:Yale Law Journal 3336: 3330: 3329: 3318:Saletan, William 3314: 3308: 3307: 3305: 3303: 3284: 3278: 3277: 3275: 3273: 3252: 3243: 3242: 3224: 3196: 3185: 3184: 3174: 3165: 3159: 3158: 3118: 3109: 3108: 3103: 3101: 3090:Committee Report 3081: 3075: 3074: 3062: 3060: 3041: 3035: 3034: 3028: 3026: 3020: 3009: 3000: 2994: 2993: 2988: 2986: 2967: 2961: 2960: 2955: 2953: 2934: 2928: 2927: 2921: 2919: 2902: 2896: 2895: 2871: 2865: 2864: 2846: 2823:Feminist Studies 2815: 2809: 2808: 2776: 2770: 2769: 2757: 2751: 2748: 2742: 2741: 2735: 2733: 2716: 2710: 2709: 2703: 2701: 2690: 2684: 2683: 2676: 2670: 2669: 2657: 2651: 2650: 2622: 2616: 2615: 2595: 2589: 2588: 2574: 2568: 2567:6 September 1991 2560: 2554: 2553: 2551: 2549: 2535: 2527: 2521: 2520: 2497: 2491: 2490: 2472: 2466: 2456: 2450: 2449:Nov 1998, Intro. 2439: 2433: 2432: 2426: 2418: 2386: 2380: 2379: 2377: 2375: 2360: 2354: 2353: 2351: 2349: 2344:on 21 April 2021 2328: 2322: 2321: 2319: 2317: 2297: 2218:Bubble zone laws 2212: 2211: 2085:Steven D. Levitt 1997: 1994: 1988: 1976: 1975: 1968: 1942:, reinstated by 1936:President Reagan 1846:Genesis 25:21–23 1542:11% (−14 to 40) 1334: 1333: 1173:Washington, D.C. 1138:natural capacity 1117:, conclude that 999:Fetal personhood 948: 945: 939: 927: 926: 919: 808:shotgun weddings 773:unsafe abortions 744:Argentine Senate 630:House of Commons 606:R v. Morgentaler 570:Dobbs v. Jackson 564: 548: 539:Majority opinion 408:bodily integrity 382:Fourth Amendment 378:right to privacy 339:right to privacy 258:, or the second 249:Political debate 239:fetal personhood 94:bodily integrity 21: 9200: 9199: 9195: 9194: 9193: 9191: 9190: 9189: 9180:Abortion debate 9170: 9169: 9168: 9163: 9145: 9095: 9091:Unsafe abortion 9007: 9003:Spousal consent 8963:Laws by country 8930: 8859: 8840:Solomon Islands 8788: 8707: 8633:North Macedonia 8474: 8425:Northern Cyprus 8298: 8128: 8119:Unsafe abortion 8004:Forced abortion 7937: 7916: 7900:Abortion debate 7873: 7868: 7785: 7740: 7700: 7591: 7567: 7548: 7416: 7402: 7356:10.2307/2026961 7293: 7274: 7258: 7253: 7252: 7242: 7240: 7239:. 14 March 2016 7227: 7226: 7219: 7214: 7205: 7182:10.2307/3325303 7162: 7158: 7127: 7123: 7084: 7080: 7043: 7039: 7029: 7027: 7014: 7013: 7009: 6999: 6997: 6993: 6979: 6964: 6958: 6957: 6953: 6943: 6941: 6928: 6927: 6923: 6882: 6878: 6868: 6866: 6851: 6847: 6837: 6835: 6822: 6821: 6817: 6783: 6777: 6773: 6738: 6734: 6705: 6701: 6691: 6689: 6679: 6675: 6665: 6663: 6650: 6649: 6645: 6635: 6633: 6624: 6623: 6619: 6609: 6607: 6594: 6593: 6589: 6579: 6577: 6573: 6566: 6562: 6561: 6557: 6547: 6545: 6532: 6531: 6527: 6517: 6515: 6507: 6506: 6502: 6492: 6490: 6482: 6481: 6477: 6467: 6465: 6455: 6451: 6436: 6432: 6379: 6375: 6365: 6363: 6350: 6349: 6345: 6339:Wayback Machine 6332:European Values 6329: 6325: 6315: 6313: 6300: 6299: 6295: 6288:Wayback Machine 6278: 6274: 6264: 6262: 6244: 6240: 6230: 6228: 6208: 6204: 6194: 6192: 6178:Diamond, Jeremy 6175: 6171: 6162: 6161: 6157: 6147: 6145: 6132: 6131: 6127: 6117: 6095: 6091: 6083: 6068: 6062: 6058: 6048: 6046: 6033: 6032: 6025: 6015: 6013: 6005: 6004: 6000: 5990: 5988: 5978: 5974: 5964: 5962: 5952: 5948: 5938: 5936: 5923: 5922: 5918: 5909: 5908: 5904: 5896: 5892: 5879: 5878: 5874: 5864: 5862: 5850: 5849: 5836: 5829: 5820: 5818: 5816: 5797: 5793: 5786: 5767: 5763: 5758: 5754: 5749: 5745: 5738: 5720: 5716: 5711: 5707: 5702: 5698: 5693: 5689: 5684: 5680: 5675: 5671: 5660: 5653: 5648: 5644: 5639: 5635: 5621: 5619: 5600: 5593: 5583: 5581: 5571: 5564: 5559: 5555: 5550: 5546: 5541: 5537: 5490: 5486: 5476: 5474: 5441: 5437: 5422: 5421: 5417: 5372: 5368: 5363: 5352: 5347: 5338: 5333: 5326: 5316: 5314: 5306: 5305: 5301: 5246: 5242: 5237: 5228: 5212: 5211: 5182:10.1.1.552.2054 5165: 5161: 5118: 5114: 5053: 5046: 5037: 5036: 5032: 5022: 5020: 5016: 4985: 4979: 4975: 4968: 4946: 4942: 4932: 4930: 4917: 4913: 4906: 4894:. Garden City: 4886: 4882: 4871: 4867: 4857: 4855: 4854:on 16 July 2011 4851: 4836: 4830: 4826: 4811: 4807: 4802: 4798: 4793: 4789: 4784: 4780: 4775: 4771: 4757: 4755: 4740: 4736: 4727: 4723: 4678: 4674: 4664: 4662: 4659: 4653: 4649: 4639: 4637: 4631: 4627: 4622: 4618: 4613: 4609: 4604: 4600: 4595: 4591: 4586: 4582: 4577: 4573: 4568: 4564: 4559: 4555: 4550: 4546: 4541: 4537: 4532: 4528: 4483: 4479: 4458: 4454: 4444: 4442: 4435:Stand to Reason 4427: 4423: 4418: 4405: 4366: 4362: 4353: 4349: 4336: 4332: 4318: 4316: 4314: 4292: 4288: 4275: 4274: 4270: 4260: 4258: 4246: 4239: 4200: 4196: 4186: 4184: 4172: 4168: 4155: 4153: 4151: 4129: 4125: 4115: 4113: 4104: 4103: 4096: 4059: 4050: 4035: 4034: 4030: 4012: 4008: 3990: 3986: 3947: 3943: 3923: 3919: 3909:Michel Foucault 3907: 3903: 3891: 3887: 3877: 3875: 3865: 3861: 3822: 3818: 3795:10.2307/2946680 3771: 3767: 3760: 3740: 3736: 3721: 3720: 3716: 3706: 3704: 3692: 3688: 3678: 3676: 3668: 3667: 3663: 3653: 3651: 3641: 3637: 3628: 3627: 3623: 3613: 3611: 3602: 3601: 3597: 3587: 3585: 3575: 3568: 3563: 3559: 3549: 3547: 3538: 3537: 3533: 3518: 3517: 3510: 3503: 3487: 3483: 3473: 3471: 3459: 3455: 3445: 3443: 3436: 3432: 3415: 3413: 3393: 3389: 3337: 3333: 3315: 3311: 3301: 3299: 3286: 3285: 3281: 3271: 3269: 3254: 3253: 3246: 3197: 3188: 3172: 3166: 3162: 3127:Policy Sciences 3119: 3112: 3099: 3097: 3082: 3078: 3058: 3056: 3043: 3042: 3038: 3024: 3022: 3018: 3007: 3001: 2997: 2984: 2982: 2969: 2968: 2964: 2951: 2949: 2936: 2935: 2931: 2917: 2915: 2903: 2899: 2892: 2872: 2868: 2835:10.2307/3177802 2816: 2812: 2797:10.2307/1341172 2777: 2773: 2758: 2754: 2749: 2745: 2731: 2729: 2717: 2713: 2699: 2697: 2691: 2687: 2678: 2677: 2673: 2658: 2654: 2647: 2623: 2619: 2612: 2596: 2592: 2575: 2571: 2561: 2557: 2547: 2545: 2533: 2529: 2528: 2524: 2501:Rodham, Hillary 2498: 2494: 2487: 2473: 2469: 2457: 2453: 2440: 2436: 2420: 2419: 2407:10.1363/3502503 2387: 2383: 2373: 2371: 2361: 2357: 2347: 2345: 2330: 2329: 2325: 2315: 2313: 2298: 2294: 2289: 2210: 2201:Marshall Medoff 2190:medical privacy 2170: 2164: 2144: 2138: 2072: 2066: 1998: 1992: 1989: 1986: 1977: 1973: 1966: 1960: 1927: 1921: 1916: 1882: 1854:Psalm 139:13–16 1833: 1827: 1819: 1813: 1793: 1768: 1737: 1731: 1689: 1684: 1664: 1655: 1653:Abortion safety 1640:32% (20 to 47) 1597:41% (28 to 57) 1585:15% (−3 to 35) 1554:52% (30 to 78) 1511:39% (27 to 53) 1499:12% (−4 to 30) 1415:−8% (−20 to 9) 1323: 1285: 1260:Margaret Sanger 1257: 1207: 1202: 1054:Mary Ann Warren 1052:. For example, 1007: 1001: 979:third trimester 967:thalamocortical 963:neurobiologists 949: 943: 940: 937: 928: 924: 917: 911: 882:(also known as 880:Sorites paradox 826: 820: 769: 760:forced abortion 725: 685: 680: 674: 653:born alive rule 619:Laws also exist 593: 587: 573:overturned the 565: 558: 549: 537: 457: 451: 386:Ninth Amendment 335: 324:evaluating the 293: 284: 279: 251: 163: 122:family planning 114: 75:abortion rights 41:abortion debate 37: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 9198: 9188: 9187: 9182: 9165: 9164: 9162: 9161: 9150: 9147: 9146: 9144: 9143: 9138: 9133: 9128: 9123: 9122: 9121: 9111: 9105: 9103: 9097: 9096: 9094: 9093: 9088: 9083: 9082: 9081: 9076: 9071: 9066: 9056: 9051: 9046: 9041: 9036: 9034:Intact D&X 9031: 9026: 9021: 9015: 9013: 9009: 9008: 9006: 9005: 9000: 8995: 8990: 8985: 8980: 8975: 8970: 8965: 8960: 8955: 8950: 8944: 8942: 8936: 8935: 8932: 8931: 8929: 8928: 8923: 8918: 8913: 8908: 8903: 8898: 8893: 8888: 8883: 8878: 8873: 8867: 8865: 8861: 8860: 8858: 8857: 8852: 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rights 8121: 8116: 8114:Toxic abortion 8111: 8106: 8101: 8096: 8091: 8086: 8081: 8076: 8071: 8066: 8061: 8056: 8051: 8046: 8041: 8036: 8031: 8026: 8021: 8016: 8011: 8006: 8001: 7996: 7991: 7986: 7981: 7976: 7971: 7966: 7961: 7956: 7951: 7945: 7943: 7939: 7938: 7936: 7935: 7930: 7924: 7922: 7918: 7917: 7915: 7914: 7909: 7908: 7907: 7897: 7892: 7887: 7881: 7879: 7875: 7874: 7867: 7866: 7859: 7852: 7844: 7838: 7837: 7831: 7825: 7819: 7813: 7807: 7801: 7795: 7784: 7783:External links 7781: 7780: 7779: 7733: 7721:10.1086/684239 7715:(3): 603–626. 7704: 7698: 7674: 7653: 7635:(3): 264–282. 7624: 7606:(4): 815–830. 7595: 7589: 7571: 7565: 7552: 7546: 7522:Reagan, Ronald 7518: 7490:(4): 429–437. 7475: 7437: 7427:(5): 577–594. 7406: 7400: 7384: 7350:(4): 183–202. 7334: 7297: 7291: 7278: 7272: 7257: 7254: 7251: 7250: 7233:Guttmacher.org 7217: 7203: 7176:(3): 498–511. 7156: 7137:(2): 112–137. 7121: 7078: 7057:(2): 497–512. 7037: 7007: 6977: 6951: 6921: 6896:(2): 505–506. 6876: 6845: 6815: 6796:(1): 425–440. 6771: 6757:10.1.1.575.497 6750:(1): 407–423. 6732: 6721:(2): 379–420. 6699: 6673: 6643: 6617: 6587: 6576:on 24 May 2012 6555: 6525: 6500: 6475: 6449: 6430: 6373: 6343: 6323: 6293: 6272: 6238: 6202: 6169: 6155: 6125: 6115: 6089: 6056: 6023: 5998: 5972: 5946: 5935:on 14 May 2011 5916: 5902: 5890: 5872: 5834: 5814: 5791: 5784: 5761: 5752: 5743: 5736: 5728:Ignatius Press 5714: 5705: 5696: 5687: 5678: 5669: 5651: 5642: 5633: 5591: 5562: 5553: 5544: 5535: 5484: 5435: 5415: 5366: 5350: 5336: 5324: 5299: 5260:(4): 538–563. 5240: 5226: 5175:(1): 119–140. 5159: 5132:(1): 101–113. 5112: 5081:2027.42/151887 5067:(3): 645–648. 5044: 5030: 4996:(1): 105–118. 4973: 4966: 4940: 4911: 4904: 4880: 4865: 4824: 4805: 4796: 4787: 4778: 4769: 4734: 4721: 4692:(3): 133–135. 4672: 4647: 4625: 4616: 4607: 4598: 4589: 4580: 4571: 4562: 4553: 4544: 4535: 4526: 4497:(4): 237–242. 4477: 4452: 4421: 4403: 4360: 4354:Wendy Savage, 4347: 4330: 4312: 4286: 4268: 4237: 4210:(5): 275–282. 4194: 4166: 4150:978-0632042876 4149: 4123: 4094: 4073:(8): 947–954. 4048: 4028: 4006: 3984: 3957:(2): 175–189. 3941: 3917: 3901: 3893:Charles Taylor 3885: 3859: 3816: 3789:(2): 277–317. 3765: 3758: 3734: 3714: 3686: 3661: 3635: 3621: 3595: 3566: 3557: 3531: 3508: 3501: 3481: 3453: 3430: 3387: 3362:10.2307/795536 3340:Ely, John Hart 3331: 3309: 3279: 3244: 3215:(5): 390–393. 3186: 3160: 3133:(2): 171–189. 3110: 3076: 3036: 2995: 2962: 2929: 2897: 2890: 2866: 2829:(2): 263–292. 2810: 2791:(4): 727–774. 2771: 2752: 2743: 2711: 2685: 2671: 2666:Guilford Press 2652: 2645: 2617: 2610: 2590: 2569: 2555: 2522: 2511:(4): 487–514. 2492: 2485: 2467: 2451: 2434: 2381: 2355: 2323: 2301:Groome, Thomas 2291: 2290: 2288: 2285: 2282: 2281: 2280: 2279: 2274: 2269: 2264: 2259: 2254: 2247: 2246: 2245: 2243:Paper Abortion 2240: 2235: 2230: 2225: 2220: 2209: 2206: 2166:Main article: 2163: 2160: 2140:Main article: 2137: 2134: 2068:Main article: 2065: 2062: 2000: 1999: 1980: 1978: 1971: 1962:Main article: 1959: 1958:Public opinion 1956: 1923:Main article: 1920: 1917: 1915: 1912: 1881: 1878: 1842:Jeremiah 1:4–5 1829:Main article: 1826: 1823: 1815:Main article: 1812: 1809: 1792: 1791:Slippery slope 1789: 1767: 1764: 1730: 1727: 1702: 1697:discrimination 1688: 1687:Discrimination 1685: 1683: 1680: 1672:overpopulation 1663: 1660: 1654: 1651: 1645: 1644: 1641: 1638: 1637:47 (44 to 51) 1635: 1634:36 (32 to 39) 1632: 1629: 1628:8% (−8 to 27) 1626: 1625:36 (31 to 41) 1623: 1622:33 (28 to 38) 1620: 1617: 1614: 1613:75 (70 to 81) 1611: 1610:92 (86 to 99) 1608: 1605: 1602: 1601: 1598: 1595: 1594:52 (48 to 56) 1592: 1591:36 (33 to 41) 1589: 1586: 1583: 1582:36 (30 to 43) 1580: 1579:31 (27 to 38) 1577: 1574: 1571: 1570:70 (63 to 77) 1568: 1567:86 (80 to 93) 1565: 1562: 1559: 1558: 1555: 1552: 1551:50 (44 to 55) 1549: 1548:32 (27 to 39) 1546: 1543: 1540: 1539:40 (31 to 51) 1537: 1536:35 (27 to 48) 1534: 1531: 1528: 1527:80 (70 to 91) 1525: 1522: 1519: 1516: 1515: 1512: 1509: 1508:50 (46 to 53) 1506: 1505:36 (32 to 39) 1503: 1500: 1497: 1496:36 (32 to 42) 1494: 1493:33 (28 to 38) 1491: 1488: 1485: 1484:73 (68 to 79) 1482: 1481:91 (86 to 97) 1479: 1475: 1474: 1471: 1468: 1467:53 (50 to 56) 1465: 1464:61 (59 to 63) 1462: 1459: 1456: 1455:26 (24 to 30) 1453: 1452:46 (43 to 50) 1450: 1447: 1444: 1443:50 (46 to 54) 1441: 1440:76 (72 to 80) 1438: 1435: 1432: 1431: 1428: 1427:15% (8 to 23) 1425: 1424:70 (65 to 73) 1422: 1421:61 (56 to 65) 1419: 1416: 1413: 1412:40 (36 to 47) 1410: 1409:44 (39 to 49) 1407: 1404: 1401: 1400:58 (53 to 66) 1398: 1397:72 (66 to 80) 1395: 1391: 1390: 1387: 1384: 1381: 1378: 1375: 1372: 1369: 1366: 1363: 1360: 1357: 1354: 1352: 1349: 1348: 1345: 1342: 1339: 1337: 1322: 1319: 1284: 1281: 1256: 1253: 1228:kidney failure 1216: 1206: 1203: 1201: 1198: 1091: 1087: 1070:self-awareness 1040:, it is not a 1003:Main article: 1000: 997: 951: 950: 931: 929: 922: 910: 907: 822:Main article: 819: 816: 804:George Akerlof 768: 765: 724: 721: 684: 681: 676:Main article: 673: 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Sullivan 626:Brian Mulroney 589:Main article: 586: 583: 561:Antonin Scalia 556: 535: 501:Potter Stewart 453:Main article: 450: 447: 394:Bill of Rights 334: 331: 292: 285: 283: 280: 278: 275: 250: 247: 162: 159: 113: 110: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 9197: 9186: 9183: 9181: 9178: 9177: 9175: 9160: 9152: 9151: 9148: 9142: 9139: 9137: 9134: 9132: 9129: 9127: 9124: 9120: 9117: 9116: 9115: 9112: 9110: 9107: 9106: 9104: 9102: 9098: 9092: 9089: 9087: 9084: 9080: 9077: 9075: 9072: 9070: 9067: 9065: 9062: 9061: 9060: 9057: 9055: 9052: 9050: 9047: 9045: 9042: 9040: 9037: 9035: 9032: 9030: 9027: 9025: 9022: 9020: 9017: 9016: 9014: 9010: 9004: 9001: 8999: 8996: 8994: 8991: 8989: 8986: 8984: 8983:Six-week bans 8981: 8979: 8976: 8974: 8971: 8969: 8966: 8964: 8961: 8959: 8956: 8954: 8951: 8949: 8946: 8945: 8943: 8941: 8937: 8927: 8924: 8922: 8919: 8917: 8914: 8912: 8909: 8907: 8904: 8902: 8899: 8897: 8894: 8892: 8889: 8887: 8884: 8882: 8879: 8877: 8874: 8872: 8869: 8868: 8866: 8864:South America 8862: 8856: 8853: 8851: 8848: 8846: 8843: 8841: 8838: 8836: 8833: 8831: 8828: 8826: 8823: 8821: 8818: 8816: 8813: 8811: 8808: 8806: 8803: 8801: 8798: 8797: 8795: 8791: 8785: 8784:United States 8782: 8780: 8777: 8775: 8772: 8770: 8767: 8765: 8762: 8760: 8757: 8755: 8752: 8750: 8747: 8745: 8742: 8740: 8737: 8735: 8732: 8730: 8727: 8725: 8722: 8720: 8717: 8716: 8714: 8712:North America 8710: 8704: 8701: 8699: 8696: 8694: 8691: 8689: 8686: 8684: 8681: 8679: 8676: 8674: 8671: 8669: 8666: 8664: 8661: 8659: 8656: 8654: 8651: 8649: 8646: 8644: 8641: 8639: 8636: 8634: 8631: 8629: 8626: 8624: 8621: 8619: 8616: 8614: 8611: 8609: 8606: 8604: 8601: 8599: 8596: 8594: 8593:Liechtenstein 8591: 8589: 8586: 8584: 8581: 8579: 8576: 8574: 8571: 8569: 8566: 8564: 8561: 8559: 8556: 8554: 8551: 8549: 8546: 8544: 8541: 8539: 8536: 8534: 8531: 8529: 8526: 8524: 8521: 8519: 8516: 8514: 8511: 8509: 8506: 8504: 8501: 8499: 8496: 8494: 8491: 8489: 8486: 8485: 8483: 8481: 8477: 8471: 8468: 8466: 8463: 8461: 8458: 8456: 8453: 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8034:Malthusianism 8032: 8030: 8027: 8025: 8022: 8020: 8017: 8015: 8012: 8010: 8007: 8005: 8002: 8000: 7997: 7995: 7992: 7990: 7987: 7985: 7982: 7980: 7979:Birth control 7977: 7975: 7972: 7970: 7967: 7965: 7962: 7960: 7957: 7955: 7952: 7950: 7947: 7946: 7944: 7940: 7934: 7931: 7929: 7926: 7925: 7923: 7919: 7913: 7910: 7906: 7903: 7902: 7901: 7898: 7896: 7893: 7891: 7888: 7886: 7883: 7882: 7880: 7876: 7872: 7865: 7860: 7858: 7853: 7851: 7846: 7845: 7842: 7835: 7832: 7829: 7826: 7823: 7820: 7817: 7814: 7811: 7808: 7805: 7802: 7799: 7796: 7794: 7792: 7787: 7786: 7776: 7772: 7767: 7762: 7758: 7754: 7750: 7746: 7739: 7734: 7730: 7726: 7722: 7718: 7714: 7710: 7705: 7701: 7699:9780070401266 7695: 7691: 7686: 7685: 7679: 7675: 7671: 7667: 7663: 7659: 7654: 7650: 7646: 7642: 7638: 7634: 7630: 7625: 7621: 7617: 7613: 7609: 7605: 7601: 7596: 7592: 7586: 7582: 7581: 7576: 7575:Singer, Peter 7572: 7568: 7562: 7558: 7553: 7549: 7547:0-9641125-3-1 7543: 7539: 7535: 7531: 7527: 7523: 7519: 7515: 7511: 7506: 7501: 7497: 7493: 7489: 7485: 7481: 7476: 7472: 7468: 7463: 7458: 7454: 7450: 7446: 7442: 7438: 7434: 7430: 7426: 7422: 7415: 7411: 7407: 7403: 7397: 7393: 7389: 7388:McMahan, Jeff 7385: 7381: 7377: 7373: 7369: 7365: 7361: 7357: 7353: 7349: 7345: 7344: 7339: 7335: 7331: 7327: 7323: 7319: 7315: 7311: 7308:(3): 249–63. 7307: 7303: 7298: 7294: 7288: 7284: 7279: 7275: 7269: 7265: 7260: 7259: 7238: 7234: 7230: 7224: 7222: 7212: 7210: 7208: 7199: 7195: 7191: 7187: 7183: 7179: 7175: 7171: 7167: 7160: 7152: 7148: 7144: 7140: 7136: 7132: 7125: 7117: 7113: 7109: 7105: 7101: 7097: 7093: 7089: 7082: 7074: 7070: 7065: 7060: 7056: 7052: 7048: 7041: 7025: 7021: 7017: 7011: 6992: 6988: 6984: 6980: 6974: 6970: 6963: 6962: 6955: 6939: 6935: 6931: 6925: 6918: 6913: 6909: 6904: 6899: 6895: 6891: 6887: 6880: 6864: 6860: 6856: 6849: 6833: 6829: 6825: 6819: 6811: 6807: 6803: 6799: 6795: 6791: 6790: 6782: 6775: 6767: 6763: 6758: 6753: 6749: 6745: 6744: 6736: 6728: 6724: 6720: 6716: 6715: 6710: 6703: 6688: 6684: 6677: 6661: 6657: 6653: 6647: 6631: 6627: 6621: 6605: 6601: 6597: 6591: 6572: 6565: 6559: 6543: 6539: 6535: 6529: 6514: 6513:link.gale.com 6510: 6504: 6489: 6488:link.gale.com 6485: 6479: 6464: 6460: 6453: 6445: 6441: 6434: 6426: 6422: 6417: 6412: 6408: 6404: 6400: 6396: 6392: 6388: 6384: 6377: 6361: 6357: 6353: 6347: 6340: 6336: 6333: 6327: 6311: 6307: 6303: 6297: 6290: 6289: 6285: 6282: 6276: 6261: 6257: 6253: 6249: 6242: 6227: 6223: 6219: 6218: 6213: 6206: 6191: 6187: 6183: 6179: 6173: 6165: 6159: 6143: 6139: 6135: 6129: 6122: 6118: 6112: 6108: 6103: 6102: 6093: 6082: 6078: 6074: 6067: 6060: 6044: 6040: 6036: 6030: 6028: 6012: 6008: 6002: 5987: 5983: 5976: 5961: 5957: 5950: 5934: 5930: 5926: 5920: 5912: 5906: 5899: 5894: 5886: 5882: 5876: 5861: 5857: 5853: 5847: 5845: 5843: 5841: 5839: 5831: 5817: 5815:9780742531116 5811: 5807: 5806: 5801: 5795: 5787: 5781: 5777: 5776: 5771: 5770:Boonin, David 5765: 5756: 5747: 5739: 5737:0-89870-915-6 5733: 5729: 5725: 5718: 5709: 5700: 5691: 5682: 5673: 5666: 5665: 5658: 5656: 5646: 5637: 5630: 5617: 5613: 5609: 5605: 5598: 5596: 5580: 5576: 5569: 5567: 5557: 5548: 5539: 5531: 5527: 5522: 5517: 5513: 5509: 5505: 5501: 5500: 5495: 5488: 5473: 5469: 5465: 5461: 5457: 5453: 5449: 5445: 5439: 5431: 5430: 5425: 5419: 5411: 5407: 5403: 5399: 5394: 5389: 5385: 5381: 5377: 5370: 5361: 5359: 5357: 5355: 5345: 5343: 5341: 5331: 5329: 5312: 5309: 5303: 5295: 5291: 5286: 5281: 5277: 5273: 5268: 5263: 5259: 5255: 5251: 5244: 5235: 5233: 5231: 5222: 5216: 5208: 5204: 5200: 5196: 5192: 5188: 5183: 5178: 5174: 5170: 5163: 5155: 5151: 5147: 5143: 5139: 5135: 5131: 5127: 5123: 5116: 5108: 5104: 5099: 5094: 5090: 5086: 5082: 5078: 5074: 5070: 5066: 5062: 5058: 5051: 5049: 5040: 5034: 5015: 5011: 5007: 5003: 4999: 4995: 4991: 4984: 4977: 4969: 4967:9780534100148 4963: 4959: 4954: 4953: 4944: 4928: 4924: 4923: 4915: 4907: 4901: 4897: 4893: 4892: 4884: 4876: 4869: 4850: 4846: 4842: 4835: 4828: 4822: 4821:0-674-58725-1 4818: 4814: 4809: 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Wade 429:Albert Wynn 161:Terminology 118:infanticide 9185:Personhood 9174:Categories 8805:Micronesia 8734:Costa Rica 8663:San Marino 8623:Montenegro 8603:Luxembourg 8583:Kazakhstan 8390:Kazakhstan 8360:East Timor 8330:Bangladesh 8320:Azerbaijan 8239:Madagascar 8209:The Gambia 8184:Cape Verde 8133:By country 7810:Recordings 7256:References 7243:7 December 7000:5 December 6869:6 December 6838:6 December 6666:9 December 6610:9 December 6548:9 December 6366:29 October 6356:archive.vn 6316:9 December 6265:28 January 6231:24 January 6195:23 January 6182:Bash, Dana 6148:24 January 5991:20 January 5965:20 January 5785:0521520355 5629:offensive. 5584:21 January 5023:10 October 4858:25 October 4758:9 November 4754:(1): 47–66 4728:A. 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