Orbit of the Moon - Knowledge

2023:, using the rate of change of quantities at the instant J2000. The J2000 rate of change equals the coefficient of the first-degree term of VSOP polynomials. In the original VSOP87 elements, the units are arcseconds(”) and Julian centuries. There are 1,296,000” in a circle, 36525 days in a Julian century. The sidereal month is the time of a revolution of longitude λ with respect to the fixed J2000 equinox. VSOP87 gives 1732559343.7306” or 1336.8513455 revolutions in 36525 days–27.321661547 days per revolution. The tropical month is similar, but the longitude for the equinox of date is used. For the anomalistic year, the mean anomaly (λ−ω) is used (equinox does not matter). For the draconic month, (λ−Ω) is used. For the synodic month, the sidereal period of the mean Sun (or Earth) and the Moon. The period would be 1/(1/m−1/e). VSOP elements from 45: 610: 599: 1357:, meaning that it keeps the same face toward Earth at all times. This synchronous rotation is only true on average because the Moon's orbit has a definite eccentricity. As a result, the angular velocity of the Moon varies as it orbits Earth and hence is not always equal to the Moon's rotational velocity which is more constant. When the Moon is at its perigee, its orbital motion is faster than its rotation. At that time the Moon is a bit ahead in its orbit with respect to its rotation about its axis, and this creates a perspective effect which allows us to see up to eight degrees of longitude of its eastern (right) 1442:, its centre of gravity is within Earth, about 4,671 km (2,902 mi) or 73.3% of the Earth's radius from the centre of the Earth. This centre of gravity remains on the line between the centres of the Earth and Moon as the Earth completes its diurnal rotation. The path of the Earth–Moon system in its solar orbit is defined as the movement of this mutual centre of gravity around the Sun. Consequently, Earth's centre veers inside and outside the solar orbital path during each synodic month as the Moon moves in its orbit around the common centre of gravity. 1342: 1323:, in which the Moon will orbit Earth in about 47 days (currently 27 days), and both the Moon and Earth would rotate around their axes in the same time, always facing each other with the same side. This has already happened to the Moon—the same side always faces Earth—and is also slowly happening to the Earth. However, the slowdown of Earth's rotation is not occurring fast enough for the rotation to lengthen to a month before other effects change the situation: approximately 2.3 billion years from now, the increase of the Sun's 529: 1431:, it is common to draw the trajectory of Earth from the point of view of the Sun, and the trajectory of the Moon from the point of view of Earth. This could give the impression that the Moon orbits Earth in such a way that sometimes it goes backwards when viewed from the Sun's perspective. However, because the orbital velocity of the Moon around Earth (1 km/s) is small compared to the orbital velocity of Earth about the Sun (30 km/s), this never happens. There are no rearward loops in the Moon's solar orbit. 737:. Therefore, the angle between the ecliptic and the lunar equator is always 1.543°, even though the rotational axis of the Moon is not fixed with respect to the stars. It also means that when the Moon is farthest north of the ecliptic, the centre of the part seen from Earth is about 6.7° south of the lunar equator and the south pole is visible, whereas when the Moon is farthest south of the ecliptic the centre of the visible part is 6.7° north of the equator and the north pole is visible. This is called 583: 923: 4801: 455: 3672: 3933: 3921: 1397: 651: 372: 4739: 4777: 2537: 4789: 441: 691: 946: 786:

between lunar night and lunar day. At the lunar poles, instead of usual lunar days and nights of about 15 Earth days, the Sun will be "up" for 173 days as it will be "down"; polar sunrise and sunset takes 18 days each year. "Up" here means that the centre of the Sun is above the horizon. Lunar polar sunrises and sunsets occur around the time of eclipses (solar or lunar). For example, at the

589:—The major axis of Moon's elliptical orbit rotates by one complete revolution once every 8.85 years in the same direction as the Moon's rotation itself. This image looks upwards depicting Earth's geographic south pole and the elliptical shape of the Moon's orbit (vastly exaggerated from its almost circular shape to make the precession evident) is rotating from white to greyer orbits. 4765: 1210: 1282:

Although the ocean's response is the more complex of the two, it is possible to split the ocean tides into a small ellipsoid term which affects the Moon plus a second term which has no effect. The ocean's ellipsoid term also slows the Earth and accelerates the Moon, but because the ocean dissipates

1373:, which allows one to see almost 7° of latitude beyond the pole on the far side. Finally, because the Moon is only about 60 Earth radii away from Earth's centre of mass, an observer at the equator who observes the Moon throughout the night moves laterally by one Earth diameter. This gives rise to a 1314:

between natural ocean frequencies and tidal frequencies. Another explanation is that in the past the Earth rotated much faster, a day possibly lasting only 9 hours on the early Earth. The resulting tidal waves in the ocean would have then been much shorter and it would have been more difficult for

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in both the ocean and the solid Earth; the Sun has a smaller tidal influence. The solid Earth responds quickly to any change in the tidal forcing, the distortion taking the form of an ellipsoid with the high points roughly beneath the Moon and on the opposite side of Earth. This is a result of the

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from 620 million years ago show that, over hundreds of millions of years, the Moon receded at an average rate of 22 mm (0.87 in) per year (2200 km or 0.56% or the Earth-moon distance per hundred million years) and the day lengthened at an average rate of 12 microseconds per year (or

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is 5.145°. Theoretical considerations show that the present inclination relative to the ecliptic plane arose by tidal evolution from an earlier near-Earth orbit with a fairly constant inclination relative to Earth's equator. It would require an inclination of this earlier orbit of about 10° to the

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The Sun's gravitational effect on the Moon is more than twice that of Earth's on the Moon; consequently, the Moon's trajectory is always convex (as seen when looking Sunward at the entire Sun–Earth–Moon system from a great distance outside Earth–Moon solar orbit), and is nowhere concave (from the

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In the case of the ocean tides, the speed of tidal waves in the ocean is far slower than the speed of the Moon's tidal forcing. As a result, the ocean is never in near equilibrium with the tidal forcing. Instead, the forcing generates the long ocean waves which propagate around the ocean basins

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is not infinite and, together with the effect of energy loss within the Earth, this causes a slight delay between the passage of the maximum forcing due to the Moon across and the maximum Earth tide. As the Earth rotates faster than the Moon travels around its orbit, this small angle produces a

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or eclipse year. The "seasons" on the Moon fit into this period. For about half of this draconic year, the Sun is north of the lunar equator (but at most 1.543°), and for the other half, it is south of the lunar equator. The effect of these seasons, however, is minor compared to the difference

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every day from latitudes less than 70°43' (90° − 18°20' – 57' parallax) north or south. When the inclination is at its maximum of 28°36', the centre of the Moon's disk will be above the horizon every day only from latitudes less than 60°27' (90° − 28°36' – 57' parallax) north or south.

507:" occurs when the full Moon is closest to Earth (perigee). The largest possible apparent diameter of the Moon is the same 12% larger (as perigee versus apogee distances) than the smallest; the apparent area is 25% more and so is the amount of light it reflects toward Earth. 1423:

can be used to indicate the direction of the angular velocity. If the thumb of the right hand points to the north celestial pole, its fingers curl in the direction that the Moon orbits Earth, Earth orbits the Sun, and the Moon and Earth rotate on their own axes.

769:: for an observer on Earth, it rotates westward along the ecliptic with a period of 18.6 years or 19.3549° per year. When viewed from the celestial north, the nodes move clockwise around Earth, opposite to Earth's own spin and its revolution around the Sun. An 674:, respectively – makes one complete revolution every 8.85 Earth years, or 3,232.6054 days, as it rotates slowly in the same direction as the Moon itself (direct motion) – meaning precesses eastward by 360°. The Moon's apsidal precession is distinct from the 790:, the Moon was near its descending node, and the Sun was near the point in the sky where the equator of the Moon crosses the ecliptic. When the Sun reaches that point, the centre of the Sun sets at the lunar north pole and rises at the lunar south pole. 773:

of the Moon or Sun can occur when the nodes align with the Sun, roughly every 173.3 days. Lunar orbit inclination also determines eclipses; shadows cross when nodes coincide with full and new moon when the Sun, Earth, and Moon align in three dimensions.

797:, the Moon was near its ascending node, and the Sun was near the point in the sky where the equator of the Moon crosses the ecliptic. When the Sun reaches that point, the centre of the Sun rises at the lunar north pole and sets at the lunar south pole. 922: 528: 1286:

Because of the tidal torque, caused by the ellipsoids, some of Earth's angular (or rotational) momentum is gradually being transferred to the rotation of the Earth–Moon pair around their mutual centre of mass, called the barycentre. See

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in human history. However, the Babylonians seem to have lacked any geometric or physical interpretation of their data, and they could not predict future lunar eclipses (though "warnings" were issued before likely eclipse times).

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The Moon is gradually receding from Earth into a higher orbit, and calculations suggest that this would continue for about 50 billion years. By that time, Earth and the Moon would be in a mutual spin–orbit resonance or

2055:(Richmond, VA: Willmann-Bell, 1998) p 354. From 1900–2100, the shortest time from one new moon to the next is 29 days, 6 hours, and 35 min, and the longest 29 days, 19 hours, and 55 min. 3648: 969:

writing recording the times and dates of moonrises and moonsets, the stars that the Moon passed close by, and the time differences between rising and setting of both the Sun and the Moon around the time of a

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The Moon's axis of rotation is inclined by in total 6.7° relative to the normal to the plane of the ecliptic. This leads to a similar perspective effect in the north–south direction that is referred to as

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equator to produce a present inclination of 5° to the ecliptic. It is thought that originally the inclination to the equator was near zero, but it could have been increased to 10° through the influence of

865:, there will be a period of at least one day each month when the Moon does not rise, but there will also be a period of at least one day each month when the Moon does not set. This is similar to the 2025:

Simon, J.L.; Bretagnon, P.; Chapront, J.; Chapront-Touzé, M.; Francou, G.; Laskar, J. (February 1994). "Numerical expressions for precession formulae and mean elements for the Moon and planets".

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The rotational axis of the Moon is not perpendicular to its orbital plane, so the lunar equator is not in the plane of its orbit, but is inclined to it by a constant value of 6.688° (this is the

1176:. This varies notably throughout the year, but averages around 29.53 days. The synodic period is longer than the sidereal period because the Earth–Moon system moves in its orbit around the 1361:. Conversely, when the Moon reaches its apogee, its orbital motion is slower than its rotation, revealing eight degrees of longitude of its western (left) far side. This is referred to as 982:

to build lunar calendars that extended well into the future. This use of detailed, systematic observations to make predictions based on experimental data may be classified as the first

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were the first human civilization known to have kept a consistent record of lunar observations. Clay tablets from that period, which have been found in Iraq, are inscribed with

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in the Arctic when the Sun is below the horizon for months and must have been helpful to the animals that lived in Arctic and Antarctic regions when the climate was warmer.

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passing near the Moon while falling to the Earth. If this had not happened, the Moon would now lie much closer to the ecliptic and eclipses would be much more frequent.

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around the barycentre between the Earth and the Moon, of 1.022 km/s (0.635 miles/s, 2,286 miles/h), the Moon covers a distance approximately its diameter, or about

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will vary from −28°36′ to +28°36′. Conversely, 9.3 years later, the angle between the Moon's orbit and Earth's equator reaches its minimum of 18°20′. This is called a

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of the Earth–Moon system (respecting sizes and distances), utilizing the mean radii of both bodies and mean distance of the orbit. Scroll right to find the Moon.

842:. The last lunar standstill was a minor standstill in October 2015. At that time the descending node was lined up with the equinox (the point in the sky having 538:

Minimum, mean and maximum distances of the Moon from Earth with its angular diameter as seen from Earth's surface, to scale. Scroll to right to see the Moon.

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for almost two weeks every month, even though the Sun is below the horizon for six months at a time. The period from moonrise to moonrise at the poles is a

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The apparent trajectory of the Moon in the sky seen from Earth each night is like a wide ellipse, although the path depends on the time of the year and

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Besides these "optical librations" caused by the change in perspective for an observer on Earth, there are also "physical librations" which are actual

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means that Earth's axial rotation is gradually slowing, and because of this its day lengthens by approximately 24 microseconds every year (excluding

1206:(a twelfth of a year) is about 30.4 days. This is not a lunar period, though the calendar month is historically related to the visible lunar phase. 869:

behaviour of the Sun, but with a period of 27.2 days instead of 365 days. Note that a point on the Moon can actually be visible when it is about 34

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The reference by H. L. Vacher (2001) (details separately cited in this list) describes this as 'convex outward', whereas older references such as "

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The nodes are points at which the Moon's orbit crosses the ecliptic. The Moon crosses the same node every 27.2122 days, an interval called the

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Since nearer objects appear larger, the Moon's apparent size changes as it moves toward and away from an observer on Earth. An event called a "

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When the inclination of the Moon's orbit to the Earth's equator is at its minimum of 18°20′, the centre of the Moon's disk will be above the

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Diagram of the Moon's orbit with respect to the Earth. Angles are correct and relative sizes are to scale, but distances are not to scale.

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is the time between perigees and is about 27.55 days. The Earth–Moon separation determines the strength of the lunar tide raising force.

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about Earth (the semimajor and semiminor axes are 384,400 km and 383,800 km, respectively: a difference of only 0.16%). The

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This slightly greater orbital angular momentum causes the Earth–Moon distance to increase at approximately 38 millimetres per year.

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and is the rotation of the Moon's orbit within the orbital plane, i.e. the axes of the ellipse change direction. The lunar orbit's

1377:, which allows one to view an additional one degree's worth of lunar longitude. For the same reason, observers at both of Earth's 1180:

during each sidereal month, hence a longer period is required to achieve a similar alignment of Earth, the Sun, and the Moon. The

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is about 385,000 km (239,000 mi) from Earth's centre, which corresponds to about 60 Earth radii or 1.282 light-seconds.

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Kaveh Pahlevan & Alessandro Morbidelli (Nov 26, 2015). "Collisionless encounters and the origin of the lunar inclination".

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The properties of the orbit described in this section are approximations. The Moon's orbit around Earth has many variations (

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is the time it takes to make one complete orbit around Earth with respect to the fixed stars. It is about 27.32 days. The

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Because of the inclination of the Moon's orbit with respect to the Earth's equator, the Moon is above the horizon at the

564:, that is, the Sun, Moon and Earth are nearly aligned. When elongation is either 90° or 270°, the Moon is said to be in 2430: 794: 389: 1646:

M. Chapront-Touzé; J. Chapront (1988). "ELP2000-85: a semi-analytical lunar ephemeris adequate for historical times".

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zero). The nodes are moving west by about 19° per year. The Sun crosses a given node about 20 days earlier each year.

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until eventually losing their energy through turbulence, either in the deep ocean or on shallow continental shelves.

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in 1722, the rotational axis of the Moon precesses with the same rate as its orbital plane, but is 180° out of phase

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so much tidal energy, the present ocean tides have an order of magnitude greater effect than the solid Earth tides.

4671: 4551: 3970: 3626: 3611: 1295: 17: 4636: 4390: 3033: 3019: 4709: 4348: 4339: 4076: 3185: 3178: 3155: 2465: 2070: 1490: 787: 510:

The variance in the Moon's orbital distance corresponds with changes in its tangential and angular speeds, per

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distances of 362,600 km (225,300 mi) and 405,400 km (251,900 mi) respectively (a difference of 12%).

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Calculated from arcsin(0.25°/1.543°)/90° times 173 days, since the angular radius of the Sun is about 0.25°.

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The orientation of the orbit is not fixed in space but rotates over time. This orbital precession is called

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km, "equatorial horizontal parallax at mean distance" 3422.608″, and "equatorial radius for Earth" 6,378.14

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is its angular distance east of the Sun at any time. At new moon, it is zero and the Moon is said to be in

296: 295:), which lies about 4,670 km (2,900 mi) from Earth's centre (about 73% of its radius), forming a 44: 4601: 3357: 2927: 2920: 2906: 2862: 901: 609: 2311:, Turner, A. B. Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society of Canada, Vol. 6, p. 117, 1912JRASC...6..117T 1327:

will have caused Earth's oceans to evaporate, removing the bulk of the tidal friction and acceleration.

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and Earth orbits the Sun anticlockwise, and the Moon and Earth rotate on their own axes anticlockwise.

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to ascending node. The time between two successive passes of the same ecliptic longitude is called the

892:, about 27.3 days, quite close to the sidereal period. When the Sun is the furthest below the horizon ( 304: 2869: 234: 4719: 3879: 2837: 1345:

Animation of the Moon as it cycles through its phases. The apparent wobbling of the Moon is known as

343: 598: 224: 4704: 4229: 3744: 3251: 3111: 1852: 1299: 870: 425: 4714: 4022: 3574: 3205: 3079: 2819: 2509: 2486: 705:. At such times, the Earth's north pole is toward the Moon and the Moon is north of the ecliptic. 382: 4576: 4178: 4098: 4086: 3855: 3118: 2749: 2523: 2479: 2423: 1741: 897: 874: 862: 565: 557: 549: 511: 1726: 1446:

same perspective) or looped. That is, the region enclosed by the Moon's orbit of the Sun is a

514:. The mean angular movement relative to an imaginary observer at the Earth–Moon barycentre is 4699: 4641: 4611: 4399: 4276: 4244: 4214: 4173: 4158: 4037: 3804: 3655: 3171: 3141: 2853: 2784: 2314: 1812: 1435: 738: 710: 2367: 2151:"Geological constraints on the Precambrian history of Earth's rotation and the Moon's orbit" 2038: 1659: 1632: 4724: 4546: 4330: 4219: 4188: 4116: 4091: 4066: 4027: 4008: 3963: 3871: 3484: 3470: 3288: 3237: 2791: 2211: 2162: 2107: 2034: 1908: 1861: 1821: 1784: 1655: 1628: 1460: 1358: 1354: 975: 489: 140: 8: 4793: 4586: 4381: 4121: 3818: 3267: 3104: 2448: 1495: 1388:

of the direction of the pole of rotation of the Moon in space: but these are very small.

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by about 5.1° with respect to the ecliptic plane, whereas Earth's equatorial plane is

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20 minutes per hundred million years), both about half of their current values.

1181: 1109: 983: 958: 766: 732: 2184: 4606: 4538: 4302: 4264: 4138: 4108: 4061: 3924: 3530: 3194: 2996: 2812: 2805: 2765: 2607: 2561: 2536: 2219: 2170: 2115: 2020: 1936: 1916: 1869: 1829: 1792: 1525: 1500: 1209: 830: 806: 679: 675: 577: 339: 319: 315: 2913: 2405:

Good diagrams of Moon, Earth, tilts of orbits and axes, courtesy of U. of Arkansas

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gravitational torque which slows the Earth and accelerates the Moon in its orbit.

666:– the longest diameter of the orbit, joining its nearest and farthest points, the 428:) due to the gravitational attraction of the Sun and planets, the study of which ( 4646: 4239: 4143: 4133: 4032: 3956: 3537: 3274: 3127: 2890: 2292: 1249: 1082:

with respect to the Sun (phases of the Moon, 12.36874634 passes per solar orbit)

893: 843: 726: 55: 2285: 1302:). Both figures are valid only for the current configuration of the continents. 4805: 4742: 4694: 4686: 4681: 4566: 4561: 4492: 4472: 4463: 4056: 4042: 4018: 4013: 3988: 3297: 3221: 3086: 3003: 2980: 1573:

is traditionally the Moon's mean distance from Earth (center to center), where

1470: 1420: 1405: 1196: 1188: 1165: 1138: 1087: 1051: 990: 889: 765:. The line of nodes, the intersection between the two respective planes, has a 757: 292: 276: 272: 260: 201: 2119: 1796: 896:), the Moon will be full when it is at its highest point. When the Moon is in 4815: 4596: 4591: 4510: 4153: 4071: 3675: 3641: 3523: 3417: 3350: 2959: 2899: 2736: 2713: 2681: 2667: 2644: 2127: 2005: 1465: 1439: 1413: 1381:

would be able to see one additional degree's worth of libration in latitude.

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expressions for the distance, which is the mean distance averaged over time.

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1976 Astronomical Constants were "mean distance of Moon from Earth" 384,400

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There are several different periods associated with the lunar orbit. The

1028: 1019:. The observations of the lunar motion were the main test of his theory. 932: 908: 847: 835: 268: 169: 31: 1920: 1315:

the long wavelength tidal forcing to excite the short wavelength tides.

497: 4234: 3948: 3887: 3811: 3758: 3431: 3010: 2936: 2876: 2830: 2772: 2591: 1619:

M. Chapront-Touzé; J. Chapront (1983). "The lunar ephemeris ELP-2000".

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with respect to the distant stars (13.36874634 passes per solar orbit)

885: 881: 816: 750: 663: 454: 396: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 351: 288: 158: 4800: 4651: 4003: 3772: 3765: 3438: 3424: 3410: 3387: 3336: 2966: 2690: 2630: 2584: 2516: 1480: 1346: 1336: 1324: 1311: 1228: 1199:. The latter periods are slightly different from the sidereal month. 971: 966: 722: 702: 650: 504: 3687: 2024: 371: 3825: 3445: 3403: 3380: 3258: 2623: 1903: 1874: 1847: 1396: 1385: 1224: 1006: 1002: 950: 824: 698: 355: 331: 177: 2402: 2286:

Caltech Scientists Predict Greater Longevity for Planets with Life

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described lunar motion by using a well-defined geometric model of

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it will be above the horizon at the North Pole, and when it is in

800: 4556: 2637: 2001:"Moonlight helps plankton escape predators during Arctic winters" 1524:) which is the semimajor axis of the Moon's elliptical orbit via 1409: 998: 962: 854: 812: 811:

Every 18.6 years, the angle between the Moon's orbit and Earth's

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discovered the three main periods of the Moon's motion and used

1271: 866: 671: 556:. At full moon, the elongation is 180° and it is said to be in 465: 327: 110: 4361: 3980: 3730: 3311: 3134: 2952: 2575: 1952:"Flying gold knocked the moon off course and ruined eclipses" 1838: 1214: 1203: 1123: 1032: 945: 690: 639: 252: 249: 1645: 1618: 3343: 2699: 2439: 1745: 1259: 1241: 940: 625: 440: 246: 4764: 1810:

Peter Goldreich (Nov 1966). "History of the Lunar Orbit".

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Section of Earth's and Moon's trajectories around the Sun

701:. This shows the specific configuration at major northern 2096:"Secular tidal changes in lunar orbit and Earth rotation" 1775:(1998). "Moon-Earth-Sun: The oldest three-body problem". 1588: 1258:

attraction that the Moon exerts on Earth is the cause of

1177: 280: 781:" on the Moon is only 347 days long. This is called the 2408: 2238: 1172:

is the time it takes the Moon to reach the same visual

1682:, Richmond, VA: Willmann-Bell, pp. 11–12, 22–23, 1015:

was the first to develop a complete theory of motion,

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Geophysical Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society

1408:(that is, from the approximate direction of the star 1771: 1391: 993:

astronomers were the first to introduce and analyze

2336:Explanatory Supplement to the Astronomical Almanac 2200:"Tides and the evolution of the Earth-Moon system" 1704:Explanatory Supplement to the Astronomical Almanac 446:Moon's orbit and sizes of Earth and Moon to scale. 2364:"The Orbit of the Moon around the Sun is Convex!" 1151:with respect to the ascending node (precesses in 4813: 815:reaches a maximum of 28°36′, the sum of Earth's 460:Comparison of the Moon's apparent size at lunar 30:For the orbit of an object around the Moon, see 1809: 1706:, University Science Books, pp. 696, 701, 1486:Jet Propulsion Laboratory Development Ephemeris 801:Inclination to the equator and lunar standstill 709:The mean inclination of the lunar orbit to the 697:—the Moon's orbit is inclined by 5.14° to the 3964: 3703: 2424: 2093: 1520:The geometric mean distance in the orbit (of 795:solar eclipse of September 1 of the same year 2327: 2100:Celestial Mechanics and Dynamical Astronomy 2094:Williams, James G.; Boggs, Dale H. (2016). 2064: 1673: 1671: 1669: 1639: 1583:is the Moon's parallax between the ends of 480:The orbit of the Moon is a nearly circular 4738: 3971: 3957: 3710: 3696: 2431: 2417: 2333: 2320:" describe the same geometry by the words 2302: 2300: 2243:. Cambridge University Press. p. 184. 1949: 1701: 43: 2358: 2356: 2354: 2338:, University Science Books, p. 701, 2253: 2223: 2174: 1902: 1873: 1695: 1310:The present high rate may be due to near 412:Learn how and when to remove this message 3978: 2148: 1666: 1395: 1340: 1208: 944: 941:History of observations and measurements 689: 649: 644:Top: polar view; bottom: equatorial view 581: 322:, each hour. The Moon differs from most 287:). Earth and the Moon orbit about their 3834:) may be read as "within" or "part of". 2317:Elementary Treatise on the Lunar Theory 2297: 1728:The Cambridge Guide to the Solar System 1719: 1612: 86:363,228.9 km (225,700.0 mi), 14: 4814: 4617:Transposition, docking, and extraction 2351: 1731:, 2nd ed., Cambridge University Press. 3952: 3896:History of the center of the Universe 3717: 3691: 2412: 1767: 1765: 1763: 1761: 1677: 997:of the motion of objects in the sky. 279:) and one revolution relative to the 2388:The Moon Always Veers Toward the Sun 2334:Seidelmann, P. Kenneth, ed. (1992), 2197: 1848:"Evolution of the Earth-Moon system" 1702:Seidelmann, P. Kenneth, ed. (1992), 618:Animation of Moon orbit around Earth 394:adding citations to reliable sources 365: 330:in that its orbit is closer to the 115:405,400 km (251,900 mi), 24: 2239:C.D. Murray; S.F. Dermott (1999). 2225:10.1111/j.1365-246X.1982.tb06404.x 2045: 1758: 1577:is Earth's equatorial radius, and 1235: 25: 4833: 4677:Kepler's laws of planetary motion 3906:Pisces–Cetus Supercluster Complex 3649:Lilith (hypothetical second moon) 2396: 1392:Path of Earth and Moon around Sun 1291:for a more detailed description. 904:it will be up at the South Pole. 654:Earth's lunar orbit perturbations 475: 354:by about 23° with respect to the 76:384,400 km (238,900 mi) 68:385,000 km (239,000 mi) 60:384,748 km (239,071 mi) 4799: 4787: 4775: 4763: 4737: 4672:Interplanetary Transport Network 4552:Collision avoidance (spacecraft) 3931: 3919: 3671: 3670: 3612:Moon landing conspiracy theories 2535: 2019:The periods are calculated from 1296:Conservation of angular momentum 1022: 921: 777:In effect, this means that the " 608: 597: 560:. In both cases, the Moon is in 527: 453: 439: 370: 4637:Astronomical coordinate systems 4391:Longitude of the ascending node 3034:Selenographic coordinate system 2381: 2309:The Moon's Orbit Around the Sun 2279: 2247: 2232: 2191: 2142: 2087: 2058: 2013: 1993: 1984: 1972:. U. of Arkansas at Little Rock 1962: 1943: 1882: 1803: 834:. Around this time, the Moon's 381:needs additional citations for 27:The Moon's circuit around Earth 4710:Retrograde and prograde motion 3561:Artificial objects on the Moon 2071:Johns Hopkins University Press 1734: 1680:Mathematical Astronomy Morsels 1544: 1531: 1514: 1491:Lunar Laser Ranging experiment 1363:optical libration in longitude 914: 788:Solar eclipse of March 9, 2016 685: 13: 1: 2652:Total penumbral lunar eclipse 2259:From the Big Bang to Planet X 1606: 1371:optical libration in latitude 1104:(precesses in ~26,000 years) 571: 543: 361: 235:precession of line of apsides 4657:Equatorial coordinate system 3627:Moon is made of green cheese 2921:Permanently shadowed craters 2149:Williams, George E. (2000). 1648:Astronomy & Astrophysics 1621:Astronomy & Astrophysics 1330: 907:The Moon's light is used by 259:direction and completes one 187:of lunar equator to ecliptic 7: 1950:Jacob Aron (Nov 28, 2015). 1453: 1404:When viewed from the north 1250:Axial tilt § Long term 338:'s (in this case, Earth's) 10: 4838: 4409:Longitude of the periapsis 3554:Craters named after people 3027:Transient lunar phenomenon 2675:Solar eclipses on the Moon 2067:The Science of Ocean Waves 2027:Astronomy and Astrophysics 1550:The inverse sine parallax 1427:In representations of the 1334: 1239: 1227:, 0.25—first quarter, 0.5— 1026: 873:below the horizon, due to 804: 748: 575: 29: 4733: 4720:Specific angular momentum 4625: 4537: 4481: 4417: 4370: 4310: 4301: 4197: 4107: 3996: 3987: 3914: 3840: 3725: 3665: 3494: 3462: 3367: 3284: 3204: 3043: 2746: 2544: 2533: 2455: 2446: 2120:10.1007/s10569-016-9702-3 1797:10.1103/RevModPhys.70.589 1777:Reviews of Modern Physics 1725:Lang, Kenneth R. (2011), 1213:The Moon's distance from 678:of its orbital plane and 233: 223: 211: 199: 194: 186: 175: 167: 156: 138: 109: 80: 72: 64: 54: 42: 3745:Local Interstellar Cloud 2438: 2261:. Camden East, Ontario: 1853:The Astronomical Journal 1507: 1412:) the Moon orbits Earth 1267:within the solid Earth. 1202:The average length of a 819:(23°27′) and the Moon's 744: 725:). As was discovered by 4715:Specific orbital energy 3575:Moon in science fiction 3080:Giant-impact hypothesis 2928:South Pole–Aitken basin 2198:Webb, David J. (1982). 2053:Astronomical Algorithms 2039:1994A&A...282..663S 1834:10.1029/RG004i004p00411 1660:1988A&A...190..342C 1633:1983A&A...124...50C 1133:days = 8.850578 years) 518:° per day to the east ( 486:equation of the ellipse 283:in about 29.53 days (a 271:in about 27.32 days (a 4127:Geostationary transfer 3857:To the Moon and Beyond 3596:futuristic exploration 3119:Late Heavy Bombardment 1401: 1350: 1232: 1158:days = 18.5996 years) 954: 875:atmospheric refraction 840:minor lunar standstill 706: 655: 590: 432:) has a long history. 4700:Orbital state vectors 4642:Characteristic energy 4612:Trans-lunar injection 4400:Argument of periapsis 4077:Prograde / Retrograde 4038:Hyperbolic trajectory 3875:(1968 and 1977 films) 3805:Laniakea Supercluster 3656:Splitting of the Moon 3568:Memorials on the Moon 3172:Lunar sample displays 2854:Peak of eternal light 2241:Solar System Dynamics 2155:Reviews of Geophysics 1813:Reviews of Geophysics 1399: 1344: 1270:However the speed of 1212: 948: 739:libration in latitude 693: 653: 585: 334:plane instead of its 73:Inverse sine parallax 4547:Bi-elliptic transfer 4067:Parabolic trajectory 2176:10.1029/1999RG900016 2065:J.B. Zirkir (2013). 1773:Martin C. Gutzwiller 1678:Meeus, Jean (1997), 1537:The constant in the 1461:Ernest William Brown 1355:synchronous rotation 1122:with respect to the 1100:with respect to the 976:Babylonian astronomy 682:of the moon itself. 390:improve this article 305:distance to the Moon 212:orbit around Earth ( 200:orbit around Earth ( 4587:Low-energy transfer 3819:Observable universe 3156:Lunar laser ranging 2216:1982GeoJ...70..261W 2167:2000RvGeo..38...37W 2112:2016CeMDA.126...89W 1921:10.1038/nature16137 1913:2015Natur.527..492P 1866:1994AJ....108.1943T 1826:1966RvGSP...4..411G 1789:1998RvMP...70..589G 1496:Milankovitch cycles 1231:, 0.75—last quarter 1223:Moon phases: 0 (1)— 1017:Newtonian mechanics 995:mathematical models 821:orbital inclination 695:Orbital inclination 512:Kepler's second law 225:precession of nodes 39: 4582:Inclination change 4230:Distant retrograde 3901:Order of magnitude 3883:(1996 documentary) 3799:Virgo Supercluster 3780:Milky Way subgroup 3305:Lunisolar calendar 2974:Lunar basalt 70017 2721:Tidal acceleration 2576:Perigee and apogee 2466:Internal structure 2322:concave to the sun 2291:2012-03-30 at the 2265:. pp. 79–81. 2255:Dickinson, Terence 1970:"View of the Moon" 1402: 1379:geographical poles 1351: 1289:tidal acceleration 1246:Tidal acceleration 1233: 955: 707: 660:apsidal precession 656: 591: 587:Apsidal precession 324:regular satellites 303:. On average, the 229:18.5996 years 37: 4822:Orbit of the Moon 4751: 4750: 4725:Two-line elements 4533: 4532: 4455:Eccentric anomaly 4297: 4296: 4164:Orbit of the Moon 4023:Highly elliptical 3946: 3945: 3719:Location of Earth 3685: 3684: 3635:Natural satellite 3094:Lunar magma ocean 2870:Volcanic features 1897:(7579): 492–494. 1742:"Moon Fact Sheet" 1436:Earth–Moon system 1375:diurnal libration 1191:is the time from 1182:anomalistic month 1162: 1161: 1110:Anomalistic month 827:. This is called 767:retrograde motion 422: 421: 414: 301:Earth–Moon system 243: 242: 239:8.8504 years 182:5.15° (4.99–5.30) 38:Orbit of the Moon 18:Moon's orbit 16:(Redirected from 4829: 4804: 4803: 4792: 4791: 4790: 4780: 4779: 4778: 4768: 4767: 4759: 4741: 4740: 4682:Lagrangian point 4577:Hohmann transfer 4522: 4508: 4499: 4490: 4470: 4461: 4452: 4443: 4439: 4435: 4426: 4406: 4397: 4388: 4379: 4359: 4355: 4346: 4337: 4328: 4308: 4307: 4277:Heliosynchronous 4226:Lagrange points 4179:Transatmospheric 3994: 3993: 3973: 3966: 3959: 3950: 3949: 3935: 3925:Astronomy portal 3923: 3835: 3833: 3824: 3817: 3810: 3803: 3797: 3791: 3785: 3778: 3771: 3764: 3757: 3750: 3743: 3736: 3712: 3705: 3698: 3689: 3688: 3678: 3674: 3673: 3658: 3651: 3644: 3637: 3630: 3621: 3614: 3605: 3598: 3591: 3584: 3577: 3570: 3563: 3556: 3547: 3540: 3533: 3526: 3519: 3512: 3505: 3487: 3480: 3478:Meridian passage 3473: 3455: 3448: 3441: 3434: 3427: 3420: 3413: 3406: 3397: 3390: 3383: 3360: 3353: 3346: 3339: 3328: 3321: 3314: 3307: 3300: 3277: 3270: 3261: 3254: 3247: 3240: 3231: 3224: 3217: 3197: 3195:Lunar seismology 3188: 3181: 3174: 3165: 3158: 3151: 3144: 3137: 3130: 3128:Lunar meteorites 3121: 3114: 3107: 3096: 3089: 3082: 3075: 3068: 3061: 3054: 3036: 3029: 3022: 3013: 3006: 2999: 2997:Space weathering 2992: 2983: 2976: 2969: 2962: 2955: 2946: 2939: 2930: 2923: 2916: 2909: 2902: 2893: 2886: 2879: 2872: 2865: 2856: 2849: 2840: 2833: 2822: 2815: 2808: 2801: 2794: 2787: 2780: 2775: 2768: 2761: 2739: 2730: 2723: 2716: 2709: 2702: 2693: 2684: 2677: 2670: 2661: 2654: 2647: 2640: 2633: 2626: 2619: 2610: 2601: 2594: 2587: 2578: 2571: 2564: 2562:Orbital elements 2557: 2539: 2526: 2519: 2512: 2505: 2496: 2489: 2482: 2475: 2468: 2433: 2426: 2419: 2410: 2409: 2403:View of the Moon 2391: 2385: 2379: 2378: 2376: 2375: 2370:on 31 March 2004 2366:. Archived from 2360: 2349: 2348: 2331: 2325: 2304: 2295: 2283: 2277: 2276: 2251: 2245: 2244: 2236: 2230: 2229: 2227: 2195: 2189: 2188: 2178: 2146: 2140: 2139: 2091: 2085: 2084: 2062: 2056: 2049: 2043: 2042: 2021:orbital elements 2017: 2011: 2010: 1997: 1991: 1988: 1982: 1981: 1979: 1977: 1966: 1960: 1959: 1947: 1941: 1940: 1906: 1886: 1880: 1879: 1877: 1837: 1807: 1801: 1800: 1769: 1756: 1755: 1753: 1752: 1738: 1732: 1723: 1717: 1716: 1699: 1693: 1692: 1675: 1664: 1663: 1643: 1637: 1636: 1616: 1600: 1598: 1594: 1581: 1572: 1570: 1569: 1567: 1561: 1558: 1548: 1542: 1535: 1529: 1518: 1501:Orbital elements 1434:Considering the 1304:Tidal rhythmites 1157: 1156: 1148: 1147: 1132: 1131: 1119: 1118: 1097: 1096: 1079: 1078: 1061: 1060: 1037: 1036: 984:scientific study 925: 863:higher latitudes 831:lunar standstill 807:Lunar standstill 763:draconitic month 680:axial precession 676:nodal precession 642: 637: 628: 623: 612: 601: 578:Lunar precession 531: 517: 457: 443: 417: 410: 406: 403: 397: 374: 366: 340:equatorial plane 320:celestial sphere 312:orbital velocity 297:satellite system 263:relative to the 150: 149: 133: 132: 126: 125: 118: 104: 103: 97: 96: 89: 47: 40: 36: 21: 4837: 4836: 4832: 4831: 4830: 4828: 4827: 4826: 4812: 4811: 4810: 4798: 4788: 4786: 4776: 4774: 4762: 4754: 4752: 4747: 4729: 4647:Escape velocity 4628: 4621: 4602:Rocket equation 4529: 4521: 4515: 4506: 4497: 4488: 4477: 4468: 4459: 4450: 4441: 4437: 4433: 4424: 4413: 4404: 4395: 4386: 4377: 4366: 4357: 4353: 4349:Semi-minor axis 4344: 4340:Semi-major axis 4335: 4326: 4320: 4293: 4215:Areosynchronous 4199: 4193: 4174:Sun-synchronous 4159:Near-equatorial 4103: 3983: 3977: 3947: 3942: 3910: 3836: 3831: 3829: 3828: 3822: 3815: 3808: 3801: 3795: 3789: 3783: 3776: 3769: 3762: 3755: 3748: 3741: 3734: 3721: 3716: 3686: 3681: 3669: 3661: 3654: 3647: 3640: 3633: 3624: 3617: 3610: 3601: 3594: 3587: 3580: 3573: 3566: 3559: 3552: 3543: 3538:Man in the Moon 3536: 3529: 3522: 3515: 3508: 3501: 3490: 3483: 3476: 3469: 3463:Daily phenomena 3458: 3451: 3444: 3437: 3430: 3423: 3416: 3411:Super and micro 3409: 3402: 3393: 3386: 3379: 3372: 3363: 3356: 3349: 3342: 3335: 3324: 3317: 3310: 3303: 3296: 3286: 3280: 3275:Lunar resources 3273: 3266: 3257: 3250: 3243: 3236: 3227: 3220: 3213: 3200: 3193: 3184: 3177: 3170: 3161: 3154: 3149: 3140: 3133: 3126: 3117: 3110: 3103: 3092: 3085: 3078: 3071: 3064: 3057: 3050: 3039: 3032: 3025: 3018: 3009: 3002: 2995: 2988: 2979: 2972: 2965: 2958: 2951: 2942: 2935: 2926: 2919: 2912: 2905: 2898: 2889: 2882: 2875: 2868: 2861: 2852: 2845: 2836: 2829: 2818: 2811: 2804: 2799: 2790: 2783: 2778: 2771: 2764: 2757: 2748: 2742: 2735: 2726: 2719: 2712: 2705: 2698: 2689: 2680: 2673: 2666: 2657: 2650: 2643: 2636: 2629: 2622: 2615: 2606: 2597: 2590: 2583: 2574: 2567: 2560: 2553: 2540: 2531: 2522: 2515: 2508: 2501: 2492: 2485: 2478: 2471: 2464: 2457: 2451: 2442: 2437: 2399: 2394: 2386: 2382: 2373: 2371: 2362: 2361: 2352: 2346: 2332: 2328: 2305: 2298: 2293:Wayback Machine 2284: 2280: 2273: 2252: 2248: 2237: 2233: 2196: 2192: 2147: 2143: 2092: 2088: 2081: 2073:. p. 264. 2063: 2059: 2050: 2046: 2018: 2014: 2009:. 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Three of the 1579: 1565: 1562: 1559: 1554: 1553: 1551: 1549: 1545: 1536: 1532: 1519: 1515: 1510: 1505: 1456: 1421:right-hand rule 1394: 1353:The Moon is in 1339: 1333: 1300:glacial rebound 1252: 1238: 1236:Tidal evolution 1222: 1154: 1152: 1145: 1143: 1129: 1127: 1116: 1114: 1094: 1092: 1076: 1074: 1058: 1056: 1035: 1025: 943: 938: 937: 936: 931: 926: 917: 894:winter solstice 844:right ascension 823:(5°09′) to the 817:equatorial tilt 809: 803: 753: 747: 727:Jacques Cassini 688: 648: 647: 646: 645: 643: 635: 634: 621: 620: 619: 615: 614: 613: 604: 603: 602: 580: 574: 546: 541: 540: 539: 537: 532: 515: 478: 473: 472: 471: 470: 469: 458: 449: 448: 447: 444: 418: 407: 401: 398: 387: 375: 364: 151: 147: 145: 130: 128: 123: 121: 119: 116: 101: 99: 94: 92: 90: 87: 56:Semi-major axis 50: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 4835: 4825: 4824: 4809: 4808: 4796: 4784: 4772: 4749: 4748: 4746: 4745: 4743:List of orbits 4734: 4731: 4730: 4728: 4727: 4722: 4717: 4712: 4707: 4702: 4697: 4695:Orbit equation 4692: 4684: 4679: 4674: 4669: 4664: 4659: 4654: 4649: 4644: 4639: 4633: 4631: 4623: 4622: 4620: 4619: 4614: 4609: 4604: 4599: 4594: 4589: 4584: 4579: 4574: 4569: 4567:Gravity assist 4564: 4562:Delta-v budget 4559: 4554: 4549: 4543: 4541: 4535: 4534: 4531: 4530: 4528: 4527: 4519: 4513: 4504: 4495: 4493:Orbital period 4485: 4483: 4479: 4478: 4476: 4475: 4473:True longitude 4466: 4464:Mean longitude 4457: 4448: 4431: 4421: 4419: 4415: 4414: 4412: 4411: 4402: 4393: 4384: 4374: 4372: 4368: 4367: 4365: 4364: 4351: 4342: 4333: 4323: 4321: 4319: 4318: 4315: 4311: 4305: 4299: 4298: 4295: 4294: 4292: 4291: 4290: 4289: 4281: 4280: 4279: 4274: 4269: 4268: 4267: 4254: 4249: 4248: 4247: 4242: 4237: 4232: 4224: 4223: 4222: 4220:Areostationary 4217: 4212: 4203: 4201: 4195: 4194: 4192: 4191: 4189:Very low Earth 4186: 4181: 4176: 4171: 4166: 4161: 4156: 4151: 4146: 4141: 4136: 4131: 4130: 4129: 4124: 4117:Geosynchronous 4113: 4111: 4105: 4104: 4102: 4101: 4099:Transfer orbit 4096: 4095: 4094: 4089: 4079: 4074: 4069: 4064: 4059: 4057:Lagrange point 4054: 4049: 4040: 4035: 4030: 4025: 4016: 4011: 4006: 4000: 3998: 3991: 3985: 3984: 3979:Gravitational 3976: 3975: 3968: 3961: 3953: 3944: 3943: 3941: 3940: 3928: 3915: 3912: 3911: 3909: 3908: 3903: 3898: 3893: 3885: 3877: 3869: 3861: 3853: 3844: 3842: 3838: 3837: 3729: 3727: 3723: 3722: 3715: 3714: 3707: 3700: 3692: 3683: 3682: 3680: 3679: 3666: 3663: 3662: 3660: 3659: 3652: 3645: 3638: 3631: 3622: 3615: 3608: 3607: 3606: 3599: 3592: 3585: 3571: 3564: 3557: 3550: 3549: 3548: 3541: 3527: 3520: 3513: 3506: 3498: 3496: 3492: 3491: 3489: 3488: 3481: 3474: 3466: 3464: 3460: 3459: 3457: 3456: 3449: 3442: 3435: 3428: 3421: 3414: 3407: 3400: 3399: 3398: 3384: 3376: 3374: 3365: 3364: 3362: 3361: 3358:Lunar distance 3354: 3347: 3340: 3333: 3332: 3331: 3330: 3329: 3308: 3301: 3298:Lunar calendar 3293: 3291: 3282: 3281: 3279: 3278: 3271: 3264: 3263: 3262: 3248: 3241: 3234: 3233: 3232: 3225: 3222:Apollo program 3210: 3208: 3202: 3201: 3199: 3198: 3191: 3190: 3189: 3182: 3168: 3167: 3166: 3159: 3147: 3146: 3145: 3138: 3131: 3124: 3123: 3122: 3101: 3100: 3099: 3098: 3097: 3090: 3069: 3062: 3055: 3047: 3045: 3041: 3040: 3038: 3037: 3030: 3023: 3016: 3015: 3014: 3007: 3004:Micrometeorite 2993: 2986: 2985: 2984: 2981:Changesite-(Y) 2977: 2963: 2960:Wrinkle ridges 2956: 2949: 2948: 2947: 2933: 2932: 2931: 2924: 2917: 2910: 2896: 2895: 2894: 2887: 2880: 2866: 2859: 2858: 2857: 2843: 2842: 2841: 2827: 2826: 2825: 2824: 2823: 2809: 2797: 2796: 2795: 2788: 2776: 2769: 2762: 2754: 2752: 2744: 2743: 2741: 2740: 2733: 2732: 2731: 2724: 2717: 2710: 2696: 2695: 2694: 2687: 2686: 2685: 2678: 2671: 2664: 2663: 2662: 2655: 2634: 2627: 2613: 2612: 2611: 2604: 2603: 2602: 2588: 2581: 2580: 2579: 2558: 2555:Lunar distance 2550: 2548: 2542: 2541: 2534: 2532: 2530: 2529: 2528: 2527: 2513: 2506: 2503:Magnetic field 2499: 2498: 2497: 2483: 2476: 2469: 2461: 2459: 2453: 2452: 2447: 2444: 2443: 2436: 2435: 2428: 2421: 2413: 2407: 2406: 2398: 2397:External links 2395: 2393: 2392: 2380: 2350: 2344: 2326: 2296: 2278: 2271: 2246: 2231: 2210:(1): 261–271. 2190: 2141: 2086: 2079: 2057: 2044: 2012: 1992: 1983: 1961: 1942: 1881: 1875:10.1086/117209 1802: 1783:(2): 589–639. 1757: 1733: 1718: 1712: 1694: 1688: 1665: 1638: 1610: 1608: 1605: 1602: 1601: 1543: 1530: 1512: 1511: 1509: 1506: 1504: 1503: 1498: 1493: 1488: 1483: 1478: 1473: 1471:List of orbits 1468: 1463: 1457: 1455: 1452: 1406:celestial pole 1393: 1390: 1335:Main article: 1332: 1329: 1263:high speed of 1237: 1234: 1204:calendar month 1197:tropical month 1193:ascending node 1189:draconic month 1166:sidereal month 1160: 1159: 1149: 1141: 1139:Draconic month 1135: 1134: 1126:(precesses in 1120: 1112: 1106: 1105: 1098: 1090: 1088:Tropical month 1084: 1083: 1080: 1072: 1066: 1065: 1062: 1054: 1052:Sidereal month 1048: 1047: 1044: 1041: 1024: 1021: 942: 939: 928: 927: 920: 919: 918: 916: 913: 890:tropical month 805:Main article: 802: 799: 758:draconic month 749:Main article: 746: 743: 733:Cassini's Laws 711:ecliptic plane 687: 684: 617: 616: 607: 606: 605: 596: 595: 594: 593: 592: 576:Main article: 573: 570: 545: 542: 534: 533: 526: 525: 524: 492:of 0.0549 and 477: 476:Elliptic shape 474: 459: 452: 451: 450: 445: 438: 437: 436: 435: 434: 420: 419: 402:September 2024 378: 376: 369: 363: 360: 356:ecliptic plane 293:centre of mass 277:sidereal month 273:tropical month 265:Vernal Equinox 241: 240: 237: 231: 230: 227: 221: 220: 217: 209: 208: 205: 197: 196: 192: 191: 188: 184: 183: 180: 173: 172: 165: 164: 161: 154: 153: 143: 136: 135: 113: 107: 106: 84: 78: 77: 74: 70: 69: 66: 62: 61: 58: 52: 51: 48: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4834: 4823: 4820: 4819: 4817: 4807: 4802: 4797: 4795: 4785: 4783: 4773: 4771: 4766: 4761: 4760: 4757: 4744: 4736: 4735: 4732: 4726: 4723: 4721: 4718: 4716: 4713: 4711: 4708: 4706: 4703: 4701: 4698: 4696: 4693: 4691: 4690:-body problem 4689: 4685: 4683: 4680: 4678: 4675: 4673: 4670: 4668: 4665: 4663: 4660: 4658: 4655: 4653: 4650: 4648: 4645: 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The Moon's 341: 337: 333: 329: 325: 321: 317: 316:half a degree 313: 308: 306: 302: 298: 294: 290: 286: 285:synodic month 282: 278: 274: 270: 266: 262: 258: 254: 251: 248: 238: 236: 232: 228: 226: 222: 218: 215: 210: 206: 203: 198: 193: 189: 185: 181: 179: 174: 171: 166: 162: 160: 155: 152:(0.026–0.077) 144: 142: 137: 114: 112: 108: 85: 83: 79: 75: 71: 67: 65:Mean distance 63: 59: 57: 53: 46: 41: 33: 19: 4794:Solar System 4705:Perturbation 4687: 4662:Ground track 4572:Gravity turn 4523: 4516: 4509: 4500: 4491: 4471: 4462: 4453: 4446:True anomaly 4444: 4429:Mean anomaly 4427: 4407: 4398: 4389: 4380: 4360: 4347: 4338: 4331:Eccentricity 4329: 4287:Lunar cycler 4260:Heliocentric 4200:other points 4163: 4149:Medium Earth 4047:Non-inclined 3937:Space portal 3930: 3918: 3888: 3880: 3872: 3864: 3856: 3848: 3830:Each arrow ( 3752:Local Bubble 3738:Solar System 3510:Lunar effect 3326:Nodal period 3252:Colonization 3066:Lunar theory 2759:Selenography 2599:Nodal period 2545: 2390:at MathPages 2383: 2372:. 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and " 2289:Archived 2257:(1993). 2185:51948507 1929:26607544 1860:: 1943. 1454:See also 1359:far side 1225:new moon 1221:in 2014. 1155:793.4765 1130:232.6054 1007:evection 951:latitude 867:seasonal 825:ecliptic 699:ecliptic 522:epoch). 348:inclined 332:ecliptic 291:(common 267:and the 257:prograde 202:sidereal 178:ecliptic 4806:Science 4756:Portals 4627:Orbital 4597:Phasing 4557:Delta-v 4362:Apsides 4356:, 4154:Molniya 4072:Parking 4009:Capture 3997:General 3841:Related 3495:Related 3485:Moonset 3268:Tourism 3245:Landing 3105:Geology 3044:Science 2900:Craters 2863:Valleys 2449:Outline 2212:Bibcode 2163:Bibcode 2108:Bibcode 2035:Bibcode 1937:4456736 1909:Bibcode 1862:Bibcode 1822:Bibcode 1785:Bibcode 1656:Bibcode 1654:: 351. 1629:Bibcode 1571:⁠ 1552:⁠ 1476:ELP2000 1410:Polaris 1124:perigee 999:Ptolemy 959:1000 BC 855:horizon 813:equator 771:Eclipse 668:perigee 520:J2000.0 494:perigee 482:ellipse 462:perigee 336:primary 328:planets 318:on the 255:in the 214:synodic 82:Perigee 4283:Other 4184:Tundra 4052:Kepler 4028:Escape 3981:orbits 3891:(2012) 3821: 3814: 3807: 3782: 3775: 3768: 3761: 3754: 3747: 3740: 3733: 3453:Tetrad 3369:Phases 3238:Probes 3073:Origin 3020:Quakes 2953:Rilles 2944:swirls 2659:Tetrad 2617:Syzygy 2342: 2269: 2183: 2134: 2126: 2077: 1976:May 9, 1935: 1927: 1891:Nature 1842:& 1710: 1686: 1627:: 54. 1597: 1593: 1248:, and 1144:27.212 1115:27.554 1093:27.321 1075:29.530 1057:27.321 961:, the 957:About 898:Gemini 829:major 672:apogee 638: 636: 631:· 629: 624: 622: 562:syzygy 516:13.176 498:apogee 466:apogee 352:tilted 250:orbits 190:1.543° 163:6.687° 111:Apogee 4770:Stars 4525:Epoch 4314:Shape 4252:Lunar 4206:Mars 4198:About 4169:Polar 3989:Types 3731:Earth 3432:Black 3418:Blood 3395:Names 3373:names 3312:Month 3163:ALSEP 3135:KREEP 3087:Theia 2990:Water 2967:Rocks 2877:Domes 2831:Maria 2800:Poles 2592:Nodes 2546:Orbit 2181:S2CID 2132:S2CID 1933:S2CID 1899:arXiv 1508:Notes 1438:as a 1260:tides 1215:Earth 1174:phase 1040:Name 1033:Month 882:North 745:Nodes 731:(see 640:Earth 633: 269:stars 253:Earth 168:Mean 157:Mean 146:0.054 139:Mean 4317:Size 4256:Sun 4235:Halo 4087:semi 3582:list 3439:Dark 3425:Blue 3388:Full 3287:and 2937:Soil 2907:List 2838:List 2820:Face 2773:Limb 2700:Tide 2440:Moon 2340:ISBN 2267:ISBN 2124:ISSN 2075:ISBN 1978:2016 1925:PMID 1746:NASA 1708:ISBN 1684:ISBN 1563:sin 1419:The 1254:The 1242:Tide 1217:and 1187:The 1031:and 1005:and 884:and 793:The 670:and 626:Moon 496:and 275:and 247:Moon 245:The 148:9006 117:avg. 88:avg. 4092:sub 4004:Box 3446:Wet 3381:New 3371:and 2220:doi 2171:doi 2116:doi 2104:126 2031:282 1917:doi 1895:527 1870:doi 1858:108 1830:doi 1793:doi 1652:190 1625:124 1599:km. 1589:IAU 1539:ELP 1522:ELP 1178:Sun 1146:221 1117:550 1095:582 1077:589 1059:662 861:At 761:or 392:by 346:is 281:Sun 131:700 129:406 124:000 122:404 102:400 100:370 95:400 93:356 4818:: 4440:, 4436:, 4045:/ 4021:/ 2353:^ 2299:^ 2218:. 2208:70 2206:. 2202:. 2179:. 2169:. 2159:38 2157:. 2153:. 2130:. 2122:. 2114:. 2102:. 2098:. 2069:. 2029:. 2003:. 1954:. 1931:. 1923:. 1915:. 1907:. 1893:. 1868:. 1856:. 1850:. 1828:. 1816:. 1791:. 1781:70 1779:. 1760:^ 1744:. 1668:^ 1650:. 1623:. 1450:. 1365:. 1244:, 1009:. 974:. 877:. 741:. 568:. 358:. 4758:: 4688:n 4520:0 4517:t 4507:v 4498:n 4489:T 4469:l 4460:L 4451:E 4442:f 4438:θ 4434:ν 4425:M 4405:ϖ 4396:ω 4387:Ω 4378:i 4358:q 4354:Q 4345:b 4336:a 4327:e 3972:e 3965:t 3958:v 3832:→ 3823:→ 3816:→ 3809:→ 3802:→ 3796:→ 3790:→ 3784:→ 3777:→ 3770:→ 3763:→ 3756:→ 3749:→ 3742:→ 3735:→ 3711:e 3704:t 3697:v 3629:" 3625:" 2432:e 2425:t 2418:v 2377:. 2324:. 2275:. 2228:. 2222:: 2214:: 2187:. 2173:: 2165:: 2138:. 2118:: 2110:: 2083:. 2041:. 2037:: 1980:. 1958:. 1939:. 1919:: 1911:: 1901:: 1878:. 1872:: 1864:: 1836:. 1832:: 1824:: 1818:4 1799:. 1795:: 1787:: 1754:. 1662:. 1658:: 1635:. 1631:: 1585:ɑ 1580:π 1575:ɑ 1566:π 1560:/ 1556:ɑ 1528:. 1349:. 1153:6 1128:3 953:. 735:) 468:. 464:– 415:) 409:( 404:) 400:( 386:. 216:) 204:) 127:– 120:( 98:– 91:( 34:. 20:)

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