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581:, are important in illustrating late 19th/early 20th century attitudes toward public health and sanitation, and survive as visible evidence of Brisbane's early and extensive stormwater drainage scheme and venting system. The three surviving concrete shafts are thought to be the first pre-cast reinforced concrete structures in Queensland, and examples of the earliest application of the Monier system of reinforced concrete construction in Queensland.
330:, opposite Twine Street, was one of a pair, the other having been erected just inside the park, opposite Lilley Street, but since removed. A concrete shaft of identical dimensions exists on the footpath of St Paul's Terrace, opposite Gloucester Street. Both the Wickham Terrace and St Paul's Terrace shafts appear to have been associated with the first Spring Hill stormwater drainage system, laid in the 1880s. A third shaft (
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1900, the
Council called tenders for the construction and erection of a ventilating shaft at Thorn Street, Kangaroo Point. No trace remains of this vent, except for its design, which was in the Monier system of re-inforced concrete, and identical with that of the vents that have survived on Wickham Terrace and St Paul's Terrace.
349:
When
Brisbane acquired municipal status in late 1859, there was no system of drainage or sewerage in the town. Most people dumped refuse in the creeks and channels, trusting that stormwater would carry it away to the river, and for some years the Municipal Council considered drainage and sewerage as
538:
The three surviving concrete ventilation shafts are located in
Brisbane's inner city suburbs of Spring Hill and Teneriffe. Two are in Spring Hill – one at the eastern end of Albert Park, on the footpath on Wickham Terrace opposite Twine Street; another on the footpath on St Paul's Terrace, opposite
353:
The
Brisbane Drainage Act of 1875, under which the colonial government agreed to set aside crown land for sale to finance Brisbane's drainage scheme, provided the impetus for construction of Brisbane's early arterial stormwater drains. The systems were designed by the colonial government's Engineer
549:
The ventilators are constructed of reinforced concrete, hexagonal in shape, with simple ornamentation at half height and apex. The Spring Hill ventilators are 30 feet (9.1 m) tall with a base width of 21 inches (530 mm). They have a wall thickness of 4.5 inches (110 mm) at the base,
491:
In the early 20th century, the
Commissioner of Public Health, using the strong coercive powers given to him under the provisions of the Health Act of 1900, required the Brisbane Municipal Council to erect ventilators in city streets to remove foul and unhealthy smells from the drainage systems. In
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Without a proper sewerage system, Brisbane residents still tended to dispose of household and trade waste into the stormwater drainage systems. This led to the chronic pollution of local creeks, and foul smells emanating from the stormwater drains. Prior to bacterial theory being widely accepted,
499:
and patented in 1867) was introduced to
Australia in the early 1890s by WJ Baltzer, a New South Wales engineer. Monier's was the first true reinforced concrete, based on calculations which ensured that the steel was dispersed so as to take tension and shear forces. Baltzer, in association with
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In the 19th century, the distinction between drainage and sewerage was not well defined. Drains were described as sewers and they received a combination of sullage, roof and surface run-off. They relied on rainwater for flushing, and discharged to the nearest watercourse.
487:
was reported in
January 1900, and in Brisbane (a day and a half away by steamer) on 27 April 1900. Between 1900 and 1909, plague broke out in most of Queensland's ports, galvanising the State into developing tighter controls over public health and sanitation.
633:
They provide rare surviving evidence of this early use of true reinforced concrete, and are significant as indicators of the technically advanced state of municipal engineering and construction in
Brisbane at the turn of the 20th century.
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They provide rare surviving evidence of this early use of true reinforced concrete, and are significant as indicators of the technically advanced state of municipal engineering and construction in
Brisbane at the turn of the 20th century.
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one and the same thing. However, from about 1868 the
Council adopted the policy of "rainfall to the river" and "sewerage to the land", developing a city drainage scheme to carry off stormwater and an earth closet sanitary service.
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All three ventilators are thought to have been constructed in accordance with the patented Monier ventilation system for venting public sewers and drains, and probably pre-cast in an hexagonal mould, with the top face open.
358:, and carried out by government contractors under government supervision. Upon completion they became the property and responsibility of the Brisbane Municipal Council, which was responsible also for laying branch drains.
433:, and a drainage system for Petrie Terrace, begun in 1883, was completed in the late 1880s. By 1890, the Brisbane Municipal Council had completed an arterial drainage scheme for the city core, at a total cost of nearly
500:
contracting engineers Carter Gummow and Co. of Sydney, gained the Australian rights to this innovative fabric. The company constructed the first Monier system structure (a small arch for a storm water culvert) in
342:. Stormwater drains were laid in Florence and Ethel streets in mid-1904, and the concrete ventilation shaft at the east end of the Florence Street drain may have been constructed shortly afterwards.
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Carter Gummow and Co. began manufacture of Monier pipes in Sydney in 1897, and John Monash's Reinforced Concrete & Monier Pipe Construction Co. commenced production in Melbourne in 1903.
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Gloucester Street. A third is located on the footpath in Florence Street, Teneriffe, west of the intersection with Macquarie Street. They ventilate stormwater drains rather than sewers.
530:
1,537 on erecting sewer (drain) ventilating shafts wherever they were urgently needed. It is thought that the surviving concrete ventilation shafts were constructed in consequence.
751:
417:
Between 1879 and 1886 the Brisbane Municipal Council, with government loans, developed an arterial drainage system for the densely populated suburbs of Spring Hill and
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They remain highly intact examples of their type and demonstrate engineering skill and involvement in creating aesthetically pleasing but functional structures.
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They remain highly intact examples of their type and demonstrate engineering skill and involvement in creating aesthetically pleasing but functional structures.
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421:(even though Fortitude Valley then lay outside the Brisbane town boundary). Much of this work comprised open drains, which were covered in the late 1890s.
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323:. Three concrete shafts survive (of at least five erected) and may be the first pre-cast reinforced concrete structures in Queensland.
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was annexed to the Municipality of Brisbane in 1903, and in 1908 a loan was secured to enable the Council to complete the drainage of
233:
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drainage systems were constructed in 1885–1886. In the late 1880s, the Brisbane Municipal Council drained parts of
629:
The place is important in demonstrating a high degree of creative or technical achievement at a particular period.
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613:
The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.
315:, as part of a system of ventilation shafts (either concrete or steel/iron) located at intervals along some of
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The place has potential to yield information that will contribute to an understanding of Queensland's history.
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tapering to 3 inches (76 mm) at the top. The Teneriffe ventilator is of slightly smaller dimensions.
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The Spring Hill ventilators are located on ridges, but the Teneriffe ventilator is on low ground near the
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in Australia, carried by rats aboard ships arriving from foreign ports. The first case of human plague in
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During the financial year 1903–1904, the Brisbane Municipal Council authorised the spending of
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The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland's cultural heritage.
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The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland's history.
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the Makerston Street system, which served the area between Makerston Street and
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community attitudes toward public health in the late 19th/early 20th centuries
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on 8 October 2014). The geo-coordinates were originally computed from the
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They have the potential to contribute further to our understanding of:
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system, which drained the centre of the town from Makerston Street to
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The Monier Ventilation Shafts are thought to have been constructed
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The Wickham Terrace shaft, on the footpath at the eastern end of
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The Monier system of reinforced concrete (invented by Frenchman
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By 1878, the inner city was drained by three separate systems:
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The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.
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early pre-cast reinforced concrete technology in Queensland.
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Monier Ventilation Shaft 1 (Spring Hill) was listed on the
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on 4 August 1998 having satisfied the following criteria.
720:"Monier Ventilation Shaft 1 (Spring Hill) (entry 601995)"
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The situation was compounded in 1900 with the arrival of
410:, and between Wickham Terrace and College Road and the
520:, designed and constructed by Carter Gummow & Co.
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was in 1897 with the Anderson Street Bridge over the
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Location of Monier Ventilation Shaft 1 in Queensland
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754:This Knowledge article was originally based on
512:in 1895. The first use of the Monier system in
336:Queensland Primary Producers' Woolstore No. 8
605:Brisbane's early stormwater drainage scheme
574:The Monier Ventilation Shafts, constructed
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775:"Queensland heritage register boundaries"
146:Monier Ventilation Shaft 1 (Spring Hill)
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805:Monier Ventilation Shaft 1
649:Monier Ventilation Shaft 3
644:Monier Ventilation Shaft 2
395:and the lower sections of
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332:Monier Ventilation Shaft 3
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440:The densely populated
338:, in Florence Street,
296:. It was added to the
223:Show map of Queensland
154:state heritage (built)
835:Stormwater management
807:at Wikimedia Commons
790:on 15 October 2014).
265:is a heritage-listed
251:Show map of Australia
468:by the end of 1909.
442:Booroodabin Division
356:William David Nisbet
83:27.4629°S 153.0209°E
780:State of Queensland
762:State of Queensland
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300:on 4 August 1998.
175:Significant period
167:Reference no.
88:-27.4629; 153.0209
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745:Attribution
579: 1904
534:Description
518:Yarra River
458:Bowen Hills
328:Albert Park
313: 1904
294: 1904
275:Spring Hill
182: 1904
114: 1904
86: /
74:153°01′15″E
62:Coordinates
57:, Australia
47:Spring Hill
814:Categories
655:References
289:and built
283:Queensland
159:Designated
71:27°27′46″S
55:Queensland
506:Annandale
454:Teneriffe
437:130,000.
401:Charlotte
397:Elizabeth
340:Teneriffe
120:Architect
788:archived
770:archived
732:1 August
638:See also
514:Victoria
466:Newstead
450:New Farm
431:New Farm
375:Margaret
317:Brisbane
184:(fabric)
38:Location
510:Balmain
502:Burwood
446:Merthyr
403:Streets
304:History
269:at 500
782:under
764:under
485:Sydney
474:miasma
371:Albert
170:601995
472:such
462:Mayne
107:Built
734:2014
508:and
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