619:
3289:
3241:
1559:
1272:
1986:
1261:
2436:
1554:{\displaystyle R={\frac {{\dfrac {\mathrm {force} }{(\mathrm {length} )^{2}}}\times (\mathrm {length} )^{3}}{\mathrm {amount} \times \mathrm {temperature} }}={\frac {\mathrm {force} \times \mathrm {length} }{\mathrm {amount} \times \mathrm {temperature} }}}
1813:
3039:
in the constant. The USSA1976 acknowledges that this value is not consistent with the cited values for the
Avogadro constant and the Boltzmann constant. This disparity is not a significant departure from accuracy, and USSA1976 uses this value of
1666:
1828:
1117:
3056:
at 11 kilometres (the equivalent of a difference of only 17.4 centimetres or 6.8 inches) and 0.292 Pa at 20 km (the equivalent of a difference of only 33.8 cm or 13.2 in).
2846:
2753:
2675:
2327:
2227:
896:
who reported it first on 12 September 1874. Using his extensive measurements of the properties of gases, Mendeleev also calculated it with high precision, within 0.3% of its modern value.
1687:), and any system of units designating a mole or a similar pure number that allows an equation of macroscopic mass and fundamental particle numbers in a system, such as an ideal gas (see
2096:
974:
1083:
2164:
2680:
Just as the molar gas constant can be related to the
Boltzmann constant, so can the specific gas constant by dividing the Boltzmann constant by the molecular mass of the gas:
1709:
721:. Thus, the value of the gas constant ultimately derives from historical decisions and accidents in the setting of units of energy, temperature and amount of substance. The
799:
2882:
to distinguish it. In any case, the context and/or unit of the gas constant should make it clear as to whether the universal or specific gas constant is being referred to.
1570:
3416:
892:
to represent the constant is elusive. The universal gas constant was apparently introduced independently by
Clausius' student, A.F. Horstmann (1873) and
3394:
1981:{\displaystyle R={\frac {\mathrm {mass} \times \mathrm {length} ^{2}}{\mathrm {amount} \times \mathrm {temperature} \times (\mathrm {time} )^{2}}}}
1256:{\displaystyle R={\frac {{\dfrac {\mathrm {force} }{\mathrm {area} }}\times \mathrm {volume} }{\mathrm {amount} \times \mathrm {temperature} }}}
3085:
3045:
2762:'s relation relates the specific gas constant to the specific heat capacities for a calorically perfect gas and a thermally perfect gas:
3316:
867:
are defined with exact numerical values when expressed in SI units. As a consequence, the SI value of the molar gas constant is exact.
2768:
3455:
2686:
902:
3202:
Mendeleev, Dmitri I. (September 12, 1874). "An exert from the
Proceedings of the Chemical Society's Meeting on Sept. 12, 1874".
888:, whose accurate experimental data were used to calculate the early value of the constant. However, the origin of the letter
2617:
2431:{\displaystyle c_{\mathrm {a} }(0,T)={\sqrt {\frac {\gamma _{0}RT}{A_{\mathrm {r} }(\mathrm {Ar} )M_{\mathrm {u} }}}},}
2173:
is the number of particles (molecules in this case), or to generalize to an inhomogeneous system the local form holds:
17:
2179:
729:
were similarly determined, which separately relate energy to temperature and particle count to amount of substance.
3375:
3181:
3060:
Also note that this was well before the 2019 SI redefinition, through which the constant was given an exact value.
3427:
2050:
3657:
3505:
3413:
2886:
47:
3332:
3235:
3652:
2872:
It is common, especially in engineering applications, to represent the specific gas constant by the symbol
1675:
is work per mole per degree. It may be expressed in any set of units representing work or energy (such as
3647:
3448:
1808:{\displaystyle \mathrm {force} ={\frac {\mathrm {mass} \times \mathrm {length} }{(\mathrm {time} )^{2}}}}
714:
3112:. NIST Special Publication 330. Gaithersburg, Maryland: National Institute of Standards and Technology.
1045:
2122:
618:
3570:
3540:
1009:
766:
2998:
1111:
As pressure is defined as force per area of measurement, the gas equation can also be written as:
3662:
3525:
2759:
2509:
853:
3441:
2859:
365:
2291:
885:
3267:
3155:
1661:{\displaystyle R={\frac {\mathrm {work} }{\mathrm {amount} \times \mathrm {temperature} }}}
398:
3182:"Ask the Historian: The Universal Gas Constant โ Why is it represented by the letter
8:
3606:
3545:
3510:
2452:
993:
718:
717:
that relates the energy scale in physics to the temperature scale and the scale used for
691:
671:
3315:
Moran, Michael J.; Shapiro, Howard N.; Boettner, Daisie D.; Bailey, Margaret B. (2018).
3271:
3159:
2876:. In such cases, the universal gas constant is usually given a different symbol such as
3642:
3484:
3388:
3121:
2023:
1697:
747:
722:
703:
659:
463:
433:
402:
373:
340:
3424:โ Ideal gas calculator provides the correct information for the moles of gas involved.
3288:
3240:
3107:
698:
that is featured in many fundamental equations in the physical sciences, such as the
3616:
3479:
3139:
3125:
2516:
now has an exact value defined in terms of other exactly defined physical constants.
2109:
1689:
1019:
is the mass-specific gas constant. The gas constant is expressed in the same unit as
737:
726:
695:
687:
602:
495:
332:
3351:
2036:) may be used in place of the molar gas constant by working in pure particle count,
3611:
3596:
3275:
3163:
3113:
893:
683:
3580:
3560:
3420:
3340:(3 ed.). National Aeronautics and Space Administration. 1962. pp. 7โ11.
707:
3601:
3077:
2264:
2248:
679:
27:
Physical constant equivalent to the
Boltzmann constant, but in different units
3636:
3621:
3535:
3117:
3053:
2921:
2303:
2113:
1992:
1684:
879:
699:
467:
437:
421:
406:
377:
344:
228:
192:
108:
3575:
2558:
1679:), units representing degrees of temperature on an absolute scale (such as
3555:
3464:
2574:
2570:
2554:
1105:
667:
610:
598:
569:
536:
503:
459:
429:
369:
336:
308:
272:
236:
200:
156:
116:
104:
80:
3550:
2604:
1020:
300:
264:
3167:
3383:. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. NOAA-S/T 76-1562.
3280:
3255:
3044:
for all the calculations of the standard atmosphere. When using the
870:
Some have suggested that it might be appropriate to name the symbol
3565:
3515:
2295:
1696:
Instead of a mole the constant can be expressed by considering the
1266:
Area and volume are (length) and (length) respectively. Therefore:
981:
140:
3530:
2254:
882:
561:
3433:
2904:
1680:
663:
606:
565:
532:
499:
304:
268:
232:
196:
152:
148:
112:
76:
2484:= 273.16 K by the definition of the kelvin at that time;
2283:
1676:
524:
491:
260:
224:
188:
144:
72:
2841:{\displaystyle R_{\rm {specific}}=c_{\rm {p}}-c_{\rm {v}}\ }
3520:
3236:
D. Mendeleev. On the elasticity of gases. 1875 (in
Russian)
3204:
Journal of
Russian Chemical-Physical Society, Chemical Part
3035:
Note the use of the kilomole, with the resulting factor of
2748:{\displaystyle R_{\rm {specific}}={\frac {k_{\rm {B}}}{m}}}
2017:
1001:
678:. The constant is also a combination of the constants from
528:
455:
3314:
2758:
Another important relationship comes from thermodynamics.
3428:
Individual Gas
Constants and the Universal Gas Constant
3082:
The NIST Reference on
Constants, Units, and Uncertainty
3052:, the calculated pressure increases by only 0.62
2869:
is the specific heat capacity for a constant volume.
2771:
2689:
2620:
2330:
2182:
2125:
2053:
1831:
1712:
1573:
1286:
1275:
1131:
1120:
1048:
905:
769:
2603:) is given by the molar gas constant divided by the
623:
Heating-gas-at-constant-pressure-and-constant-volume
674:, rather than energy per temperature increment per
2885:In case of air, using the perfect gas law and the
2840:
2747:
2669:
2430:
2221:
2158:
2090:
1980:
1807:
1660:
1553:
1255:
1077:
968:
793:
2670:{\displaystyle R_{\rm {specific}}={\frac {R}{M}}}
3634:
3373:
3105:
2493:(Ar) is the relative atomic mass of argon and
2255:Measurement and replacement with defined value
2222:{\displaystyle P=\rho _{\rm {N}}k_{\rm {B}}T,}
899:The gas constant occurs in the ideal gas law:
3449:
1100:is number of moles of a given substance, and
3393:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
3303:Hypersonic and High-Temperature Gas Dynamics
3256:"Mendeleef's researches on Mariotte's law 1"
3174:
2963:. Then the molar mass of air is computed by
2259:As of 2006, the most precise measurement of
3369:
3367:
3325:
3321:(9th ed.). Hoboken, New Jersey: Wiley.
3001:, 1976 (USSA1976) defines the gas constant
2992:
2091:{\displaystyle R=N_{\rm {A}}k_{\rm {B}},\,}
969:{\displaystyle PV=nRT=mR_{\rm {specific}}T}
3456:
3442:
3318:Fundamentals of Engineering Thermodynamics
3070:
3308:
3279:
3253:
3220:
3214:
3201:
3195:
3142:(July 2003). "The Universal Gas Constant
3106:Newell, David B.; Tiesinga, Eite (2019).
2087:
3364:
3247:
2519:
2018:Relationship with the Boltzmann constant
617:
3254:Mendeleev, Dmitri I. (March 22, 1877).
3078:"2022 CODATA Value: molar gas constant"
2116:in terms of the Boltzmann constant is:
14:
3635:
3138:
3109:The International System of Units (SI)
3437:
3399:Part 1, p. 3, (Linked file is 17 Meg)
3305:, AIAA Education Series, 2nd Ed, 2006
3132:
3099:
3334:Manual of the US Standard Atmosphere
2585:for dry air of 28.964917 g/mol.
2321:is then obtained from the relation:
658:. It is the molar equivalent to the
2471:for monatomic gases such as argon);
2263:had been obtained by measuring the
2040:, rather than amount of substance,
24:
2829:
2814:
2799:
2796:
2793:
2790:
2787:
2784:
2781:
2778:
2734:
2717:
2714:
2711:
2708:
2705:
2702:
2699:
2696:
2648:
2645:
2642:
2639:
2636:
2633:
2630:
2627:
2415:
2402:
2399:
2389:
2337:
2207:
2195:
2144:
2078:
2066:
1961:
1958:
1955:
1952:
1941:
1938:
1935:
1932:
1929:
1926:
1923:
1920:
1917:
1914:
1911:
1903:
1900:
1897:
1894:
1891:
1888:
1875:
1872:
1869:
1866:
1863:
1860:
1851:
1848:
1845:
1842:
1788:
1785:
1782:
1779:
1769:
1766:
1763:
1760:
1757:
1754:
1746:
1743:
1740:
1737:
1726:
1723:
1720:
1717:
1714:
1651:
1648:
1645:
1642:
1639:
1636:
1633:
1630:
1627:
1624:
1621:
1613:
1610:
1607:
1604:
1601:
1598:
1592:
1589:
1586:
1583:
1544:
1541:
1538:
1535:
1532:
1529:
1526:
1523:
1520:
1517:
1514:
1506:
1503:
1500:
1497:
1494:
1491:
1484:
1481:
1478:
1475:
1472:
1469:
1461:
1458:
1455:
1452:
1449:
1435:
1432:
1429:
1426:
1423:
1420:
1417:
1414:
1411:
1408:
1405:
1397:
1394:
1391:
1388:
1385:
1382:
1365:
1362:
1359:
1356:
1353:
1350:
1325:
1322:
1319:
1316:
1313:
1310:
1301:
1298:
1295:
1292:
1289:
1246:
1243:
1240:
1237:
1234:
1231:
1228:
1225:
1222:
1219:
1216:
1208:
1205:
1202:
1199:
1196:
1193:
1186:
1183:
1180:
1177:
1174:
1171:
1160:
1157:
1154:
1151:
1146:
1143:
1140:
1137:
1134:
1078:{\displaystyle R={\frac {PV}{nT}}}
957:
954:
951:
948:
945:
942:
939:
936:
782:
25:
3674:
3463:
3406:
2159:{\displaystyle PV=Nk_{\rm {B}}T,}
1703:Otherwise, we can also say that:
3287:
3239:
2596:of a gas or a mixture of gases (
2306:to the zero-pressure limit
3344:
3225:. A.M. Kotomin, St.-Petersburg.
2896:= 1.225 kg/m, temperature
3377:U.S. Standard Atmosphere, 1976
3295:
3229:
2406:
2395:
2355:
2343:
1966:
1948:
1793:
1775:
1370:
1346:
1330:
1306:
794:{\displaystyle R=N_{\rm {A}}k}
13:
1:
3221:Mendeleev, Dmitri I. (1875).
3063:
2887:standard sea-level conditions
1671:The physical significance of
1564:Since force ร length = work:
1026:
2862:for a constant pressure and
7:
3223:On the elasticity of gases
715:constant of proportionality
644:) is denoted by the symbol
10:
3679:
2583:Based on a mean molar mass
3589:
3571:Thermodynamic temperature
3498:
3472:
3374:NOAA, NASA, USAF (1976).
2611:) of the gas or mixture:
2581:
1010:thermodynamic temperature
162:
45:
3118:10.6028/nist.sp.330-2019
2999:U.S. Standard Atmosphere
2993:U.S. Standard Atmosphere
2286:at the temperature
1818:Therefore, we can write
713:The gas constant is the
662:, expressed in units of
2510:2019 revision of the SI
2508:However, following the
2504:as defined at the time.
1031:From the ideal gas law
854:2019 revision of the SI
3352:"Standard Atmospheres"
2860:specific heat capacity
2842:
2749:
2671:
2432:
2223:
2160:
2092:
1982:
1809:
1662:
1555:
1257:
1079:
988:is the volume of gas,
970:
795:
638:universal gas constant
625:
3658:Statistical mechanics
3430:โ Engineering Toolbox
2843:
2750:
2672:
2594:specific gas constant
2520:Specific gas constant
2433:
2292:triple point of water
2224:
2161:
2093:
1983:
1810:
1663:
1556:
1258:
1080:
971:
886:Henri Victor Regnault
796:
668:temperature increment
621:
3414:Ideal gas calculator
2769:
2687:
2618:
2477:is the temperature,
2328:
2180:
2123:
2051:
1991:And so, in terms of
1829:
1710:
1571:
1273:
1118:
1046:
903:
767:
3653:Amount of substance
3546:Amount of substance
3511:Molar concentration
3499:Physical quantities
3272:1877Natur..15..498D
3160:2003JChEd..80..731J
2889:(SSL) (air density
2453:heat capacity ratio
2112:. For example, the
2013: kgโ
mโ
sโ
Kโ
mol.
994:amount of substance
719:amount of substance
672:amount of substance
632:(also known as the
3648:Physical constants
3506:Mass concentration
3485:Boltzmann constant
3419:2012-07-15 at the
3140:Jensen, William B.
3021:10 Nโ
mโ
kmolโ
K
2838:
2745:
2667:
2428:
2219:
2156:
2088:
2024:Boltzmann constant
1978:
1805:
1698:normal cubic metre
1658:
1551:
1341:
1253:
1165:
1075:
966:
791:
748:Boltzmann constant
746:multiplied by the
736:is defined as the
723:Boltzmann constant
704:Arrhenius equation
660:Boltzmann constant
642:ideal gas constant
630:molar gas constant
626:
164:Other common units
18:Molar gas constant
3630:
3629:
3480:Avogadro constant
3168:10.1021/ed080p731
2837:
2743:
2665:
2590:
2589:
2423:
2422:
2110:Avogadro constant
1976:
1803:
1690:Avogadro constant
1656:
1549:
1440:
1340:
1251:
1164:
1073:
878:in honour of the
876:Regnault constant
738:Avogadro constant
732:The gas constant
727:Avogadro constant
696:physical constant
616:
615:
16:(Redirected from
3670:
3612:Combined gas law
3607:Gay-Lussac's law
3458:
3451:
3444:
3435:
3434:
3400:
3398:
3392:
3384:
3382:
3371:
3362:
3361:
3359:
3358:
3348:
3342:
3341:
3339:
3329:
3323:
3322:
3312:
3306:
3299:
3293:
3292:
3291:
3285:
3283:
3281:10.1038/015498a0
3266:(388): 498โ500.
3251:
3245:
3244:
3243:
3233:
3227:
3226:
3218:
3212:
3211:
3199:
3193:
3192:
3190:
3178:
3172:
3171:
3136:
3130:
3129:
3103:
3097:
3096:
3094:
3093:
3074:
3038:
3030:
3028:
3022:
3020:
3017:
2988:
2986:
2962:
2960:
2957:
2925:), we have that
2924:
2919:
2880:
2847:
2845:
2844:
2839:
2835:
2834:
2833:
2832:
2819:
2818:
2817:
2804:
2803:
2802:
2754:
2752:
2751:
2746:
2744:
2739:
2738:
2737:
2727:
2722:
2721:
2720:
2676:
2674:
2673:
2668:
2666:
2658:
2653:
2652:
2651:
2586:
2524:
2523:
2503:
2470:
2468:
2467:
2464:
2461:
2437:
2435:
2434:
2429:
2424:
2421:
2420:
2419:
2418:
2405:
2394:
2393:
2392:
2381:
2374:
2373:
2363:
2362:
2342:
2341:
2340:
2317:). The value of
2228:
2226:
2225:
2220:
2212:
2211:
2210:
2200:
2199:
2198:
2165:
2163:
2162:
2157:
2149:
2148:
2147:
2097:
2095:
2094:
2089:
2083:
2082:
2081:
2071:
2070:
2069:
2012:
2010:
2007:
1987:
1985:
1984:
1979:
1977:
1975:
1974:
1973:
1964:
1944:
1906:
1885:
1884:
1883:
1878:
1854:
1839:
1814:
1812:
1811:
1806:
1804:
1802:
1801:
1800:
1791:
1773:
1772:
1749:
1734:
1729:
1667:
1665:
1664:
1659:
1657:
1655:
1654:
1616:
1595:
1581:
1560:
1558:
1557:
1552:
1550:
1548:
1547:
1509:
1488:
1487:
1464:
1446:
1441:
1439:
1438:
1400:
1379:
1378:
1377:
1368:
1342:
1339:
1338:
1337:
1328:
1304:
1287:
1283:
1262:
1260:
1259:
1254:
1252:
1250:
1249:
1211:
1190:
1189:
1166:
1163:
1149:
1132:
1128:
1084:
1082:
1081:
1076:
1074:
1072:
1064:
1056:
980:is the absolute
975:
973:
972:
967:
962:
961:
960:
894:Dmitri Mendeleev
846:
844:
841:
838:
835:
827:
825:
822:
816:
814:
811:
808:
800:
798:
797:
792:
787:
786:
785:
692:Gay-Lussac's law
657:
656:
649:
595:
593:
589:
586:
583:
580:
558:
556:
553:
550:
547:
521:
520:
517:
514:
488:
487:
484:
481:
478:
452:
451:
448:
418:
417:
395:
394:
391:
388:
362:
361:
358:
355:
329:
328:
325:
322:
319:
297:
295:
292:
289:
286:
283:
257:
256:
253:
250:
247:
221:
220:
217:
214:
211:
185:
184:
181:
178:
174:
137:
136:
133:
130:
127:
101:
100:
97:
94:
91:
69:
68:
65:
62:
59:
38:
30:
29:
21:
3678:
3677:
3673:
3672:
3671:
3669:
3668:
3667:
3633:
3632:
3631:
3626:
3585:
3581:Specific volume
3561:Particle number
3494:
3468:
3462:
3421:Wayback Machine
3409:
3404:
3403:
3386:
3385:
3380:
3372:
3365:
3356:
3354:
3350:
3349:
3345:
3337:
3331:
3330:
3326:
3313:
3309:
3300:
3296:
3286:
3252:
3248:
3238:
3234:
3230:
3219:
3215:
3200:
3196:
3188:
3180:
3179:
3175:
3137:
3133:
3104:
3100:
3091:
3089:
3076:
3075:
3071:
3066:
3036:
3026:
3024:
3018:
3015:
3013:
2995:
2984:
2982:
2980:
2969:
2958:
2955:
2953:
2951:
2945:
2938:
2931:
2917:
2915:
2913:
2902:
2895:
2878:
2868:
2857:
2828:
2827:
2823:
2813:
2812:
2808:
2777:
2776:
2772:
2770:
2767:
2766:
2733:
2732:
2728:
2726:
2695:
2694:
2690:
2688:
2685:
2684:
2657:
2626:
2625:
2621:
2619:
2616:
2615:
2602:
2584:
2582:
2533:
2532:
2522:
2501:
2499:
2492:
2483:
2465:
2462:
2459:
2458:
2456:
2450:
2414:
2413:
2409:
2398:
2388:
2387:
2383:
2382:
2369:
2365:
2364:
2361:
2336:
2335:
2331:
2329:
2326:
2325:
2312:
2273:
2257:
2238:
2206:
2205:
2201:
2194:
2193:
2189:
2181:
2178:
2177:
2143:
2142:
2138:
2124:
2121:
2120:
2107:
2077:
2076:
2072:
2065:
2064:
2060:
2052:
2049:
2048:
2032:(alternatively
2031:
2020:
2008:
2005:
2003:
1969:
1965:
1951:
1910:
1887:
1886:
1879:
1859:
1858:
1841:
1840:
1838:
1830:
1827:
1826:
1796:
1792:
1778:
1774:
1753:
1736:
1735:
1733:
1713:
1711:
1708:
1707:
1620:
1597:
1596:
1582:
1580:
1572:
1569:
1568:
1513:
1490:
1489:
1468:
1448:
1447:
1445:
1404:
1381:
1380:
1373:
1369:
1349:
1333:
1329:
1309:
1305:
1288:
1285:
1284:
1282:
1274:
1271:
1270:
1215:
1192:
1191:
1170:
1150:
1133:
1130:
1129:
1127:
1119:
1116:
1115:
1065:
1057:
1055:
1047:
1044:
1043:
1029:
1018:
935:
934:
930:
904:
901:
900:
862:
842:
839:
836:
833:
831:
823:
820:
818:
812:
809:
806:
804:
781:
780:
776:
768:
765:
764:
759:
745:
708:Nernst equation
652:
651:
645:
591:
587:
584:
581:
578:
576:
554:
551:
548:
545:
543:
518:
515:
512:
510:
485:
482:
479:
476:
474:
449:
446:
444:
425:
415:
413:
392:
389:
386:
384:
359:
356:
353:
351:
326:
323:
320:
317:
315:
293:
290:
287:
284:
281:
279:
254:
251:
248:
245:
243:
218:
215:
212:
209:
207:
182:
179:
176:
172:
170:
134:
131:
128:
125:
123:
98:
95:
92:
89:
87:
66:
63:
60:
57:
55:
34:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3676:
3666:
3665:
3663:Thermodynamics
3660:
3655:
3650:
3645:
3628:
3627:
3625:
3624:
3619:
3617:Avogadro's law
3614:
3609:
3604:
3599:
3593:
3591:
3587:
3586:
3584:
3583:
3578:
3573:
3568:
3563:
3558:
3553:
3548:
3543:
3538:
3533:
3528:
3523:
3518:
3513:
3508:
3502:
3500:
3496:
3495:
3493:
3492:
3487:
3482:
3476:
3474:
3470:
3469:
3461:
3460:
3453:
3446:
3438:
3432:
3431:
3425:
3408:
3407:External links
3405:
3402:
3401:
3363:
3343:
3324:
3307:
3294:
3246:
3228:
3213:
3194:
3173:
3131:
3098:
3068:
3067:
3065:
3062:
3033:
3032:
2994:
2991:
2978:
2967:
2949:
2943:
2936:
2929:
2911:
2903:= 288.15
2900:
2893:
2866:
2855:
2849:
2848:
2831:
2826:
2822:
2816:
2811:
2807:
2801:
2798:
2795:
2792:
2789:
2786:
2783:
2780:
2775:
2756:
2755:
2742:
2736:
2731:
2725:
2719:
2716:
2713:
2710:
2707:
2704:
2701:
2698:
2693:
2678:
2677:
2664:
2661:
2656:
2650:
2647:
2644:
2641:
2638:
2635:
2632:
2629:
2624:
2600:
2588:
2587:
2579:
2578:
2567:
2563:
2562:
2551:
2547:
2546:
2543:
2539:
2538:
2535:
2530:
2521:
2518:
2506:
2505:
2502:10 kgโ
mol
2497:
2490:
2485:
2481:
2472:
2448:
2439:
2438:
2427:
2417:
2412:
2408:
2404:
2401:
2397:
2391:
2386:
2380:
2377:
2372:
2368:
2360:
2357:
2354:
2351:
2348:
2345:
2339:
2334:
2310:
2271:
2265:speed of sound
2256:
2253:
2249:number density
2236:
2230:
2229:
2218:
2215:
2209:
2204:
2197:
2192:
2188:
2185:
2167:
2166:
2155:
2152:
2146:
2141:
2137:
2134:
2131:
2128:
2105:
2099:
2098:
2086:
2080:
2075:
2068:
2063:
2059:
2056:
2029:
2019:
2016:
2015:
2014:
1989:
1988:
1972:
1968:
1963:
1960:
1957:
1954:
1950:
1947:
1943:
1940:
1937:
1934:
1931:
1928:
1925:
1922:
1919:
1916:
1913:
1909:
1905:
1902:
1899:
1896:
1893:
1890:
1882:
1877:
1874:
1871:
1868:
1865:
1862:
1857:
1853:
1850:
1847:
1844:
1837:
1834:
1816:
1815:
1799:
1795:
1790:
1787:
1784:
1781:
1777:
1771:
1768:
1765:
1762:
1759:
1756:
1752:
1748:
1745:
1742:
1739:
1732:
1728:
1725:
1722:
1719:
1716:
1669:
1668:
1653:
1650:
1647:
1644:
1641:
1638:
1635:
1632:
1629:
1626:
1623:
1619:
1615:
1612:
1609:
1606:
1603:
1600:
1594:
1591:
1588:
1585:
1579:
1576:
1562:
1561:
1546:
1543:
1540:
1537:
1534:
1531:
1528:
1525:
1522:
1519:
1516:
1512:
1508:
1505:
1502:
1499:
1496:
1493:
1486:
1483:
1480:
1477:
1474:
1471:
1467:
1463:
1460:
1457:
1454:
1451:
1444:
1437:
1434:
1431:
1428:
1425:
1422:
1419:
1416:
1413:
1410:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1396:
1393:
1390:
1387:
1384:
1376:
1372:
1367:
1364:
1361:
1358:
1355:
1352:
1348:
1345:
1336:
1332:
1327:
1324:
1321:
1318:
1315:
1312:
1308:
1303:
1300:
1297:
1294:
1291:
1281:
1278:
1264:
1263:
1248:
1245:
1242:
1239:
1236:
1233:
1230:
1227:
1224:
1221:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1207:
1204:
1201:
1198:
1195:
1188:
1185:
1182:
1179:
1176:
1173:
1169:
1162:
1159:
1156:
1153:
1148:
1145:
1142:
1139:
1136:
1126:
1123:
1086:
1085:
1071:
1068:
1063:
1060:
1054:
1051:
1028:
1025:
1016:
965:
959:
956:
953:
950:
947:
944:
941:
938:
933:
929:
926:
923:
920:
917:
914:
911:
908:
860:
850:
849:
848:
847:
828:
790:
784:
779:
775:
772:
757:
743:
688:Avogadro's law
614:
613:
596:
573:
572:
559:
540:
539:
522:
507:
506:
489:
471:
470:
453:
441:
440:
423:
419:
410:
409:
396:
381:
380:
363:
348:
347:
330:
312:
311:
298:
276:
275:
258:
240:
239:
222:
204:
203:
186:
167:
166:
160:
159:
138:
120:
119:
102:
84:
83:
70:
52:
51:
43:
42:
39:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3675:
3664:
3661:
3659:
3656:
3654:
3651:
3649:
3646:
3644:
3641:
3640:
3638:
3623:
3622:Ideal gas law
3620:
3618:
3615:
3613:
3610:
3608:
3605:
3603:
3600:
3598:
3597:Charles's law
3595:
3594:
3592:
3588:
3582:
3579:
3577:
3574:
3572:
3569:
3567:
3564:
3562:
3559:
3557:
3554:
3552:
3549:
3547:
3544:
3542:
3541:Mass fraction
3539:
3537:
3536:Mole fraction
3534:
3532:
3529:
3527:
3524:
3522:
3519:
3517:
3514:
3512:
3509:
3507:
3504:
3503:
3501:
3497:
3491:
3488:
3486:
3483:
3481:
3478:
3477:
3475:
3471:
3466:
3459:
3454:
3452:
3447:
3445:
3440:
3439:
3436:
3429:
3426:
3423:
3422:
3418:
3415:
3411:
3410:
3396:
3390:
3379:
3378:
3370:
3368:
3353:
3347:
3336:
3335:
3328:
3320:
3319:
3311:
3304:
3298:
3290:
3282:
3277:
3273:
3269:
3265:
3261:
3257:
3250:
3242:
3237:
3232:
3224:
3217:
3210:(7): 208โ209.
3209:
3205:
3198:
3187:
3185:
3177:
3169:
3165:
3161:
3157:
3153:
3149:
3148:J. Chem. Educ
3145:
3141:
3135:
3127:
3123:
3119:
3115:
3111:
3110:
3102:
3087:
3083:
3079:
3073:
3069:
3061:
3058:
3055:
3051:
3047:
3043:
3029: Jโ
Kโ
mol
3011:
3008:
3007:
3006:
3004:
3000:
2990:
2977:
2973:
2966:
2948:
2942:
2935:
2928:
2923:
2910:
2907:and pressure
2906:
2899:
2892:
2888:
2883:
2881:
2875:
2870:
2865:
2861:
2854:
2824:
2820:
2809:
2805:
2773:
2765:
2764:
2763:
2761:
2740:
2729:
2723:
2691:
2683:
2682:
2681:
2662:
2659:
2654:
2622:
2614:
2613:
2612:
2610:
2606:
2599:
2595:
2580:
2576:
2572:
2568:
2565:
2564:
2560:
2556:
2552:
2549:
2548:
2544:
2541:
2540:
2536:
2529:
2526:
2525:
2517:
2515:
2511:
2500: =
2496:
2489:
2486:
2480:
2476:
2473:
2454:
2447:
2444:
2443:
2442:
2425:
2410:
2384:
2378:
2375:
2370:
2366:
2358:
2352:
2349:
2346:
2332:
2324:
2323:
2322:
2320:
2316:
2309:
2305:
2304:extrapolating
2301:
2297:
2294:at different
2293:
2289:
2285:
2281:
2277:
2270:
2266:
2262:
2252:
2250:
2246:
2242:
2235:
2216:
2213:
2202:
2190:
2186:
2183:
2176:
2175:
2174:
2172:
2153:
2150:
2139:
2135:
2132:
2129:
2126:
2119:
2118:
2117:
2115:
2114:ideal gas law
2111:
2104:
2084:
2073:
2061:
2057:
2054:
2047:
2046:
2045:
2043:
2039:
2035:
2028:
2025:
2001:
1998:
1997:
1996:
1994:
1993:SI base units
1970:
1945:
1907:
1880:
1855:
1835:
1832:
1825:
1824:
1823:
1821:
1797:
1750:
1730:
1706:
1705:
1704:
1701:
1699:
1694:
1692:
1691:
1686:
1682:
1678:
1674:
1617:
1577:
1574:
1567:
1566:
1565:
1510:
1465:
1442:
1401:
1374:
1343:
1334:
1279:
1276:
1269:
1268:
1267:
1212:
1167:
1124:
1121:
1114:
1113:
1112:
1109:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1092:is pressure,
1091:
1069:
1066:
1061:
1058:
1052:
1049:
1042:
1041:
1040:
1038:
1034:
1024:
1022:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1003:
999:
995:
991:
987:
983:
979:
963:
931:
927:
924:
921:
918:
915:
912:
909:
906:
897:
895:
891:
887:
884:
881:
877:
873:
868:
866:
859:
855:
845: Jโ
Kโ
mol
829:
802:
801:
788:
777:
773:
770:
763:
762:
761:
756:
752:
749:
742:
739:
735:
730:
728:
724:
720:
716:
711:
709:
705:
701:
700:ideal gas law
697:
693:
689:
685:
684:Charles's law
681:
677:
673:
669:
665:
661:
655:
648:
643:
639:
635:
631:
624:
620:
612:
608:
604:
600:
597:
575:
574:
571:
567:
563:
560:
542:
541:
538:
534:
530:
526:
523:
509:
508:
505:
501:
497:
493:
490:
473:
472:
469:
465:
461:
457:
454:
443:
442:
439:
435:
431:
427:
420:
412:
411:
408:
404:
400:
397:
383:
382:
379:
375:
371:
367:
364:
350:
349:
346:
342:
338:
334:
331:
314:
313:
310:
306:
302:
299:
278:
277:
274:
270:
266:
262:
259:
242:
241:
238:
234:
230:
226:
223:
206:
205:
202:
198:
194:
190:
187:
169:
168:
165:
161:
158:
154:
150:
146:
142:
139:
122:
121:
118:
114:
110:
106:
103:
86:
85:
82:
78:
74:
71:
54:
53:
50:
49:
44:
40:
37:
32:
31:
19:
3576:Molar volume
3490:Gas constant
3489:
3412:
3376:
3355:. Retrieved
3346:
3333:
3327:
3317:
3310:
3302:
3297:
3263:
3259:
3249:
3231:
3222:
3216:
3207:
3203:
3197:
3183:
3176:
3151:
3147:
3143:
3134:
3108:
3101:
3090:. Retrieved
3081:
3072:
3059:
3049:
3041:
3034:
3009:
3002:
2996:
2975:
2971:
2964:
2961: JยทkgยทK
2946:
2940:
2933:
2926:
2908:
2897:
2890:
2884:
2877:
2873:
2871:
2863:
2852:
2850:
2757:
2679:
2608:
2597:
2593:
2591:
2534:for dry air
2527:
2513:
2507:
2494:
2487:
2478:
2474:
2445:
2440:
2318:
2314:
2307:
2299:
2287:
2279:
2275:
2268:
2260:
2258:
2244:
2240:
2233:
2231:
2170:
2168:
2102:
2100:
2041:
2037:
2033:
2026:
2021:
1999:
1990:
1819:
1817:
1702:
1695:
1688:
1672:
1670:
1563:
1265:
1110:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1087:
1036:
1032:
1030:
1013:
1005:
997:
989:
985:
977:
898:
889:
875:
871:
869:
864:
857:
851:
754:
750:
740:
733:
731:
712:
675:
653:
646:
641:
637:
634:gas constant
633:
629:
627:
622:
163:
46:
35:
3602:Boyle's law
3556:Atomic mass
2987: g/mol
2542:287.052874
1106:temperature
1096:is volume,
826:10 Jโ
K
815:10 mol
694:. It is a
680:Boyle's law
3637:Categories
3551:Molar mass
3357:2007-01-07
3301:Anderson,
3154:(7): 731.
3092:2024-05-18
3088:. May 2024
3064:References
2605:molar mass
1027:Dimensions
1021:molar heat
852:Since the
706:, and the
3643:Ideal gas
3473:Constants
3389:cite book
3126:242934226
3048:value of
2821:−
2566:1,716.46
2367:γ
2313:(0,
2296:pressures
2191:ρ
2044:, since:
1946:×
1908:×
1856:×
1751:×
1618:×
1511:×
1466:×
1402:×
1344:×
1213:×
1168:×
33:Value of
3566:Pressure
3516:Molality
3467:concepts
3417:Archived
2601:specific
2550:53.3523
2531:specific
1039:we get:
1017:specific
982:pressure
725:and the
676:particle
48:SI units
3531:Density
3268:Bibcode
3156:Bibcode
2954:287.052
2858:is the
2545:Jโ
kgโ
K
2469:
2457:
2451:is the
2441:where:
2290:of the
2278:,
2247:is the
2108:is the
1685:rankine
1008:is the
1000:is the
992:is the
883:chemist
856:, both
445:554.984
414:297.031
3526:Volume
3260:Nature
3124:
3054:pascal
2983:28.964
2920:
2851:where
2836:
2302:, and
2298:
2267:
2232:where
2169:where
2101:where
1681:kelvin
1677:joules
1088:where
1004:, and
976:where
880:French
702:, the
690:, and
664:energy
511:62.363
352:10.731
3381:(PDF)
3338:(PDF)
3189:(PDF)
3122:S2CID
3025:8.314
3014:8.314
2760:Mayer
2537:Unit
2284:argon
2282:) in
2004:8.314
832:8.314
819:1.380
805:6.022
640:, or
577:8.205
544:1.987
475:0.082
464:lbmol
434:lbmol
403:lbmol
385:1.985
374:lbmol
341:lbmol
316:0.730
280:8.314
244:0.083
208:8.314
124:8.314
88:8.314
56:8.314
41:Unit
3590:Laws
3521:Mass
3465:Mole
3395:link
3086:NIST
3037:1000
3005:as:
2997:The
2952:) =
2592:The
2577:โ
ยฐR
2575:slug
2561:โ
ยฐR
2022:The
1822:as:
1002:mass
874:the
863:and
753:(or
670:per
666:per
628:The
529:torr
456:torr
255:5324
175:.462
3276:doi
3164:doi
3146:".
3114:doi
3046:ISO
2985:917
2979:air
2959:247
2956:874
2930:air
2918:325
2916:101
2571:lbf
2569:ftโ
2555:lbf
2553:ftโ
2482:TPW
2011:...
2009:618
2006:462
1693:).
1683:or
1104:is
1037:nRT
840:153
837:618
834:462
821:649
807:140
760:):
650:or
611:mol
603:atm
590:...
585:095
582:608
579:736
570:mol
562:cal
557:...
552:640
549:258
546:204
537:mol
519:529
516:221
513:598
504:mol
496:atm
486:960
483:080
480:366
477:057
450:180
447:319
422:inH
416:214
399:BTU
393:009
390:279
387:875
366:psi
360:016
357:089
354:577
333:atm
327:273
324:295
321:507
318:240
309:mol
301:erg
288:153
285:618
282:462
273:mol
265:bar
252:181
249:626
246:144
237:mol
229:kPa
216:153
213:618
210:462
201:mol
180:153
177:618
173:314
157:mol
132:153
129:618
126:462
117:mol
96:153
93:618
90:462
81:mol
64:153
61:618
58:462
3639::
3391:}}
3387:{{
3366:^
3274:.
3264:15
3262:.
3258:.
3208:VI
3206:.
3186:?"
3162:.
3152:80
3150:.
3120:.
3084:.
3080:.
3027:32
3023:=
3016:32
3012:=
2989:.
2981:=
2970:=
2939:/(
2932:=
2922:Pa
2914:=
2559:lb
2512:,
2251:.
2239:=
2002:=
1995::
1700:.
1108:.
1035:=
1033:PV
1023:.
1012:.
996:,
984:,
843:24
830:=
817:ร
810:76
803:=
710:.
686:,
682:,
636:,
594:10
588:96
555:83
468:ยฐR
460:ft
438:ยฐR
430:ft
407:ยฐR
378:ยฐR
370:ft
345:ยฐR
337:ft
296:10
291:24
219:24
193:Pa
183:24
141:kg
135:24
109:Pa
99:24
67:24
3457:e
3450:t
3443:v
3397:)
3360:.
3284:.
3278::
3270::
3191:.
3184:R
3170:.
3166::
3158::
3144:R
3128:.
3116::
3095:.
3050:R
3042:R
3031:.
3019:ร
3010:R
3003:R
2976:R
2974:/
2972:R
2968:0
2965:M
2950:0
2947:T
2944:0
2941:ฯ
2937:0
2934:P
2927:R
2912:0
2909:p
2905:K
2901:0
2898:T
2894:0
2891:ฯ
2879:R
2874:R
2867:v
2864:c
2856:p
2853:c
2830:v
2825:c
2815:p
2810:c
2806:=
2800:c
2797:i
2794:f
2791:i
2788:c
2785:e
2782:p
2779:s
2774:R
2741:m
2735:B
2730:k
2724:=
2718:c
2715:i
2712:f
2709:i
2706:c
2703:e
2700:p
2697:s
2692:R
2663:M
2660:R
2655:=
2649:c
2646:i
2643:f
2640:i
2637:c
2634:e
2631:p
2628:s
2623:R
2609:M
2607:(
2598:R
2573:โ
2557:โ
2528:R
2514:R
2498:u
2495:M
2491:r
2488:A
2479:T
2475:T
2466:3
2463:/
2460:5
2455:(
2449:0
2446:ฮณ
2426:,
2416:u
2411:M
2407:)
2403:r
2400:A
2396:(
2390:r
2385:A
2379:T
2376:R
2371:0
2359:=
2356:)
2353:T
2350:,
2347:0
2344:(
2338:a
2333:c
2319:R
2315:T
2311:a
2308:c
2300:P
2288:T
2280:T
2276:P
2274:(
2272:a
2269:c
2261:R
2245:V
2243:/
2241:N
2237:N
2234:ฯ
2217:,
2214:T
2208:B
2203:k
2196:N
2187:=
2184:P
2171:N
2154:,
2151:T
2145:B
2140:k
2136:N
2133:=
2130:V
2127:P
2106:A
2103:N
2085:,
2079:B
2074:k
2067:A
2062:N
2058:=
2055:R
2042:n
2038:N
2034:k
2030:B
2027:k
2000:R
1971:2
1967:)
1962:e
1959:m
1956:i
1953:t
1949:(
1942:e
1939:r
1936:u
1933:t
1930:a
1927:r
1924:e
1921:p
1918:m
1915:e
1912:t
1904:t
1901:n
1898:u
1895:o
1892:m
1889:a
1881:2
1876:h
1873:t
1870:g
1867:n
1864:e
1861:l
1852:s
1849:s
1846:a
1843:m
1836:=
1833:R
1820:R
1798:2
1794:)
1789:e
1786:m
1783:i
1780:t
1776:(
1770:h
1767:t
1764:g
1761:n
1758:e
1755:l
1747:s
1744:s
1741:a
1738:m
1731:=
1727:e
1724:c
1721:r
1718:o
1715:f
1673:R
1652:e
1649:r
1646:u
1643:t
1640:a
1637:r
1634:e
1631:p
1628:m
1625:e
1622:t
1614:t
1611:n
1608:u
1605:o
1602:m
1599:a
1593:k
1590:r
1587:o
1584:w
1578:=
1575:R
1545:e
1542:r
1539:u
1536:t
1533:a
1530:r
1527:e
1524:p
1521:m
1518:e
1515:t
1507:t
1504:n
1501:u
1498:o
1495:m
1492:a
1485:h
1482:t
1479:g
1476:n
1473:e
1470:l
1462:e
1459:c
1456:r
1453:o
1450:f
1443:=
1436:e
1433:r
1430:u
1427:t
1424:a
1421:r
1418:e
1415:p
1412:m
1409:e
1406:t
1398:t
1395:n
1392:u
1389:o
1386:m
1383:a
1375:3
1371:)
1366:h
1363:t
1360:g
1357:n
1354:e
1351:l
1347:(
1335:2
1331:)
1326:h
1323:t
1320:g
1317:n
1314:e
1311:l
1307:(
1302:e
1299:c
1296:r
1293:o
1290:f
1280:=
1277:R
1247:e
1244:r
1241:u
1238:t
1235:a
1232:r
1229:e
1226:p
1223:m
1220:e
1217:t
1209:t
1206:n
1203:u
1200:o
1197:m
1194:a
1187:e
1184:m
1181:u
1178:l
1175:o
1172:v
1161:a
1158:e
1155:r
1152:a
1147:e
1144:c
1141:r
1138:o
1135:f
1125:=
1122:R
1102:T
1098:n
1094:V
1090:P
1070:T
1067:n
1062:V
1059:P
1053:=
1050:R
1014:R
1006:T
998:m
990:n
986:V
978:P
964:T
958:c
955:i
952:f
949:i
946:c
943:e
940:p
937:s
932:R
928:m
925:=
922:T
919:R
916:n
913:=
910:V
907:P
890:R
872:R
865:k
861:A
858:N
824:ร
813:ร
789:k
783:A
778:N
774:=
771:R
758:B
755:k
751:k
744:A
741:N
734:R
654:R
647:R
609:โ
607:K
605:โ
601:โ
599:m
592:ร
568:โ
566:K
564:โ
535:โ
533:K
531:โ
527:โ
525:L
502:โ
500:K
498:โ
494:โ
492:L
466:โ
462:โ
458:โ
436:โ
432:โ
428:โ
426:O
424:2
405:โ
401:โ
376:โ
372:โ
368:โ
343:โ
339:โ
335:โ
307:โ
305:K
303:โ
294:ร
271:โ
269:K
267:โ
263:โ
261:L
235:โ
233:K
231:โ
227:โ
225:L
199:โ
197:K
195:โ
191:โ
189:L
171:8
155:โ
153:K
151:โ
149:s
147:โ
145:m
143:โ
115:โ
113:K
111:โ
107:โ
105:m
79:โ
77:K
75:โ
73:J
36:R
20:)
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