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Because c) presumes b) will always be the case, it is a fallacy of necessity. John, of course, is always free to stop being a bachelor, simply by getting married; if he does so, b) is no longer true and thus not subject to the
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and therefore true. The condition b) is a statement of fact about John which makes him subject to a); that is, b) declares John a bachelor, and a) states that all bachelors are unmarried.
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a). In this case, c) has unwarranted necessity by assuming, incorrectly, that John cannot stop being a bachelor. Formally speaking, this type of argument equivocates between the
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376:(1979), "Problems with the use of "it is necessary that"; the modal fallacy; absolute and relative necessity",
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necessity of c). The argument is only valid if both a) and c) are construed
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188:. This, however, would undermine the argument, as a) is only a tautology
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whereby a degree of unwarranted necessity is placed in the conclusion.
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339:(Summer 2021 ed.), Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University
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377:
379:
Possible Worlds: An
Introduction to Logic and Its Philosophy
258:
210:
422:
Eternal
Questions: Free Will and Divine Omniscience
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240:
1479:
382:, Hackett Publishing Company, pp. 330–332,
581:Affirmative conclusion from a negative premise
586:Negative conclusion from affirmative premises
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371:
196:, it is false. Using the formal symbolism in
241:{\displaystyle \Box (Bx\rightarrow \neg Mx)}
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94:It has been suggested that this article be
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449:
283:{\displaystyle Bx\rightarrow \Box \neg Mx}
1164:
69:Learn how and when to remove this message
1317:
355:Curtis, Gary N., "Modal Scope Fallacy",
32:This article includes a list of general
337:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
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330:
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143:Bachelors are necessarily unmarried.
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18:
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38:it lacks sufficient corresponding
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160:The condition a) appears to be a
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23:
959:Correlation implies causation
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235:
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111:Proposed since September 2024.
1:
335:, in Zalta, Edward N. (ed.),
317:
7:
402:More on "The" Modal Fallacy
293:
10:
1514:
1383:I'm entitled to my opinion
248:is a tautology, while the
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178:necessity of a) and the
1409:Motte-and-bailey fallacy
509:Affirming the consequent
1429:Two wrongs make a right
760:Denying the correlative
53:more precise citations.
1414:Psychologist's fallacy
1351:Argument to moderation
1341:Argument from anecdote
1291:Chronological snobbery
915:Quoting out of context
882:Overwhelming exception
765:Suppressed correlative
665:Quoting out of context
540:quantificational logic
514:Denying the antecedent
331:Garson, James (2021),
284:
242:
192:– indeed, interpreted
1488:Syllogistic fallacies
1377:The Four Great Errors
1357:Argumentum ad populum
1346:Argument from silence
1050:Argumentum ad baculum
828:Faulty generalization
519:Argument from fallacy
307:: Context of modality
285:
243:
1395:Invincible ignorance
1201:Reductio ad Stalinum
1187:Reductio ad Hitlerum
1143:Wisdom of repugnance
910:Moving the goalposts
775:Illicit transference
700:Begging the question
621:Undistributed middle
529:Mathematical fallacy
504:Affirming a disjunct
256:
208:
122:fallacy of necessity
1128:Parade of horribles
1104:In-group favoritism
930:Syntactic ambiguity
573:Syllogistic fallacy
496:propositional logic
149:John is a bachelor.
1214:Poisoning the well
1031:Proof by assertion
1006:Texas sharpshooter
940:Questionable cause
877:Slothful induction
836:Anecdotal evidence
696:Circular reasoning
591:Exclusive premises
553:Illicit conversion
372:Bradley, Raymond;
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238:
155:John cannot marry.
128:in the logic of a
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1389:Ignoratio elenchi
1301:
1300:
1151:
1150:
1113:Not invented here
818:Converse accident
740:Correlative-based
717:Compound question
660:False attribution
655:False equivalence
629:
628:
389:978-0-915144-60-0
358:The Fallacy Files
118:
117:
113:
79:
78:
71:
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1465:
1464:
1436:Special pleading
1315:
1314:
1176:Appeal to motive
1162:
1161:
1138:Stirring symbols
1118:Island mentality
1056:Wishful thinking
1037:
1036:
753:Perfect solution
730:No true Scotsman
725:Complex question
710:Leading question
689:Question-begging
675:No true Scotsman
640:
639:
563:Quantifier shift
558:Proof by example
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425:, archived from
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49:this article by
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1419:Rationalization
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1157:Genetic fallacy
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925:Sorites paradox
905:False precision
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867:Double counting
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721:Loaded question
705:Loaded language
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45:Please help to
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16:Logical fallacy
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1249:Accomplishment
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846:Cherry picking
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872:False analogy
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841:Sampling bias
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804:Secundum quid
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749:
748:False dilemma
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616:Illicit minor
614:
612:
611:Illicit major
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584:
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429:on 2007-07-08
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333:"Modal Logic"
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101:Modal fallacy
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35:
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21:
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1404:Naturalistic
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1310:of relevance
1253:
1231:Whataboutism
1223:
1199:
1193:Godwin's law
1185:
1165:
1048:
1041:Consequences
1022:Law/Legality
996:Single cause
969:
962:
802:
670:Loki's Wager
650:Equivocation
643:Equivocation
600:
431:, retrieved
427:the original
421:
406:, retrieved
401:
378:
362:, retrieved
357:
341:, retrieved
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121:
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99:
65:
59:October 2019
56:
37:
1498:Modal logic
1424:Red herring
1181:Association
862:Conjunction
783:Composition
680:Reification
596:Existential
548:Existential
312:Modal logic
252:expression
204:expression
198:modal logic
51:introducing
1482:Categories
1400:Moralistic
1334:Sealioning
1328:Ad nauseam
1255:Ipse dixit
1167:Ad hominem
991:Regression
793:Ecological
606:Four terms
524:Masked man
433:22 October
408:22 October
364:22 October
343:2022-03-02
318:References
290:is false.
34:references
1493:Necessity
1441:Straw man
1319:Arguments
1308:fallacies
1282:Tradition
1272:Etymology
1244:Authority
1225:Tu quoque
1209:Bulverism
979:Gambler's
948:Animistic
892:Ambiguity
858:Base rate
601:Necessity
473:fallacies
272:¬
269:◻
266:→
227:¬
224:→
212:◻
170:tautology
162:tautology
130:syllogism
1467:Category
1099:Ridicule
1084:Flattery
1074:Children
971:Post hoc
851:McNamara
813:Accident
788:Division
635:Informal
301:De dicto
294:See also
202:de dicto
190:de dicto
175:de dicto
1286:Novelty
1261:Poverty
1123:Loyalty
1089:Novelty
1066:Emotion
1015:Appeals
984:Inverse
964:Cum hoc
953:Furtive
471:Common
136:Example
126:fallacy
106:Discuss
47:improve
1371:Cliché
1306:Other
1277:Nature
1265:Wealth
900:Accent
486:Formal
386:
200:, the
96:merged
36:, but
1133:Spite
1027:Stone
305:de re
250:de re
194:de re
186:de re
181:de re
124:is a
98:into
1219:Tone
1094:Pity
1079:Fear
477:list
435:2014
410:2014
384:ISBN
366:2014
303:and
538:In
494:In
147:b)
141:a)
104:. (
1484::
1402:/
1284:/
1263:/
1111:/
1029:/
860:/
723:/
719:/
698:/
419:,
399:,
120:A
479:)
475:(
464:e
457:t
450:v
278:x
275:M
263:x
260:B
236:)
233:x
230:M
221:x
218:B
215:(
108:)
72:)
66:(
61:)
57:(
43:.
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