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1533:. The move resulted in a swift backlash from the modding community, and after an enormous influx of complaints of overpriced mods, content that had been published without its creator's consent, and concerns over mods that contained third-party copyrighted content (i.e., material that neither Valve nor the mod creator owned), Valve discontinued the 'paid mod' feature entirely and agreed to refund those that spent money to purchase a mod. Other concerns identified included that being able to mod the game was a reason why players bought the game on PC in the first place, a worry that
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community's support peaked from 2005 through the first PC edition of 2K in 2009, tailed off for a time, and then ramped up again once Take-Two abandoned the PC market in 2013 and canceled 2K entirely last year. A decade of EA development made MVP the best baseball game on the PC market in 2005, and a decade of amateur development has helped it keep that title in 2015.
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total amount of work required. Having an engine that is for example easy to import models to, is of little help when doing research, modeling, and making a photorealistic texture for a game item. As a result, other game characteristics such as its popularity and capabilities have a dominating effect on the number of mods created for the game by users.
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in-game content, due to the nature of a peculiar game engine. It may be the case, for example, that in a game which does not give a player the option to choose their character, modders wishing to add another player model will simply have to overwrite the old one. A famous example of this type of mod can be found for the
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Copyright law, as it relates to video games and mod packs, is an evolving and largely unsettled legal issue. The legal uncertainty revolves around which party is legally the 'copyright owner' of the mods within the pack—the company that produced the game, the end-user that created the compilation, or
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The game industry is currently facing the question of how much it should embrace the players' contribution in creating new material for the game or mod-communities as part of their structure within the game. Some software companies openly accept and even encourage such communities. Others though have
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As early as the 1980s, video game mods have also been used for the sole purpose of creating art, as opposed to an actual game. This can include recording in-game actions as a film, as well as attempting to reproduce real-life areas inside a game with no regard for game play value. This has led to the
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People can become fans of specific mods, in addition to fans of the game they are for, such as requesting features and alterations for these mods. In cases where mods are very popular, players might have to clarify that they are referring to the unmodified game when talking about playing a game. The
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Mod packs are groups of mods put into one package for download, often with an auto-installer. A mod pack's purpose is to make it easier for the player to install and manage multiple mods. Mod packs may be created with the purpose of making the original game more accessible to new players or to make
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ports of the game. In large part, this is due to the publisher's concern with prioritizing the porting of the primary game itself, when allocating resources for fixing the porting of mod-specific functions may not be cost-effective for the smaller market share of alternate platforms. For example,
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that adds programmable computers and robots to allow the player to automate tasks in-game. This can be accomplished without changing any of the original game's existing content. Many games are flexible and allow this, however that is not always the case. Some add-ons occasionally have to replace
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that are total conversions, complicated modeling and texturing software are required to make original content. Advanced mods can rival the complexity and work of making the original game content (short of the engine itself), rendering the differences in ease of modding small in comparison to the
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Another factor in MVP's favor: The game allows greater access to its innards than most titles. 2K's failure to match MVP's approval rating despite several years of running unopposed on the PC market, made MVP the go-to game for modders even as it lost its looks relative to 2K and The Show. The
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does not allow mods with such content to be uploaded on its website. Nexus allows for mods which allow nudity as long as nudity is not present in the preview image. One of the most popular mods of this type is
Caliente's Beautiful Bodies Edition, which allows for body modification in Bethesda's
1262:, they purposely separated the game engine and other aspects related to the game's operation from the game levels and graphics, placing these into a WAD file, "WAD" short for "Where's All the Data?" In this manner, modders only needed to change the WAD file to mod the game, launching numerous
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not fixed by an official patch or that unlocks content present in the released game's files but is inaccessible in official gameplay. Such patches are usually created by members of the game's fan base when the original developer is unwilling or unable to supply the functionality officially.
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is a typically small mod which adds to the original content of a specific game. In most cases, an add-on will add one particular element to a game, such as a new weapon in a shooting game, a new unit or map in a strategy game, a new vehicle or track in a racing game, items in a game like
1222:. Poor suggests becoming a professional is not a major motivation of modders, noting that they tend to have a strong sense of community, and that older modders, who may already have established careers, are less motivated by the possibility of becoming professional than younger modders.
1256:, was released in a form that did not intend for users to be able to mod the game, but users were able to find ways to manipulate the game's files after scouring them for data locations to create their own levels and graphics. Because of this, when id developed their next game,
1687:) based on a numerical seed, so that speedrunners would have to overcome these new changes. Their popularity grew as randomizer playthroughs were popular with streaming media. Some games have offered official randomizer modes in the game itself, such as
1085:, are often only built for the Windows platform, leading to a lack of cross-platform compatibility even when the underlying game is highly portable. In the same line of reasoning, mod development tools are often available only on the Windows platform.
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extensively. A few mods become very popular and convert themselves into distinct games, with the rights getting bought and turning into an official modification, or in some cases a stand-alone title that does not require the original game to play.
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Mods have arguably become an increasingly important factor in the commercial success of some games, as they add depth to the original work, and can be both fun for players playing the mods and as a means of self-expression for mod developers.
1283:(1998), which increased its sales figures over the first three years of its release. According to the director of marketing at Valve, a typical shelf-life for a game would be 12 to 18 months, even if it was a "mega-hit". In early 2012, the
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1443:", and develop norms about the reuse of this material, often settling on a system of shared ownership, where mods and code are freely shared with the common good in mind. It has been argued that total conversion mods may be covered in the
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mod significantly changes an entire game's graphics and gameplay, usually with the intent to improve on the original, but not going as far as being a completely different experience. This can also include adding revised dialog and music.
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Many mods are not publicly released to the gaming community by their creators. Some are very limited and just include some gameplay changes or even a different loading screen, while others are total conversions and can modify content and
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was released and caused a massive increase in sales for the three-year-old game, putting it in the top spot for online game sales for a number of months and selling over 300,000 units for the game. In some cases, modders who are against
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Mods can be both useful to players and a means of self-expression. Three motivations have been identified by Olli
Sotamaa for fans to create mods: to patch the game, to express themselves, and to get a foot in the door of the
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Randomizers are a type of user mod, typically atop games of the 8-bit and 16-bit generations, that keep the fundamental gameplay but randomize elements of the game to make it more of a challenge. Randomizers came out of the
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the creators of the individual mods. Video games are protected by copyright law as a "literary work". In the United States context, the mechanisms of how the modder gets into the code of the game to mod it may violate the
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Olson, Cheryl K.; Kutner, Lawrence A.; Warner, Dorothy E.; Almerigi, Jason B.; Baer, Lee; Nicholi, Armand M.; Beresin, Eugene V. (July 2007). "Factors
Correlated with Violent Video Game Use by Adolescent Boys and Girls".
1983:, the game's modding community has continued to support it by releasing updated roster lists and graphics every year, along with creating alternative baseball leagues (e.g. MVP Caribe, a total conversion) in the game.
1436:, discourage modding through aggressive litigation, strict EULAs and Terms and Conditions for their property. Mods themselves may introduce other copyrighted elements into video games which further complicate matters.
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There are also free content delivery tools available that make playing mods easier. They help manage downloads, updates, and mod installation in order to allow people who are less technically literate to play.
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account credentials. The modifications in question have since been taken out of circulation, with affected players being advised to change their social media account passwords and disinfect their computers.
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By the mid-1990s, modding tools were commonly offered with PC games, and by the early 2000s, a game that launched with no modding tools was considered more worthy of note in a review than one that did.
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Mod teams that lack either the resources or know-how to develop their mods for alternate platforms sometimes outsource their code and art assets to individuals or groups who are able to port the mod.
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is a mod of an existing game that replaces virtually all of the artistic assets in the original game, and sometimes core aspects of gameplay. Total conversions can result in a completely different
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Flew, Terry and
Humphreys, Sal (2005) "Games: Technology, Industry, Culture" in Terry Flew, New Media: an introduction (second edition), Oxford University Press, South Melbourne 101-114.
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Modding a game can also be understood as the act of seeking and installing mods to the player's game, but the act of tweaking pre-existing settings and preferences is not truly modding.
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Gaming in art: A case study of two examples of the artistic appropriation of computer games and the mapping of historical trajectories of "Art Games" versus mainstream computer games
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A recurring trend with video game mods is the creation of user-made skins and/or character models replacing the default ones that came with the game, the most popular of which are
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has an unofficial patch which adds and fixes many of its features. One effect of this type of mod is that hidden or partially deleted content can be revealed. An example is the
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chosen to enclose their games in heavily policed copyright or
Intellectual Property regimes (IPR) and close down sites that they see as infringing their ownership of a game.
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mod changes parts of how players interact with the game, and commonly, mods to the UI reveal information that the player or modder believes is helpful in playing the game.
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randomizer, the mod moved the location of the dungeons, the layout of these dungeons, and the location of enemies in a random but procedurally generated manner (similar to
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1660:, which not only improves the original game's textures, but also adds a new weather system, visual effects, and adjusts the wanted system, weapons, and vehicle handling.
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1424:(EULA). Most EULAs forbid modders from selling their mods. A particular concern of companies is the use of copyrighted material by another company in mods, such as a
852:. The provision of tools is still seen as the most practical way that a company can signal to fans that its game is open for modding. Fans may also use and create
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969:(2007) set out to be the 'most customisable game ever' and as such included a mod manager which allowed for modular modding, having several mods on at once.
1913:. However, modified games that retain their playability and are subject to more extensive mods (i.e. closer to total conversions) may also be classified as
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does not have a working community mods menu for the Mac OS X version and, until the 3369 patch, had graphics incompatibilities with several mods such as
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For example, a number of fan-made maps, scenarios and mods, such as the "Best of the Net" collection and "Double Your
Pleasure", were included in the
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The potential for end-user change in game varies greatly, though it can have little correlation with the number and quality of mods made for a game.
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Postigo, H. (1 February 2008). "Video Game
Appropriation through Modifications: Attitudes Concerning Intellectual Property among Modders and Fans".
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Many popular total conversions are later turned into standalone games, replacing any remaining original assets to allow for commercial sale without
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to build new in-game objects. However, there are free versions of Maya and other advanced modeling software available. There are also free and even
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Games have varying support from their publishers for modifications, but often require expensive professional software to make. One such example is
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In general the most modification-friendly games will define gameplay variables in text or other non proprietary format files (for instance in the
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series can also be modded with individual add-ons which are stored in a .VPK format, so that a player may choose to activate a given mod or not.
309:
1107:, has created GUI launchers and installers for many UT2004 mods, as well as solving cross-platform conversion issues for mods for other games.
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Coleman, Sarah; Dyer-Witheford, Nick (2007). "Playing on the digital commons: collectivities, capital and contestation in videogame culture".
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1121:(2004) modifications that changed item and game behavior were unexpectedly being transferred to other players through the official website's
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modding community splintered across the different total conversions available, often modding for a particular total conversion rather than
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is expected to make developing for hobby projects easier, particularly with assets such as textures and dialogue, though this also led to
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Poretski, Lev; Arazy, Ofer (25 February 2017). "Placing Value on
Community Co-creations: A Study of a Video Game 'Modding' Community".
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over its use especially with voice actors who expressed concern regarding their characters' voices being cloned without their consent.
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insisted that mods should only work with the retail version of the game (not the demo), which was respected by the modders and boosted
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patch of the late 1990s by altering Lara Croft's sexual orientation. The origins of the art mod can be traced to the classic 1983 mod
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786:(1991), which allowed users to create game designs in those series. Much more successful among early mod-making tools was the 1992
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by modding pre-existing mods, and that mod teams would become unworkable. The removal of the system itself was also criticized.
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816:(2000) before the game itself, resulting in a suite of fan-created mods being available at launch. The advertising campaign for
578:. Mods may range from small changes and tweaks to complete overhauls, and can extend the replay value and interest of the game.
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Burger-Helmchen, Thierry; Cohendet, Patrick (October 2011). "User
Communities and Social Software in the Video Game Industry".
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3616:"Brief overview of the differences and similarities between open source software development and co-creation in digital games"
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series one could alter the movement rate along roads and many other factors), and have graphics of a standard format such as
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Mod-making tools are a variety of construction sets for creating mods for a game. Early commercial mod-making tools were the
2170:
Poor, Nathaniel (24 September 2013). "Computer game modders' motivations and sense of community: A mixed-methods approach".
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1883:(AO). In the fourth quarter of 2005, Rockstar released a "clean" version of the game with the "Hot Coffee" scenes removed (
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Sotamaa, Olli (July 2010). "When the Game Is Not Enough: Motivations and
Practices Among Computer Game Modding Culture".
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959:(1996) was much less moddable, but some people released their own modifications nevertheless. Some modifications such as
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1269:. id's approach of separating data file from execution files became essential for modding of video games in the future.
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For cross-platform games, mods written for the Windows version have not always been compatible with the Mac OS X and/or
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1991:, released in 2011, received mixed reviews due to bugs and other issues. Modders fixed the game over time and received
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series wherein modders may use downloadable tools to replace content (such as models) in the game's directory. The
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The National Crime Agency of the UK has indicated that modding can act as a pathway to cybercrime for some people.
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953:(2006), are examples of highly moddable games, with an official editor available for download from the developer.
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Technical and social skills are needed to create a mod. A group of mod developers may join to form a "mod team".
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Dey, Tapajit; Massengill, Jacob Logan; Mockus, Audris (16 October 2016). "Analysis of Popularity of Game Mods".
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have deliberately made the game more moddable by adding in scripting support or externalizing underlying code.
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1812:). An example of a mod that adds functionality to augment or enhance a players experience is ComputerCraft; a
675:(1993) was the first game to have a large modding community. In exchange for the technical foundation to mod,
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Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Communities & Technologies - Transforming Communities
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Proceedings of the 2016 Annual Symposium on Computer-Human Interaction in Play Companion Extended Abstracts
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community which had exhausted the challenge of racing through the game with one of the earliest being for
1162:. Two of the modifications in question, namely "Angry Planes" and "No Clip", came with code for loading a
897:. Publishers can also determine mod-friendliness in the way important source files are available, such as
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4305:"You can play controversial FPS 'Daikatana' on Linux now, thanks to a fan patch endorsed by John Romero"
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1132:, there were calls from the industry to better control modders. There is concern about mods that show
570:(short for "modification") is the process of alteration by players or fans of one or more aspects of a
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4372:"The Fallacy Of Free Mods - Paying Creators, Developers, And Valve Is The Right Move (And May Return)"
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838:(2002) allowed a variety of custom scenarios or maps to be created for the game, such as a number of
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2486:"Armored Core 6 Modders Thought It Was a Great Idea to Add Thomas the Tank Engine after CJ from GTA"
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generated interest was how user-generated content (mods) was central to the experience, and how the
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fan site GTAForums reported instances of malware being circulated through modifications written for
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2830:"Online communities are changing video games to make them better, weirder, and much more wonderful"
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having its art assets separate from the main program, which allows them to be shared and modified.
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Proceedings of the 2017 ACM Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work and Social Computing
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4245:"'MVP Baseball … 2015'? How the Best Baseball Video Game Ever Has Refused to Retire for 10 Years"
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1198:. Video game modding was described as remixing of games and can be therefore seen as part of the
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1397:, said that "the strength of the modding community is ... the very reason the series survived".
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Scacchi, Walt (2011). "Modding as an Open Source Approach to Extending Computer Game Systems".
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had a Valve-run annual mod expo which began in 1999, showcasing the new games built using the
876:" service, for example, allows a user to easily download and install mods in supported games.
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2713:. IFIP Advances in Information and Communication Technology. Vol. 365. pp. 62–74.
1917:. Art mods are usually designed to subvert the original game experience. One example is the
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rights remained with the creator-player. This was developed by the publisher into a market.
796:, which allowed users to construct games based on the game world that was launched with the
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2062:, one of the earliest games for which user-created content was widely made and distributed.
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is a mod that is created for artistic effect. Art mods are most frequently associated with
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3455:"The Discourse of Digital Dispossession: Paid Modifications and Community Crisis on Steam"
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in which the players spray-paint anti-violence messages in multiplayer games as a form of
707:" and "Team Fortress" became standard features in later games in the shooter genre. While
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3497:"Video game modding in the U.S. intellectual property law: Controversial issues and gaps"
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1804:, or additional contents in simulation games (such as new pilotable airplanes, e.g., the
1605:(2006), for which fans created thousands of game modes over its decade-long development.
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which users could make and save levels to share with other players on the same computer.
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4018:"Bloodstained Adds a New Character and Randomizer Mode, But Switch Players Have to Wait"
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Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
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2780:"Witcher 3 mod uses AI to create new voice lines without Geralt's original voice actor"
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are a popular form of modification, allowing fans to come up with their own humorous
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4158:(Clarke, Andy and Grethe Mitchell, eds.). Bristol: Intellect Books. Pp.40-42. 2007.
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2639:"How Warcraft 3's modding community paved the way for League of Legends and Dota 2"
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Due to the increasing popularity and quality of modding, some developers, such as
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Vienna University of Technology - Design and Assessment of Technologies Institute
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for Mac OS X, had file access issues specific to mods until the 1.61D patch.
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2752:"Generative AI Is Coming for Video Games. Here's How It Could Change Gaming"
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Voorhees, Gerald (2014). "Chapter 31: Shooting". In Perron, Bernard (ed.).
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Kretzschmar, Mark; Stanfill, Mel (17 July 2018). "Mods as Lightning Rods".
2805:"The Witcher Voice Actor Doug Cockle Calls AI 'Inevitable' but 'Dangerous'"
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3314:"Sid Meier's Civilization Mods by Rhye - Rhye's and Fall of Civilization"
2999:"Grand Theft Auto 5 Mods 'Angry Planes' and 'NoClip' Infected With Virus"
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Some regard the fan use of copyrighted material in mods to be part of a "
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One of the first games that supported user modifications as packaged was
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mods in official releases of expansion packs. A similar case is that of
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3883:"A massive overhaul for the original Deus Ex is now available on Steam"
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Modding scenes: Introduction to user-created content in computer gaming
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1684:
1385:
were included with the expansion (the latter through a spin-off called
1285:
1117:
1104:
1090:
1079:
Also, mods compiled into platform-specific libraries, such as those of
955:
571:
423:
200:
170:
151:
3105:"Malleable Games - A Literature Review on Communities of Game Modders"
1887:
1.01), allowing the rating of the game to be reverted to its original
574:, such as how it looks or behaves, and is a sub-discipline of general
5074:
4999:
4856:
4743:
4707:
4513:
4500:
3680:
3620:
2122:
2081:
2008:
2003:
1794:
1390:
1147:
614:
610:
597:
456:
3574:"SPARE THE MOD: IN SUPPORT OF TOTAL-CONVERSION MODIFIED VIDEO GAMES"
1722:
986:
620:
Popular games can have tens of thousands of mods created for them.
5009:
4921:
4839:
4702:
4578:
4483:
4328:
4267:"Open Source Breathes New Life Into 'MVP Baseball 2005' Video Game"
4219:"Nine Years Later, Latin America's Leagues Keep MVP Baseball Alive"
4199:
4125:
4093:
3713:
3266:
3030:
2975:
1914:
1800:
1448:
1433:
1321:
1187:
1167:
1125:
feature, leading to changed game behavior without advance warning.
1094:
812:
660:
418:
207:
190:
1953:). The very first art mod, however, is generally considered to be
1612:. Some of these mods are even approved for sale despite using the
4800:
4770:
4630:
4495:
4478:
4460:
2862:
Sihvonen, Tania (2011). "Cultural and Commercial Appropriation".
2381:"On modder labour, commodification of play, and mod competitions"
2106:
2025:
1335:
1317:
1307:
1195:
1110:
575:
3908:"That Gorgeous GTA 5 Graphics Overhaul Mod Is Finally Available"
5081:
3937:
3769:
3709:"Valve has removed paid mods functionality from Steam Workshop"
3641:
van der Graaf, Shenja (2018). "Designing for Mod Development".
2615:"Analysis: Defense of the Ancients - An Underground Revolution"
2516:"Thomas the Tank engine mod got Skyrim player in legal trouble"
2117:
2016:, leading the version 1.3 patch, which also ported the game to
1950:
1534:
1340:
1291:
1133:
1081:
894:
753:
4357:
Players Unleashed!: Modding The Sims and the Culture of Gaming
3858:"Valve gives Black Mesa permission to be a commercial product"
2864:
Players Unleashed!: Modding The Sims and the Culture of Gaming
4672:
4556:
3234:"Pirates upset that popular graphics mod won't work for them"
2021:
2017:
1300:
have created mods that enforce the use of a legal game copy.
1059:
1048:
807:
2756:
1995:
access, which led to an official re-release under the name
1868:
717:
2434:. Hypermedia Laboratory Net Series. Vol. 9. Tampere:
4121:"FTC Hot Coffee ruling scalds, but doesn't burn Take-Two"
3961:"How "randomizers" are breathing new life into old games"
3765:"Some People Are Pissed That Skyrim's Paid Mods Are Gone"
3072:"Computer game mods, modders, modding, and the mod scene"
3003:
2206:
1579:
in general. Examples of famous total conversions include
1190:
provides an inexpensive medium to promote and distribute
601:", for example, refers to the original, unmodified game.
748:, though at least one modder received legal action from
4286:"Mods Saved A Game, So They're Now An Official Product"
3676:"Skyrim is first game to allow paid game mods on Steam"
2543:
2248:
Postigo, Hector (October 2007). "Of Mods and Modders".
2068:
which modifies a game with often unpredictable effects.
3212:"DayZ Helps Arma 2 Rack Up More Than 300,000 In Sales"
2458:"Artificial life finds a way: the legacy of Creatures"
1933:
patches which were designed to subvert the unofficial
1151:, and has been downloaded at least 8.2 million times.
697:, which allowed modding communities to form. Mods for
3933:"What Happens When You Randomize The Legend Of Zelda"
3389:"The IP Implications of Video Game Mods - JIPEL Blog"
3051:
3026:"GTA 5 mods Angry Planes and No Clip contain malware"
2575:
1218:. It has been noted that these motivations encompass
935:
A game that allows modding is said to be "moddable".
727:(1996) fostered younger modders, particularly girls.
4089:"San Andreas rated AO, Take-Two suspends production"
1478:
2935:
2328:
1891:rating. In May 2006, a similar event occurred with
3800:"8 of the Coolest Total Conversion Mods Ever Made"
3203:
3151:
3149:
3147:
2971:"A few 'GTA V' mods are installing malware on PCs"
2910:"Supernatural powers become contagious in PC game"
2857:
2855:
1867:, which unlocks a sexually explicit minigame. The
4049:"Axiom Verge just got a surprise Randomizer mode"
3103:Thiel, Sarah-Kristin; Lyle, Peter (3 June 2019).
1277:Mods can extend the shelf life of games, such as
879:
595:is often used to make this distinction. "Vanilla
5115:
4081:
4113:
3736:"Removing Payment Feature From Skyrim Workshop"
3356:
3144:
2852:
2114:, for more information on the GTA modding scene
1527:; the first game to implement this feature was
1964:
1111:Unforeseen consequences or benefits of modding
4439:
4396:
4283:
3980:
3640:
3365:"Sid Meier and the Meaning of "Civilization""
3158:The Routledge Companion to Video Game Studies
2662:
2012:was released to a select group of modders by
1997:IL-2 Sturmovik: Cliffs of Dover BLITZ Edition
686:s sales. Another factor in the popularity of
548:
3417:Kow, Yong Ming; Nardi, Bonnie (3 May 2010).
1843:can be a mod of an existing game that fixes
1645:, which was given permission from publisher
157:Specialized / alternative-paradigmatic types
4129:. CNET Networks. 2006-06-08. Archived from
3289:"Civilization III: Play the World Overview"
1751:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
1015:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
4453:
4446:
4432:
4365:Modding The Sims and the Culture of Gaming
4173:
4171:
3645:. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. pp. 1–2.
3589:(3): 789–810. January 2012. Archived from
3187:"Video game companies encourage 'modders'"
2287:
2285:
2283:
2281:
1272:
555:
541:
4242:
4150:
4148:
4015:
3880:
3512:
3453:Joseph, Daniel James (27 February 2018).
3434:
3102:
3087:
2612:
2513:
2507:
2398:
1771:Learn how and when to remove this message
1181:
1115:In January 2005, it was reported that in
1035:Learn how and when to remove this message
4046:
3830:
3706:
3613:
3448:
3446:
3416:
3412:
3410:
3155:
3065:
3063:
2931:
2929:
2861:
2802:
2796:
2704:
2702:
2700:
2571:
2569:
2567:
2424:
627:
4201:Game Mods: Design, Theory and Criticism
4177:
4168:
3905:
3855:
3762:
3535:
3362:
3069:
2968:
2962:
2827:
2711:Open Source Systems: Grounding Research
2708:
2378:
2291:
2278:
2247:
2243:
2241:
2049:the game harder for veterans to enjoy.
1961:(a modification of Sony's "System G").
1929:. Another example is Robert Nideffer's
1585:(1999), whose developers were hired by
1400:
1194:like mods, an aspect commonly known as
14:
5116:
4369:
4197:
4145:
4067:"JJ2+ (last updated October 30, 2013)"
3986:
3930:
3452:
3259:
3231:
2907:
2777:
2771:
2483:
2455:
2374:
2372:
2370:
2368:
2366:
2165:
2163:
2161:
2159:
1589:to turn it into a commercial product,
1523:implemented a "paid mod" feature onto
789:Forgotten Realms: Unlimited Adventures
4427:
4178:Stalker, Phillipa Jane (2006-11-15).
3958:
3826:
3824:
3794:
3792:
3673:
3443:
3407:
3209:
3184:
3060:
3023:
3017:
2926:
2840:from the original on 22 February 2019
2697:
2564:
2477:
2031:
1556:List of video games derived from mods
1393:, who had opposed supporting mods in
1210:that produced the first video games.
976:
695:increasing popularity of the Internet
4302:
2749:
2420:
2418:
2416:
2414:
2412:
2410:
2238:
2169:
1949:which replaces the Nazi guards with
1749:adding citations to reliable sources
1716:
1482:
1013:adding citations to reliable sources
980:
941:(2011) as well as its predecessors,
846:maps, the most notable of which was
4047:Prescott, Shaun (14 January 2021).
3494:
3262:"Half-Life Mod Expo mods announced"
2996:
2613:Walbridge, Michael (12 June 2008).
2363:
2156:
1832:
1599:to have sponsored tournaments, and
1549:
1220:intrinsic and extrinsic motivations
1206:, or as a successor to the playful
910:(2003), which requires the program
24:
4749:List of American independent films
4349:
3821:
3789:
3763:Grayson, Nathan (April 28, 2015).
3707:Prescott, Shaun (April 27, 2015).
2514:Hernandez, Patricia (2019-05-15).
2379:Sotamaa, Olli (3 September 2007).
1638:Examples of overhaul mods include
1103:The mod specialist site for Macs,
756:for their unauthorised use of the
517:List of video game industry people
25:
5150:
4243:Lindbergh, Ben (April 14, 2015).
4154:Cannon, Rebecca. "Meltdown" from
3959:White, Scott (December 3, 2019).
3931:Harris, John (February 2, 2016).
2407:
1700:Bloodstained: Ritual of the Night
1653:alongside the original game, and
1479:Controversy surrounding paid mods
1465:In 2006, part of the reason that
1454:Modding can be compared with the
4329:"modpack - definition - English"
4198:Bogacs, Hannes (February 2008),
3614:Czarnota, Jedrzej (2013-08-07).
3514:10.38044/2686-9136-2022-3-4-8-31
2969:Seppala, Timothy (15 May 2015).
2456:Denton, Abby (12 January 2018).
2224:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2007.01.001
2130:, unofficial modding on consoles
1721:
1539:stand on the shoulders of giants
1487:
1414:Digital Millennium Copyright Act
985:
783:The Bard's Tale Construction Set
632:Custom character models such as
607:artistic video game modification
310:Intellectual property protection
33:
4659:Experimental musical instrument
4321:
4296:
4277:
4259:
4236:
4211:
4191:
4059:
4040:
4009:
3952:
3924:
3899:
3874:
3856:Matulef, Jeffrey (2013-11-20).
3849:
3756:
3728:
3700:
3667:
3634:
3607:
3566:
3529:
3495:Lee, C. A. (30 December 2022).
3488:
3381:
3331:
3306:
3281:
3253:
3225:
3178:
3096:
3045:
2990:
2908:Knight, Will (7 January 2005).
2901:
2892:
2821:
2743:
2656:
2631:
2606:
2537:
1988:IL-2 Sturmovik: Cliffs of Dover
1969:After EA lost its license with
1378:Rhye's and Fall of Civilization
1166:, and a keylogger for stealing
844:multiplayer online battle arena
822:(2002) focused on the included
810:released the modding tools for
4397:van der Graaf, Shenja (2018).
4016:Van Allen, Eric (4 May 2020).
3210:Usher, William (1 July 2012).
3052:National Crime Agency (2017).
2828:Letzter, Rafi (21 July 2015).
2449:
2322:
2200:
1616:of the original game, such as
880:Game support for modifications
711:are popular games to mod, the
623:
13:
1:
5103:Social peer-to-peer processes
3906:Pereira, Chris (2016-09-20).
3881:Robertson, Adi (2015-10-13).
3674:Kamen, Matt (24 April 2015).
3363:Jahromi, Neima (2021-09-22).
3232:Orland, Kyle (May 11, 2017).
3185:Hyman, Paul (April 9, 2004).
2803:Dinsdale, Ryan (2023-12-22).
2484:Mathur, Moulik (2023-09-08).
2150:
1885:Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas
1864:Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas
1663:
1537:modders would not be able to
1456:open-source-software movement
777:Boulder Dash Construction Kit
741:Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas
512:List of video game publishers
500:List of video game developers
4401:. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham.
4370:Futter, Mike (May 4, 2015).
4284:Luke Plunkett (2018-02-28).
3833:"Best total conversion mods"
3831:Donnelly, Joe (2017-02-10).
3260:Walker, Trey (17 May 2006).
3070:Scacchi, Walt (3 May 2010).
2579:Media, Culture & Society
2211:Journal of Adolescent Health
2043:
1595:(2003), which was the first
1418:Computer Fraud and Abuse Act
1252:(1992), one of the earliest
922:) that can be used as well.
527:List of video game magazines
27:Modification of a video game
7:
3054:"Pathways Into Cyber Crime"
3024:Chalk, Andy (14 May 2015).
2719:10.1007/978-3-642-24418-6_5
2112:Modding in Grand Theft Auto
2087:Fork (software development)
2052:
1965:Support continuation by mod
1625:
1530:The Elder Scrolls V: Skyrim
1089:'s Doom 3 Radiant tool and
938:The Elder Scrolls V: Skyrim
918:modeling programs (such as
794:Strategic Simulations, Inc.
763:The Elder Scrolls V: Skyrim
760:intellectual property in a
522:List of video game websites
10:
5155:
4361:Amsterdam University Press
3987:Miller, Des (2023-04-26).
2939:Social & Legal Studies
2868:Amsterdam University Press
2834:Business Insider Australia
2778:Stokes, Ian (2021-04-20).
2750:Lumb, David (4 May 2024).
2060:Adventure Construction Set
1943:(a humorous subversion of
1900:
1894:Elder Scrolls IV: Oblivion
1553:
1422:end-user license agreement
1404:
1225:
1154:In 2015, members from the
925:For advanced mods such as
446:Advertising in video games
5053:
4992:
4957:
4890:
4847:
4838:
4739:American eccentric cinema
4716:
4680:
4671:
4644:
4564:
4555:
4547:Amateur press association
4459:
4407:10.1007/978-3-319-61500-4
4355:Sihvonen, Tania. (2011).
4303:Dawe, Liam (2016-07-20).
3651:10.1007/978-3-319-61500-4
2997:Rad, Chloi (2015-05-14).
2667:. ACM. pp. 480–491.
2558:10.1016/j.lrp.2011.09.003
2002:Following the closure of
1712:
1496:This section needs to be
1407:Copyright and video games
1236:(1983), which included a
1130:"Hot Coffee" mod incident
856:tools for modding games.
715:genre with games such as
315:Digital rights management
3552:10.1177/1354856507084419
3474:10.1177/1555412018756488
2948:10.1177/0964663918787221
2592:10.1177/0163443707081700
2308:10.1177/1555412009359765
2264:10.1177/1555412007307955
2186:10.1177/1461444813504266
1544:
769:
4729:Cinema of Transgression
3120:10.1145/3328320.3328393
2673:10.1145/2998181.2998301
2425:Lukkanen, Tero (2005).
2339:10.1145/2968120.2987724
2173:New Media & Society
1592:Defense of the Ancients
1331:Defense of the Ancients
1273:Official status of mods
849:Defense of the Ancients
752:franchise rights owner
42:Part of a series on the
5134:Unofficial adaptations
5129:Video game development
5045:Independent TV station
4974:Independent soft drink
4940:Open-source video game
4454:Independent production
3393:blog.jipel.law.nyu.edu
3192:The Hollywood Reporter
1871:changed the rating of
1610:copyright infringement
1460:open-source video game
1182:Motivations of modders
1097:are examples of this.
1065:Unreal Tournament 2004
758:Thomas the Tank Engine
746:Thomas the Tank Engine
734:mods such as those of
655:
647:Guitar Hero World Tour
5025:Visionary environment
4724:Independent animation
3436:10.5210/fm.v15i5.2971
3089:10.5210/fm.v15i5.2965
2436:University of Tampere
2400:10.5210/fm.v12i9.2006
1971:Major League Baseball
1959:AIUEOUNN Six Features
1810:Boeing 787 Dreamliner
1473:intellectual property
1447:under the concept of
1375:, two existing mods,
1254:first-person shooters
709:first-person shooters
631:
5037:Independent circuit
4867:Open-source software
4766:Guerrilla filmmaking
4028:on 25 September 2021
3837:Rock, Paper, Shotgun
3419:"Who owns the mods?"
3343:kael.civfanatics.net
3318:rhye.civfanatics.net
3164:. pp. 251–258.
3162:Taylor & Francis
3114:. pp. 198–209.
2445:on 28 November 2018.
2333:. pp. 133–139.
1931:Tomb Raider I and II
1745:improve this section
1695:downloadable content
1679:around 2015. In the
1401:Legal status of mods
1192:user created content
1009:improve this section
854:open-source software
652:fictional crossovers
379:Downloadable content
5005:Amateur photography
4698:Amateur pornography
4646:Musical instruments
4626:Tracker (MOD) music
3501:Digital Law Journal
2942:: 096466391878722.
2546:Long Range Planning
2006:the source code to
1941:Castle Smurfenstein
1676:The Legend of Zelda
1568:from the original.
1430:Aliens vs. Predator
1420:or even simply the
1216:video game industry
961:Gunslingers Academy
362:Episodic video game
48:Video game industry
5124:Video game modding
4469:Alternative comics
4156:Videogames and Art
3582:Harvard Law Review
3339:"Fall from Heaven"
2870:. pp. 37–86.
2463:Rock Paper Shotgun
2032:User interface mod
1946:Castle Wolfenstein
1328:, when they hired
1164:remote access tool
1160:Grand Theft Auto V
977:Portability issues
819:Neverwinter Nights
656:
568:Video game modding
387:Games as a service
18:Mod (video gaming)
5111:
5110:
5061:Independent media
4953:
4952:
4872:Software cracking
4834:
4833:
4761:Exploitation film
4667:
4666:
4636:Underground music
4584:Open-source label
4569:Independent music
4474:Alternative manga
4416:978-3-319-61499-1
4363:. Retrieved from
4164:978-1-84150-142-0
3660:978-3-319-61499-1
3462:Games and Culture
3395:. 17 October 2016
3171:978-1-136-29050-3
3129:978-1-4503-7162-9
2877:978-90-8964-201-1
2728:978-3-642-24417-9
2682:978-1-4503-4335-0
2619:www.gamasutra.com
2348:978-1-4503-4458-6
2295:Games and Culture
2251:Games and Culture
2102:Minecraft modding
2072:Creative consumer
2066:Cartridge tilting
1980:MVP Baseball 2005
1851:Jazz Jackrabbit 2
1781:
1780:
1773:
1517:
1516:
1289:modification for
1045:
1044:
1037:
966:Supreme Commander
565:
564:
407:Microtransactions
176:Interactive movie
16:(Redirected from
5146:
5093:
5040:
4877:Unofficial patch
4845:
4844:
4794:
4734:Independent film
4678:
4677:
4608:Cassette culture
4562:
4561:
4448:
4441:
4434:
4425:
4424:
4420:
4393:
4391:
4389:
4380:. Archived from
4344:
4343:
4341:
4339:
4325:
4319:
4318:
4316:
4315:
4300:
4294:
4293:
4281:
4275:
4274:
4269:. Archived from
4263:
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4256:
4240:
4234:
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4231:
4230:
4215:
4209:
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4195:
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4078:
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4044:
4038:
4037:
4035:
4033:
4024:. Archived from
4013:
4007:
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4004:
4003:
3984:
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3950:
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3828:
3819:
3818:
3816:
3815:
3806:. Archived from
3796:
3787:
3786:
3784:
3782:
3773:. Archived from
3760:
3754:
3753:
3751:
3749:
3744:. April 28, 2015
3732:
3726:
3725:
3723:
3721:
3704:
3698:
3697:
3695:
3693:
3684:. Archived from
3671:
3665:
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3638:
3632:
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3629:
3628:
3611:
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3250:
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3220:
3219:
3207:
3201:
3200:
3195:. Archived from
3182:
3176:
3175:
3153:
3142:
3141:
3109:
3100:
3094:
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3067:
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2791:
2790:
2775:
2769:
2768:
2766:
2764:
2747:
2741:
2740:
2706:
2695:
2694:
2660:
2654:
2653:
2651:
2650:
2635:
2629:
2628:
2626:
2625:
2610:
2604:
2603:
2573:
2562:
2561:
2552:(5–6): 317–343.
2541:
2535:
2534:
2532:
2531:
2522:. Archived from
2511:
2505:
2504:
2502:
2501:
2492:. Archived from
2481:
2475:
2474:
2472:
2470:
2453:
2447:
2446:
2444:
2438:. Archived from
2433:
2422:
2405:
2404:
2402:
2376:
2361:
2360:
2326:
2320:
2319:
2289:
2276:
2275:
2245:
2236:
2235:
2204:
2198:
2197:
2180:(8): 1249–1267.
2167:
1840:unofficial patch
1833:Unofficial patch
1820:Grand Theft Auto
1776:
1769:
1765:
1762:
1756:
1725:
1717:
1562:total conversion
1550:Total conversion
1512:
1509:
1503:
1491:
1490:
1483:
1383:Fall from Heaven
1372:Beyond the Sword
1357:Civilization III
1353:Fantastic Worlds
1320:, have included
1202:as described by
1156:Grand Theft Auto
1055:Battlefield 1942
1040:
1033:
1029:
1026:
1020:
989:
981:
799:Pool of Radiance
705:Capture the Flag
703:(1996) such as "
685:
557:
550:
543:
412:In-game currency
37:
30:
29:
21:
5154:
5153:
5149:
5148:
5147:
5145:
5144:
5143:
5114:
5113:
5112:
5107:
5091:
5049:
5038:
4988:
4967:
4949:
4886:
4830:
4811:Low-budget film
4792:
4786:'60s–'70s
4712:
4663:
4654:Circuit bending
4640:
4551:
4537:Self-publishing
4455:
4452:
4417:
4387:
4385:
4352:
4350:Further reading
4347:
4337:
4335:
4327:
4326:
4322:
4313:
4311:
4301:
4297:
4282:
4278:
4265:
4264:
4260:
4241:
4237:
4228:
4226:
4217:
4216:
4212:
4196:
4192:
4184:
4176:
4169:
4153:
4146:
4136:
4134:
4133:on July 8, 2006
4119:
4118:
4114:
4104:
4102:
4087:
4086:
4082:
4072:
4070:
4065:
4064:
4060:
4045:
4041:
4031:
4029:
4014:
4010:
4001:
3999:
3991:Cassette Beasts
3985:
3981:
3971:
3969:
3957:
3953:
3943:
3941:
3929:
3925:
3916:
3914:
3904:
3900:
3891:
3889:
3879:
3875:
3866:
3864:
3854:
3850:
3841:
3839:
3829:
3822:
3813:
3811:
3798:
3797:
3790:
3780:
3778:
3761:
3757:
3747:
3745:
3734:
3733:
3729:
3719:
3717:
3705:
3701:
3691:
3689:
3672:
3668:
3661:
3639:
3635:
3626:
3624:
3612:
3608:
3599:
3597:
3593:
3576:
3572:
3571:
3567:
3534:
3530:
3493:
3489:
3457:
3451:
3444:
3415:
3408:
3398:
3396:
3387:
3386:
3382:
3373:
3371:
3361:
3357:
3347:
3345:
3337:
3336:
3332:
3322:
3320:
3312:
3311:
3307:
3297:
3295:
3287:
3286:
3282:
3272:
3270:
3258:
3254:
3244:
3242:
3230:
3226:
3217:
3215:
3208:
3204:
3199:on May 6, 2008.
3183:
3179:
3172:
3154:
3145:
3130:
3107:
3101:
3097:
3068:
3061:
3050:
3046:
3036:
3034:
3022:
3018:
3009:
3007:
2995:
2991:
2981:
2979:
2967:
2963:
2934:
2927:
2918:
2916:
2906:
2902:
2897:
2893:
2878:
2860:
2853:
2843:
2841:
2826:
2822:
2813:
2811:
2801:
2797:
2788:
2786:
2776:
2772:
2762:
2760:
2748:
2744:
2729:
2707:
2698:
2683:
2661:
2657:
2648:
2646:
2645:. 26 March 2018
2637:
2636:
2632:
2623:
2621:
2611:
2607:
2574:
2565:
2542:
2538:
2529:
2527:
2512:
2508:
2499:
2497:
2482:
2478:
2468:
2466:
2454:
2450:
2442:
2431:
2423:
2408:
2377:
2364:
2349:
2327:
2323:
2290:
2279:
2246:
2239:
2205:
2201:
2168:
2157:
2153:
2148:
2055:
2046:
2034:
1967:
1955:Iimura Takahiko
1927:performance art
1903:
1835:
1777:
1766:
1760:
1757:
1742:
1726:
1715:
1693:in 2023, or in
1690:Cassette Beasts
1666:
1628:
1558:
1552:
1547:
1519:In April 2015,
1513:
1507:
1504:
1501:
1492:
1488:
1481:
1409:
1403:
1395:Civilization II
1367:Civilization IV
1349:Civilization II
1275:
1267:modding efforts
1228:
1204:Lawrence Lessig
1184:
1113:
1041:
1030:
1024:
1021:
1006:
990:
979:
882:
772:
683:
626:
561:
532:
531:
495:
487:
486:
482:Game journalism
472:
464:
463:
448:
342:
328:
327:
320:Copy protection
245:
235:
234:
147:
139:
138:
71:
59:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5152:
5142:
5141:
5136:
5131:
5126:
5109:
5108:
5106:
5105:
5100:
5095:
5085:
5078:
5071:Do it yourself
5068:
5063:
5057:
5055:
5051:
5050:
5048:
5047:
5042:
5034:
5029:
5028:
5027:
5022:
5017:
5012:
5007:
4996:
4994:
4990:
4989:
4987:
4986:
4981:
4976:
4970:
4968:
4966:
4965:
4962:
4958:
4955:
4954:
4951:
4950:
4948:
4947:
4942:
4937:
4932:
4924:
4919:
4914:
4913:
4912:
4907:
4896:
4894:
4888:
4887:
4885:
4884:
4879:
4874:
4869:
4864:
4859:
4854:
4848:
4842:
4836:
4835:
4832:
4831:
4829:
4828:
4826:Double feature
4823:
4821:No wave cinema
4818:
4816:No-budget film
4813:
4808:
4806:Midnight movie
4803:
4798:
4797:
4796:
4788:
4783:
4778:
4768:
4763:
4758:
4757:
4756:
4751:
4746:
4741:
4731:
4726:
4720:
4718:
4714:
4713:
4711:
4710:
4705:
4700:
4695:
4690:
4684:
4682:
4675:
4669:
4668:
4665:
4664:
4662:
4661:
4656:
4650:
4648:
4642:
4641:
4639:
4638:
4633:
4628:
4623:
4618:
4610:
4605:
4604:
4603:
4598:
4588:
4587:
4586:
4581:
4571:
4565:
4559:
4553:
4552:
4550:
4549:
4544:
4539:
4534:
4533:
4532:
4527:
4522:
4510:
4509:
4508:
4498:
4493:
4492:
4491:
4481:
4476:
4471:
4465:
4463:
4457:
4456:
4451:
4450:
4443:
4436:
4428:
4422:
4421:
4415:
4394:
4384:on May 5, 2015
4367:
4351:
4348:
4346:
4345:
4320:
4295:
4276:
4273:on 2016-01-31.
4258:
4235:
4210:
4190:
4167:
4144:
4112:
4080:
4058:
4039:
4008:
3979:
3951:
3923:
3898:
3873:
3848:
3820:
3788:
3755:
3727:
3699:
3666:
3659:
3633:
3606:
3565:
3528:
3487:
3468:(7): 690–707.
3442:
3406:
3380:
3369:The New Yorker
3355:
3330:
3305:
3280:
3252:
3224:
3214:. Cinema Blend
3202:
3177:
3170:
3143:
3128:
3095:
3059:
3044:
3016:
2989:
2961:
2925:
2900:
2891:
2876:
2851:
2820:
2795:
2770:
2742:
2727:
2696:
2681:
2655:
2630:
2605:
2586:(6): 934–953.
2563:
2536:
2506:
2476:
2448:
2406:
2362:
2347:
2321:
2302:(3): 239–255.
2277:
2258:(4): 300–313.
2237:
2199:
2154:
2152:
2149:
2147:
2146:
2144:Texture artist
2141:
2139:Steam Workshop
2136:
2134:Skyrim modding
2131:
2125:
2120:
2115:
2109:
2104:
2099:
2094:
2089:
2084:
2079:
2074:
2069:
2063:
2056:
2054:
2051:
2045:
2042:
2038:user interface
2033:
2030:
1966:
1963:
1923:Counter Strike
1911:video game art
1902:
1899:
1834:
1831:
1779:
1778:
1729:
1727:
1720:
1714:
1711:
1665:
1662:
1649:to release on
1627:
1624:
1582:Counter-Strike
1554:Main article:
1551:
1548:
1546:
1543:
1515:
1514:
1495:
1493:
1486:
1480:
1477:
1402:
1399:
1362:Play the World
1338:in developing
1334:lead designer
1274:
1271:
1249:Wolfenstein 3D
1227:
1224:
1208:hacker culture
1183:
1180:
1112:
1109:
1043:
1042:
993:
991:
984:
978:
975:
881:
878:
862:ethical issues
824:Aurora toolset
771:
768:
625:
622:
563:
562:
560:
559:
552:
545:
537:
534:
533:
530:
529:
524:
519:
514:
509:
508:
507:
496:
493:
492:
489:
488:
485:
484:
479:
473:
470:
469:
466:
465:
462:
461:
460:
459:
454:
442:
441:
440:
439:
438:
428:
427:
426:
416:
415:
414:
404:
398:
397:
396:
395:
394:
383:
382:
381:
376:
371:
366:
365:
364:
359:
357:Expansion pack
354:
343:
334:
333:
330:
329:
326:
325:
324:
323:
322:
317:
307:
302:
296:
295:
294:
293:
292:
290:Content rating
282:
276:
275:
274:
273:
272:
267:
262:
257:
246:
241:
240:
237:
236:
233:
232:
231:
230:
220:
218:Arcade cabinet
214:
213:
212:
211:
210:
205:
204:
203:
198:
193:
183:
178:
173:
168:
163:
148:
145:
144:
141:
140:
137:
136:
131:
126:
121:
120:
119:
114:
104:
103:
102:
91:
90:
89:
88:
87:
82:
77:
66:
60:
55:
54:
51:
50:
44:
43:
39:
38:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5151:
5140:
5137:
5135:
5132:
5130:
5127:
5125:
5122:
5121:
5119:
5104:
5101:
5099:
5096:
5094:
5090:
5086:
5084:
5083:
5079:
5076:
5072:
5069:
5067:
5064:
5062:
5059:
5058:
5056:
5052:
5046:
5043:
5041:
5035:
5033:
5030:
5026:
5023:
5021:
5018:
5016:
5013:
5011:
5008:
5006:
5003:
5002:
5001:
4998:
4997:
4995:
4991:
4985:
4982:
4980:
4977:
4975:
4972:
4971:
4969:
4963:
4960:
4959:
4956:
4946:
4943:
4941:
4938:
4936:
4933:
4931:
4929:
4925:
4923:
4920:
4918:
4915:
4911:
4908:
4906:
4903:
4902:
4901:
4898:
4897:
4895:
4893:
4889:
4883:
4880:
4878:
4875:
4873:
4870:
4868:
4865:
4863:
4862:Free software
4860:
4858:
4855:
4853:
4852:Cowboy coding
4850:
4849:
4846:
4843:
4841:
4837:
4827:
4824:
4822:
4819:
4817:
4814:
4812:
4809:
4807:
4804:
4802:
4799:
4795:
4789:
4787:
4784:
4782:
4779:
4777:
4774:
4773:
4772:
4769:
4767:
4764:
4762:
4759:
4755:
4752:
4750:
4747:
4745:
4742:
4740:
4737:
4736:
4735:
4732:
4730:
4727:
4725:
4722:
4721:
4719:
4715:
4709:
4706:
4704:
4701:
4699:
4696:
4694:
4691:
4689:
4686:
4685:
4683:
4679:
4676:
4674:
4670:
4660:
4657:
4655:
4652:
4651:
4649:
4647:
4643:
4637:
4634:
4632:
4629:
4627:
4624:
4622:
4619:
4617:
4615:
4611:
4609:
4606:
4602:
4599:
4597:
4594:
4593:
4592:
4589:
4585:
4582:
4580:
4577:
4576:
4575:
4572:
4570:
4567:
4566:
4563:
4560:
4558:
4554:
4548:
4545:
4543:
4540:
4538:
4535:
4531:
4528:
4526:
4523:
4521:
4518:
4517:
4516:
4515:
4511:
4507:
4504:
4503:
4502:
4499:
4497:
4494:
4490:
4487:
4486:
4485:
4482:
4480:
4477:
4475:
4472:
4470:
4467:
4466:
4464:
4462:
4458:
4449:
4444:
4442:
4437:
4435:
4430:
4429:
4426:
4418:
4412:
4408:
4404:
4400:
4395:
4383:
4379:
4378:
4377:Game Informer
4373:
4368:
4366:
4362:
4359:. Amsterdam:
4358:
4354:
4353:
4334:
4330:
4324:
4310:
4309:GamingOnLinux
4306:
4299:
4291:
4287:
4280:
4272:
4268:
4262:
4255:
4250:
4249:Grantland.com
4246:
4239:
4224:
4220:
4214:
4207:
4203:
4202:
4194:
4187:(MSc thesis).
4183:
4182:
4174:
4172:
4165:
4161:
4157:
4151:
4149:
4132:
4128:
4127:
4122:
4116:
4100:
4099:CNET Networks
4096:
4095:
4090:
4084:
4068:
4062:
4054:
4050:
4043:
4027:
4023:
4019:
4012:
3998:
3994:
3992:
3983:
3968:
3967:
3962:
3955:
3940:
3939:
3934:
3927:
3913:
3909:
3902:
3888:
3884:
3877:
3863:
3859:
3852:
3838:
3834:
3827:
3825:
3810:on 2020-01-21
3809:
3805:
3801:
3795:
3793:
3777:on 2018-10-29
3776:
3772:
3771:
3766:
3759:
3743:
3742:
3737:
3731:
3716:
3715:
3710:
3703:
3688:on 5 May 2015
3687:
3683:
3682:
3677:
3670:
3662:
3656:
3652:
3648:
3644:
3637:
3623:
3622:
3617:
3610:
3596:on 2016-12-02
3592:
3588:
3584:
3583:
3575:
3569:
3561:
3557:
3553:
3549:
3545:
3541:
3540:
3532:
3524:
3520:
3515:
3510:
3506:
3502:
3498:
3491:
3483:
3479:
3475:
3471:
3467:
3463:
3456:
3449:
3447:
3437:
3432:
3428:
3424:
3420:
3413:
3411:
3394:
3390:
3384:
3370:
3366:
3359:
3344:
3340:
3334:
3319:
3315:
3309:
3294:
3290:
3284:
3269:
3268:
3263:
3256:
3241:
3240:
3235:
3228:
3213:
3206:
3198:
3194:
3193:
3188:
3181:
3173:
3167:
3163:
3159:
3152:
3150:
3148:
3139:
3135:
3131:
3125:
3121:
3117:
3113:
3106:
3099:
3090:
3085:
3081:
3077:
3073:
3066:
3064:
3055:
3048:
3033:
3032:
3027:
3020:
3006:
3005:
3000:
2993:
2978:
2977:
2972:
2965:
2957:
2953:
2949:
2945:
2941:
2940:
2932:
2930:
2915:
2914:New Scientist
2911:
2904:
2895:
2887:
2886:j.ctt46mt37.5
2883:
2879:
2873:
2869:
2866:. Amsterdam:
2865:
2858:
2856:
2839:
2835:
2831:
2824:
2810:
2806:
2799:
2785:
2781:
2774:
2759:
2758:
2753:
2746:
2738:
2734:
2730:
2724:
2720:
2716:
2712:
2705:
2703:
2701:
2692:
2688:
2684:
2678:
2674:
2670:
2666:
2659:
2644:
2640:
2634:
2620:
2616:
2609:
2601:
2597:
2593:
2589:
2585:
2581:
2580:
2572:
2570:
2568:
2559:
2555:
2551:
2547:
2540:
2526:on 2024-07-12
2525:
2521:
2517:
2510:
2496:on 2024-03-24
2495:
2491:
2487:
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2064:
2061:
2058:
2057:
2050:
2041:
2039:
2029:
2027:
2023:
2019:
2015:
2011:
2010:
2005:
2000:
1998:
1994:
1990:
1989:
1984:
1982:
1981:
1976:
1975:ended support
1972:
1962:
1960:
1956:
1952:
1948:
1947:
1942:
1938:
1937:
1932:
1928:
1924:
1920:
1919:Velvet-Strike
1916:
1912:
1908:
1898:
1896:
1895:
1890:
1886:
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1874:
1870:
1866:
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1858:
1853:
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1846:
1842:
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1830:
1828:
1827:
1822:
1821:
1815:
1814:Minecraft mod
1811:
1807:
1803:
1802:
1797:
1796:
1790:
1786:
1775:
1772:
1764:
1754:
1750:
1746:
1740:
1739:
1735:
1730:This section
1728:
1724:
1719:
1718:
1710:
1708:
1707:
1703:in 2020, and
1702:
1701:
1696:
1692:
1691:
1686:
1682:
1678:
1677:
1672:
1661:
1659:
1657:
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1648:
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1598:
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1588:
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1574:
1569:
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1557:
1542:
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1536:
1532:
1531:
1526:
1522:
1511:
1499:
1494:
1485:
1484:
1476:
1474:
1470:
1469:
1463:
1462:development.
1461:
1457:
1452:
1450:
1446:
1445:United States
1442:
1441:moral economy
1437:
1435:
1431:
1427:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1408:
1398:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1379:
1374:
1373:
1368:
1365:, and in the
1364:
1363:
1358:
1354:
1350:
1345:
1343:
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1337:
1333:
1332:
1327:
1323:
1319:
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1245:
1241:
1239:
1235:
1234:
1223:
1221:
1217:
1211:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1200:remix culture
1197:
1193:
1189:
1179:
1176:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1152:
1150:
1149:
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1126:
1124:
1120:
1119:
1108:
1106:
1101:
1098:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1083:
1077:
1075:
1071:
1070:Red Orchestra
1067:
1066:
1061:
1057:
1056:
1050:
1039:
1036:
1028:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1004:
1003:
999:
994:This section
992:
988:
983:
982:
974:
970:
968:
967:
962:
958:
957:
952:
951:
946:
945:
940:
939:
933:
930:
929:
928:Desert Combat
923:
921:
917:
913:
909:
908:
902:
900:
896:
892:
891:
885:
877:
875:
871:
865:
863:
859:
858:Generative AI
855:
851:
850:
845:
841:
840:tower defense
837:
836:
831:
830:
825:
821:
820:
815:
814:
809:
803:
801:
800:
795:
791:
790:
785:
784:
779:
778:
767:
765:
764:
759:
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743:
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733:
728:
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725:
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719:
714:
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696:
692:
691:
682:
678:
674:
673:
668:
665:
662:
653:
649:
648:
643:
639:
635:
630:
621:
618:
616:
612:
609:, as well as
608:
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586:
582:
579:
577:
573:
569:
558:
553:
551:
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491:
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483:
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468:
467:
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437:
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429:
425:
422:
421:
420:
417:
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393:
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385:
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78:
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62:
61:
58:
53:
52:
49:
46:
45:
41:
40:
36:
32:
31:
19:
5088:
5080:
5066:Indie design
5020:Outsider art
4984:Microbrewery
4934:
4927:
4717:Professional
4693:Amateur film
4613:
4601:Pirate radio
4574:Record label
4512:
4398:
4386:. Retrieved
4382:the original
4375:
4356:
4336:. Retrieved
4332:
4323:
4312:. Retrieved
4308:
4298:
4279:
4271:the original
4261:
4252:
4238:
4227:. Retrieved
4225:. 2013-12-22
4222:
4213:
4200:
4193:
4180:
4155:
4135:. Retrieved
4131:the original
4124:
4115:
4103:. Retrieved
4101:. 2005-12-14
4092:
4083:
4071:. Retrieved
4069:. 2013-11-01
4061:
4052:
4042:
4032:25 September
4030:. Retrieved
4026:the original
4021:
4011:
4000:. Retrieved
3996:
3990:
3982:
3970:. Retrieved
3966:Ars Technica
3964:
3954:
3942:. Retrieved
3936:
3926:
3915:. Retrieved
3911:
3901:
3890:. Retrieved
3886:
3876:
3865:. Retrieved
3861:
3851:
3840:. Retrieved
3836:
3812:. Retrieved
3808:the original
3804:The Escapist
3803:
3779:. Retrieved
3775:the original
3768:
3758:
3746:. Retrieved
3739:
3730:
3718:. Retrieved
3712:
3702:
3690:. Retrieved
3686:the original
3679:
3669:
3642:
3636:
3625:. Retrieved
3619:
3609:
3598:. Retrieved
3591:the original
3586:
3580:
3568:
3546:(1): 59–74.
3543:
3537:
3531:
3504:
3500:
3490:
3465:
3461:
3426:
3423:First Monday
3422:
3397:. Retrieved
3392:
3383:
3372:. Retrieved
3368:
3358:
3346:. Retrieved
3342:
3333:
3321:. Retrieved
3317:
3308:
3296:. Retrieved
3292:
3283:
3271:. Retrieved
3265:
3255:
3245:November 27,
3243:. Retrieved
3239:Ars Technica
3237:
3227:
3216:. Retrieved
3205:
3197:the original
3190:
3180:
3157:
3111:
3098:
3079:
3076:First Monday
3075:
3047:
3035:. Retrieved
3029:
3019:
3008:. Retrieved
3002:
2992:
2980:. Retrieved
2974:
2964:
2937:
2917:. Retrieved
2913:
2903:
2894:
2863:
2842:. Retrieved
2833:
2823:
2812:. Retrieved
2808:
2798:
2787:. Retrieved
2783:
2773:
2761:. Retrieved
2755:
2745:
2710:
2664:
2658:
2647:. Retrieved
2642:
2633:
2622:. Retrieved
2618:
2608:
2583:
2577:
2549:
2545:
2539:
2528:. Retrieved
2524:the original
2519:
2509:
2498:. Retrieved
2494:the original
2489:
2479:
2467:. Retrieved
2461:
2451:
2440:the original
2427:
2390:
2386:First Monday
2384:
2330:
2324:
2299:
2293:
2255:
2249:
2218:(1): 77–83.
2215:
2209:
2202:
2177:
2171:
2097:Level editor
2077:Doom modding
2047:
2035:
2007:
2001:
1996:
1986:
1985:
1978:
1968:
1958:
1944:
1940:
1934:
1930:
1922:
1918:
1906:
1904:
1892:
1888:
1884:
1880:
1876:
1872:
1862:
1856:
1849:
1838:
1836:
1824:
1818:
1799:
1793:
1788:
1784:
1782:
1767:
1761:January 2011
1758:
1743:Please help
1731:
1704:
1698:
1697:, including
1688:
1680:
1674:
1671:speedrunning
1667:
1654:
1639:
1637:
1631:
1629:
1617:
1607:
1600:
1590:
1580:
1576:
1572:
1570:
1561:
1559:
1528:
1518:
1505:
1497:
1466:
1464:
1453:
1438:
1425:
1410:
1394:
1386:
1382:
1376:
1370:
1366:
1360:
1356:
1352:
1348:
1346:
1339:
1329:
1315:
1308:
1303:
1302:
1290:
1284:
1278:
1276:
1264:
1257:
1247:
1242:
1238:level editor
1231:
1229:
1212:
1185:
1177:
1159:
1155:
1153:
1146:
1142:
1127:
1122:
1116:
1114:
1102:
1099:
1080:
1078:
1073:
1069:
1063:
1058:, ported by
1053:
1046:
1031:
1025:January 2011
1022:
1007:Please help
995:
971:
964:
960:
954:
948:
942:
936:
934:
926:
924:
905:
903:
898:
890:Civilization
888:
886:
883:
866:
847:
835:Warcraft III
833:
829:World Editor
828:
817:
811:
804:
797:
787:
781:
775:
773:
761:
757:
749:
739:
736:Carl Johnson
729:
722:
716:
698:
689:
680:
670:
669:
666:
657:
645:
638:Carl Johnson
619:
603:
596:
590:
587:
583:
580:
567:
566:
477:Game studies
402:Free-to-play
392:Cloud gaming
374:Crowdfunding
369:Early access
340:monetization
336:Distribution
280:Localization
156:
100:Level design
5098:Maker Faire
5039:(wrestling)
4979:Homebrewing
4905:development
4900:Indie games
4892:Video games
4882:Warez scene
4791:'80s–
4688:Home movies
4621:Lo-fi music
4542:Small press
4520:conventions
4388:27 November
3972:December 7,
3944:December 7,
3507:(4): 8–31.
3273:27 November
2844:22 February
2469:27 November
2128:ROM hacking
2014:John Romero
1993:source code
1936:Nude Raider
1881:Adults Only
1826:Left 4 Dead
1806:Airbus A330
1706:Axiom Verge
1647:Square Enix
1602:Garry's Mod
1468:Second Life
1244:id Software
1233:Lode Runner
1087:id Software
947:(2002) and
916:open-source
907:Homeworld 2
780:(1986) and
721:(1995) and
713:virtual pet
677:id Software
624:Development
436:Battle pass
431:Season pass
347:Buy-to-play
270:South Korea
107:Programming
57:Development
5118:Categories
5092:(magazine)
4910:developers
4776:Golden Age
4754:Mumblecore
4314:2023-02-09
4290:kotaku.com
4229:2024-04-04
4002:2023-04-30
3917:2017-07-19
3892:2017-07-19
3867:2017-07-19
3842:2017-07-19
3814:2017-07-19
3627:2023-03-11
3600:2018-07-25
3374:2021-09-23
3218:2012-07-03
3010:2023-11-17
2919:2024-04-04
2814:2024-06-05
2809:IGN Africa
2789:2024-06-05
2784:gamesradar
2649:2020-09-06
2624:2020-09-07
2530:2024-07-26
2500:2024-07-26
2151:References
2092:House rule
1857:Hot Coffee
1685:roguelikes
1664:Randomizer
1643:: Revision
1619:Black Mesa
1405:See also:
1387:Age of Ice
1369:expansion
1359:expansion
1351:expansion
1128:After the
1118:The Sims 2
1105:Macologist
1091:Epic Games
956:Daggerfall
642:Snow White
572:video game
285:Censorship
243:Publishing
181:Nonviolent
152:Video game
85:Programmer
5139:Fan labor
5075:DIY ethic
5032:Indie RPG
5015:Naïve art
5000:Indie art
4857:Demoscene
4744:Indiewood
4708:Machinima
4514:Doujinshi
4501:Minicomic
4399:ComMODify
4338:2 October
3887:The Verge
3862:Eurogamer
3681:Wired.com
3643:ComMODify
3621:Gamasutra
3560:154247452
3523:255586687
3482:149293423
3399:2 October
3348:2 October
3323:2 October
3298:2 October
3138:150367691
2956:149824659
2600:154832086
2490:IGN India
2272:143727901
2123:NexusMods
2082:Fan labor
2044:Mod packs
2009:Daikatana
2004:Ion Storm
1915:art games
1795:Minecraft
1732:does not
1709:in 2021.
1577:Half-Life
1573:Half-Life
1508:July 2024
1391:Sid Meier
1309:Half-Life
1304:Half-Life
1280:Half-Life
1148:Fallout 4
996:does not
944:Morrowind
724:Creatures
615:demoscene
611:machinima
598:Minecraft
457:Advergame
228:Accessory
69:Developer
5010:Mail art
4945:ROM hack
4922:Fan game
4917:Homebrew
4840:Software
4703:Fan film
4579:Netlabel
4525:printers
4489:business
4484:Webcomic
4126:GameSpot
4094:GameSpot
4073:15 March
4053:PC Gamer
4022:US Gamer
3912:GameSpot
3714:PC Gamer
3267:GameSpot
3031:PC Gamer
2976:Engadget
2838:Archived
2691:18600910
2643:PCGamesN
2357:12003615
2316:59364177
2232:17577537
2194:39280896
2053:See also
1957:'s 1993
1921:mod for
1801:Terraria
1632:overhaul
1626:Overhaul
1449:fair use
1434:Nintendo
1355:and the
1322:fan-made
1188:Internet
1168:Facebook
1138:Bethesda
1123:exchange
1095:UnrealEd
1074:Metaball
950:Oblivion
874:Workshop
813:The Sims
693:was the
688:modding
661:gameplay
613:and the
605:rise of
419:Loot box
352:AAA game
208:Non-game
201:Exergame
191:Art game
146:Products
124:Graphics
75:Designer
64:Producer
5054:General
4801:Z movie
4793:present
4771:B movie
4681:Amateur
4631:Podsafe
4596:Station
4496:Webtoon
4479:Fanzine
4461:Reading
4137:July 1,
4105:July 1,
3997:RPG Fan
3993:Review"
2737:8934352
2520:Polygon
2107:Modding
2026:FreeBSD
1907:art mod
1901:Art mod
1879:(M) to
1753:removed
1738:sources
1641:Deus Ex
1498:updated
1416:or the
1336:IceFrog
1318:Firaxis
1226:History
1196:Web 2.0
1017:removed
1002:sources
920:Blender
895:bitmaps
870:Steam's
592:vanilla
576:modding
471:Related
452:in-game
250:Markets
223:Console
196:Edugame
186:Serious
134:Testing
5082:Doujin
4964:Drinks
4928:Doujin
4614:Doujin
4506:Co-ops
4413:
4333:Glosbe
4223:Kotaku
4162:
3938:Kotaku
3781:May 4,
3770:Kotaku
3748:May 4,
3720:May 4,
3692:May 4,
3657:
3558:
3521:
3480:
3168:
3136:
3126:
3037:16 May
2982:16 May
2954:
2884:
2874:
2763:31 May
2735:
2725:
2689:
2679:
2598:
2355:
2345:
2314:
2270:
2230:
2192:
2118:Mod DB
1951:Smurfs
1889:Mature
1877:Mature
1873:GTA:SA
1785:add-on
1713:Add-on
1535:newbie
1341:Dota 2
1311:engine
1298:piracy
1292:ARMA 2
1143:Skyrim
1136:, and
1134:nudity
1082:Doom 3
826:. The
802:game.
754:Mattel
750:Thomas
634:Kratos
300:Piracy
166:Erotic
161:Casual
112:Engine
95:Design
80:Artist
4993:Other
4673:Video
4616:music
4591:Radio
4557:Audio
4530:shops
4185:(PDF)
3741:Steam
3594:(PDF)
3577:(PDF)
3556:S2CID
3519:S2CID
3478:S2CID
3458:(PDF)
3429:(5).
3134:S2CID
3108:(PDF)
3082:(5).
2952:S2CID
2882:JSTOR
2733:S2CID
2687:S2CID
2596:S2CID
2443:(PDF)
2432:(PDF)
2393:(9).
2353:S2CID
2312:S2CID
2268:S2CID
2190:S2CID
2022:Linux
2018:MacOS
1875:from
1789:addon
1681:Zelda
1658:Redux
1656:GTA 5
1651:Steam
1587:Valve
1566:genre
1545:Types
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