Miser - Knowledge

506:. It is charged of them that they are not masters of their own money if they do not spend it. Niarchus tells of one who does not commit suicide because of the cost of the rope to do so; Lucillius tells of another who dies because funeral expenses are cheaper than calling in a doctor. Elsewhere in the anthology is another epigram by Lucillius of a miser's encounter with a mouse that assures him he only wants lodging, not board. In one more, a miser dreams that he is in debt and hangs himself. 4630: 687:. Misers were notorious tricksters, so ingenuity transcending barely credible impersonations was generally needed. "Bite upon bite or the miser outwitted by the country lass" (1736–63) does not feature the miser's daughter but another sort of damsel in distress. A girl bears a child out of wedlock and is advised by her mother to name it Maidenhead and offer it for sale. A rich miser closes the bargain and is eventually forced to support the child by the magistrate. 1480: 1671: 454: 43: 1147: 4618: 1740:

hag enters, bringing a tiny portion to eat on a plate which a famished cat scrambles to reach. One more dichotomy explored by Rowlandson appears in his watercolour of "The spendthrift and the miser". The drunken young man alarming the miser there is probably his son, taking up a literary theme to be found, among other places, in Allan Ramsay's comic monologue. It will be remembered too that the thriftless ne'er-do-well of

1572:. The visitation of death is carried forward in the 19th century in similarly titled works. They include a portrayal by Franz Häussler (1845-1920) of an old man standing at his desk who peers round fearfully as he glimpses a skull reflected in a mirror. The charcoal and watercolour drawing by the Austrian Albert Plattner (1869–1919) is more ambiguous and has the figures facing away from each other in a cramped space. 234: 4644: 658: 1387:(1933). This French-Canadian novel was translated into English as "The Woman and the Miser" in 1978. Set at the end of the 19th century, the novel broke with the convention of extolling rural life and depicts a miser who mistreats his wife and lets her die because calling in a doctor would cost money. There have been adaptations for stage, radio, TV and two films, of which the most recent was 670:

swore the Devil should have it before he would take the honest Market price". The devil closes with the bargain and on accounting day carries off the farmer as well. The social message is carried by the refrain that follows each stanza: "O Farmers, covetous Farmers,/ why would you pinch the Poor?" The religious aspect is dealt with in the contemporary "A Looking-glass for a covetous Miser" by

674:. Here a West Country entrepreneur and a poor husbandman debate the respective merits of anxious profit-making and contentment. The miser laments the current low price of grain and resolves not to sell or plant more until the price rises. The theme continued into the early 19th century, where a farmer is again the subject of "The life and awful death of a rich miser ". 678:

intended as her husband into allowing the match. Much the same situation occurs in "The Politic Lovers or the Windsor Miser Outwitted", where it is a butcher who impersonates the devil and scares the miser into handing over his riches. In about 1800 there appeared an English broadside ballad called "The old miser" which was to serve as basis for what grew into a

343:, who despite being a multimillionaire had also a reputation as a miser, involved herself in a six-year lawsuit to obtain her aunt's fortune, only to have it proved against her that she had forged the will. More modern times yield the Chinese example of an 80-year-old affronted by being called a miser in a poem by his son-in-law. Blaming his hospitalization with 376:. In this a man, intending to hang himself, discovered hidden gold and left the rope behind him; on returning, the man who had hidden the gold hanged himself with the noose he found in its place. Both these stories were alluded to or retold in the following centuries, the most famous versions appearing in 677:

Another common subject of these ballads was the dilemma of the miser's daughter unable to marry the man of her choice and the stratagems employed to overcome her father. In "Bite Upon the Miser", printed in the late 18th century, a sailor dresses up as the devil and scares the miser and the parson he

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from the Buddhist scriptures. This includes two stories, in the first of which a rich miser is miraculously converted to generosity by a disciple of the Buddha; following this, the Buddha tells another story of a miser whose wealth is given away when the king of the gods impersonates him, and when he

1682:'s "The Miser and his Mistress". There a young woman in luxuriant Renaissance dress stands behind an ugly miser, reaching across him to take coins from the money bags he clutches to his chest, while he looks up at her, crying out with a grimace and trying to push away her hand. An updated version by 485:

harks back to the light-hearted approach of the Greek Anthology in "The Miser and Minos", first published in his fables of 1719. Descending to the Classical underworld at his death, the miser is brought before the judge of the dead and is given the extreme punishment of returning to earth to witness

368:" which he had buried and came back to view every day. When his treasure was eventually stolen and he was lamenting his loss, he was consoled by a neighbour that he might as well bury a stone (or return to look at the hole) and it would serve the same purpose. The other was a two-line epigram in the 690:

Still another ballad theme was the privations of the miser's servant, a comic situation in drama and fiction also, and here principally concerned with how little food the household has to live on. One example is "The Miser's Man (dating from between 1863 and 1885). At the start of the 19th century,

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points to one solution of his dilemma in a print showing a miser engaged with two nude prostitutes whom has hired for the price of one. In another Rowlandson revisits the theme of the meager feast, depicting his miser crouched by an empty grate and keeping himself warm by hugging his money-bags. A

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Among other details in Gillray's crowded print is a fashionably dressed prostitute coming through the door. Lechery was supposed to be an attribute of some misers, exposing them to a contest between satisfying this weakness and their overmastering passion to save expense, as exemplified in the Old

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does not neglect the moral dimension either in his "The miser's feast" (1786). He is pictured seated at a table eating a meager meal, attended by Death in the guise of an emaciated and naked manservant holding in his right hand a tray with a bone on it and behind him, in his left hand, the dart of

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ballads concerning misers from the 17th century onward. Some of the earliest deal with the grain speculators who caused such suffering to the poorest. A representative example is "The Wretched Miser" (1682), prefaced as "a brief Account of a covetous Farmer, who bringing a Load of Corn to Market,

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on 26 May 1820. Much of the broadside is taken up with detailing the contents of her three rooms, into which she had let no one enter. Not more than £8 in currency was discovered there, but she had bought and hoarded many articles of dress over the years, although rarely wearing them. She had also

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initiated a popular treatment of this subject in which each type is separately illustrated, of which there were many imitations in succeeding centuries. Among the depictions is a man starting up in protest behind a table piled with wealth on which a skeleton is laying hands. In his print of 1651,

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two men are depicted robbing a miser. At the centre the miser Charinos has settled for sleep on top of his strongbox in the comfort of two blankets. He is rudely awoken by two rascals mishandling him in an effort to lay their hands on his riches. On the left, Gymnilos has already pulled away the

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was to adapt the story in his "L'avare et son fils" (The miser and his son, IV.9). In this version the miserly father hoards his apples and only eats those going rotten. His son, upon being caught raiding them, excuses himself on the grounds that he was confining himself to eating just the sound

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and published in his fable collection of 1692. It concerns a miser who cannot bring himself to eat the apples in his orchard until they start to go rotten. His son invites in his playmates to pick the fruit but asks them not to eat the rotten ones since his father prefers those. The 18th century

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during Mughal times. In one he extracts from a casuistical miser a fee for a poem written in his praise. In the other the miser is forced to reward a merchant who rescued his hoard from a fire with the whole of it. Arabs similarly made extensive use of misers in their literature. The most famous

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in the guise of a miser digging up his buried gold and debates with him whether the life of wit and learning is a better calling than the pursuit of wealth. Eventually the poet is convinced that keeping his talent hidden until it is better regarded is the more prudent course. It was followed by

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One trait of misers arising out of the accounts about them was their readiness to incur legal expenses where money was involved. Daniel Dancer was notorious for spending five shillings in an unsuccessful effort to recover three pence from a shop woman. He was also involved in a lawsuit with his

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Mr Boffin would say, 'Now, look well all round, my dear, for a Life of a Miser, or any book of that sort; any Lives of odd characters who may have been Misers.' .... The moment she pointed out any book as being entitled Lives of eccentric personages, Anecdotes of strange characters, Records of

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which emphasises the essential isolation of such figures. His enigmatic "The Miser" of 1860 pictures an individual of indeterminate gender seated with its back to the viewer in the corner of a bare room next to the window. He is looking down as if examining something and the room behind him is

478:'s "The Miser and Plutus", published in his collection of fables in 1737. A miser frightened for the security of his hoard denounces gold as the corruptor of virtue and is visited by the angry god of wealth, who asserts that not gold but the attitude towards it is what damages the personality. 388:(IX.15) respectively. Yet another of La Fontaine's fables was the late addition, ""The miser and the monkey" (XII.3), used as a cautionary tale for financiers. Here a man keeps his hoard in a sea-encircled tower until a pet monkey amuses itself one day in throwing the coins out of the window. 718:

Dame Margery is not named in the poem because at the time of writing (1805) she was still alive and known to be litigious. We know that it is meant to be her from the fact that in William Brown's painting of the ballad, "Hiring Croglin Watty at Carlisle Cross", it is she who figures in the

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is a person who is reluctant to spend money, sometimes to the point of forgoing even basic comforts and some necessities, in order to hoard money or other possessions. Although the word is sometimes used loosely to characterise anyone who is mean with their money, if such behaviour is not

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cellar without either bed, chair or table, his colleagues and neighbours claimed to have seen him in the same threadbare clothes for 15 years. After his death, property to the value of more than £3,000 was found in the cellar, some in the form of property deeds, and more in bank receipts.

621:(1733). Reluctance to spend confines this aristocrat to his ancestral hall, where he refuses to engage with the world. Later in the century another Scottish poet, William Stevenson (1719–83), included nine satirical epitaphs on misers among his collected works, of which the last begins: 159:(serialised 1864–1865), with its cutting analysis of Victorian capitalism. In the third section of that novel, Mr Boffin decides to cure his ward Bella Wilfer of her obsession with wealth and position by appearing to become a miser. Taking her with him on a round of the bookshops, 583:

created a portrait of a man trapped between conflicting desires in Malbecco, who appears in cantos 9–10. He is torn between his miserliness and love for his wife Hellenore. Wishing to escape with a lover, she sets fire to his storeroom and forces him to choose between them:

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death. Famine, a withered hag naked to the waist, is also in attendance wearing a large hat and fashionable skirt. These characters are identified by the verse at the bottom: "What else can follow but destructive fate,/When Famine holds the cup and Death the plate?"

130:, the rich and the poor should be in a relationship of mutual support. Those with wealth are in need of the prayers of the poor for their salvation and can only earn them by acts of charity. A typical late example of Christian doctrine on the subject is the Reverend 513:

put miserly behaviour at the centre of the first poem in his first collection of satires, dealing with extremes of behaviour. In writing an imitation of it, an English poet who provides only his surname, Minshull, was to emphasise this by titling his work

4512: 1508:). But the bracketing of the miser and the usurer as equally culpable types, mentioned earlier, makes it difficult to interpret the subject of later moralistic paintings, since they may represent either a hoarder, a money lender or even a tax collector. 735:

developed in the Greek colonies in Italy during the 4th century BCE, which are known only from rare fragments and titles. They were also popularly represented on Greek vases, often with the names of the characters written above them. In one of these by

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artists. Bosch shows the miser on his deathbed, with various demons crowding about his possessions, while an angel supports him and directs his attention to higher things. The link between finance and the diabolical is also drawn by another Fleming,

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with multiple versions. The scene is set in London, where a miser's daughter is courted by a sailor and the father arranges for him to be press-ganged to get him out of the way. As well as persisting in England, there are also versions in the US and

903:, there was a spate of French plays dealing with misers and their matrimonial plans over the next century and a half. What complicates matters is that several of these had the same title but were in fact separate plays written by different authors. 1028:

The popularity of these theatrical misers is evident from the number of paintings and drawings based on them, many of which were then adapted as prints. In 18th-century England, it was Fielding's "The Miser" that attracted most attention.

1123:(1767–68) and Thomas Gray portrayed a confrontation between Shylock and his daughter Jessica (1868). Character portraits of other actors in Shylock's role have included Henry Urwick (1859–1931) by Walter Chamberlain Urwick (1864-1943), 1426:

in which Charlotte Montgomery describes her own romantic affairs and in addition those of her mother, an unprincipled spendthrift who has just married the miser of the title. Another female novelist, Mary E. Bennett (1813–99), set her

879:'s title page for the latter, Volpone is shown worshiping his possessions, in illustration of the lines from the play, "Dear Saint, / Riches, the dumb god that giv'st all men tongues." A similar scene takes place in the second act of 212:. The popularity of such accounts is attested by the seven editions printed in the book's first year and the many later reprintings under various titles. Biographies of Dancer followed soon after, at first in periodicals such as the 1595:

made the link with the dance of death genre by introducing a young boy slyly fingering the coins while keeping a wary eye on the woman to see if she has noticed. These Dutch variations were mostly painted during the 1620s, when

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In the following chapter, Mr Boffin brings a coachload of the books to his premises and readers are introduced to a selection of typical titles and to the names of several of the misers treated in them. Among the books appear

2902: 2192:"Lochy Ostrom, the maiden miser of Poughkeepsie; or, The love of a long lifetime. An authentic biography of Rachel Ostrom who recently died in Poughkeepsie, N.Y., aged ninety years, apparently very poor, but really wealthy ." 895:

in 1906. In the corresponding act in the latter, the Baron visits his underground storehouse, where he gloats at a new addition to his coffers and moodily contemplates the extravagance of his son during a 15-minute solo.

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Lochy Ostrom, the maiden miser of Poughkeepsie; or the love of a long lifetime. An authentic biography of Rachel Ostrom who recently died in Poughkeepsie, N.Y., aged ninety years, apparently very poor, but really

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foreground. About 1811, just before her death, Brown had already devoted another painting to her alone as she tramped through the town. That she is still amusedly remembered there is witnessed by the modern

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is fashionably dressed and wearing a ring. He may be inspired by the wealth and jewelry piled on his table, but he obviously has no objection to advertising his well-to-do status. On the other hand, the

922:(The Spendthrift Miser). The same title was used by L. Reynier for his five-act verse drama of 1794 and by Claude Baron Godart d'Aucourt de Saint Just (1769-1826) for his three-act verse drama of 1805. 259:. Others include John Little (who appears in Merryweather), Reverend Mr Jones of Blewbury (also in Merryweather) and Dick Jarrel, whose surname was really Jarrett and an account of whom appeared in the 1443:

in which banknotes rather than gold are the object of desire and a motive for murder. It was dramatised the same year and later toured the US; in 1912 it was made a silent film. Later examples include

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and again demonstrates the ambivalent targets of the moral message. The only difference is that the couple engaged in inspecting their money are old, as was the case in all the allegories of avarice.

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is of the feminine gender. Low Countries artists who took up the allegorical theme added the variation of making the woman examine a coin by the light of a candle or lantern, as in the paintings by

3407: 3353: 4410: 2615: 3315: 907:(The Miser in Love) by Jean du Mas d' Aigueberre (1692–1755) was a one-act comedy acted in Paris in 1729. It is not the same as the anonymous one-act comedy of the same title published in 1777. 1600:

too borrowed the imagery, but his candlelit examiner of a coin is male and the piece is variously titled "The Money Changer" or "The Rich Fool", in reference to the parable already mentioned.

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There were beside many other prolific and once popular novelists who addressed themselves to the subject of miserliness. For the most part theirs were genre works catering to readers in the

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By the end of the 19th century the theme of the miser was distancing itself from the simple moralities of journeyman painters and becoming a subject for aristocratic amateurs. The Empress

1663:'s miser is also richly robed as he sits surrounded by his possessions, while Theodore Bernard Heuvel's miser sits on the chest containing his hoard and looks anxiously over his shoulder. 1579:'s painting of a naked old woman with a sack of coins (1507). This makes the point that age comes to all and confiscates all consolations. A woman is chosen as subject because the Latin 1033:'s drawing of the second act was also made into a print. But it was principally depictions of various actors in the character of Lovegold, the play's anti-hero, which attracted artists. 3496: 310:

than the "Female Miser" that she is called in the report. The title was more deserved by Joseph MacWilliam, who was found dead of a fire on 13 June 1826. A servant whose home was a damp

1611:, the pull between spirituality and materialism is highlighted by making the deathbed a scene of conflict between the angel and demons. Quentin Matsys suggests the same polarity in his 3425: 3389: 3371: 114:

In the Christian West the attitude to those whose interest centred on gathering money has been coloured by the teachings of the Church. From its point of view, both the miser and the

339:, although this time he was more successful. In the same century, Margery Jackson was involved in an epic Chancery suit between 1776 and 1791 over a family inheritance. The American 713:

She hed a lang beard, for aw t' warl leyke a billy goat, wi' a kil-dried frosty feace: and then the smawest leg o' mutton in aw Carel market sarrad the cat, me, and hur for a week.

1345:. As avarice slowly overtakes her, she withdraws her savings so that she can gloat over the money and even roll about in it. The book was the basis for a silent film in 1916 and 396:

tries to intervene is threatened with what will happen if he does not change his ways. Two 16th century stories concerning misers are included among the witticisms attributed to

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Lives and Anecdotes of Misers or The Passion of Avarice displayed in the parsimonious habits, unaccountable lives and remarkable deaths of the most notorious misers of all ages

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blanket on top of him while, on the right, Kosios drags out the blanket beneath. On the far right, the miser's slave Karion stands with outstretched arms and knocking knees.

1528:, in his portrayal of the man of affairs being assisted in his double bookkeeping by a demon. The same connection is made in "The devil and the usurer" in the Valenciennes 318:

Later in the 19th century there were small regional publications dealing with single individuals of local interest. Examples of such works include Frances Blair's 32-page

1319:(Toquemada on the pire, 1889). The novel is centred on a Madrid moneylender who had appeared incidentally in earlier novels of his and now had three more devoted to him: 4279: 1659:

is poorly dressed and his interest in hoarding is indicated by the way he gloats on the key that will lock his money away. The same dichotomy occurs in later centuries.

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Two more of the misers mentioned made their way into other literary works. John Hopkins, known as Vulture Hopkins, was the subject of a scornful couplet in the third of

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disturbances in 18th century Scotland. Attempting to deprive his nephew David (the hero of the novel) of his inheritance, he arranges to have the young man kidnapped.

649:(London 1831). Although miserly behaviour is referenced during the course of its 78 pages, the real focus there is the attraction of money in all its manifestations. 1715:

Literary manifestations of the theme of the mismatched couple include the Malbecco episode in "The Faerie Queene" and Catherine Hutton's novel "The Miser Married".

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the contrast disappears. The wife of his moneylender is shown helping with the bookkeeping and leaning sideways, as mesmerised as her husband by the pile of coins.

1726:. John Cranch (1751-1821) pictures two armed desperadoes breaking in on his. However, it is in the realm of satirical prints that the most inventiveness is found. 1568:'s print of "The Miser and Death" (1643). Here the man sits at table clasping his money bags while contemplating a skull wearing a plumed hat, beside which is an 1869:"Ante-Nicene Fathers, Vol II: THE PASTOR OF HERMAS: Similitude Second. As the Vine is Supported by the Elm, So is the Rich Man Helped by the Prayer of the Poor" 1045:. Several other works became plates in one or another book dedicated to English drama. James Roberts II (1753 – c. 1810) executed a pen and ink watercolour of 1564:

treats the theme twice, in both versions of which a skeleton serenades a luxuriously dressed greybeard sitting at a table. Another curious variation occurs in

3984: 1547:. There a skeleton compels those from all walks of life, but particularly types of the rich and the powerful, to join him in his dance to the grave. In 1538 1005:, (1828) also brings in a daughter whom the miser attempts to sell off as a mistress to her disguised lover. Earlier Jerrold had written a one-act farce, 4049:"Luke 12:20 "But God said to him, 'You fool! This very night your life will be demanded from you. Then who will get what you have prepared for yourself?'" 1639:(the pleasures of old age). Verses as the bottom underline the moral: "Why do you make/ such piles of gold?/ Soon you'll grow old/ and Death takes all. 1496:

Mediaeval art works of Christian origin take a clear moral stance on the sin of avarice in its various manifestations. The frieze on the west wall of

3869:"The miser married : a novel. In three volumes : Hutton, Catherine, 1756-1846 : Free Download & Streaming : Internet Archive" 3259: 2318: 2125: 1096:

of the play's denouement was included as a print in the translation of Molière's work and prints based upon it were made by various other engravers.

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as Lovegold was adapted for the 1776 edition of that work. In the following century, Thomas Charles Wageman's dramatic head and shoulders drawing of

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by Wu Jingzi (吳敬梓), written about 1750. This miser was unable to die easily until a wasteful second wick was removed from the lamp at his bedside.

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made "The Blessed Ranieri showing the friars the soul of the Miser of Citerna carried to hell by demons" a panel of an altarpiece (now in the

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There were also independent dramatic depictions of misers, some of them being variations of the Pantaleone figure in 16th-century Italian

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as symbol of miserly behaviour, often with an accompanying poem. They appeared in various European languages, among them the illustrated

1081:(1820). From this time too dates the coloured print of Samuel Vale acting the part of Goliah Spiderlimb, the comic servant in Jerrold's 164:

remarkable individuals, or anything to that purpose, Mr Boffin's countenance would light up, and he would instantly dart in and buy it.'

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Such paintings cluster into recognisable genres, all of which point to the sinful nature of preoccupation with money for its own sake.

1529: 979:(first serialised in 1842) was spawning a fresh crop of dramas of that title. Two were played in 1842 and a further adaptation called 228:

The Strange and Unaccountable Life of Daniel Dancer, Esq. ... with singular anecdotes of the famous Jemmy Taylor, the Southwark usurer

1604:, on the other hand, makes his subject very obviously a miser who hugs a small sack of coins and holds one up for intent inspection. 91:

Misers as a type have been a perennial object of popular fascination and a fruitful source for writers and artists in many cultures.

4239: 1783: 5373: 2254: 3153: 2924: 4149: 557:, dating from about 1630, on which an ass laden with rich foods is shown cropping a thistle, surrounding which is the quatrain: 3002: 3996: 302:

carefully picked up every pin that fell in her way, till she nearly filled one hundred pincushions. In addition to much other

4287: 3447: 3078: 1009:(1823), in which a miser tries to marry off his ward to advantage. Another farce produced in Canada, Major John Richardson's 145:. Accounts of misers were included in such 19th century works as G. H. Wilson's four-volume compendium of short biographies, 3015: 2946: 1855:

Richard Newhauser, The Early History of Greed: The Sin of Avarice in Early Medieval Thought and Literature, Cambridge 2000,

1667:'s miser shows much the same apprehension as he leans on the table where his money is piled and glances round suspiciously. 1615:(1514). Here the woman is studying a religious book while her husband is testing coins by weight. In the hands of the later 1471:

in a sentimental story of the occult in which the Dutch merchant persuades a generous young man to exchange souls with him.

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How the Wind Sits; Or, The History of Henry and Ann Lemoine, Chapbook Writers and Publishers of the Late Eighteenth Century

1750: 3612: 2527: 2428: 1331:(Torquemada and Saint Peter, 1895). All of these deal with Spanish social trends in the closing years of the 19th century. 4361:"Jean Baptiste Leprince. Expert art authentication, certificates of authenticity and expert art appraisals - Art Experts" 2849: 2019: 4308: 2064: 249:

Jemmy Taylor's name also appears in the list of notable misers that Mr Boffin enumerates. He is coupled with the banker

2088: 469:'s "Tale of the Miser and the Poet" was included among others in her 1713 Miscellany. There an unsuccessful poet meets 466: 538:

as part of their mutual punishment. They roll weights representing their wealth, constantly colliding and quarreling.

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was to be particularly influential, as was the complicating subplot of a marriageable daughter. One of the earliest

3478: 1251: 788:(1617). The play is named from the miser, whose daughter is Claartje. Molière adapted Plautus' play into French as 3821: 4547: 3592: 3037: 465:

In 18th century Britain, when there was a vogue for creating original fables in verse, a number featured misers.

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Running parallel has been a disposition, inherited from Classical times, to class miserly behaviour as a type of

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Misers were represented onstage as comic figures from Classical times. One of the earliest appears in the comic

440:(The miser and the rotten apples, fable 179), published in 1499. This was eventually translated into English by 5877: 4675: 2974: 1816: 1400: 4468: 4166: 611:. The miser bids farewell to his riches in a comic monologue and details some of his shifts to avoid expense. 4595: 4396: 4179:"Web Gallery of Art, image collection, virtual museum, searchable database of European fine arts (1000-1900)" 3554: 2571: 1762: 554: 4196: 4113: 4034: 3950:"Dollikins and the Miser : Frances Eaton : Free Download & Streaming : Internet Archive" 2754: 2031: 1964: 1560:'s 16th century diptych in which death confronts the man of affairs with his own account. A century later, 490:

adapted this into dialect two years later, and Charles Denis provided a version in standard English in his

306:, there were a great number of buttons, which had been cut off old coats. This makes her sound more like a 4634: 4340: 3207: 3188: 3166: 3131: 3113: 3049: 5570: 5265: 5125: 4256: 3542: 3497:"The Actor Grandmesnil, picture art prints and posters by Jean Baptiste Francois Desoria - ARTFLAKES.COM" 1904: 1556:

makes the connection with the parable clear by quoting from it in the frame. A variation is provided by

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Another area of ambivalence centres on the kind of clothes worn by the so-called misers. The subject of

1392: 290:(1828), roughly based on an incident when he feigned death to save expenses and was killed by accident. 5832: 5621: 4956: 4378: 3292: 3089: 2303: 2211: 1561: 1533: 1231: 1155: 1062: 970: 482: 138:(1852), a moralising work based on a succession of biographies contrasting philanthropists and misers. 3270: 2440: 5907: 4668: 4559: 3904: 3847: 3303: 2239: 2173: 1628: 777: 695:'s "Croglin Watty". A simple-minded countryman down from the fells, Watty was hired by the real-life 914:, who was working in France at the end of his life. He had already produced a one-act comedy titled 4938: 4702: 4178: 2684: 2269: 1679: 1616: 1540: 1456: 887:(1836). This concerns a son, Albert, kept short of funds by his father, the Baron. Under the title 1921: 1632: 1543:

lies behind another series of paintings which stem ultimately from mediaeval illustrations of the

817: 776:(c. 1597). The miser there is the Milanese Jaques de Prie, who has a (supposed) daughter, Rachel. 4648: 1758: 1722:'s poorly dressed character clutches a bag of coin and looks up anxiously in the painting in the 1660: 1226: 1159: 998: 975: 925:

The early 19th century saw misers become the subject of the musicals then fashionable in France.

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devoted one of his theatrical paintings to a scene from L'Avare in 1876 while the French actor

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adapted Molière's work in 1672 and a version based on both Plautus and Molière was produced by

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three years later on this, he sued his daughter for medical fees and 'spiritual compensation'.

344: 21: 4360: 3729: 3525: 2820: 2742: 2672: 2645: 2110: 1806: 1013:(1841), had an Irish theme and dealt with a plot to trick a miser out of his money. The later 5822: 5401: 3241: 2590: 2575: 1124: 1066: 962: 844: 253:

of Gloucester, a more recent miser about whom Dickens later wrote an article in his magazine

111:

in childhood, although this explanation is not accepted by modern evidence-based psychology.

4131: 3680: 603:

The 18th century, so culturally rich in miser lore, furnished some notable poetic examples.

5255: 3661: 1766:

spartanly furnished with just a table and bench, while a broadsheet is tacked to the wall.

1742: 1643: 1584: 1380: 1180: 1097: 1054: 1014: 847:. He is represented as a rich and miserly Venetian merchant, later to become the father of 671: 550: 433: 294: 123: 119: 2962: 2155: 2137: 1111:

In addition, the challenging and complex part of Shylock was favoured by English artists.

8: 5511: 5409: 4879: 4411:"British Museum - Image gallery: The Scramble, or Old Gripus plunder'd by his Young Wife" 4243: 1791: 1719: 1620: 1516: 1484: 1168: 1101: 1042: 1025:

story by him; later he adapted it as a two-act romantic drama set in time of Henry VIII.

892: 856: 772: 604: 487: 441: 391:

In Asia misers were the butt of humorous folklore. One very early cautionary tale is the

307: 282:

John Overs, with a slight change to his name, became the subject of a three-act drama by

263:

for 1806. The many volumes of this publication also figured among Mr Boffin's purchases.

3949: 2787:"Vaughan Williams Memorial Library - Welcome to the English Folk Dance and Song Society" 1575:

Yet another genre was the Allegory of Avarice, of which one of the earliest examples is

5796: 5786: 5586: 5498: 5280: 4428: 4014: 2491: 1757:

paints a Jewish character type for his miser, dated 1901, while the Hungarian nobleman

1346: 1271: 1264: 995:, a verse play in five acts, which claimed to derive its plot 'from an Italian story'. 888: 851:. The Venetian characters who reappear in English drama include the Jewish moneylender 293:

Another public source of information about misers, in Scotland at least, was the prose

255: 127: 104: 4448: 1376:(1923), who makes life miserable for the wife who married him in the hope of security. 1202: 5766: 5717: 5606: 5115: 5012: 4946: 4777: 4210: 3967: 3929: 3868: 3809: 3735: 3055: 2596: 1836: 1812: 1761:

titles his humanised study "Shylock" (1900). Apart from them, there is an etching by

1736: 1497: 1444: 1351: 1300: 1242: 1151: 1120: 950: 930: 880: 805: 700: 696: 666: 575: 446: 418: 410: 361: 242: 218: 155: 28: 1576: 703:. The ballad mixes sung verses with prose description, both in Cumberland dialect: 481:

While these are more or less original interpretations of the theme, French fabulist

5812: 5801: 5690: 5470: 5434: 5424: 5168: 5095: 5059: 5031: 4984: 4862: 4577: 1723: 1553: 1512: 1489: 1464: 1423: 1415: 1237: 1214: 1172: 1132: 876: 827: 813: 759: 684: 64: 51: 35: 2925:"File:Phlyax scene on a calyx krater by Asteas Antikensammlung Berlin F3044 5.jpg" 2330: 1868: 1631:

depicted a couple similarly engaged in 1648 which was later engraved in France by

926: 5902: 5636: 5626: 5457: 5442: 5325: 4951: 4691: 3923: 3887: 3755: 3277: 2720: 2702: 2458: 2398: 2282: 2043: 1945: 1905:"The Eccentric Mirror:: Reflecting a Faithful and Interesting Delineation of ..." 1754: 1592: 1440: 1259: 1247: 1116: 1093: 1092:

was not altogether eclipsed in England by the work adapted from it. A drawing by

1074: 1034: 797: 530: 522: 503: 369: 321: 260: 170: 150: 108: 2044:"Biographical Curiosities; or, Various pictures of human nature. Containing ..." 1312: 607:'s "Last speech of a wretched miser" dates from 1728 and is written in modified 5862: 5837: 5414: 5345: 5260: 5173: 4654: 2366: 2348: 1588: 1372: 1367: 1356: 1128: 1112: 1070: 1038: 1022: 801: 612: 608: 580: 267: 3997:"File:Sassetta - Damnation of the Soul of the Miser of Citerna - WGA20866.jpg" 3101: 2986: 1049:

in character which was adapted as a print for the six-volume play collection,

949:(The Miser's Daughter) in 1835. The latter play was freely adapted in 1835 by 5896: 5872: 5817: 5649: 5611: 5596: 5557: 5072: 4871: 4841: 4767: 4752: 3888:"The Gipsey Bride: Or, the Miser's Daughter. By the Author of Jane Shore ..." 1727: 1544: 1520: 1411: 1046: 987:

of 1839, a schoolboy indiscretion of the future controversial churchman, Rev.

983:

in 1872. A similarly titled play was the five-act comedy partially in verse,

911: 781: 458: 360:

There were two famous references to misers in ancient Greek sources. One was

238: 201: 197: 131: 100: 4622: 88:

accompanied by taking delight in what is saved, it is not properly miserly.

5847: 5781: 5730: 5680: 5670: 5565: 5386: 5358: 5335: 5290: 5135: 5110: 5077: 5039: 4966: 4899: 4846: 4810: 4792: 4326: 3968:"The Soul of Nicholas Snyders, Or the Miser Of Zandam, by Jerome K. Jerome" 3711:"BBC Arts - BBC Arts - 'A life wasted': Who was the real Ebenezer Scrooge?" 1718:

English depictions of misers in the 18th century begin as genre paintings.

1664: 1565: 1557: 1536:, in which two devils pluck at the sleeve of a poorly dressed moneylender. 1519:, dating from the 1490s, started a fashion in depicting this subject among 1436: 1404: 1342: 1287: 1282: 988: 918:(The Miser) in Bologna in 1756. In 1776 he produced in France the five-act 744:

Such stock figures eventually provided inspiration for the Latin dramas of

617: 542: 3791: 600:

Eventually losing both, he becomes the embodiment of frustrated jealousy.

5665: 5601: 5547: 5419: 5381: 5353: 5330: 5275: 5197: 4884: 4820: 4772: 4747: 4066: 3354:"British Museum - Image gallery: Mr Shutter in the Character of Lovegold" 1683: 1656: 1030: 942: 755: 732: 637:

Poetic titles from the 19th century include the Irish Arthur Geoghegan's

535: 425: 340: 303: 5698: 5644: 4629: 1500:

depicts the torments of Hell visited on those guilty of this sin, while

991:. And on the other side of the Atlantic there was a stage production of 5857: 5806: 5506: 5488: 5191: 5163: 5105: 5100: 5020: 4961: 4923: 3649: 3637: 1670: 1569: 1525: 1479: 1305: 1143:

Characterisation of misers has been a frequent focus in prose fiction:

866: 831: 767: 679: 453: 250: 5270: 5250: 3792:"The Perez Galdos Editions Project - Summary of the Torquemada novels" 3779: 3767: 3334:"Art UK - William Farren as Lovegold in 'The Miser' by Henry Fielding" 2786: 5867: 5771: 5705: 5534: 5525: 5480: 5465: 5187: 5158: 5067: 5049: 5044: 4915: 4911: 4889: 4836: 4815: 4787: 4762: 4707: 3698: 2973:

Translated into blank verse in the 18th century by Bonnell Thornton,

2862:"Margery Jackson (1722–1812), Hiring Croglin Watty at Carlisle Cross" 1601: 1597: 848: 793: 750: 429: 336: 311: 42: 1146: 823: 417:, making this the earliest and largest known work on the subject in 5852: 5842: 5827: 5616: 5363: 5315: 5235: 4802: 4757: 4660: 1784:"miser - definition of miser in English from the Oxford dictionary" 1501: 1336: 1200:

Felix Grandet – whose daughter is the title character in the novel

957:. Two further adaptations of the French play were to follow later: 657: 615:

created another masterly portrait in the character of Cotta in his

475: 424:

When there was renewed European interest in Aesop during the early

406: 298: 2739:

A Book of Scattered Leaves: Poetry of Poverty in Broadside Ballads

2568:

English Versions of Roman Satire in the Earlier Eighteenth Century

1250:. He may have been partly based on John Elwes. The story has been 5725: 5675: 5542: 5447: 5285: 5183: 5087: 5003: 4927: 4919: 4782: 4617: 4048: 2803:

Folk Songs of the Catskills, State University of New York, 1982,

2174:"Memoir of Margery Jackson, the Carlisle miser & misanthrope" 1189: 871: 852: 836: 745: 2553:, Loeb edition translated by H. Rushton Fairclough, London 1942 2331:"Jean de La Fontaine's Fable Poem: The Treasure And The Two Men" 910:

Another set of plays borrows a title from the Italian dramatist

665:

In the realm of popular poetry, there were a range of narrative

233: 5391: 5153: 5130: 4643: 4453: 4433: 4345: 4019: 3597: 3559: 3338: 2903:"Margery Jackson's remarkable life inspires Miser! The Musical" 2886: 2866: 1647: 1505: 1207: 1194: 737: 534:, misers are put in the fourth circle of hell, in company with 510: 470: 436:

wrote two collections of original fables, among which appeared

397: 20:

This article is about parsimonious people. For other uses, see

79: 5776: 5591: 5320: 4907: 2317:, translated by Norman Shapiro, University of Illinois 2007, 414: 373: 297:. One example concerns Isobel Frazer or Frizzle, who died in 230:(1797), which was often to be reissued under various titles. 192:

The majority of the misers are 18th century characters, with

115: 2817:

The Politics of Custom in Eighteenth-Century British Fiction

2616:"British Museum - Image gallery: Scenes from Aesop's Fables" 4732: 3408:"British Museum - Image gallery: Mr W. Farren, as Lovegold" 661:

The broadside ballad of "The Old Miser", early 19th century

73: 4211:"The Athenaeum - Allegory of avarice (Paulus Moreelse - )" 3182: 3180: 1187:

Jean-Esther van Gobseck – an affluent usurer in the novel

708:

Neist my deame she e'en starv'd me, that niver liv'd weel;

502:

Misers are frequent figures of fun in the epigrams of the

27:"Cheapskate" redirects here. For the Supergrass song, see 5307: 645:(1893). There was also an anonymous didactic poem titled 4096:"File:Jan Provoost - Death and the Miser - WGA18447.jpg" 3390:"British Museum - Mr Yates in the character of Lovegold" 3372:"British Museum - Mr Ryder in the character of Lovegold" 175:

Portraits, Memoirs, and Characters of Remarkable Persons

34:"Skinflint" redirects here. For the band Skinflint, see 3177: 1753:'s miser of 1890 handles a small strongbox. The Indian 1688:

The Scramble, or Old Gripus plunder'd by his Young Wife

1278:(1853, translated into English as "The Miser" in 1855). 710:

Her hard words and luiks wou'd ha'e freeten'd the deil:

699:

miser Margery Jackson (1722–1812) and served her for a

899:

Following on from the continuing success of Molière's

494:(1754), reversing the title to "Minos and the Miser". 107:, attributing the development of miserly behaviour to 1704:

His wife while she plunders with smiles and caresses,

1257:

Mr. Prokharchin – title character of the short story

643:

New Christmas Poem entitled The Miser's Christmas Eve

486:

how his wealth is now being spent. The Scottish poet

326:(Carlisle 1847) and in the United States the 46-page 76: 2721:"EBBA 33461 - UCSB English Broadside Ballad Archive" 2703:"EBBA 21994 - UCSB English Broadside Ballad Archive" 2588: 1686:

was published as a print in 1773 under the title of

1291:(1861), who eventually abandons his avaricious ways. 628:

Who starv'd himself through spleen to skin and bone,

200:

at their head. The first account of Elwes' life was

3593:"Art UK - Arthur Bourchier (1863–1927), as Shylock" 3187:Bayard, Jean François Alfred; Duport, Paul (1835). 1355:in 1924. More recently, it was also the basis for 770:adapted elements from Plautus for his early comedy 208:(1790), which was initially published in his paper 122:and shared behaviours. According to the parable of 70: 67: 3625:The Classic Chinese Novel: A Critical Introduction 3032:M.M.Badawi, "Arabic drama: early developments" in 1707:At once cools his love and his avarice distresses. 401:being the 600 page collection of anecdotes called 4067:"Hans Holbein's dance of death, Rich man / Miser" 1678:A sub-theme of this kind of contrast occurred in 179:Kirby's Wonderful Museum of Remarkable Characters 99:One attempt to account for miserly behaviour was 5894: 457:A print of John Gay's "The Miser and Plutus" by 4596:"Whistler Etchings :: Image of Impression" 3555:"Art UK - Henry Urwick (1859–1931), as Shylock" 3426:"British Museum - Mr Vale as Goliah Spiderlimb" 3205: 3150:Alfieri and Goldoni: Their Lives and Adventures 1019:The Miser of Shoreditch or the Curse of Avarice 632:And boast, what he ne'er could, a full repast. 5703: 2900: 1698:How hard is the conflict, yet claims ridicule, 1463:(1890) by the American Frances Eaton. In 1904 784:followed with their very popular Dutch comedy 335:equally miserly brothers when his sister died 4676: 4560:"Raja Ravi Varma Oil Painting 59 - The Miser" 3662:"Fardorougha, the Miser, by William Carleton" 1674:Old Gripus plundered by his young wife (1773) 1623:'s painting of much the same scene is titled 1057:made a print of Thomas Ryder in the role for 3186: 1701:When doting and avarice possess an old fool! 1311:Francisco Torquemada, the main character in 277:The wretch who living saved a candle's end. 275:When Hopkins dies, a thousand lights attend 149:(1807). Such books were put to comic use by 3734:. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 118. 3206:Scribe, Eugène; Delavigne, Germain (1823). 3075:The Methuen Drama Dictionary of the Theatre 2018:"Anecdotes of the late Daniel Dancer Esq", 1835:. New York: Worth Publishers. p. 218. 1804: 1746:inherited his money from a miserly father. 1150:The miser discovers the loss of his money, 812:and pioneering dramatic works in Arabic by 804:in 1732. Among later adaptations there was 758:writers to adapt the play was the Croatian 626:A miser rots beneath this mould'ring stone, 4721: 4683: 4669: 2755:"Lewis Walpole Library Digital Collection" 2565: 2315:The Complete Fables of Jean de La Fontaine 2272:, "Daughter sued by dad over 'miser' poem" 1007:The Smoked Miser or The Benefit of Hanging 1003:John Overy or The Miser of Southwark Ferry 641:(Newry 1818) and Frederick Featherstone's 639:The Old Miser and Mammon: an Incident Poem 630:Lest worms might riot on his flesh at last 595:He left his wyf; money did love disclame. 589:Ay when to him she cryde, to her he turnd, 288:John Overy or The Miser of Southwark Ferry 4531:"A&A - The Spendthrift and the Miser" 3678: 3316:"British Museum - Image gallery: drawing" 2514:A group of eight in Book XI are numbered 1946:"Kirby's Wonderful and Scientific Museum" 1379:Séraphin Poudrier, the central figure in 1119:in the role that had brought him fame at 985:The Miser's Daughter or The Lover's Curse 961:(1859) by J. V. Bridgeman (1819–89), and 270:'s Moral Essays, "Of the Use of Riches": 3476: 3013: 1669: 1478: 1403:of the 19th century. Among them was the 1145: 822: 656: 452: 232: 206:The Life of the Late John Elwes: Esquire 94: 41: 4481: 4341:"Art UK - A Miser Casting His Accounts" 4132:"File:Glaspalast München 1891 025a.jpg" 3921: 3885: 3164: 3051:McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of World Drama 1429:The Gipsy Bride or the Miser's Daughter 1104:in the role of Harpagon was painted by 691:the theme had figured as an episode in 593:But when he marked how him money burnd, 591:And left the fyre; love money overcame: 562:The Asse which dainty meates doth beare 350: 5895: 3611:The Universal Anthology vol.12, 1899, 2999:Thomas Shadwell, his life and comedies 2030:"Anecdotes of the Late Daniel Dancer" 1999: 1962: 1830: 566:Is like the wretch that hourds up gold 5755: 5224: 5223: 4720: 4664: 3925:Miser Farebrother: A Novel (Complete) 3727: 2882:"Margery Jackson, the Carlisle Miser" 2848:, George Routledge & Sons, 1866, 1824: 1690:. Underneath is a verse commentary: 1469:Nicholas Snyders, The Miser of Zandam 993:Julietta Gordini:The Miser's Daughter 185:(1821); and F. Somner Merryweather's 4690: 3679:Ainsworth, William Harrison (1855). 3239: 2063:, Southern Illinois University 2007 1591:. In his own allegorical treatment, 1334:Trina McTeague, the miserly wife in 808:'s 18th-century Russian comic opera 652: 564:And feedes on thistles all the yeare 324:, the Carlisle miser and misanthrope 3483:19thcenturybritpaint.blogspot.co.uk 3114:"Les trois spectacles, ou Polixene" 3100:There is a complete performance on 2846:The Songs and Ballads of Cumberland 2589:Jennifer Doane Upton (March 2005), 2138:"Broadside entitled 'Female Miser'" 1449:Paston Carew, Millionaire and Miser 1327:(Toquemada in Purgatory, 1894) and 937:(The miser's spree) in 1823, while 568:And yet for want doth suffer cold. 118:were guilty of the cardinal sin of 13: 3922:Farjeon, Benjamin Leopold (1889). 3444:Henry Fielding and William Hogarth 2669:Original Poems on Several Subjects 2441:"A Tale of the Miser and the Poet" 1646:'s painting from the 1640s in the 1281:Silas Marner – title character of 1274:'s novel of Flemish peasant life, 1270:Uncle Jan and his nephew Thijs in 865:(1598) and the title character of 14: 5919: 4610: 4197:"French Government cultural site" 3840:"Riceyman Steps – Arnold Bennett" 2945:, Museum Tusculanum Press, 1992, 2551:Satires, Epistles and Ars Poetica 2526:The Greek anthology for schools, 2002:"The Life of the Late John Elwes" 1887:"The Riches that Bring No Sorrow" 1213:Fardarougha Donovan in the Irish 766:(The Miser) is set in Dubrovnik. 748:. The character of Euclio in his 4642: 4628: 4616: 4588: 4570: 4552: 4541: 4523: 4505: 4475: 4461: 4441: 4421: 4403: 4389: 4371: 4353: 4333: 4319: 4301: 4272: 4261: 4250: 4232: 4221: 4203: 4189: 4171: 4160: 4142: 4124: 4106: 4088: 4077: 4059: 4041: 4027: 4007: 3989: 3978: 3960: 3942: 3915: 3897: 3879: 3861: 3832: 3814: 3802: 3784: 3772: 3760: 3748: 3721: 3703: 3691: 3672: 3654: 3642: 3630: 3627:, Chinese University Press, 2016 3617: 3605: 3585: 3567: 3547: 3536: 3518: 3489: 3470: 3452: 3436: 3418: 3400: 2399:"A question of 'like'", pp. 47–9 1474: 1395:in the English-language version. 1323:(Toquemada on the cross, 1893), 1304:(1886), which is set during the 1294:Ebenezer Balfour the villain of 409:. He lived in 800 CE during the 226:(which also included Elwes) and 63: 16:Person who is reluctant to spend 5200:(self styled captain, braggart) 3382: 3364: 3346: 3326: 3308: 3297: 3282: 3271:Text at Victorian Plays project 3264: 3252: 3233: 3218: 3199: 3158: 3142: 3124: 3106: 3094: 3083: 3068: 3042: 3026: 3007: 2991: 2979: 2967: 2951: 2935: 2917: 2894: 2874: 2854: 2839: 2825: 2809: 2797: 2779: 2765: 2747: 2731: 2713: 2695: 2677: 2662: 2650: 2635: 2626: 2608: 2582: 2559: 2544: 2532: 2520: 2508: 2496: 2481: 2469: 2451: 2433: 2418: 2403: 2387: 2383:"The Miser's Misery", pp. 125–6 2371: 2359: 2341: 2323: 2308: 2293: 2275: 2259: 2244: 2228: 2216: 2201: 2184: 2166: 2148: 2130: 2115: 2105:An account of him was given in 2099: 2081: 2069: 2053: 2036: 2024: 2012: 1993: 1983:"Lives and anecdotes of misers" 1975: 1956: 1938: 1389:Séraphin: un homme et son péché 1178:Yan Jiansheng in an episode of 1171:' second master in the Spanish 545:began using an illustration of 136:The Riches that Bring No Sorrow 4657:– Sermons and Biblical Studies 4578:"File:Mednyánszky Shylock.jpg" 3258:The Dramatic Magazine 1, 1829 2943:The Art of Acting in Antiquity 2901:Tony Henderson (6 June 2011). 1926: 1914: 1897: 1879: 1861: 1849: 1798: 1776: 1106:Jean-Baptiste François Desoria 382:L'avare qui a perdu son trésor 1: 4633:The dictionary definition of 4397:"French government arts site" 4035:"French Government arts site" 2572:Associated University Presses 1769: 1763:James Abbott McNeill Whistler 555:Marcus Gheeraerts the Younger 3479:"Victorian British Painting" 2566:Kupersmith, William (2007). 2349:"Jean de La Fontaine Fables" 2156:"Broadside entitled 'Miser'" 1613:The moneylender and his wife 1431:(1841) in the 16th century. 945:collaborated on the two-act 816:(1817–55) and in Serbian by 386:Le trésor et les deux hommes 7: 5704: 5571:Elderly martial arts master 5266:Hooker with a heart of gold 4309:"Le Plaisir Des Vieillards" 3731:The Dostoevsky encyclopedia 3240:Pray, Isaac Clarke (1839). 2395:50 Wittiest Tales Of Birbal 1325:Torquemada en el purgatorio 1224:John Scarve – in the novel 1167:The miserly priest who was 723:(2011), based on her life. 438:Avarus et poma marcescentia 10: 5924: 5756: 4150:"Der Geizhals und der Tod" 3460:"H Beard Print Collection" 3289:Theatre Research in Canada 2959:South Italian Phylax Plays 1932:Various volumes appear in 1653:Miser Casting His Accounts 1562:Frans Francken the Younger 1534:Pieter Bruegel the Younger 1422:(1813). The latter was an 1339:: a story of San Francisco 1232:William Harrison Ainsworth 1138: 971:William Harrison Ainsworth 891:, it was made an opera by 483:Antoine Houdar de la Motte 222:, then in the compendiums 18: 5762: 5751: 5716: 5689: 5658: 5635: 5579: 5556: 5533: 5524: 5497: 5479: 5456: 5433: 5400: 5372: 5344: 5306: 5243: 5234: 5230: 5219: 5146: 5086: 5058: 5029: 5011: 5002: 4977: 4937: 4898: 4870: 4861: 4829: 4801: 4740: 4731: 4727: 4716: 4698: 4535:artandarchitecture.org.uk 3886:Bennett, Mary E. (1841). 2975:available on Google Books 2741:Bucknell University 2000 2642:The Poems of Allan Ramsay 2236:Memoir of Margery Jackson 1831:Berger, Kathleen (2000). 1808:Foundations of psychology 1637:Le plaisir des vieillards 1629:David Teniers the Younger 1532:, formerly attributed to 1154:'s 1842 illustration for 1121:the Covent Garden Theatre 796:, 1668) while in England 778:Pieter Corneliszoon Hooft 541:During the 16th century, 497: 355: 3575:"The Merchant of Venice" 3526:"The Merchant of Venice" 3477:rfdarsie (6 July 2012). 3034:Modern Arabic Literature 3014:Fielding, Henry (1803). 2223:Biographical Curiosities 2208:Biographical Curiosities 2107:The Gentleman's Magazine 1680:Hans Holbein the Younger 1617:Marinus van Reymerswaele 1607:In the Hieronymus Bosch 1549:Hans Holbein the Younger 1541:Parable of the Rich Fool 1457:Benjamin Leopold Farjeon 1439:(1863) was a successful 1408:The miser and his family 1393:Séraphin: Heart of Stone 1317:Torquemada en la hoguera 1240:– the lead character of 1077:'s collection of texts, 1073:as Lovegold illustrated 1059:Lowndes' British Theatre 726: 224:Biographical Curiosities 3905:"Aurora Floyd. A novel" 3304:Victorian Plays project 2253:. (Harvard Univ 1971), 2000:Topham, Edward (1790). 1661:Jean-Baptiste Le Prince 1461:Dollikins and the Miser 999:Douglas William Jerrold 830:'s 1898 title page for 284:Douglas William Jerrold 181:(1803); Henry Wilson's 5298:Manic Pixie Dream Girl 4722:By ethics and morality 4621:Quotations related to 4240:"arthistoryimages.org" 3681:"The miser's daughter" 3208:"L'avare en goguettes" 3079:Pantaloon entry, p.374 2459:"The Miser and Plutus" 2283:"THE MAN AND HIS GOLD" 2251:Notable American Women 1965:"Wonderful Characters" 1963:Wilson, Henry (1821). 1788:oxforddictionaries.com 1675: 1493: 1433:Mary Elizabeth Braddon 1329:Torquemada y San Pedro 1296:Robert Louis Stevenson 1163: 1051:Bell's British Theatre 1021:(1854) was based on a 862:The Merchant of Venice 840: 716: 662: 635: 598: 571: 547:an ass eating thistles 462: 366:The Miser and his Gold 280: 246: 166: 126:in the quasi-Biblical 55: 22:Miser (disambiguation) 4365:artexpertswebsite.com 4313:FAMSF Explore the Art 4215:www.the-athenaeum.org 4114:"Death and the Miser" 3728:Lantz, K. A. (2004). 3648:A translation on the 3636:A translation on the 3446:, Amsterdam NL 1981, 3189:"La fille de l'avare" 2963:University of Arizona 2725:ebba.english.ucsb.edu 2707:ebba.english.ucsb.edu 2122:The Dramatic Magazine 1833:The Developing Person 1673: 1633:Pierre-François Basan 1482: 1401:circulating libraries 1385:Un Homme et son péché 1366:Henry Earlforward in 1321:Torquemada en la cruz 1254:for stage and screen. 1219:Fardarougha the Miser 1149: 1125:Herbert Beerbohm Tree 1079:The New English Drama 963:John Palgrave Simpson 826: 818:Jovan Sterija Popović 762:in about 1555, whose 705: 660: 623: 586: 573:In the third book of 559: 456: 405:or Book of Misers by 331:(Philadelphia 1870). 272: 236: 161: 95:Accounting for misers 45: 4651:at Wikimedia Commons 4449:"Art UK - The Miser" 4429:"Art UK - The Miser" 4327:"Web Gallery of Art" 4015:"Art UK - The Miser" 3808:Available online at 3225:New Monthly Magazine 3165:Reynier, L. (1794). 2592:Dark Way to Paradise 2538:Poems of the Orient 1811:, Cengage Learning, 1805:Nicky Hayes (2000), 1644:Hendrik Gerritsz Pot 1585:Gerrit van Honthorst 1530:Musée des beaux-arts 1381:Claude-Henri Grignon 1227:The Miser's Daughter 1160:The Miser's Daughter 1098:William Powell Frith 1055:Charles Reuben Ryley 1015:Thomas Peckett Prest 976:The Miser's Daughter 969:in 1857. Meanwhile, 955:The Miser's Daughter 939:Jean-François Bayard 434:Laurentius Abstemius 378:La Fontaine's Fables 351:Misers in literature 237:A pencil drawing of 183:Wonderful Characters 147:The Eccentric Mirror 124:the Elm and the Vine 5512:Princess and dragon 5410:Princesse lointaine 4910:(servants, clowns: 4880:Gentleman detective 3844:Several eBooks Free 3828:. 16 November 1992. 3822:"New York Magazine" 3167:"L' avare fastueux" 2997:Albert S. Borgman, 2685:"The miser: a poem" 2367:Sacred texts online 2300:The Greek Anthology 2059:Roy Bearden-White, 1794:on August 11, 2012. 1720:Gainsborough Dupont 1621:Gillis van Tilborch 1609:Death and the Miser 1517:Death and the Miser 1485:Death and the Miser 1169:Lazarillo de Tormes 1043:Theatre Royal, Bath 1041:in the role at the 1011:The Miser Outwitted 953:under the title of 947:La fille de l'avare 935:L'avare en goguette 893:Sergei Rachmaninoff 857:William Shakespeare 773:The Case is Altered 618:Epistle to Bathurst 372:, once ascribed to 345:Parkinson's disease 5797:Identity formation 5587:American mappillai 5499:Damsel in distress 5281:Magical girlfriend 5186:(wealthy old men, 4383:NiceArtGallery.com 4118:NiceArtGallery.com 3276:2014-04-07 at the 3242:"Julietta Gordini" 3132:"L'Avare amoureux" 3036:, Cambridge 1992, 2913:on April 21, 2013. 2833:"Bodleian Library" 2773:"Bodleian Library" 2737:James G. Hepburn, 2656:Moral Essays III, 2397:, Bangalore 2005, 2393:Clifford Sawhney, 2379:Akbar-Birbal Jokes 2335:readbookonline.org 2302:III, London 1917, 2225:(London 1797), p.6 1759:Ladislav Medňanský 1676: 1494: 1347:Erich von Stroheim 1272:Hendrik Conscience 1265:Fyodor Dostoyevsky 1252:adapted many times 1175:published in 1554. 1164: 1152:George Cruickshank 1135:, also by Buchel. 889:The Miserly Knight 845:commedia dell'arte 841: 721:Miser! The Musical 663: 463: 308:compulsive hoarder 256:All the Year Round 247: 214:Edinburgh Magazine 128:Shepherd of Hermas 105:anal retentiveness 56: 5890: 5889: 5886: 5885: 5767:Adolescent clique 5747: 5746: 5743: 5742: 5739: 5738: 5520: 5519: 5256:Farmer's daughter 5225:By sex and gender 5215: 5214: 5211: 5210: 5207: 5206: 4998: 4997: 4857: 4856: 4778:Mythological king 4647:Media related to 4268:Wikimedia Commons 4228:Wikimedia Commons 4167:Wikimedia Commons 4084:Wikimedia Commons 3778:Available on the 3766:Available on the 3697:Available on the 3001:, New York 1969, 2941:Klaus Neiiendam, 2821:footnote on p.185 2632:III.10, stanza 15 2425:Fables de Florian 2381:, New Delhi 2005 2210:, (London 1797), 2089:"Annual Register" 1743:A Rake's Progress 1737:Thomas Rowlandson 1498:Lincoln Cathedral 1453:Miser Farebrother 1445:Eliza Lynn Linton 1420:The miser married 1243:A Christmas Carol 973:'s period novel 951:John G. Millingen 931:Germain Delavigne 920:L' avare fastueux 883:'s short tragedy 881:Alexander Pushkin 806:Vasily Pashkevich 653:Broadside ballads 576:The Faerie Queene 516:The Miser, a Poem 509:The Latin writer 447:Claris de Florian 419:Arabic literature 411:Abbasid Caliphate 243:Richard Cooper Jr 219:Sporting Magazine 156:Our Mutual Friend 29:Cheapskate (song) 5915: 5908:Stock characters 5813:Little green men 5802:Imaginary friend 5753: 5752: 5709: 5531: 5530: 5471:Mammy stereotype 5425:Yamato nadeshiko 5241: 5240: 5232: 5231: 5221: 5220: 5096:Bug-eyed monster 5060:Social Darwinist 5009: 5008: 4985:Good cop/bad cop 4868: 4867: 4738: 4737: 4729: 4728: 4718: 4717: 4692:Stock characters 4685: 4678: 4671: 4662: 4661: 4646: 4632: 4620: 4604: 4603: 4592: 4586: 4585: 4574: 4568: 4567: 4556: 4550: 4545: 4539: 4538: 4527: 4521: 4520: 4509: 4503: 4502: 4500: 4499: 4490:. 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Jerome 1424:epistolary novel 1416:Catherine Hutton 1238:Ebenezer Scrooge 1215:William Carleton 1173:picaresque novel 1133:Arthur Bourchier 1083:The Smoked Miser 1063:Thomas Parkinson 959:Love and Avarice 933:collaborated on 905:L'Avare Amoureux 877:Aubrey Beardsley 828:Aubrey Beardsley 814:Marun Al Naqqash 685:Tristan de Cunha 526: 518:(London, 1735). 445:French fabulist 442:Roger L'Estrange 403:Kitab Al Bukhala 86: 85: 82: 81: 78: 75: 72: 69: 52:Antonio Piccinni 39: 36:Skinflint (band) 32: 25: 5923: 5922: 5918: 5917: 5916: 5914: 5913: 5912: 5893: 5892: 5891: 5882: 5758: 5735: 5712: 5685: 5654: 5637:Prince Charming 5631: 5627:Superfluous man 5622:Nice Jewish boy 5575: 5552: 5516: 5493: 5475: 5458:Lady-in-waiting 5452: 5429: 5396: 5368: 5340: 5326:Fairy godmother 5302: 5226: 5203: 5142: 5082: 5054: 5025: 4994: 4973: 4952:Gentleman thief 4933: 4926: and 4894: 4853: 4825: 4797: 4723: 4712: 4694: 4689: 4613: 4608: 4607: 4594: 4593: 4589: 4576: 4575: 4571: 4564:cyberkerala.com 4558: 4557: 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2533: 2525: 2521: 2513: 2509: 2501: 2497: 2486: 2482: 2474: 2470: 2463:Immortal Poetry 2457: 2456: 2452: 2439: 2438: 2434: 2423: 2419: 2408: 2404: 2392: 2388: 2376: 2372: 2364: 2360: 2347: 2346: 2342: 2329: 2328: 2324: 2313: 2309: 2298: 2294: 2281: 2280: 2276: 2264: 2260: 2249: 2245: 2234:Frances Blair, 2233: 2229: 2221: 2217: 2206: 2202: 2190: 2189: 2185: 2172: 2171: 2167: 2154: 2153: 2149: 2136: 2135: 2131: 2120: 2116: 2104: 2100: 2087: 2086: 2082: 2075:April 10, 1869 2074: 2070: 2058: 2054: 2042: 2041: 2037: 2029: 2025: 2020:1794, pp.399-40 2017: 2013: 1998: 1994: 1981: 1980: 1976: 1961: 1957: 1944: 1943: 1939: 1931: 1927: 1919: 1915: 1903: 1902: 1898: 1885: 1884: 1880: 1867: 1866: 1862: 1854: 1850: 1843: 1829: 1825: 1819: 1803: 1799: 1782: 1781: 1777: 1772: 1755:Raja Ravi Varma 1593:Paulus Moreelse 1477: 1441:sensation novel 1391:(2002), titled 1260:Mr. Prokharchin 1248:Charles Dickens 1203:Eugénie Grandet 1141: 1117:Charles Macklin 1094:William Hogarth 1075:William Oxberry 1065:'s painting of 1061:(1788), while 1035:Samuel De Wilde 798:Thomas Shadwell 729: 715: 712: 711: 709: 693:Robert Anderson 655: 634: 631: 629: 627: 597: 594: 592: 590: 570: 567: 565: 563: 524: 523:Dante Alighieri 504:Greek Anthology 500: 370:Greek Anthology 358: 353: 322:Margery Jackson 279: 276: 261:Annual Register 171:James Caulfield 151:Charles Dickens 109:toilet training 97: 66: 62: 40: 33: 26: 19: 17: 12: 11: 5: 5921: 5911: 5910: 5905: 5888: 5887: 5884: 5883: 5881: 5880: 5875: 5870: 5865: 5863:Tragic mulatto 5860: 5855: 5850: 5845: 5840: 5838:Shoulder angel 5835: 5830: 5825: 5820: 5815: 5810: 5809:("The Lovers") 5804: 5799: 5794: 5789: 5784: 5779: 5774: 5769: 5763: 5760: 5759: 5749: 5748: 5745: 5744: 5741: 5740: 5737: 5736: 5734: 5733: 5728: 5722: 5720: 5714: 5713: 5711: 5710: 5701: 5695: 5693: 5687: 5686: 5684: 5683: 5678: 5673: 5668: 5662: 5660: 5656: 5655: 5653: 5652: 5647: 5641: 5639: 5633: 5632: 5630: 5629: 5624: 5619: 5614: 5609: 5604: 5599: 5594: 5589: 5583: 5581: 5577: 5576: 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