Misconceptions about HIV/AIDS

585:(MMWR) noted that most cases of AIDS had been reported among homosexual men with multiple sexual partners, injection drug users, Haitians, and hemophiliacs. The report suggested that AIDS may be caused by an infectious agent that is transmitted sexually or through exposure to blood or blood products, and issued recommendations for preventing transmission. Although most cases of HIV/AIDS were discovered in gay men, on January 7, 1983, the CDC reported cases of AIDS in female sexual partners of males with AIDS. In 1984, scientists identified the virus that causes AIDS, which was first named after the T-cells affected by the strain and is now called HIV or human immunodeficiency virus. 1089: 1102: 252: 98: 557: 1174:, such as traditional medicine, especially in areas where conventional therapies are less widespread. However, the overwhelming majority of scientifically rigorous research indicates little or negative effect on patient outcomes such as HIV-symptom severity and disease duration, and mixed outcomes on psychological well-being. It is important that patients notify their healthcare provider prior to beginning any treatment, as certain alternative therapies may interfere with conventional treatment. 265: 132:(the level of virus in the blood) to low or near-undetectable levels. Disease-specific drugs can also alleviate symptoms of AIDS and even cure specific AIDS-defining conditions in some cases. Medical treatment can reduce HIV infection in many cases to a survivable chronic condition. However, these advances do not constitute a cure, since current treatment regimens cannot eradicate latent HIV from the body. 2636: 831:, albeit modest and short-lived. Among HIV-infected patients who had not yet developed AIDS, placebo-controlled trials found that AZT given as a single-drug therapy delayed, for a year or two, the onset of AIDS-related illnesses. The lack of excess AIDS cases and death in the AZT arms of these placebo-controlled trials effectively counters the argument that AZT causes AIDS. 145:

means if a person living with HIV is well controlled on medications with a viral load less than 200, they cannot transmit HIV to their partners via sexual contact. The landmark study that first established this was the HPTN052 study, which looked at over 2000 couples over 10 years, where one partner was HIV positive, and the other partner was HIV negative.

835:

in progression to AIDS and in survival when compared to two-drug regimens in clinical trials. Use of potent anti-HIV combination therapies has contributed to dramatic reductions in the incidence of AIDS and AIDS-related deaths in populations where these drugs are widely available, an effect which would be unlikely if antiretroviral drugs

1012:

As with many diseases, a number of factors can influence the course of HIV disease. Factors such as age or genetic differences between individuals, the level of virulence of the individual strain of virus, as well as exogenous influences such as co-infection with other microbes may determine the rate

834:

Subsequent clinical trials found that patients receiving two-drug combinations had up to 50% increases in time to progression to AIDS and in survival when compared to people receiving single-drug therapy. In more recent years, three-drug combination therapies have produced another 50–80% improvements

580:

first official reporting of the AIDS epidemic in North America. By year-end, a cumulative total of 337 cases of severe immune deficiency had been reported, and 130 out of the 337 reported cases had died. On September 24, 1982, the CDC used the term "AIDS" (acquired immune deficiency syndrome) for the

324:

Due to media images of the effects of AIDS, many people believe that individuals infected with HIV always appear a certain way, or at least appear different from an uninfected, healthy person. In fact, disease progression can occur over a long period of time before the onset of symptoms, and as such,

235:

Progress in testing methodology has enabled detection of viral genetic material, antigens, and the virus itself in bodily fluids and cells. While not widely used for routine testing due to high cost and requirements in laboratory equipment, these direct testing techniques have confirmed the validity

231:

tests exceed the performance of most other infectious disease tests in both sensitivity (the ability of the screening test to give a positive finding when the person tested truly has the disease) and specificity (the ability of the test to give a negative finding when the subjects tested are free of

69:

for many years. If undiagnosed or left untreated, HIV usually progresses to AIDS, defined as possessing a CD4+ lymphocyte count under 200 cells/μL or HIV infection plus co-infection with an AIDS-defining opportunistic infection. HIV cannot be cured, but it can be treated, and its transmission can be

981:

estimates that 30 percent of new HIV infections in the United States in 1998 were in women. As the number of HIV-infected women has risen, so too has the number of female AIDS patients in the United States. Approximately 23% of U.S. adult/adolescent AIDS cases reported to the CDC in 1998 were among

969:

men. HIV is spread primarily through unprotected sex, the exchange of HIV-contaminated needles, or cross-contamination of the drug solution and infected blood during intravenous drug use. Because these behaviors show a gender skew—Western men are more likely to take illegal drugs intravenously than

507:

Although the fraction of CD4+ T-cells that is infected with HIV at any given time is never high (only a small subset of activated cells serve as ideal targets of infection), several groups have shown that rapid cycles of death of infected cells and infection of new target cells occur throughout the

386:

HIV can survive at room temperature outside the body for hours if dry (provided that initial concentrations are high), and for weeks if wet (in used syringes/needles). However, the amounts typically present in bodily fluids do not survive nearly as long outside the body—generally no more than a few

377:

and can infect a bitten person with these diseases. HIV is not transmitted in this manner. On the other hand, a mosquito may have HIV-infected blood in its gut, and if swatted on the skin of a human who then scratches it, transmission is hypothetically possible, though this risk is extremely small,

199:

is a means to avoid AIDS or cure it if infected. As with "virgin cure" beliefs, there is no scientific evidence suggesting a sexual act can actually cure AIDS, and no plausible mechanism by which it could do so has ever been proposed. While the risk of contracting HIV via sex with animals is likely

144:

reduces the chance of acquiring an HIV infection when administered within 72 hours of exposure to HIV. However, an overwhelming body of clinical evidence has demonstrated the U=U rule - if someone's viral load is undetectable (<200 viral copies per mL) they are untransmissible. Essentially this

793:

of HIV disease, even though important details remain to be elucidated. However, a complete understanding of the pathogenesis of a disease is not a prerequisite to knowing its cause. Most infectious agents have been associated with the disease they cause long before their pathogenic mechanisms have

951:

Among HIV-infected hemophiliacs, Transfusion Safety Study investigators found that neither the purity nor the amount of factor VIII therapy had a deleterious effect on CD4+ T-cell counts. Similarly, the Multicenter Hemophilia Cohort Study found no association between the cumulative dose of plasma

947:

with 17 HIV-seronegative hemophiliacs with regard to clotting factor concentrate usage over a ten-year period. During this time, 16 AIDS-defining clinical events occurred in 9 patients, all of whom were HIV-seropositive. No AIDS-defining illnesses occurred among the HIV-negative patients. In each

922:

for similar diseases. Approximately 3 years following blood transfusion, the mean CD4+ T-cell count in 64 HIV-negative recipients was 850/μL of blood, while 111 HIV-seropositive individuals had average CD4+ T-cell counts of 375/μL of blood. By 1993, there were 37 cases of AIDS in the HIV-infected

1412:

Eshleman, Susan H.; Wilson, Ethan A.; Zhang, Xinyi C.; Ou, San-San; Piwowar-Manning, Estelle; Eron, Joseph J.; McCauley, Marybeth; Gamble, Theresa; Gallant, Joel E.; Hosseinipour, Mina C.; Kumarasamy, Nagalingeswaran; Hakim, James G.; Kalonga, Ben; Pilotto, Jose H.; Grinsztejn, Beatriz; Godbole,

935:

enrolled in the Transfusion Safety Study, no significant differences in CD4+ T-cell counts were noted between 79 patients with no or minimal factor treatment and 52 with the largest amount of lifetime treatments. Patients in both groups had CD4+ T-cell-counts within the normal range. In another

413:, while for women transmission is primarily through heterosexual contact. It is true that anal sex (regardless of the sex of the receptive partner) carries a higher risk of infection than most sex acts, but most penetrative sex acts between any individuals carry some risk. Properly used 232:

the disease under study). Many current HIV antibody tests have sensitivity and specificity in excess of 96% and are therefore extremely reliable. While most patients with HIV show an antibody response after six weeks, window periods vary and may occasionally be as long as three months.

655:" of the HIV/AIDS epidemic, meaning the first case of HIV/AIDS in the United States. In fact, the "patient zero" moniker originated from a misinterpretation of a 1984 study that referred to Dugas as "patient O", where the O stood for "out of California". A 2016 study published in 3149:

Taha, T.E.; Kumwenda, N.I.; Broadhead, R.L.; Hoover, D.R.; Graham, S.M.; Van Der, Hoven L.; Markakis, D.; Liomba, G.N.; Chiphangwi, J.D.; et al. (1999). "Mortality after the first year of life among human immunodeficiency virus type 1-infected and uninfected children".

3774:

Donegan, E.; Stuart, M.; Niland, J.C.; Sacks, H.S.; Azen, S.P.; Dietrich, S.L.; Faucett, C.; Fletcher, M.A.; Kleinman, S.H.; et al. (1990). "Infection with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) among recipients of antibody-positive blood donations".

272:

One cannot become infected with HIV through normal contact in social settings, schools, or in the workplace. Other examples of casual contact in which HIV infection will not occur include shaking someone's hand, hugging or "dry" kissing someone, using the same

581:

first time, and released the first case definition of AIDS: "a disease at least moderately predictive of a defect in cell-mediated immunity, occurring in a person with no known case for diminished resistance to that disease." The March 4, 1983 edition of the

619:

for food, and epidemiologists theorize that the disease may have appeared in humans after hunters came into blood-contact with monkeys infected with SIV that they had killed. The first known instance of HIV in a human was found in a person who died in the

3105:

Ackah, A.N.; Coulibaly, D.; Digbeu, H.; Diallo, K.; Vetter, K.M.; Coulibaly, I.M.; Greenberg, A.E.; De Cock, K.M. (1995). "Response to treatment, mortality, and CD4 lymphocyte counts in HIV-infected persons with tuberculosis in Abidjan, Cote d'Ivoire".

1758:

Urassa, W.; Godoy, K.; Killewo, J.; Kwesigabo, G.; Mbakileki, A.; Mhalu, F.; Biberfeld, G. (1999). "The accuracy of an alternative confirmatory strategy for detection of antibodies to HIV-1: experience from a regional laboratory in Kagera, Tanzania".

4025:

Goedert, JJ; Kessler, CM; Aledort, LM; Biggar, RJ; Andes, WA; White Gc, 2nd; Drummond, JE; Vaidya, K; et al. (1989). "A prospective study of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection and the development of AIDS in subjects with hemophilia".

3275:

Mocroft, A.; Vella, S.; Benfield, T.L.; Chiesi, A.; Miller, V.; Gargalianos, P.; Arminio Monforte, A.; Yust, I.; Bruun, J.N.; et al. (1998). "Changing patterns of mortality across Europe in patients infected with HIV-1. EuroSIDA Study Group".

735:

and who survived the first year of life was 9.5 times higher among HIV-seropositive children than among HIV-seronegative children. The leading causes of death were wasting and respiratory conditions. Elsewhere in Africa, findings are similar.

872:, 715 homosexual men were followed for a median of 8.6 years. Among 365 HIV-positive individuals, 136 developed AIDS. No AIDS-defining illnesses occurred among 350 seronegative men, despite the fact that these men reported appreciable use of 39:

arise from several different sources, from simple ignorance and misunderstandings about scientific knowledge regarding HIV infections and the cause of AIDS to misinformation propagated by individuals and groups with ideological stances that

2177:

Webb, P.A.; Happ, C.M.; Maupin, G.O.; Johnson, B.J.; Ou, C.Y.; Monath, T.P. (1989). "Potential for insect transmission of HIV: experimental exposure of Cimex hemipterus and Toxorhynchites amboinensis to human immunodeficiency virus".

65:). Contracting HIV can lead to the development of AIDS or stage 3 HIV, which causes serious damage to the immune system. While this virus is the underlying cause of AIDS, not all HIV-positive individuals have AIDS, as HIV can remain 1466: 906:, mean CD4+ T-cell counts of the group were consistently more than 1000 cells/μL of blood. Only two individuals had two CD4+ T-cell measurements of less than 300/μL of blood, one of whom died with cardiac disease and 895:, more than 22,000 T-cell determinations in 2,713 HIV-seronegative homosexual men revealed only one individual with a CD4+ T-cell count persistently lower than 300 cells/μL of blood, and this individual was receiving 4668: 1413:

Sheela V.; Chotirosniramit, Nuntisa; Santos, Breno Riegel; Shava, Emily; Mills, Lisa A.; Panchia, Ravindre; Mwelase, Noluthando; Mayer, Kenneth H.; Chen, Ying Q.; Cohen, Myron S.; Fogel, Jessica M. (May 2017).

1838:

Samdal, H.H.; Gutigard, B.G.; Labay, D.; Wiik, S.I.; Skaug, K.; Skar, A.G. (1996). "Comparison of the sensitivity of four rapid assays for the detection of antibodies to HIV-1/HIV-2 during seroconversion".

1128:(MAC), are not caused by HIV, but rather result from the immunosuppression caused by HIV disease. As the immune system of an HIV-infected individual weakens, he or she becomes susceptible to the particular 960:

The distribution of AIDS cases, whether in the United States or elsewhere in the world, invariably mirrors the prevalence of HIV in a population. In the United States, HIV first appeared in populations of

163:-infected person, and such contact will expose the uninfected individual to HIV, potentially further spreading the disease. This myth has gained considerable notoriety as the perceived reason for certain 297:(CDC) has only recorded one case of possible HIV transmission through kissing (involving an HIV-infected man with significant gum disease and a sexual partner also with significant gum disease), and the 135:

High levels of HIV-1 (often HAART-resistant) develop if treatment is stopped, if compliance with treatment is inconsistent, or if the virus spontaneously develops resistance to an individual's regimen.

289:

carries a negligible viral load, so even open-mouthed kissing is considered a low risk. However, if the infected partner or both of the performers have blood in their mouth due to cuts, open sores, or

3446:"Reduction in mortality with availability of antiretroviral therapy for children with perinatal HIV-1 infection. Italian Register for HIV Infection in Children and the Italian National AIDS Registry" 1152:, which is caused by a fungus. A person in Africa is exposed to pathogens different from individuals in an American city. Children may be exposed to different infectious agents compared to adults. 989:, and AIDS cases in Africa have occurred at least as frequently in women as in men. Overall, the worldwide distribution of HIV infection and AIDS between men and women is approximately 1 to 1. In 3747:

Des Jarlais, D.C.; Friedman, S.R.; Marmor, M.; Mildvan, D.; Yancovitz, S.; Sotheran, J.L.; Wenston, J.; Beatrice, S. (1993). "CD4 lymphocytopenia among injecting drug users in New York City".

982:

women. In 1998, AIDS was the fifth leading cause of death among women aged 25 to 44 in the United States, and the third leading cause of death among African-American women in that age group.

3319:

Mocroft, A.; Katlama, C.; Johnson, A.M.; Pradier, C.; Antunes, F.; Mulcahy, F.; Chiesi, A.; Phillips, A.N.; Kirk, O.; et al. (2000). "AIDS across Europe, 1994–98: the EuroSIDA study".

4663: 3986:"Effect of low- and intermediate-purity clotting factor therapy on progression of human immunodeficiency virus infection in congenital clotting disorders. Transfusion Safety Study Group" 4293:

Littlewood, RA; Vanable, PA (8 Dec 2011). "A global perspective on complementary and alternative medicine use among people living with HIV/AIDS in the era of antiretroviral treatment".

3663:

Schechter, M.T.; Craib, K.J.; Gelmon, K.A.; Montaner, J.S.; Le, T.N.; O'Shaughnessy, M.V.; Schechter, M.T.; Gelmon, K.A.; Montaner, J.S.G. (1993). "HIV-1 and the aetiology of AIDS".

1001:

HIV infections have a prolonged and variable course. The median period of time between infection with HIV and the onset of clinically apparent disease is approximately 10 years in

1974: 1474: 429:. Normally, the risk of transmitting HIV to the unborn child is between 15 and 30%. However, this may be reduced to just 2–3% if patients carefully follow medical guidelines. 480:

may be activated after years of latency even in the presence of abundant antibodies. In other animals, viral relatives of HIV with long and variable latency periods, such as

4975: 955: 977:

Women in the United States, however, are increasingly becoming HIV-infected, usually through the exchange of HIV-contaminated needles or sex with an HIV-infected male. The

1723:

Silvester, C.; Healey, D.S.; Cunningham, P.; Dax, E.M. (1995). "Multisite evaluation of four anti-HIV-1/HIV-2 enzyme immunoassays. Australian HIV Test Evaluation Group".

4939: 2256:

Resnick, L.; Veren, K.; Salahuddin, S.Z.; Tondreau, S.; Markham, P.D. (1986). "Stability and inactivation of HTLV-III/LAV under clinical and laboratory environments".

918:

This notion is contradicted by a report by the Transfusion Safety Study Group (TSSG), which compared HIV-negative and HIV-positive blood recipients who had been given

568:

in the early 1960s, or from another person who worked there during that time. In 1981 on June 5, the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) published a

3855:"Effect on lymphocyte subsets of clotting factor therapy in human immunodeficiency virus-1-negative congenital clotting disorders. The Transfusion Safety Study Group" 794:

been discovered. Because research in pathogenesis is difficult when precise animal models are unavailable, the disease-causing mechanisms in many diseases, including

936:

report from the Transfusion Safety Study, no instances of AIDS-defining illnesses were seen among 402 HIV-seronegative hemophiliacs who had received factortherapy.

4658: 3610:"Effects of antiretroviral therapy and opportunistic illness primary chemoprophylaxis on survival after AIDS diagnosis. Adult/Adolescent Spectrum of Disease Group" 2931: 5030: 3405:"Effectiveness of potent antiretroviral therapy on time to AIDS and death in men with known HIV infection duration. Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study Investigators" 1009:

are known. Similar estimates of asymptomatic periods have been made for HIV-infected blood-transfusion recipients, injection-drug users and adult hemophiliacs.

44:

a causative relationship between HIV infection and the development of AIDS. Below is a list and explanations of some common misconceptions and their rebuttals.

5626: 3187: 2956:

Auerbach, D.M.; W.W. Darrow; H.W. Jaffe; J.W. Curran (1984). "Cluster of cases of the acquired immune deficiency syndrome. Patients linked by sexual contact".

2413: 1586: 1291: 312:

and home health care procedures, yet there are very few recorded incidents of transmission occurring in these ways. A handful of cases of transmission via

3569:"Epidemiology of human immunodeficiency virus-associated opportunistic infections in the United States in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy" 3528:"Impact of protease inhibitors and other antiretroviral treatments on acquired immunodeficiency syndrome survival in San Francisco, California, 1987–1996" 956:

The distribution of AIDS cases casts doubt on HIV as the cause. Viruses are not gender-specific, yet only a small proportion of AIDS cases are among women

883:

Other studies show that among homosexual men and injection-drug users, the specific immune deficit that leads to AIDS—a progressive and sustained loss of

5621: 4675: 200:

much lower than with humans due to HIV's inability to infect animals, the practice of bestiality still has the ability to infect humans with other fatal

4428:

Piscitelli, Stephen C; Burstein, Aaron H; Chaitt, Doreen; Alfaro, Raul; Falloon, Judith (14 April 2001). "Indinavir concentrations and St John's wort".

409:

HIV can transmit from one person to another if an engaging partner is HIV positive. In the United States, the main route of infection is via homosexual

1633:

Jackson, J.B.; Kwok, S.Y.; Sninsky, J.J.; Hopsicker, J.S.; Sannerud, K.J.; Rhame, F.S.; Henry, K.; Simpson, M.; Balfour, H.H. Jr; et al. (1990).

1083: 1342:

Becker, S.; Dezii, C.M.; Burtcel, B.; Kawabata, H.; Hodder, S. (2002). "Young HIV-infected adults are at greater risk for medication nonadherence".

5136: 4117: 184: 2412:"Disease Progression Despite Antibodies", "The Relationship Between the Human Immunodeficiency Virus and the Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome", 2318: 4609: 4061: 2892: 1917:

Courville, T.M.; Caldwell, B.; Brunell, P.A. (1998). "Lack of evidence of transmission of HIV-1 to family contacts of HIV-1 infected children".

3853:

Hassett, J.; Gjerset, G.F.; Mosley, J.W.; Fletcher, M.A.; Donegan, E.; Parker, J.W.; Counts, R.B.; Aledort, L.M.; Lee, H.; et al. (1993).

2907: 1259: 1155:

HIV is the underlying cause of the condition named AIDS, but the additional conditions that may affect an AIDS patient are dependent upon the

5010: 3984:

Gjerset, G.F.; Pike, M.C.; Mosley, J.W.; Hassett, J.; Fletcher, M.A.; Donegan, E.; Parker, J.W.; Counts, R.B.; Zhou, Y.; et al. (1994).

1682:

Busch, M.P.; Eble, B.E.; Khayam-Bashi, H.; Heilbron, D.; Murphy, E.L.; Kwok, S.; Sninsky, J.; Perkins, H.A.; Vyas, G.N.; et al. (1991).

2535:

Xu, X.N.; Laffert, B.; Screaton, G.R.; Kraft, M.; Wolf, D.; Kolanus, W.; Mongkolsapay, J.; McMichael, A.J.; Baur, A.S.; et al. (1999).

816:

The vast majority of people with AIDS never received antiretroviral drugs, including those in developed countries prior to the licensure of

515:

Furthermore, like other viruses, HIV is able to suppress the immune system by secreting proteins that interfere with it. For example, HIV's

3236:"Declining morbidity and mortality among patients with advanced human immunodeficiency virus infection. HIV Outpatient Study Investigators" 1684:"Evaluation of screened blood donations for human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection by culture and DNA amplification of pooled cells" 4882: 4701: 4651: 4599: 2680:"Cross-species transmission of simian retroviruses: how and why they could lead to the emergence of new diseases in the human population" 542:. This "bystander killing" effect shows that great harm can be caused to the immune system even with a limited number of infected cells. 3016: 913: 4995: 4524: 2348: 978: 851:, have existed for many years. The epidemic of AIDS, characterized by the occurrence of formerly rare opportunistic infections such as 294: 1399:"HIV Undetectable=Untransmittable (U=U), or Treatment as Prevention | NIH: National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases" 868:

men for long periods of time and found that only HIV-seropositive men develop AIDS. For example, in a prospectively studied cohort in

864:

Compelling evidence against the hypothesis that behavioral factors cause AIDS comes from recent studies that have followed cohorts of

357:

bite a person, they do not inject the blood of a previous victim into the person they bite next. Mosquitoes do, however, inject their

1978: 527:

receptors of otherwise healthy T-cells; this interferes with the normal function of these signalling receptors. Another HIV protein,

1036: 4809: 4336:

Mills, Edward; Wu, Ping; Ernst, Edzard (June 2005). "Complementary therapies for the treatment of HIV: in search of the evidence".

3203: 2396: 1287: 993:, 57% of adults with HIV are women, and young women aged 15 to 24 are more than three times as likely to be infected as young men. 2047:"Teaching Taboo Topics Without Talking About Them: An Epistemic Study of a New Approach to HIV/AIDS Prevention Education in India" 1084:

The spectrum of AIDS-related infections seen in different populations proves that AIDS is actually many diseases not caused by HIV

637:

was the subject of controversy in 2012 after stating that AIDS was the result of a human having sexual intercourse with a monkey.

1193: 3608:

McNaghten, A.D.; Hanson, D.L.; Jones, J.L.; Dworkin, M.S.; Ward, J.W.; The Adultadolescent Spectrum Of Disease Group +/ (1999).

3234:

Palella, F.J. Jr; Delaney, K.M.; Moorman, A.C.; Loveless, M.O.; Fuhrer, J.; Satten, G.A.; Aschman, D.J.; Holmberg, S.D. (1998).

564:

The current consensus is that HIV was introduced to North America by a Haitian immigrant who contracted it while working in the

4721: 4551: 3894:

Aledort, L.M.; Operskalski, E.A.; Dietrich, S.L.; Koerper, M.A.; Gjerset, G.F.; Lusher, J.M.; Lian, E.C.; Mosley, J.W. (1993).

2994: 1080:

evidence shows a very large rise in cases of immunosuppression among individuals who share one characteristic: HIV infection.

926: 4970: 1382: 121: 2291:

Heimer, R.; Abdala, N. (2000). "Viability of HIV-1 in syringes: implications for interventions among injection drug users".

159:

The myth that sex with a virgin will cure AIDS is prevalent in South Africa. Sex with an uninfected virgin does not cure an

5401: 31:(WHO) estimated that in 2016 there were 36.7 million people worldwide living with HIV/AIDS, with 1.8 million new 1313: 5089: 842: 4381:"Complementary and alternative medicine use among HIV-positive people: research synthesis and implications for HIV care" 1076:

and certain kinds of cancers. There is no evidence suggesting that the numbers of such cases have risen, while abundant

5526: 4766: 3403:

Detels, R.; Munoz, A.; McFarlane, G.; Kingsley, L.A.; Margolick, J.B.; Giorgi, J.; Schrager, L.K.; Phair, J.P. (1998).

948:

pair, the mean CD4+ T-cell count during follow-up was, on average, 500 cells/μL lower in the HIV-seropositive patient.

528: 62: 1797:; Maurice, C.; Koblavi, S.; Kalou, M.; Yavo, D.; Maran, M.; Bile, C.; N'guessan, K.; Kouadio, J.; et al. (1999). 432: 4949: 4839: 3937:"Comparison of immunodeficiency and AIDS defining conditions in HIV negative and HIV positive men with haemophilia A" 970:

Western women, and men are more likely to report higher levels of the riskiest sexual behaviors, such as unprotected

914:

AIDS among transfusion recipients is due to underlying diseases that necessitated the transfusion, rather than to HIV

727:

were 17 times more likely to die within six months than HIV-seronegative individuals with pulmonary tuberculosis. In

661:

found "neither biological nor historical evidence that was the primary case in the US or for subtype B as a whole."

425:

HIV-infected women remain fertile, although in late stages of HIV disease a pregnant woman may have a higher risk of

3184: 1541:

Groce, N.E.; Trasi, R. (2004). "Rape of individuals with disability: AIDS and the folk belief of virgin cleansing".

827:

enrolling patients with AIDS found that AZT given as single-drug therapy conferred a survival advantage compared to

560:

The cover page of MMWR on July 3, 1981. The first major public info regarding (what later became known as) AIDS/HIV.

4696: 2958: 2908:"Stacey Campfield, Tennessee Senator Behind 'Don't Say Gay' Bill, On Bullying, AIDS And Homosexual 'Glorification'" 621: 565: 1583: 502: 4148:

Alcabes, P.; Munoz, A.; Vlahov, D.; Friedland, G.H. (1993). "Incubation period of human immunodeficiency virus".

1115: 1092: 1037:

HIV is not the cause of AIDS because some people have symptoms associated with AIDS but are not infected with HIV

5429: 4691: 2537:"Induction of Fas ligand expression by HIV involves the interaction of Nef with the T cell receptor zeta chain" 2120:

Patel, Pragna; Borkowf, Craig B.; Brooks, John T.; Lasry, Arielle; Lansky, Amy; Mermin, Jonathan (2014-06-19).

101:

A bottle containing Stribild tablets (medication used to treat HIV). Stribild is a combination drug containing

1602: 624:

in 1959, and a recent study dates the last common ancestor of HIV and SIV to between 1884 and 1914 by using a

404: 5491: 4985: 4716: 4604: 3567:

Kaplan, JE; Hanson, D; Dworkin, MS; Frederick, T; Bertolli, J; Lindegren, ML; Holmberg, S; Jones, JL (2000).

2654: 892: 600: 396: 102: 5604: 4877: 4865: 4746: 4706: 1635:"Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 detected in all seropositive symptomatic and asymptomatic individuals" 927:

High usage of clotting factor concentrate, not HIV, leads to CD4+ T-cell depletion and AIDS in hemophiliacs

58: 3485:

Hogg, R.S.; Yip, B.; Kully, C.; Craib, K.J.; O'Shaughnessy, M.V.; Schechter, M.T.; Montaner, J.S. (1999).

2073:"Mucosal HIV transmission and vaccination strategies through oral compared with vaginal and rectal routes" 345:. No cases of such a transmission were observed in a sample of 8965 people performing receptive oral sex. 5657: 5376: 5072: 5000: 4929: 4887: 4631: 4589: 1874:

Madhok, R.; Gracie, J.A.; Lowe, G.D.; Forbes, C.D. (1986). "Lack of HIV transmission by casual contact".

1122: 1105: 996: 869: 4471:

Piscitelli, Stephen; Burstein, Aaron H.; Weldon, Nada; Gallicano, Keith D.; Falloon, Judith (Jan 2002).

4124: 2618: 2322: 572:(MMWR) describing cases of a rare lung infection, Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP), in five healthy 5066: 4990: 4980: 4711: 4544: 3487:"Improved survival among HIV-infected patients after initiation of triple-drug antiretroviral regimens" 2046: 1183: 679: 843:

Behavioral factors such as recreational drug use and multiple sexual partners—not HIV—account for AIDS

5540: 5508: 5496: 5449: 5025: 1398: 907: 896: 141: 28: 820:

in 1987. Even today, very few individuals in developing countries have access to these medications.

5381: 5231: 5104: 4792: 4751: 1141: 1002: 670: 433:

HIV cannot be the cause of AIDS because the body develops a vigorous antibody response to the virus

137: 124:(HAART) in many cases allows the stabilization of the patient's symptoms, partial recovery of CD4+ 1498:

Meel, B.L. (2003). "1. The myth of child rape as a cure for HIV/AIDS in Transkei: a case report".

538:, a cell-surface protein that triggers the death of neighboring uninfected T-cells expressing the 342: 5647: 5599: 5471: 5346: 5264: 5166: 4731: 4726: 1042: 71: 3362:

Vittinghoff, E.; Scheer, S.; O'Malley, P.; Colfax, G.; Holmberg, S.D.; Buchbinder, S.P. (1999).

5311: 5284: 5274: 5196: 5181: 5079: 4899: 4829: 4636: 4626: 1198: 1156: 1088: 754:

that HIV is the cause of AIDS, but some individuals reject this consensus, including biologist

724: 503:

Only a small number of CD4+ T-cells are infected by HIV, not enough to damage the immune system

489: 92: 1799:"Evaluation of HIV serial and parallel serologic testing algorithms in Abidjan, Cote d'Ivoire" 923:

group, but not a single AIDS-defining illness in the HIV-seronegative transfusion recipients.

5594: 5548: 5486: 5476: 5386: 5321: 4892: 4860: 4797: 4621: 4537: 4279: 4055: 2886: 931:

This view is contradicted by many studies. For example, among HIV-seronegative patients with

891:—is extremely rare in the absence of other immunosuppressive conditions. For example, in the 848: 779: 298: 154: 1314:"Children and HIV and AIDS – What is the relationship between HIV and AIDS and emergencies?" 5563: 5481: 5396: 5371: 5356: 5294: 5246: 5226: 5151: 5146: 5131: 4872: 4804: 4237: 3819: 3049: 2932:"Knoxville Republican says AIDS came from man having sex with a monkey then with other men" 2848: 2834: 2789: 2442: 2222: 1171: 1101: 853: 751: 468: 259: 243:, viral genetic material and the virus itself, providing confirmation of actual infection. 4161: 3444:

De Martino, M; Tovo, PA; Balducci, M; Galli, L; Gabiano, C; Rezza, G; Pezzotti, P (2000).

1029:

and hepatocellular carcinoma. Co-factors probably also determine why some smokers develop

8: 5578: 5553: 5521: 5439: 5411: 5361: 5279: 5269: 5221: 5211: 5201: 5176: 4787: 4761: 2370:

Groginsky, E.; Bowdler, N.; Yankowitz, J. (1998). "Update on vertical HIV transmission".

2053: 811: 4241: 3823: 3649: 3364:"Combination antiretroviral therapy and recent declines in AIDS incidence and mortality" 3210: 3053: 3036:"1970s and 'Patient 0' HIV-1 genomes illuminate early HIV/AIDS history in North America" 2852: 2793: 2446: 2226: 2019: 2000: 1068:

can have increased susceptibility to unusual infections, as do individuals with certain

716: 5568: 5558: 5466: 5461: 5434: 5421: 5406: 5391: 5341: 5304: 5289: 5241: 5236: 5216: 5186: 5161: 5121: 5113: 5045: 5040: 4909: 4834: 4736: 4453: 4405: 4380: 4361: 4318: 4261: 4201: 4184: 3961: 3936: 3688: 3503: 3486: 3344: 3301: 3131: 3070: 3035: 2869: 2815: 2753: 2728: 2709: 2561: 2536: 2454: 2154: 2121: 2097: 2072: 1942: 1899: 1566: 1523: 1439: 1414: 1065: 990: 919: 847:

The proposed behavioral causes of AIDS, such as multiple sexual partners and long-term

775: 771: 512:

and other cell types are also infected with HIV and serve as reservoirs for the virus.

446: 168: 4441: 3896:"Low CD4+ counts in a study of transfusion safety. The Transfusion Safety Study Group" 3332: 3289: 3119: 2512: 2487: 2463: 2430: 1887: 1852: 1772: 1659: 1634: 1554: 997:

HIV is not the cause of AIDS because many individuals with HIV have not developed AIDS

5652: 5516: 5366: 5336: 5316: 5299: 5206: 5171: 5156: 5141: 5126: 4904: 4814: 4771: 4641: 4494: 4445: 4410: 4353: 4310: 4253: 4206: 4165: 4043: 4007: 3966: 3917: 3876: 3835: 3792: 3756: 3729: 3680: 3676: 3631: 3626: 3609: 3590: 3549: 3508: 3467: 3426: 3385: 3336: 3293: 3257: 3167: 3163: 3123: 3075: 3033: 2975: 2971: 2874: 2807: 2778:"An African HIV-1 sequence from 1959 and implications for the origin of the epidemic" 2758: 2701: 2566: 2517: 2468: 2379: 2300: 2273: 2238: 2195: 2159: 2141: 2102: 2024: 1934: 1891: 1856: 1820: 1815: 1798: 1776: 1740: 1736: 1705: 1664: 1558: 1515: 1444: 1378: 1371: 1351: 1241: 1236: 1219: 1050: 873: 857:

pneumonia (PCP), did not occur in the United States until a previously unknown human

778:. (Some one-time skeptics have since rejected AIDS denialism, including physiologist 212: 201: 4322: 4089: 3692: 3305: 3135: 2713: 2344: 1946: 1903: 1570: 680:

There is no AIDS in Africa, as AIDS is nothing more than a new name for old diseases

5573: 5351: 5331: 5326: 5256: 5191: 4934: 4484: 4457: 4437: 4400: 4392: 4365: 4345: 4302: 4265: 4245: 4196: 4157: 4103: 4075: 4035: 3997: 3956: 3948: 3935:

Sabin, C.A.; Pasi, K.J.; Phillips, A.N.; Lilley, P.; Bofill, M.; Lee, C.A. (1996).

3907: 3866: 3827: 3784: 3719: 3672: 3621: 3580: 3539: 3498: 3457: 3416: 3375: 3348: 3328: 3285: 3247: 3159: 3115: 3065: 3057: 3040: 2967: 2864: 2856: 2839: 2819: 2797: 2748: 2740: 2691: 2556: 2548: 2507: 2499: 2458: 2450: 2265: 2230: 2187: 2149: 2133: 2092: 2084: 2014: 1926: 1883: 1848: 1810: 1768: 1732: 1695: 1654: 1646: 1550: 1527: 1507: 1434: 1426: 1231: 1165: 1061: 971: 877: 783: 731:, mortality over three years among children who had received recommended childhood 657: 634: 631: 604: 476: 4002: 3985: 3871: 3854: 1430: 802:, are poorly understood, but the pathogens responsible are very well established. 251: 5084: 4824: 4594: 3788: 3191: 2696: 2679: 2137: 2088: 1794: 1590: 1056:

However, immunosuppression has many other potential causes. Individuals who take

625: 607:, highly plausible explanations for the transfer of the disease between species ( 463: 374: 97: 4039: 3912: 3895: 3724: 3707: 3252: 3235: 2776:

Zhu, T.; Korber, B.T.; Nahmias, A.J.; Hooper, E.; Sharp, P.M.; Ho, D.D. (1998).

2744: 2584: 1700: 1683: 1650: 646: 615:. In particular, the African chimpanzees and monkeys which carry SIV are often 556: 400: 277:

or drinking from the same glass as an HIV-infected person, and being exposed to

5035: 4819: 3708:"CD4+ counts in seronegative homosexual men. The Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study" 2191: 2005: 1930: 1321: 1149: 1057: 1006: 974:—it is not surprising that a majority of U.S. AIDS cases have occurred in men. 962: 940: 824: 755: 745: 685: 674: 551: 457:

cells, eventually causing a chronic neurologic disease despite the presence of

319: 41: 4396: 4306: 1962: 1614:

Gilbert, Mark; Krajden, Mel (July–August 2010). "Don't wait to test for HIV".

88: 5641: 5015: 4924: 4349: 3952: 3810:

Cohen, J. (1994). "Duesberg and critics agree: hemophilia is the best test".

3421: 3404: 2640: 2269: 2145: 1145: 1077: 1013:

and severity of HIV disease expression. Similarly, some people infected with

903: 759: 239:

Positive HIV antibody tests are usually followed up by retests and tests for

106: 4520: 3831: 3544: 3527: 2234: 1140:

infections common in the community. For example, HIV-infected people in the

1021:

and clear their infection, while others suffer disease ranging from chronic

178: 66: 5050: 4741: 4498: 4449: 4414: 4357: 4314: 3635: 3594: 3553: 3512: 3471: 3462: 3445: 3340: 3171: 3079: 2878: 2762: 2705: 2570: 2552: 2521: 2304: 2163: 2106: 2028: 1824: 1780: 1562: 1519: 1511: 1448: 1355: 1245: 1073: 986: 932: 795: 790: 763: 732: 720: 709: 693: 594: 539: 370: 362: 192: 188: 172: 164: 110: 4257: 4210: 4169: 4047: 4011: 3970: 3921: 3880: 3839: 3796: 3760: 3733: 3684: 3430: 3389: 3297: 3261: 3127: 2979: 2811: 2472: 2383: 2277: 2242: 2199: 1938: 1895: 1860: 1744: 1709: 1668: 1603:"HIV Assays: Operational Characteristics", World Health Organization, 2004 805: 4954: 4855: 4646: 2042: 1030: 1014: 944: 799: 767: 588: 481: 426: 290: 4473:"The Effect of Garlic Supplements on the Pharmacokinetics of Saquinavir" 3061: 2955: 2860: 260:

HIV can be spread through casual contact with an HIV infected individual

4914: 4756: 4584: 1005:, according to prospective studies of homosexual men in which dates of 865: 858: 817: 705: 701: 652: 612: 535: 509: 458: 442: 309: 114: 381: 4249: 2835:"Direct evidence of extensive diversity of HIV-1 in Kinshasa by 1960" 2057: 1159: 1026: 216: 196: 4225: 2503: 2488:"Normal physiology and HIV pathophysiology of human T-cell dynamics" 651:

The Canadian flight attendant Gaëtan Dugas has been referred to as "

390: 5020: 4919: 4616: 4564: 4489: 4472: 3585: 3568: 3380: 3363: 3361: 3034:

Worobey, Michael; Thomas D. Watts; et al. (October 26, 2016).

1368: 1188: 1137: 1069: 1018: 952:

concentrate and incidence of AIDS among HIV-infected hemophiliacs.

689: 608: 410: 354: 338: 334: 282: 278: 264: 228: 224: 24: 20: 4529: 2802: 2777: 148: 4944: 3893: 2639:

This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the

876:("poppers") and other recreational drugs, and frequent receptive 828: 616: 573: 450: 366: 240: 129: 3746: 2833:

Worobey, Michael; Gemmel, Marlea; et al. (2 October 2008).

2319:"HIV Surveillance –Epidemiology of HIV Infection (through 2008)" 1415:"Virologic outcomes in early antiretroviral treatment: HPTN 052" 1166:

AIDS can be prevented with complementary or alternative medicine

23:

has affected millions of people worldwide; AIDS is considered a

5060: 3526:

Schwarcz, S.K.; Hsu, L.C.; Vittinghoff, E.; Katz, M.H. (2000).

2122:"Estimating per-act HIV transmission risk: a systematic review" 1133: 1046: 888: 728: 516: 496: 414: 358: 313: 286: 274: 125: 2255: 420: 4976:

European and Developing Countries Clinical Trials Partnership

3233: 1793: 1681: 1129: 1022: 697: 520: 485: 454: 438: 328: 220: 3852: 3662: 3566: 3402: 3318: 2832: 1722: 902:

In a survey of 229 HIV-seronegative injection-drug users in

696:

have long been severe burdens there. However, high rates of

320:

HIV-positive individuals can be detected by their appearance

35:

infections per year and 1 million deaths due to AIDS.

5094: 5055: 4185:"The clinical illness promotion factor: a third ingredient" 4147: 4024: 3607: 3443: 3148: 1757: 1632: 640: 308:

result in person-to-person transmission include caring for

4226:"Host factors and the pathogenesis of HIV-induced disease" 3525: 3274: 3104: 2345:"Condoms and STDs: Fact Sheet for Public Health Personnel" 1341: 700:

from these diseases, formerly confined to the elderly and

378:

and no cases have yet been identified through this route.

4579: 4560: 3017:"Researchers Clear 'Patient Zero' From AIDS Origin Story" 2369: 966: 884: 524: 179:

Sexual intercourse with an animal will avoid or cure AIDS

160: 32: 4659:

WHO disease staging system for HIV infection and disease

3983: 3773: 2431:"Pathogenesis of human immunodeficiency virus infection" 1916: 47: 4515: 3934: 2213:

Siemens, D.F. (1987). "AIDS Transmission and Insects".

2119: 1837: 1377:(4th ed.). Boston: Jones and Bartlett Publishers. 985:

In Africa, HIV was first recognized in sexually active

806:

AZT and other antiretroviral drugs, not HIV, cause AIDS

325:

HIV infections cannot be detected based on appearance.

5627:

List of HIV/AIDS cases and deaths registered by region

2995:"How a typo created a scapegoat for the AIDS epidemic" 2775: 2534: 2001:"Human bites: a rare risk factor for HIV transmission" 1873: 1369:

Fan, H.; Conner, R.F.; Villarreal, L.P., eds. (2005).

589:

Origin of AIDS through human–monkey sexual intercourse

4516:

HIV.gov – The U.S. Federal Domestic HIV/AIDS Resource

2414:

National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases

2176: 1411: 1220:"The first postmodern pandemic: 25 years of HIV/AIDS" 531:, has been demonstrated to suppress T cell activity. 361:

into their victims, which may carry diseases such as

207: 1292:

National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease

5622:

List of countries by HIV/AIDS adult prevalence rate

5011:

President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR)

4996:

Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS)

2677: 1170:Many HIV-infected people turn to complementary and 382:

HIV survives for only a short time outside the body

348: 301:says that this is essentially a no-risk situation. 4379:Littlewood, Rae A; Vandable, Peter A (June 2002). 1958: 1956: 1467:"South African men rape babies as 'cure' for Aids" 1370: 1282: 1280: 1041:Most AIDS symptoms result from the development of 684:The diseases that have come to be associated with 499:to evade the ongoing immune response of the host. 337:is possible, but it is much less likely than from 185:Societies for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals 4292: 3740: 3705: 3484: 3355: 1999:Bartholomew, Courtenay F; Jones, Avion M (2006). 603:(SIV), a disease present only in chimpanzees and 391:HIV can infect only homosexual men and drug users 74:, which is the key to ultimately defeating AIDS. 5639: 3437: 1998: 1787: 1607: 576:in Los Angeles. This edition would later become 492:damage even after the production of antibodies. 16:Misinformation about the HIV/AIDS and its spread 4610:National Addiction and HIV Data Archive Program 3656: 3601: 3091: 3089: 2363: 1953: 1910: 1716: 1277: 739: 708:people, including well-educated members of the 405:History of HIV/AIDS § Unsterile injections 171:occurrences, including the rape of infants, in 149:Sexual intercourse with a virgin will cure AIDS 3706:Vermund, S.H.; Hoover, D.R.; Chen, K. (1993). 3519: 2408: 2406: 2404: 1613: 704:, are now common among HIV-infected young and 523:, sheds from viral particles and binds to the 316:have occurred, though this is extremely rare. 4545: 4141: 4018: 3977: 3887: 3767: 3699: 3312: 3268: 3227: 2726: 2671: 2479: 2424: 2422: 2249: 2206: 1626: 1593:, March 25, 2002; retrieved February 22, 2007 1493: 1491: 4110: 3846: 3560: 3396: 3178: 3086: 2949: 2321:. Center for Disease Control. Archived from 2290: 2284: 1867: 1831: 1751: 437:This reasoning ignores numerous examples of 4702:Diffuse infiltrative lymphocytosis syndrome 4217: 4176: 4060:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 3928: 3803: 3098: 2891:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 2826: 2733:Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Medicine 2401: 2041: 1675: 1534: 1335: 1217: 1114:The diseases associated with AIDS, such as 599:While HIV is most likely a mutated form of 421:An HIV-infected person cannot have children 4935:People With AIDS Self-Empowerment Movement 4552: 4538: 4525:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 3478: 3142: 2419: 2349:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 2170: 2070: 1725:J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr Hum Retrovirol 1540: 1488: 1460: 1458: 943:, researchers matched 17 HIV-seropositive 329:HIV cannot be transmitted through oral sex 295:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 52: 4488: 4404: 4200: 4001: 3960: 3911: 3870: 3723: 3625: 3584: 3543: 3502: 3461: 3420: 3379: 3251: 3196: 3069: 2905: 2868: 2801: 2769: 2752: 2720: 2695: 2678:Locatelli, S; Peeters, M (Mar 27, 2012). 2560: 2511: 2462: 2390: 2153: 2096: 2018: 1814: 1699: 1658: 1438: 1235: 861:—HIV—spread through certain communities. 2986: 2899: 2528: 1464: 1100: 1087: 1017:, for example, show no symptoms or only 965:users (a majority of whom are male) and 555: 263: 250: 96: 4338:International Journal of STD & AIDS 3009: 2992: 2485: 2337: 2212: 1455: 1211: 1194:Contaminated haemophilia blood products 195:, recorded beliefs amongst youths that 61:, which is the virus that causes AIDS ( 5640: 4470: 4427: 4378: 3027: 2906:Signorile, Michelangelo (2012-01-26). 2729:"Origins of HIV and the AIDS Pandemic" 2727:Sharp, PM; Hahn, BH (September 2011). 1252: 1060:or immunosuppressive drugs to prevent 545: 495:HIV has a well-recognized capacity to 4971:Discredited HIV/AIDS origins theories 4533: 4223: 4182: 4162:10.1093/oxfordjournals.epirev.a036122 3809: 2613: 2611: 2609: 2607: 2605: 1162:to which the patient may be exposed. 583:Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 570:Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 122:Highly active anti-retroviral therapy 48:The relationship between HIV and AIDS 2655:"Timeline: AIDS moments to remember" 2428: 2077:Expert Opinion on Biological Therapy 1497: 1144:are much more likely than people in 782:, and physician and AIDS researcher 5090:The Freddie Mercury Tribute Concert 4559: 4028:The New England Journal of Medicine 2993:Johnson, Brian D. (17 April 2019). 2311: 2020:10.1097/01.aids.0000210621.13825.75 1967: 1288:"The Evidence that HIV Causes AIDS" 223:is a well-established technique in 13: 2652: 2646: 2602: 2585:"Key HIV strain 'came from Haiti'" 2455:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1989.tb16459.x 1975:"THT: "Ways HIV is not passed on"" 1362: 208:HIV antibody testing is unreliable 63:acquired immunodeficiency syndrome 14: 5669: 4676:Countries by AIDS prevalence rate 4509: 4335: 1584:"Bestiality new Aids myth – SPCA" 664: 534:Infected lymphocytes express the 183:In 2002, the National Council of 37:Misconceptions about HIV and AIDS 5137:Democratic Republic of the Congo 4697:AIDS-defining clinical condition 3627:10.1097/00002030-199909100-00012 3164:10.1097/00006454-199908000-00007 2959:The American Journal of Medicine 2634: 1816:10.1097/00002030-199901140-00015 1737:10.1097/00042560-199504000-00014 1237:10.1111/j.1365-2796.2007.01910.x 789:A great deal is known about the 622:Democratic Republic of the Congo 566:Democratic Republic of the Congo 349:HIV is transmitted by mosquitoes 255:Symptoms of acute HIV infection 246: 4464: 4421: 4372: 4329: 4286: 4272: 4096: 4082: 4068: 3642: 2924: 2577: 2113: 2071:Yu, M; Vajdy, M (August 2010). 2064: 2035: 1992: 1596: 1577: 453:virus may persist for years in 3749:J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr 1405: 1391: 1306: 910:listed as the cause of death. 641:Gaëtan Dugas as "patient zero" 304:Other interactions that could 1: 5006:Misconceptions about HIV/AIDS 4986:International AIDS Conference 4940:HIV/AIDS in the porn industry 4883:Discrimination against people 4442:10.1016/S0140-6736(99)05712-8 4003:10.1182/blood.V84.5.1666.1666 3872:10.1182/blood.V82.4.1351.1351 3333:10.1016/S0140-6736(00)02504-6 3290:10.1016/S0140-6736(98)03201-2 3120:10.1016/S0140-6736(95)90519-7 1888:10.1016/S0140-6736(86)92898-9 1853:10.1016/S0928-0197(96)00244-9 1773:10.1016/S1386-6532(99)00043-8 1555:10.1016/S0140-6736(04)16288-0 1465:Flanagan, Jane (2001-11-11). 1431:10.1080/15284336.2017.1311056 1204: 893:Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study 601:simian immunodeficiency virus 397:Gay-related immune deficiency 103:tenofovir disoproxil fumarate 4866:Catholic Church and HIV/AIDS 4747:HIV Drug Resistance Database 4477:Clinical Infectious Diseases 3789:10.7326/0003-4819-113-10-733 3677:10.1016/0140-6736(93)90421-C 3573:Clinical Infectious Diseases 2972:10.1016/0002-9343(84)90668-5 2697:10.1097/QAD.0b013e328350fb68 2619:"A Timeline of HIV and AIDS" 2138:10.1097/QAD.0000000000000298 2089:10.1517/14712598.2010.496776 1224:Journal of Internal Medicine 740:HIV is not the cause of AIDS 401:Anal sex § Health risks 77: 59:human immunodeficiency virus 7: 5167:Côte d'Ivoire (Ivory Coast) 5001:Media portrayal of HIV/AIDS 4930:List of HIV-positive people 4040:10.1056/NEJM198910263211701 3913:10.1056/NEJM199302113280614 3777:Annals of Internal Medicine 3725:10.1056/NEJM199302113280615 3253:10.1056/NEJM199803263381301 2745:10.1101/cshperspect.a006841 1701:10.1056/NEJM199107043250101 1651:10.1128/JCM.28.1.16-19.1990 1265:. World Health Organization 1177: 870:Vancouver, British Columbia 715:For example, in a study in 441:other than HIV that can be 10: 5674: 5067:Reports from the Holocaust 4991:International AIDS Society 4981:Elton John AIDS Foundation 1931:10.1177/000992289803700303 1184:International AIDS Society 880:(Schechter et al., 1993). 809: 743: 668: 644: 592: 549: 394: 343:penile–vaginal intercourse 293:, the risk increases. The 152: 89:HIV/AIDS § Management 86: 72:can prevent new infections 5617: 5587: 5539: 5507: 5457: 5448: 5420: 5255: 5112: 5103: 5026:Treatment Action Campaign 4963: 4848: 4780: 4742:Tuberculosis co-infection 4684: 4605:disease progression rates 4572: 4397:10.1080/09540120701767216 4307:10.1007/s11904-011-0090-8 1373:AIDS: science and society 1344:Medscape General Medicine 897:immunosuppressive therapy 692:, diarrheal diseases and 142:post-exposure prophylaxis 128:levels, and reduction in 29:World Health Organization 4752:Innate resistance to HIV 4722:Neurocognitive disorders 4350:10.1258/0956462054093962 3953:10.1136/bmj.312.7025.207 3422:10.1001/jama.280.17.1497 2270:10.1001/jama.255.14.1887 2192:10.1093/infdis/160.6.970 1473:. London. Archived from 1142:Midwestern United States 1043:opportunistic infections 1003:industrialized countries 671:AIDS conspiracy theories 508:course of the disease. 333:Contracting HIV through 138:Antiretroviral treatment 5073:AIDS–Holocaust metaphor 5056:Gay Men's Health Crisis 4732:Opportunistic infection 3832:10.1126/science.7992044 3152:Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J 2653:Wilson, Jacque Wilson. 2235:10.1126/science.2889266 1049:associated with severe 632:Tennessee State Senator 595:HIV/AIDS § Origins 285:by an infected person. 236:of the antibody tests. 82: 53:HIV is the same as AIDS 4900:HIV-affected community 4840:HIV and homosexual men 3463:10.1001/jama.284.2.190 2553:10.1084/jem.189.9.1489 2486:Richman, D.D. (2000). 1512:10.1258/rsmmsl.43.1.85 1260:"AIDS epidemic update" 1199:Prevention of HIV/AIDS 1111: 1098: 1064:rejection or to treat 908:non-Hodgkin's lymphoma 766:, conservative writer 762:, journalist/activist 725:pulmonary tuberculosis 611:) exist not involving 561: 490:central nervous system 417:can reduce this risk. 269: 256: 118: 93:Management of HIV/AIDS 57:HIV is an acronym for 5080:Silence=Death Project 4878:Criminal transmission 4798:Multiple sex partners 3545:10.1093/aje/152.2.178 1117:Pneumocystis jiroveci 1104: 1094:Pneumocystis jiroveci 1091: 1033:while others do not. 849:recreational drug use 780:Robert Root-Bernstein 559: 299:Terence Higgins Trust 267: 254: 155:Virgin cleansing myth 100: 70:halted. Treating HIV 5402:United Arab Emirates 4873:Circumcision and HIV 4830:City of Hope Patient 4590:structure and genome 4224:Fauci, A.S. (1996). 4183:Evans, A.S. (1982). 4104:"U.S. Bureau Census" 4076:"U.S. Census Bureau" 1218:Kallings LO (2008). 1172:alternative medicine 854:Pneumocystis carinii 752:scientific consensus 4950:AIDS Memorial Quilt 4762:HIV-positive people 4242:1996Natur.384..529F 3824:1994Sci...266.1645C 3579:(Suppl 1): S5–S14. 3062:10.1038/nature19827 3054:2016Natur.539...98W 2912:The Huffington Post 2861:10.1038/nature07390 2853:2008Natur.455..661W 2794:1998Natur.391..594Z 2447:1989NYASA.567...58L 2429:Levy, J.A. (1993). 2227:1987Sci...238..143S 2054:Stanford University 1419:HIV Clinical Trials 1124:Mycobacterium avium 1107:Mycobacterium avium 1072:conditions, severe 1066:autoimmune diseases 939:In a cohort in the 812:Duesberg hypothesis 546:History of HIV/AIDS 5658:HIV/AIDS denialism 5527:Dominican Republic 4910:HIV/AIDS denialism 4835:Women and HIV/AIDS 4825:The London Patient 4692:Signs and symptoms 4600:CDC classification 4295:Curr. HIV/AIDS Rep 4090:"AIDS/HIV Statics" 3190:2007-06-14 at the 2351:. 10 February 2010 1841:Clin. Diagn. Virol 1639:J. Clin. Microbiol 1616:BC Medical Journal 1589:2008-12-19 at the 1294:. 4 September 2009 1112: 1099: 1053:secondary to HIV. 991:sub-Saharan Africa 920:blood transfusions 776:Phillip E. Johnson 772:intelligent design 613:sexual intercourse 562: 461:. Viruses such as 445:after evidence of 270: 257: 119: 5635: 5634: 5613: 5612: 5535: 5534: 5016:The SING Campaign 4905:HIV/AIDS activism 4893:Cost of treatment 4815:Timothy Ray Brown 4810:World AIDS Museum 4189:Yale J. Biol. Med 3818:(5191): 1645–46. 3284:(9142): 1725–30. 2416:, September, 1995 2132:(10): 1509–1519. 1963:"Kissing and HIV" 1549:(9422): 1663–64. 1384:978-0-7637-0086-7 1051:immunosuppression 874:nitrite inhalants 723:individuals with 202:zoonotic diseases 169:child molestation 67:in a latent state 5665: 5605:Papua New Guinea 5455: 5454: 5110: 5109: 4554: 4547: 4540: 4531: 4530: 4503: 4502: 4492: 4468: 4462: 4461: 4436:(9203): 547–48. 4425: 4419: 4418: 4408: 4376: 4370: 4369: 4333: 4327: 4326: 4290: 4284: 4283: 4276: 4270: 4269: 4250:10.1038/384529a0 4236:(6609): 529–34. 4221: 4215: 4214: 4204: 4180: 4174: 4173: 4145: 4139: 4138: 4136: 4135: 4129: 4123:. Archived from 4122: 4114: 4108: 4107: 4100: 4094: 4093: 4086: 4080: 4079: 4072: 4066: 4065: 4059: 4051: 4022: 4016: 4015: 4005: 3981: 3975: 3974: 3964: 3947:(7025): 207–10. 3932: 3926: 3925: 3915: 3891: 3885: 3884: 3874: 3850: 3844: 3843: 3807: 3801: 3800: 3771: 3765: 3764: 3744: 3738: 3737: 3727: 3703: 3697: 3696: 3671:(8846): 658–59. 3660: 3654: 3653: 3646: 3640: 3639: 3629: 3605: 3599: 3598: 3588: 3564: 3558: 3557: 3547: 3532:Am. J. Epidemiol 3523: 3517: 3516: 3506: 3482: 3476: 3475: 3465: 3441: 3435: 3434: 3424: 3415:(17): 1497–503. 3400: 3394: 3393: 3383: 3359: 3353: 3352: 3327:(9226): 291–96. 3316: 3310: 3309: 3272: 3266: 3265: 3255: 3231: 3225: 3224: 3222: 3221: 3215: 3209:. Archived from 3208: 3200: 3194: 3182: 3176: 3175: 3146: 3140: 3139: 3114:(8950): 607–10. 3102: 3096: 3093: 3084: 3083: 3073: 3048:(7627): 98–101. 3031: 3025: 3024: 3013: 3007: 3006: 3004: 3002: 2990: 2984: 2983: 2953: 2947: 2946: 2944: 2942: 2928: 2922: 2921: 2919: 2918: 2903: 2897: 2896: 2890: 2882: 2872: 2847:(7293): 661–64. 2830: 2824: 2823: 2805: 2788:(6667): 594–97. 2773: 2767: 2766: 2756: 2724: 2718: 2717: 2699: 2675: 2669: 2668: 2666: 2665: 2650: 2644: 2638: 2637: 2633: 2631: 2630: 2615: 2600: 2599: 2597: 2596: 2581: 2575: 2574: 2564: 2532: 2526: 2525: 2515: 2483: 2477: 2476: 2466: 2426: 2417: 2410: 2399: 2394: 2388: 2387: 2367: 2361: 2360: 2358: 2356: 2341: 2335: 2334: 2332: 2330: 2315: 2309: 2308: 2288: 2282: 2281: 2253: 2247: 2246: 2210: 2204: 2203: 2174: 2168: 2167: 2157: 2117: 2111: 2110: 2100: 2068: 2062: 2061: 2051: 2039: 2033: 2032: 2022: 1996: 1990: 1989: 1987: 1986: 1977:. Archived from 1971: 1965: 1960: 1951: 1950: 1914: 1908: 1907: 1871: 1865: 1864: 1835: 1829: 1828: 1818: 1795:Nkengasong, J.N. 1791: 1785: 1784: 1755: 1749: 1748: 1720: 1714: 1713: 1703: 1679: 1673: 1672: 1662: 1630: 1624: 1623: 1611: 1605: 1600: 1594: 1581: 1575: 1574: 1538: 1532: 1531: 1495: 1486: 1485: 1483: 1482: 1462: 1453: 1452: 1442: 1409: 1403: 1402: 1395: 1389: 1388: 1376: 1366: 1360: 1359: 1339: 1333: 1332: 1330: 1329: 1320:. Archived from 1310: 1304: 1303: 1301: 1299: 1284: 1275: 1274: 1272: 1270: 1264: 1256: 1250: 1249: 1239: 1215: 1025:inflammation to 972:anal intercourse 878:anal intercourse 784:Joseph Sonnabend 635:Stacey Campfield 477:Varicella zoster 387:minutes if dry. 268:Symptoms of AIDS 221:antibody testing 197:sex with animals 5673: 5672: 5668: 5667: 5666: 5664: 5663: 5662: 5638: 5637: 5636: 5631: 5609: 5583: 5531: 5503: 5444: 5416: 5362:Myanmar (Burma) 5251: 5099: 5085:Day Without Art 5031:The Global Fund 4959: 4888:Economic impact 4844: 4776: 4680: 4632:pathophysiology 4568: 4558: 4512: 4507: 4506: 4469: 4465: 4426: 4422: 4377: 4373: 4334: 4330: 4291: 4287: 4278: 4277: 4273: 4222: 4218: 4195:(3–4): 193–99. 4181: 4177: 4146: 4142: 4133: 4131: 4127: 4120: 4116: 4115: 4111: 4102: 4101: 4097: 4088: 4087: 4083: 4074: 4073: 4069: 4053: 4052: 4034:(17): 1141–48. 4023: 4019: 3982: 3978: 3933: 3929: 3900:N. Engl. J. Med 3892: 3888: 3851: 3847: 3808: 3804: 3772: 3768: 3745: 3741: 3712:N. Engl. J. Med 3704: 3700: 3661: 3657: 3648: 3647: 3643: 3620:(13): 1687–95. 3606: 3602: 3565: 3561: 3524: 3520: 3483: 3479: 3442: 3438: 3401: 3397: 3360: 3356: 3317: 3313: 3273: 3269: 3240:N. Engl. J. Med 3232: 3228: 3219: 3217: 3213: 3206: 3202: 3201: 3197: 3192:Wayback Machine 3183: 3179: 3147: 3143: 3103: 3099: 3094: 3087: 3032: 3028: 3015: 3014: 3010: 3000: 2998: 2991: 2987: 2954: 2950: 2940: 2938: 2930: 2929: 2925: 2916: 2914: 2904: 2900: 2884: 2883: 2831: 2827: 2774: 2770: 2725: 2721: 2676: 2672: 2663: 2661: 2651: 2647: 2635: 2628: 2626: 2617: 2616: 2603: 2594: 2592: 2583: 2582: 2578: 2533: 2529: 2504:10.1172/JCI9478 2492:J. Clin. Invest 2484: 2480: 2427: 2420: 2411: 2402: 2395: 2391: 2368: 2364: 2354: 2352: 2343: 2342: 2338: 2328: 2326: 2325:on 4 March 2011 2317: 2316: 2312: 2289: 2285: 2264:(14): 1887–91. 2254: 2250: 2211: 2207: 2175: 2171: 2118: 2114: 2069: 2065: 2049: 2040: 2036: 1997: 1993: 1984: 1982: 1973: 1972: 1968: 1961: 1954: 1915: 1911: 1872: 1868: 1836: 1832: 1792: 1788: 1756: 1752: 1721: 1717: 1688:N. Engl. J. Med 1680: 1676: 1631: 1627: 1612: 1608: 1601: 1597: 1591:Wayback Machine 1582: 1578: 1539: 1535: 1496: 1489: 1480: 1478: 1463: 1456: 1410: 1406: 1397: 1396: 1392: 1385: 1367: 1363: 1340: 1336: 1327: 1325: 1312: 1311: 1307: 1297: 1295: 1286: 1285: 1278: 1268: 1266: 1262: 1258: 1257: 1253: 1216: 1212: 1207: 1180: 1168: 1086: 1058:glucocorticoids 1039: 999: 958: 929: 916: 845: 825:clinical trials 814: 808: 750:There is broad 748: 742: 682: 677: 669:Main articles: 667: 649: 643: 626:molecular clock 605:African monkeys 597: 591: 554: 548: 505: 464:Cytomegalovirus 435: 423: 407: 393: 384: 375:West Nile virus 351: 331: 322: 262: 249: 210: 181: 157: 151: 95: 85: 80: 55: 50: 17: 12: 11: 5: 5671: 5661: 5660: 5655: 5650: 5648:Misconceptions 5633: 5632: 5630: 5629: 5624: 5618: 5615: 5614: 5611: 5610: 5608: 5607: 5602: 5597: 5591: 5589: 5585: 5584: 5582: 5581: 5576: 5571: 5566: 5561: 5556: 5551: 5545: 5543: 5537: 5536: 5533: 5532: 5530: 5529: 5524: 5519: 5513: 5511: 5505: 5504: 5502: 5501: 5500: 5499: 5489: 5484: 5479: 5474: 5469: 5464: 5458: 5452: 5446: 5445: 5443: 5442: 5437: 5432: 5430:United Kingdom 5426: 5424: 5418: 5417: 5415: 5414: 5409: 5404: 5399: 5394: 5389: 5384: 5379: 5374: 5369: 5364: 5359: 5354: 5349: 5344: 5339: 5334: 5329: 5324: 5319: 5314: 5309: 5308: 5307: 5297: 5292: 5287: 5282: 5277: 5272: 5267: 5261: 5259: 5253: 5252: 5250: 5249: 5244: 5239: 5234: 5229: 5224: 5219: 5214: 5209: 5204: 5199: 5194: 5189: 5184: 5179: 5174: 5169: 5164: 5159: 5154: 5149: 5144: 5139: 5134: 5129: 5124: 5118: 5116: 5107: 5101: 5100: 5098: 5097: 5092: 5087: 5082: 5077: 5076: 5075: 5070: 5063: 5058: 5048: 5043: 5041:YAA/Youthforce 5038: 5036:World AIDS Day 5033: 5028: 5023: 5018: 5013: 5008: 5003: 4998: 4993: 4988: 4983: 4978: 4973: 4967: 4965: 4961: 4960: 4958: 4957: 4952: 4947: 4942: 4937: 4932: 4927: 4922: 4917: 4912: 4907: 4902: 4897: 4896: 4895: 4885: 4880: 4875: 4870: 4869: 4868: 4858: 4852: 4850: 4846: 4845: 4843: 4842: 4837: 4832: 4827: 4822: 4820:Berlin Patient 4817: 4812: 4807: 4802: 4801: 4800: 4790: 4784: 4782: 4778: 4777: 4775: 4774: 4769: 4764: 4759: 4754: 4749: 4744: 4739: 4737:Superinfection 4734: 4729: 4724: 4719: 4717:Cardiomyopathy 4714: 4709: 4704: 4699: 4694: 4688: 4686: 4682: 4681: 4679: 4678: 4673: 4672: 4671: 4669:Teens / Adults 4666: 4656: 4655: 4654: 4649: 4644: 4639: 4634: 4629: 4624: 4614: 4613: 4612: 4607: 4602: 4597: 4592: 4587: 4576: 4574: 4570: 4569: 4557: 4556: 4549: 4542: 4534: 4528: 4527: 4518: 4511: 4510:External links 4508: 4505: 4504: 4490:10.1086/324351 4463: 4420: 4391:(8): 1002–18. 4371: 4344:(6): 395–403. 4328: 4285: 4271: 4216: 4175: 4150:Epidemiol. Rev 4140: 4118:"UNAIDS, 2005" 4109: 4095: 4081: 4067: 4017: 3996:(5): 1666–71. 3976: 3927: 3886: 3865:(4): 1351–57. 3845: 3802: 3783:(10): 733–39. 3766: 3739: 3698: 3655: 3641: 3600: 3586:10.1086/313843 3559: 3518: 3477: 3436: 3395: 3381:10.1086/314623 3368:J. Infect. Dis 3354: 3311: 3267: 3246:(13): 853–60. 3226: 3195: 3177: 3141: 3097: 3085: 3026: 3008: 2985: 2948: 2923: 2898: 2825: 2768: 2739:(1): a006841. 2719: 2670: 2645: 2601: 2576: 2547:(9): 1489–96. 2527: 2478: 2441:(1): 183–289. 2435:Microbiol. Rev 2418: 2400: 2389: 2362: 2336: 2310: 2283: 2248: 2205: 2180:J. Infect. Dis 2169: 2112: 2083:(8): 1181–95. 2063: 2045:(March 2009). 2034: 1991: 1966: 1952: 1909: 1866: 1830: 1786: 1761:J. Clin. Virol 1750: 1715: 1674: 1625: 1606: 1595: 1576: 1533: 1487: 1454: 1425:(3): 100–109. 1404: 1390: 1383: 1361: 1334: 1305: 1276: 1251: 1209: 1208: 1206: 1203: 1202: 1201: 1196: 1191: 1186: 1179: 1176: 1167: 1164: 1150:histoplasmosis 1085: 1082: 1038: 1035: 1007:seroconversion 998: 995: 963:injection-drug 957: 954: 941:United Kingdom 928: 925: 915: 912: 844: 841: 823:In the 1980s, 810:Main article: 807: 804: 756:Peter Duesberg 746:AIDS denialism 744:Main article: 741: 738: 686:AIDS in Africa 681: 678: 675:AIDS denialism 666: 665:AIDS denialism 663: 645:Main article: 642: 639: 590: 587: 552:Origin of AIDS 550:Main article: 547: 544: 504: 501: 470:Herpes simplex 434: 431: 422: 419: 392: 389: 383: 380: 350: 347: 330: 327: 321: 318: 261: 258: 248: 245: 209: 206: 180: 177: 150: 147: 84: 81: 79: 76: 54: 51: 49: 46: 19:The spread of 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5670: 5659: 5656: 5654: 5651: 5649: 5646: 5645: 5643: 5628: 5625: 5623: 5620: 5619: 5616: 5606: 5603: 5601: 5598: 5596: 5593: 5592: 5590: 5586: 5580: 5577: 5575: 5572: 5570: 5567: 5565: 5562: 5560: 5557: 5555: 5552: 5550: 5547: 5546: 5544: 5542: 5541:South America 5538: 5528: 5525: 5523: 5520: 5518: 5515: 5514: 5512: 5510: 5506: 5498: 5497:New York City 5495: 5494: 5493: 5492:United States 5490: 5488: 5485: 5483: 5480: 5478: 5475: 5473: 5470: 5468: 5465: 5463: 5460: 5459: 5456: 5453: 5451: 5450:North America 5447: 5441: 5438: 5436: 5433: 5431: 5428: 5427: 5425: 5423: 5419: 5413: 5410: 5408: 5405: 5403: 5400: 5398: 5395: 5393: 5390: 5388: 5385: 5383: 5380: 5378: 5375: 5373: 5370: 5368: 5365: 5363: 5360: 5358: 5355: 5353: 5350: 5348: 5345: 5343: 5340: 5338: 5335: 5333: 5330: 5328: 5325: 5323: 5320: 5318: 5315: 5313: 5310: 5306: 5303: 5302: 5301: 5298: 5296: 5293: 5291: 5288: 5286: 5283: 5281: 5278: 5276: 5273: 5271: 5268: 5266: 5263: 5262: 5260: 5258: 5254: 5248: 5245: 5243: 5240: 5238: 5235: 5233: 5230: 5228: 5225: 5223: 5220: 5218: 5215: 5213: 5210: 5208: 5205: 5203: 5200: 5198: 5195: 5193: 5190: 5188: 5185: 5183: 5180: 5178: 5175: 5173: 5170: 5168: 5165: 5163: 5160: 5158: 5155: 5153: 5150: 5148: 5145: 5143: 5140: 5138: 5135: 5133: 5130: 5128: 5125: 5123: 5120: 5119: 5117: 5115: 5111: 5108: 5106: 5102: 5096: 5093: 5091: 5088: 5086: 5083: 5081: 5078: 5074: 5071: 5069: 5068: 5064: 5062: 5059: 5057: 5054: 5053: 5052: 5049: 5047: 5044: 5042: 5039: 5037: 5034: 5032: 5029: 5027: 5024: 5022: 5019: 5017: 5014: 5012: 5009: 5007: 5004: 5002: 4999: 4997: 4994: 4992: 4989: 4987: 4984: 4982: 4979: 4977: 4974: 4972: 4969: 4968: 4966: 4962: 4956: 4953: 4951: 4948: 4946: 4943: 4941: 4938: 4936: 4933: 4931: 4928: 4926: 4925:Sex education 4923: 4921: 4918: 4916: 4913: 4911: 4908: 4906: 4903: 4901: 4898: 4894: 4891: 4890: 4889: 4886: 4884: 4881: 4879: 4876: 4874: 4871: 4867: 4864: 4863: 4862: 4859: 4857: 4854: 4853: 4851: 4847: 4841: 4838: 4836: 4833: 4831: 4828: 4826: 4823: 4821: 4818: 4816: 4813: 4811: 4808: 4806: 4803: 4799: 4796: 4795: 4794: 4791: 4789: 4786: 4785: 4783: 4779: 4773: 4770: 4768: 4765: 4763: 4760: 4758: 4755: 4753: 4750: 4748: 4745: 4743: 4740: 4738: 4735: 4733: 4730: 4728: 4725: 4723: 4720: 4718: 4715: 4713: 4710: 4708: 4707:Lipodystrophy 4705: 4703: 4700: 4698: 4695: 4693: 4690: 4689: 4687: 4683: 4677: 4674: 4670: 4667: 4665: 4662: 4661: 4660: 4657: 4653: 4650: 4648: 4645: 4643: 4640: 4638: 4635: 4633: 4630: 4628: 4625: 4623: 4620: 4619: 4618: 4615: 4611: 4608: 4606: 4603: 4601: 4598: 4596: 4593: 4591: 4588: 4586: 4583: 4582: 4581: 4578: 4577: 4575: 4571: 4566: 4562: 4555: 4550: 4548: 4543: 4541: 4536: 4535: 4532: 4526: 4522: 4519: 4517: 4514: 4513: 4500: 4496: 4491: 4486: 4483:(2): 234–38. 4482: 4478: 4474: 4467: 4459: 4455: 4451: 4447: 4443: 4439: 4435: 4431: 4424: 4416: 4412: 4407: 4402: 4398: 4394: 4390: 4386: 4382: 4375: 4367: 4363: 4359: 4355: 4351: 4347: 4343: 4339: 4332: 4324: 4320: 4316: 4312: 4308: 4304: 4301:(4): 257–68. 4300: 4296: 4289: 4281: 4275: 4267: 4263: 4259: 4255: 4251: 4247: 4243: 4239: 4235: 4231: 4227: 4220: 4212: 4208: 4203: 4198: 4194: 4190: 4186: 4179: 4171: 4167: 4163: 4159: 4156:(2): 303–18. 4155: 4151: 4144: 4130:on 2013-12-02 4126: 4119: 4113: 4105: 4099: 4091: 4085: 4077: 4071: 4063: 4057: 4049: 4045: 4041: 4037: 4033: 4029: 4021: 4013: 4009: 4004: 3999: 3995: 3991: 3987: 3980: 3972: 3968: 3963: 3958: 3954: 3950: 3946: 3942: 3938: 3931: 3923: 3919: 3914: 3909: 3906:(6): 441–42. 3905: 3901: 3897: 3890: 3882: 3878: 3873: 3868: 3864: 3860: 3856: 3849: 3841: 3837: 3833: 3829: 3825: 3821: 3817: 3813: 3806: 3798: 3794: 3790: 3786: 3782: 3778: 3770: 3762: 3758: 3755:(7): 820–22. 3754: 3750: 3743: 3735: 3731: 3726: 3721: 3717: 3713: 3709: 3702: 3694: 3690: 3686: 3682: 3678: 3674: 3670: 3666: 3659: 3651: 3645: 3637: 3633: 3628: 3623: 3619: 3615: 3611: 3604: 3596: 3592: 3587: 3582: 3578: 3574: 3570: 3563: 3555: 3551: 3546: 3541: 3538:(2): 178–85. 3537: 3533: 3529: 3522: 3514: 3510: 3505: 3500: 3497:(5): 659–65. 3496: 3492: 3488: 3481: 3473: 3469: 3464: 3459: 3456:(2): 190–97. 3455: 3451: 3447: 3440: 3432: 3428: 3423: 3418: 3414: 3410: 3406: 3399: 3391: 3387: 3382: 3377: 3374:(3): 717–20. 3373: 3369: 3365: 3358: 3350: 3346: 3342: 3338: 3334: 3330: 3326: 3322: 3315: 3307: 3303: 3299: 3295: 3291: 3287: 3283: 3279: 3271: 3263: 3259: 3254: 3249: 3245: 3241: 3237: 3230: 3216:on 2017-10-04 3212: 3205: 3199: 3193: 3189: 3186: 3181: 3173: 3169: 3165: 3161: 3158:(8): 689–94. 3157: 3153: 3145: 3137: 3133: 3129: 3125: 3121: 3117: 3113: 3109: 3101: 3092: 3090: 3081: 3077: 3072: 3067: 3063: 3059: 3055: 3051: 3047: 3043: 3042: 3037: 3030: 3022: 3018: 3012: 2996: 2989: 2981: 2977: 2973: 2969: 2966:(3): 487–92. 2965: 2961: 2960: 2952: 2937: 2933: 2927: 2913: 2909: 2902: 2894: 2888: 2880: 2876: 2871: 2866: 2862: 2858: 2854: 2850: 2846: 2842: 2841: 2836: 2829: 2821: 2817: 2813: 2809: 2804: 2803:10.1038/35400 2799: 2795: 2791: 2787: 2783: 2779: 2772: 2764: 2760: 2755: 2750: 2746: 2742: 2738: 2734: 2730: 2723: 2715: 2711: 2707: 2703: 2698: 2693: 2690:(6): 659–73. 2689: 2685: 2681: 2674: 2660: 2656: 2649: 2642: 2641:public domain 2624: 2620: 2614: 2612: 2610: 2608: 2606: 2590: 2586: 2580: 2572: 2568: 2563: 2558: 2554: 2550: 2546: 2542: 2538: 2531: 2523: 2519: 2514: 2509: 2505: 2501: 2498:(5): 565–66. 2497: 2493: 2489: 2482: 2474: 2470: 2465: 2460: 2456: 2452: 2448: 2444: 2440: 2436: 2432: 2425: 2423: 2415: 2409: 2407: 2405: 2398: 2393: 2385: 2381: 2378:(8): 637–46. 2377: 2373: 2366: 2350: 2346: 2340: 2324: 2320: 2314: 2306: 2302: 2299:(7): 410–17. 2298: 2294: 2287: 2279: 2275: 2271: 2267: 2263: 2259: 2252: 2244: 2240: 2236: 2232: 2228: 2224: 2221:(4824): 143. 2220: 2216: 2209: 2201: 2197: 2193: 2189: 2186:(6): 970–77. 2185: 2181: 2173: 2165: 2161: 2156: 2151: 2147: 2143: 2139: 2135: 2131: 2127: 2123: 2116: 2108: 2104: 2099: 2094: 2090: 2086: 2082: 2078: 2074: 2067: 2059: 2055: 2048: 2044: 2038: 2030: 2026: 2021: 2016: 2013:(4): 631–32. 2012: 2008: 2007: 2002: 1995: 1981:on 2015-06-01 1980: 1976: 1970: 1964: 1959: 1957: 1948: 1944: 1940: 1936: 1932: 1928: 1925:(3): 175–78. 1924: 1920: 1919:Clin. Pediatr 1913: 1905: 1901: 1897: 1893: 1889: 1885: 1882:(8511): 863. 1881: 1877: 1870: 1862: 1858: 1854: 1850: 1846: 1842: 1834: 1826: 1822: 1817: 1812: 1809:(1): 109–17. 1808: 1804: 1800: 1796: 1790: 1782: 1778: 1774: 1770: 1766: 1762: 1754: 1746: 1742: 1738: 1734: 1731:(4): 411–19. 1730: 1726: 1719: 1711: 1707: 1702: 1697: 1693: 1689: 1685: 1678: 1670: 1666: 1661: 1656: 1652: 1648: 1644: 1640: 1636: 1629: 1621: 1617: 1610: 1604: 1599: 1592: 1588: 1585: 1580: 1572: 1568: 1564: 1560: 1556: 1552: 1548: 1544: 1537: 1529: 1525: 1521: 1517: 1513: 1509: 1505: 1501: 1500:Med. Sci. Law 1494: 1492: 1477:on 2008-06-12 1476: 1472: 1468: 1461: 1459: 1450: 1446: 1441: 1436: 1432: 1428: 1424: 1420: 1416: 1408: 1400: 1394: 1386: 1380: 1375: 1374: 1365: 1357: 1353: 1349: 1345: 1338: 1324:on 2017-09-21 1323: 1319: 1315: 1309: 1293: 1289: 1283: 1281: 1261: 1255: 1247: 1243: 1238: 1233: 1230:(3): 218–43. 1229: 1225: 1221: 1214: 1210: 1200: 1197: 1195: 1192: 1190: 1187: 1185: 1182: 1181: 1175: 1173: 1163: 1161: 1158: 1153: 1151: 1147: 1146:New York City 1143: 1139: 1135: 1131: 1127: 1125: 1120: 1118: 1110: 1108: 1103: 1097: 1095: 1090: 1081: 1079: 1078:epidemiologic 1075: 1071: 1067: 1063: 1059: 1054: 1052: 1048: 1044: 1034: 1032: 1028: 1024: 1020: 1016: 1010: 1008: 1004: 994: 992: 988: 987:heterosexuals 983: 980: 975: 973: 968: 964: 953: 949: 946: 942: 937: 934: 924: 921: 911: 909: 905: 904:New York City 900: 898: 894: 890: 886: 881: 879: 875: 871: 867: 862: 860: 856: 855: 850: 840: 838: 832: 830: 826: 821: 819: 813: 803: 801: 797: 792: 787: 785: 781: 777: 773: 769: 765: 761: 760:David Rasnick 758:, biochemist 757: 753: 747: 737: 734: 733:immunizations 730: 726: 722: 718: 717:Côte d'Ivoire 713: 711: 707: 703: 699: 695: 691: 687: 676: 672: 662: 660: 659: 654: 648: 638: 636: 633: 629: 627: 623: 618: 614: 610: 606: 602: 596: 586: 584: 579: 575: 571: 567: 558: 553: 543: 541: 537: 532: 530: 526: 522: 518: 513: 511: 500: 498: 493: 491: 487: 483: 479: 478: 473: 471: 466: 465: 460: 456: 452: 448: 444: 440: 430: 428: 418: 416: 412: 406: 402: 398: 388: 379: 376: 372: 368: 364: 360: 356: 346: 344: 340: 336: 326: 317: 315: 311: 307: 306:theoretically 302: 300: 296: 292: 288: 284: 280: 276: 266: 253: 247:HIV infection 244: 242: 237: 233: 230: 226: 222: 218: 214: 205: 203: 198: 194: 190: 186: 176: 174: 170: 166: 162: 156: 146: 143: 139: 133: 131: 127: 123: 116: 112: 108: 107:emtricitabine 104: 99: 94: 90: 75: 73: 68: 64: 60: 45: 43: 38: 34: 30: 26: 22: 5392:Taiwan (ROC) 5382:Saudi Arabia 5232:South Africa 5065: 5051:Larry Kramer 5005: 4793:Epidemiology 4480: 4476: 4466: 4433: 4429: 4423: 4388: 4384: 4374: 4341: 4337: 4331: 4298: 4294: 4288: 4280:"USPHS/IDSA" 4274: 4233: 4229: 4219: 4192: 4188: 4178: 4153: 4149: 4143: 4132:. Retrieved 4125:the original 4112: 4098: 4084: 4070: 4056:cite journal 4031: 4027: 4020: 3993: 3989: 3979: 3944: 3940: 3930: 3903: 3899: 3889: 3862: 3858: 3848: 3815: 3811: 3805: 3780: 3776: 3769: 3752: 3748: 3742: 3715: 3711: 3701: 3668: 3664: 3658: 3644: 3617: 3613: 3603: 3576: 3572: 3562: 3535: 3531: 3521: 3494: 3490: 3480: 3453: 3449: 3439: 3412: 3408: 3398: 3371: 3367: 3357: 3324: 3320: 3314: 3281: 3277: 3270: 3243: 3239: 3229: 3218:. Retrieved 3211:the original 3198: 3185:UNAIDS, 2003 3180: 3155: 3151: 3144: 3111: 3107: 3100: 3095:UNAIDS, 2000 3045: 3039: 3029: 3020: 3011: 2999:. Retrieved 2988: 2963: 2957: 2951: 2939:. Retrieved 2935: 2926: 2915:. Retrieved 2911: 2901: 2887:cite journal 2844: 2838: 2828: 2785: 2781: 2771: 2736: 2732: 2722: 2687: 2683: 2673: 2662:. Retrieved 2658: 2648: 2627:. Retrieved 2625:. 2016-05-11 2622: 2593:. Retrieved 2591:. 2007-10-30 2588: 2579: 2544: 2540: 2530: 2495: 2491: 2481: 2438: 2434: 2392: 2375: 2372:J Reprod Med 2371: 2365: 2353:. Retrieved 2339: 2327:. Retrieved 2323:the original 2313: 2296: 2292: 2286: 2261: 2257: 2251: 2218: 2214: 2208: 2183: 2179: 2172: 2129: 2125: 2115: 2080: 2076: 2066: 2037: 2010: 2004: 1994: 1983:. Retrieved 1979:the original 1969: 1922: 1918: 1912: 1879: 1875: 1869: 1847:(1): 55–61. 1844: 1840: 1833: 1806: 1802: 1789: 1767:(1): 25–29. 1764: 1760: 1753: 1728: 1724: 1718: 1691: 1687: 1677: 1645:(1): 16–19. 1642: 1638: 1628: 1619: 1615: 1609: 1598: 1579: 1546: 1542: 1536: 1506:(1): 85–88. 1503: 1499: 1479:. Retrieved 1475:the original 1470: 1422: 1418: 1407: 1393: 1372: 1364: 1347: 1343: 1337: 1326:. Retrieved 1322:the original 1317: 1308: 1296:. Retrieved 1267:. Retrieved 1254: 1227: 1223: 1213: 1169: 1154: 1123: 1116: 1113: 1106: 1093: 1074:malnutrition 1055: 1040: 1011: 1000: 984: 976: 959: 950: 945:hemophiliacs 938: 933:hemophilia A 930: 917: 901: 882: 863: 852: 846: 836: 833: 822: 815: 796:tuberculosis 791:pathogenesis 788: 764:Celia Farber 749: 721:seropositive 714: 710:middle class 702:malnourished 694:tuberculosis 683: 656: 653:patient zero 650: 647:Gaëtan Dugas 630: 598: 582: 577: 569: 563: 540:Fas receptor 533: 517:coat protein 514: 506: 494: 475: 469: 462: 436: 424: 408: 385: 371:yellow fever 363:dengue fever 352: 332: 323: 305: 303: 271: 238: 234: 211: 193:South Africa 189:Johannesburg 182: 173:South Africa 165:sexual abuse 158: 134: 120: 111:elvitegravir 56: 36: 18: 5600:New Zealand 5472:El Salvador 5377:Philippines 5347:North Korea 5300:China (PRC) 5265:Afghanistan 4955:Product Red 4856:AIDS orphan 4712:Nephropathy 4647:vaccination 3204:"HHS, 2005" 2997:. Maclean's 2541:J. Exp. Med 2293:AIDS Reader 2043:Piya Sorcar 1148:to develop 1031:lung cancer 1015:hepatitis B 800:hepatitis B 768:Tom Bethell 706:middle-aged 510:Macrophages 482:visna virus 427:miscarriage 310:nose bleeds 291:gum disease 187:(NSPCA) in 5642:Categories 5312:East Timor 5285:Bangladesh 5275:Azerbaijan 5197:Mozambique 5182:Madagascar 4915:Red ribbon 4757:Serostatus 4685:Conditions 4637:prevention 4627:management 4585:Lentivirus 4521:HIV Basics 4430:The Lancet 4134:2005-08-24 3718:(6): 442. 3220:2005-08-23 2936:Politifact 2917:2012-01-30 2664:2018-10-01 2629:2018-09-30 2595:2010-05-04 1985:2007-10-10 1694:(1): 1–5. 1481:2009-03-25 1328:2018-09-30 1205:References 1121:(PCP) and 1062:transplant 866:homosexual 859:retrovirus 688:, such as 628:approach. 593:See also: 536:Fas ligand 459:antibodies 443:pathogenic 395:See also: 355:mosquitoes 153:See also: 115:cobicistat 87:See also: 5595:Australia 5549:Argentina 5509:Caribbean 5487:Nicaragua 5477:Guatemala 5387:Sri Lanka 5322:Indonesia 5105:Locations 5046:"Free Me" 4772:Pregnancy 4767:Nutrition 4622:diagnosis 4385:AIDS Care 2397:WHO, 2005 2355:5 January 2146:0269-9370 2058:TeachAids 1622:(6): 308. 1471:Telegraph 1350:(3): 21. 1160:pathogens 1138:bacterial 1119:pneumonia 1096:pneumonia 1027:cirrhosis 774:advocate 698:mortality 449:appears. 217:infection 213:Diagnosis 140:known as 78:Treatment 5653:HIV/AIDS 5564:Colombia 5482:Honduras 5397:Thailand 5372:Pakistan 5357:Malaysia 5295:Cambodia 5247:Zimbabwe 5227:Tanzania 5152:Ethiopia 5147:Eswatini 5132:Botswana 5021:Solidays 4920:Safe sex 4861:Religion 4805:Timeline 4727:Pruritus 4664:Children 4642:research 4617:HIV/AIDS 4595:subtypes 4499:11740713 4450:10683007 4415:18608078 4358:15969772 4323:20186700 4315:21822625 3693:23141531 3636:10509570 3595:10770911 3554:10909955 3513:10102000 3472:10889592 3341:11071184 3306:32223916 3188:Archived 3172:10462337 3136:19384981 3080:27783600 3001:20 April 2941:16 April 2879:18833279 2763:22229120 2714:38760788 2706:22441170 2589:BBC News 2571:10224289 2522:10712427 2305:10932845 2164:24809629 2107:20624114 2029:16470132 1947:30065399 1904:28722212 1825:10207552 1781:10548127 1587:Archived 1571:34857351 1563:15158626 1520:12627683 1449:28385131 1356:12466764 1246:18205765 1189:Safe sex 1178:See also 1019:jaundice 690:cachexia 609:zoonosis 488:, cause 447:immunity 411:anal sex 339:anal sex 335:oral sex 283:sneezing 279:coughing 241:antigens 229:antibody 225:medicine 25:pandemic 21:HIV/AIDS 5588:Oceania 5579:Uruguay 5554:Bolivia 5522:Jamaica 5440:Ukraine 5412:Vietnam 5280:Bahrain 5270:Armenia 5222:Senegal 5212:Nigeria 5202:Namibia 5177:Lesotho 4964:Culture 4945:HIV.gov 4788:History 4781:History 4458:7339081 4406:2570227 4366:7411052 4266:4370482 4258:8955267 4238:Bibcode 4211:6295003 4202:2596440 4170:8174659 4048:2477702 4012:7915149 3971:8563582 3962:2349998 3922:8093638 3881:8353293 3840:7992044 3820:Bibcode 3812:Science 3797:2240875 3761:8099613 3734:8093639 3685:8095571 3650:"NIAID" 3504:1230111 3431:9809730 3390:9952385 3349:8167162 3298:9848347 3262:9516219 3128:7898177 3071:5257289 3050:Bibcode 3021:NPR.org 2980:6608269 2870:3682493 2849:Bibcode 2820:4416837 2812:9468138 2790:Bibcode 2754:3234451 2623:HIV.gov 2562:2193060 2473:8464405 2443:Bibcode 2384:9749412 2329:1 March 2278:2419594 2243:2889266 2223:Bibcode 2215:Science 2200:2479697 2155:6195215 2098:2904634 1939:9545605 1896:2876307 1861:9077430 1745:7882108 1710:2046708 1669:2298875 1528:2706882 1440:5633001 1269:29 July 1157:endemic 1126:complex 1109:complex 1070:genetic 1047:cancers 889:T-cells 829:placebo 574:gay men 451:Measles 439:viruses 415:condoms 367:malaria 130:viremia 27:. The 5569:Guyana 5559:Brazil 5467:Mexico 5462:Canada 5435:Russia 5422:Europe 5407:Turkey 5342:Jordan 5305:Yunnan 5290:Bhutan 5242:Zambia 5237:Uganda 5217:Rwanda 5187:Malawi 5162:Guinea 5122:Angola 5114:Africa 5061:ACT UP 4849:Social 4567:topics 4497: 4456: 4448: 4413: 4403: 4364: 4356: 4321: 4313: 4264: 4256: 4230:Nature 4209: 4199: 4168: 4046: 4010: 3969: 3959: 3920: 3879: 3838: 3795: 3759: 3732: 3691: 3683: 3665:Lancet 3634: 3593: 3552: 3511: 3501: 3470: 3429: 3388: 3347: 3339: 3321:Lancet 3304: 3296: 3278:Lancet 3260: 3170: 3134: 3126: 3108:Lancet 3078: 3068: 3041:Nature 2978: 2877: 2867: 2840:Nature 2818: 2810: 2782:Nature 2761: 2751: 2712: 2704: 2569: 2559: 2520: 2513:292457 2510: 2471: 2464:372905 2461: 2382: 2303: 2276: 2241: 2198: 2162: 2152: 2144: 2105: 2095: 2027: 1945: 1937: 1902: 1894: 1876:Lancet 1859: 1823: 1779: 1743: 1708: 1667: 1660:269529 1657: 1569: 1561: 1543:Lancet 1526: 1518: 1447: 1437: 1381: 1354: 1318:UNICEF 1298:29 May 1244: 1136:, and 1134:fungal 839:AIDS. 837:caused 770:, and 729:Malawi 719:, HIV- 658:Nature 617:hunted 578:MMWR's 497:mutate 474:, and 403:, and 359:saliva 314:biting 287:Saliva 275:toilet 227:. HIV 219:using 126:T-cell 91:, and 5517:Haiti 5367:Nepal 5337:Japan 5317:India 5207:Niger 5172:Kenya 5157:Ghana 5142:Egypt 5127:Benin 4454:S2CID 4362:S2CID 4319:S2CID 4262:S2CID 4128:(PDF) 4121:(PDF) 3990:Blood 3859:Blood 3689:S2CID 3345:S2CID 3302:S2CID 3214:(PDF) 3207:(PDF) 3132:S2CID 2816:S2CID 2710:S2CID 2050:(PDF) 1943:S2CID 1900:S2CID 1567:S2CID 1524:S2CID 1263:(PDF) 1130:viral 1023:liver 521:gp120 486:sheep 472:virus 455:brain 373:, or 353:When 5574:Peru 5352:Laos 5332:Iraq 5327:Iran 5257:Asia 5192:Mali 5095:Ayds 4652:PrEP 4565:AIDS 4495:PMID 4446:PMID 4411:PMID 4354:PMID 4311:PMID 4254:PMID 4207:PMID 4166:PMID 4062:link 4044:PMID 4008:PMID 3967:PMID 3918:PMID 3877:PMID 3836:PMID 3793:PMID 3757:PMID 3730:PMID 3681:PMID 3632:PMID 3614:AIDS 3591:PMID 3550:PMID 3509:PMID 3491:CMAJ 3468:PMID 3450:JAMA 3427:PMID 3409:JAMA 3386:PMID 3337:PMID 3294:PMID 3258:PMID 3168:PMID 3124:PMID 3076:PMID 3003:2019 2976:PMID 2943:2018 2893:link 2875:PMID 2808:PMID 2759:PMID 2702:PMID 2684:AIDS 2567:PMID 2518:PMID 2469:PMID 2380:PMID 2357:2011 2331:2011 2301:PMID 2274:PMID 2258:JAMA 2239:PMID 2196:PMID 2160:PMID 2142:ISSN 2126:AIDS 2103:PMID 2025:PMID 2006:AIDS 1935:PMID 1892:PMID 1857:PMID 1821:PMID 1803:AIDS 1777:PMID 1741:PMID 1706:PMID 1665:PMID 1559:PMID 1516:PMID 1445:PMID 1379:ISBN 1352:PMID 1300:2015 1271:2011 1242:PMID 1045:and 798:and 673:and 341:and 167:and 113:and 83:Cure 42:deny 4580:HIV 4573:HIV 4561:HIV 4523:at 4485:doi 4438:doi 4434:355 4401:PMC 4393:doi 4346:doi 4303:doi 4246:doi 4234:384 4197:PMC 4158:doi 4036:doi 4032:321 3998:doi 3957:PMC 3949:doi 3945:312 3941:BMJ 3908:doi 3904:328 3867:doi 3828:doi 3816:266 3785:doi 3781:113 3720:doi 3716:328 3673:doi 3669:341 3622:doi 3581:doi 3540:doi 3536:152 3499:PMC 3495:160 3458:doi 3454:284 3417:doi 3413:280 3376:doi 3372:179 3329:doi 3325:356 3286:doi 3282:352 3248:doi 3244:338 3160:doi 3116:doi 3112:345 3066:PMC 3058:doi 3046:539 2968:doi 2865:PMC 2857:doi 2845:455 2798:doi 2786:391 2749:PMC 2741:doi 2692:doi 2659:CNN 2557:PMC 2549:doi 2545:189 2508:PMC 2500:doi 2496:105 2459:PMC 2451:doi 2266:doi 2262:255 2231:doi 2219:238 2188:doi 2184:160 2150:PMC 2134:doi 2093:PMC 2085:doi 2015:doi 1927:doi 1884:doi 1880:328 1849:doi 1811:doi 1769:doi 1733:doi 1696:doi 1692:325 1655:PMC 1647:doi 1551:doi 1547:363 1508:doi 1435:PMC 1427:doi 1232:doi 1228:263 979:CDC 967:gay 885:CD4 818:AZT 786:.) 529:Tat 525:CD4 484:in 281:or 215:of 161:HIV 33:HIV 5644:: 4493:. 4481:34 4479:. 4475:. 4452:. 4444:. 4432:. 4409:. 4399:. 4389:20 4387:. 4383:. 4360:. 4352:. 4342:16 4340:. 4317:. 4309:. 4297:. 4260:. 4252:. 4244:. 4232:. 4228:. 4205:. 4193:55 4191:. 4187:. 4164:. 4154:15 4152:. 4058:}} 4054:{{ 4042:. 4030:. 4006:. 3994:84 3992:. 3988:. 3965:. 3955:. 3943:. 3939:. 3916:. 3902:. 3898:. 3875:. 3863:82 3861:. 3857:. 3834:. 3826:. 3814:. 3791:. 3779:. 3751:. 3728:. 3714:. 3710:. 3687:. 3679:. 3667:. 3630:. 3618:13 3616:. 3612:. 3589:. 3577:30 3575:. 3571:. 3548:. 3534:. 3530:. 3507:. 3493:. 3489:. 3466:. 3452:. 3448:. 3425:. 3411:. 3407:. 3384:. 3370:. 3366:. 3343:. 3335:. 3323:. 3300:. 3292:. 3280:. 3256:. 3242:. 3238:. 3166:. 3156:18 3154:. 3130:. 3122:. 3110:. 3088:^ 3074:. 3064:. 3056:. 3044:. 3038:. 3019:. 2974:. 2964:76 2962:. 2934:. 2910:. 2889:}} 2885:{{ 2873:. 2863:. 2855:. 2843:. 2837:. 2814:. 2806:. 2796:. 2784:. 2780:. 2757:. 2747:. 2735:. 2731:. 2708:. 2700:. 2688:26 2686:. 2682:. 2657:. 2621:. 2604:^ 2587:. 2565:. 2555:. 2543:. 2539:. 2516:. 2506:. 2494:. 2490:. 2467:. 2457:. 2449:. 2439:57 2437:. 2433:. 2421:^ 2403:^ 2376:43 2374:. 2347:. 2297:10 2295:. 2272:. 2260:. 2237:. 2229:. 2217:. 2194:. 2182:. 2158:. 2148:. 2140:. 2130:28 2128:. 2124:. 2101:. 2091:. 2081:10 2079:. 2075:. 2056:, 2052:. 2023:. 2011:20 2009:. 2003:. 1955:^ 1941:. 1933:. 1923:37 1921:. 1898:. 1890:. 1878:. 1855:. 1843:. 1819:. 1807:13 1805:. 1801:. 1775:. 1765:14 1763:. 1739:. 1727:. 1704:. 1690:. 1686:. 1663:. 1653:. 1643:28 1641:. 1637:. 1620:52 1618:. 1565:. 1557:. 1545:. 1522:. 1514:. 1504:43 1502:. 1490:^ 1469:. 1457:^ 1443:. 1433:. 1423:18 1421:. 1417:. 1346:. 1316:. 1290:. 1279:^ 1240:. 1226:. 1222:. 1132:, 899:. 887:+ 712:. 519:, 467:, 399:, 369:, 365:, 204:. 191:, 175:. 109:, 105:, 4563:/ 4553:e 4546:t 4539:v 4501:. 4487:: 4460:. 4440:: 4417:. 4395:: 4368:. 4348:: 4325:. 4305:: 4299:8 4282:. 4268:. 4248:: 4240:: 4213:. 4172:. 4160:: 4137:. 4106:. 4092:. 4078:. 4064:) 4050:. 4038:: 4014:. 4000:: 3973:. 3951:: 3924:. 3910:: 3883:. 3869:: 3842:. 3830:: 3822:: 3799:. 3787:: 3763:. 3753:6 3736:. 3722:: 3695:. 3675:: 3652:. 3638:. 3624:: 3597:. 3583:: 3556:. 3542:: 3515:. 3474:. 3460:: 3433:. 3419:: 3392:. 3378:: 3351:. 3331:: 3308:. 3288:: 3264:. 3250:: 3223:. 3174:. 3162:: 3138:. 3118:: 3082:. 3060:: 3052:: 3023:. 3005:. 2982:. 2970:: 2945:. 2920:. 2895:) 2881:. 2859:: 2851:: 2822:. 2800:: 2792:: 2765:. 2743:: 2737:1 2716:. 2694:: 2667:. 2643:. 2632:. 2598:. 2573:. 2551:: 2524:. 2502:: 2475:. 2453:: 2445:: 2386:. 2359:. 2333:. 2307:. 2280:. 2268:: 2245:. 2233:: 2225:: 2202:. 2190:: 2166:. 2136:: 2109:. 2087:: 2060:. 2031:. 2017:: 1988:. 1949:. 1929:: 1906:. 1886:: 1863:. 1851:: 1845:7 1827:. 1813:: 1783:. 1771:: 1747:. 1735:: 1729:8 1712:. 1698:: 1671:. 1649:: 1573:. 1553:: 1530:. 1510:: 1484:. 1451:. 1429:: 1401:. 1387:. 1358:. 1348:4 1331:. 1302:. 1273:. 1248:. 1234:: 117:.

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Knowledge

Misconceptions about HIV/AIDS

Index