1664:
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191:
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1569:, and over 400 other common Unix utility programs. With the addition of X11, this version marks the transition away from a text-only system. Another feature of this version, which will be improved in future ones, is the ability of the system to withstand device driver crashes, and in many cases having them automatically replaced without affecting running processes. In this way, Minix is self-healing and can be used in applications demanding high reliability.
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1352:. This is where nearly all the operating system functionality is located. User processes obtain file service, for example, by sending messages to the file server to open, close, read, and write files. In turn, the file server gets disk I/O performed by sending messages to the disk driver, which controls the disk.
1100:(ACM) Symposium Operating Systems Principles conference. Although it still serves as an example for the new edition of Tanenbaum and Woodhull's textbook, it is comprehensively redesigned to be "usable as a serious system on resource-limited and embedded computers and for applications requiring high reliability."
1264:
A special process, called the reincarnation server, periodically pings each device driver. If the driver dies or fails to respond correctly to pings, the reincarnation server automatically replaces it with a fresh copy. Detecting and replacing non-functioning drivers is automatic, with no user action
2129:
section: "Various studies have shown that software broadly contains something like 6-16 bugs per 1000 lines of code and that device drivers have 3-7 times as many bugs as the rest of the operating system. When combined with the fact that 70% of a typical operating system consists of device drivers,
1173:
In Minix 3, when a user expects data from, for example, the file system, it builds a descriptor telling who has access and at what addresses. It then passes an index to this descriptor to the file system, which may pass it to a driver. The file system or driver then asks the kernel to write via the
1186:
within a driver will crash the driver process, but will have no effect on the system as a whole. The reincarnation server will restart the crashed driver automatically. Users will not notice recovery for some drivers (e.g., disk and network) but for others (e.g., audio and printer), they might. In
1344:
process. Each one controls some I/O device, such as a disk or printer. The drivers do not have access to the I/O port space and cannot issue I/O instructions directly. Instead, they must make kernel calls giving a list of I/O ports to write to and the values to be written. While there is a small
1211:
and buffer management problems. Also, many exploits work by overrunning a buffer to trick the program into returning from a function call using an overwritten stack return address pointing into attacker controlled memory, usually the overrun buffer. In Minix 3, this attack is mitigated because
1199:, the scheduler will gradually lower its priority until it becomes idle. Eventually the reincarnation server will see that it is not responding to status requests, so it will kill and restart the looping driver. In a monolithic kernel, a looping driver could hang the system.
2134:, 85% of the crashes are due to bugs in device drivers. Obviously, to make OSes reliable, something has to be done to deal with buggy device drivers. Building a reliable system despite the inevitable bugs in device drivers was the original driving force behind Minix 3."
1504:
Please be aware that MINIX 3 is not your grandfather's MINIX ... MINIX 1 was written as an educational tool ... MINIX 3 is that plus a start at building a highly reliable, self-healing, bloat-free operating system ... MINIX 1 and MINIX 3 are related in the same way as
1236:(such as copying data to users' address spaces) by making kernel calls. The Minix 3 kernel has a bit map for each driver specifying which calls it is authorized to make. In monolithic kernels, every driver can call every kernel function, authorized or not.
1360:, the reincarnation server (which is the parent process of the drivers and servers) kills the faulty component and replaces it with a fresh copy. In this way the system is automatically made self-healing without interfering with running programs.
471:
To achieve that, the code running in kernel must be minimal, with the file server, process server, and each device driver running as separate user-mode processes. Each driver is carefully monitored by a part of the system named the
1281:
occurs, it is converted at a low level to a notification sent to the appropriate driver. If the driver is waiting for a message, it gets the interrupt immediately; otherwise it gets the notification the next time it does a
1367:. If any of them fail, the system crashes. Nevertheless, reducing the trusted computing base from 3-5 million lines of code, as in Linux and Windows systems, to about 20,000 lines greatly enhances system reliability.
1355:
One of the key servers is the reincarnation server. Its job is to poll all the other servers and drivers to check on their health periodically. If a component fails to respond correctly, or exits, or gets into an
468:, approximately 3–7 times as many bugs as a usual program) can bring down the whole system, Minix 3 aims to create an operating system that is a "reliable, self-healing, multiserver Unix clone".
1345:
amount of overhead in doing this (typically 500 ns), this scheme makes it possible for the kernel to check authorization, so that, for example, the audio driver cannot write on the disk.
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1517:
Many improvements have also been made in the structure of the kernel since the Minix 2 release, making the system more reliable. Minix version 3.1.5 was released 5 Nov 2009. It contains
966:
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Not every driver and server needs to communicate with every other driver and server. Accordingly, a per-process bit map determines which destinations each process may send to.
1151:
reside in the kernel. Thus, when a new peripheral is installed, unknown, untrusted code is inserted in the kernel. One bad line of code in a driver can bring down the system.
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needed. This feature does not work for disk drivers at present, but in the next release the system will be able to recover even disk drivers, which will be shadowed in
1248:
each driver may access. Thus, a driver can only touch its own I/O ports. In monolithic kernels, a buggy driver can access I/O ports belonging to another device.
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installation. The project has been dormant since 2018, and the latest release is 3.4.0 rc6 from 2017, although the Minix 3 discussion group is still active.
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1326:(API) of about 30 kernel calls that authorized servers and drivers can make. User programs cannot make these calls. Instead, they can issue
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which send messages to the servers. The kernel calls perform functions such as setting interrupts and copying data between address spaces.
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One of the main goals of Minix 3 is reliability. Below, some of the more important principles that enhance its reliability are discussed.
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Instead, in Minix 3, each device driver is a separate user-mode process. Drivers cannot execute privileged instructions, change the
1162:(I/O), or write to absolute memory. They must make kernel calls for these services and the kernel checks each call for authority.
1036:
Improved driver modularity: UDS separate from PFS, PTY from TTY, one controller per at_wini instance, LOG removed from boot image
801:
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code. In contrast, Minix 3 has about 6,000 lines of executable kernel code, which can make problems easier to find in the code.
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license that Minix was licensed under since 2000. In late 2005, the copyright owner was changed and a fourth clause was added.
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by detecting and repairing its faults on the fly, with no user intervention. The main uses of the system are envisaged to be
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In a monolithic system, a bug in a driver can easily crash the whole kernel. This is far less likely to occur in Minix 3.
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476:. If a driver fails to respond to pings from this server, it is shut down and replaced by a fresh copy of the driver.
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Minix 3 was publicly announced on 24 October 2005 by Andrew
Tanenbaum during his keynote speech on top of the
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In monolithic kernels, a driver can write to any word of memory and thus accidentally corrupt user programs.
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instruction and data space are split and only code in (read-only) instruction space can be executed, termed
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172:
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Improved NetBSD compatibility: utilities, calls, types (lots of 64-bit), toolchain, codebase, and packages
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of Minix 1.0 are printed in the book. Tanenbaum originally developed Minix for compatibility with the
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1.0, 1.5, and 2.0 were developed as tools to help people learn about the design of operating systems.
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to get a message. This scheme eliminates nested interrupts and makes driver programming easier.
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monolithic kernels, dereferencing a bad pointer in a driver normally leads to a system crash.
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Minix 3.3.0 was released in
September 2014. This release is the first version to support the
1572:
Minix 3.2.0 was released in
February 2012. This version has many new features, including the
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Minix 3 does the same, and provides a modern operating system with many newer tools and many
2109:
1363:
Currently the reincarnation server, the process server, and the microkernel are part of the
1216:. However, attacks which rely on running legitimately executable memory in a malicious way (
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70:
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8:
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by Jorrit N. Herder, Herbert Bos, Ben Gras, Philip
Homburg, and Andrew S. Tanenbaum (PDF)
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1961:
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730:
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62:
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by Jorrit N. Herder, Herbert Bos, Ben Gras, Philip
Homburg, and Andrew S Tanenbaum (PDF)
1207:
Minix 3 uses fixed-length messages for internal communication, which eliminates certain
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It was held once in 2016. MINIXCon2017 was cancelled due to lack of talks submitted.
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MINIXCon is a conference on sharing talks, efforts and researches related to Minix.
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descriptor, making it impossible for them to write to addresses outside the buffer.
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processors. It was debated that Minix could have been the most widely used OS on
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New input infrastructure: input server and keyboard driver separated from TTY
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2203:
2054:"me_cleaner: Tool for partial deblobbing of Intel ME/TXE firmware images"
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1408:
1330:
1303:
1001:
I/O mechanism; allows for shared dynamic libraries and lower memory needs
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Building
Performance Measurement Tools for the MINIX 3 Operating System
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computer platforms. A version of Minix running as a user process under
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1155:
973:
871:
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386:
57:
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1381:
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processors, with more installations than
Microsoft Windows, Linux, or
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1999:
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1478:
1452:
1416:
1315:
1278:
707:
New
Network drivers: Atheros L2, Intel E1000, Realtek 8169, DEC Tulip
464:
based systems, where a driver (which has, according to Minix creator
421:
329:
208:
89:
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3268:
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2928:
2913:
2346:"Individual Programming Assignment User Mode Scheduling in Minix 3"
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1778:
1441:
1429:
1245:
689:
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402:
366:
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2604:
Building a dependable operating system: fault tolerance in MINIX 3
1622:, with thousands of NetBSD packages running right out of the box.
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4157:
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2130:
it is clear that device drivers are a big source of trouble. For
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are also integrated in the release, including the bootloader,
1385:
Diagram of the relationships between several Unix-like systems
416:, starting with the introduction of ME 11, which is used with
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1021:
954:
885:
433:
429:
374:
358:
340:
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Operating system distributions bootable from read-only media
1251:
397:
architecture is in development. The distribution comes on a
339:
license and is a successor project to the earlier versions,
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1017:
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900:
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761:
Proper support for multiple
Ethernet cards of the same type
390:
2666:
Design and implementation of the MINIX virtual file system
1269:(RAM). Driver recovery does not affect running processes.
38:
4963:
4249:
3743:
3550:
3151:
3115:
2888:
2722:
2399:
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1518:
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580:
Fixed an installation issue with auto-partitioning disks.
425:
312:
48:
44:
1799:
1469:
Minix 2.0, released in 1997, was only available for the
181:
1227:
710:
PipeFS – removed pipe handling from filesystem drivers
2643:
MINIX4RT: A Real-Time
Operating System Based on MINIX
1202:
2698:
Minix 3 and the microkernel experience: Smart Kernel
2690:
Construction of a Highly Dependable Operating System
1722:
1720:
1718:
1659:
1272:
1259:
518:The first release of Minix 3 (Book Release), under
1425:Minix 1.5, released in 1991, included support for
2574:
1715:
1395:Minix 1.0, released in 1987, was 12,000 lines of
5018:
2531:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
2513:. Archived from the original on 10 November 2017
2313:
2311:
2290:
2288:
2261:
2259:
1924:"A port of the MINIX OS to the PowerPC platform"
1306:, which is about 4,000 lines of code (mostly in
1244:The kernel also maintains a table telling which
857:to Minix 3 and implementing core dumping support
346:The project's main goal is for the system to be
1821:"Getting Started with Minix on Bochs on Mac OS"
1239:
1165:
2169:
2167:
1371:Differences between Minix 3 and prior versions
4505:
4468:Category: Microkernel-based operating systems
3361:
2754:
2449:
2308:
2285:
2256:
1747:
1745:
1743:
764:Boot monitor allows loading images > 16 MB
3375:
2581:Operating Systems: Design and Implementation
2427:
767:Buildsystem support for building Minix with
758:Userspace scheduling and a scheduling server
675:Trap NULL accesses now, for user convenience
2682:Towards a true microkernel operating system
2164:
1322:, and message passing. It also supports an
1302:As can be seen, at the bottom level is the
4512:
4498:
3368:
3354:
2761:
2747:
2239:"Minix versions and their use in teaching"
1740:
994:ARM architecture support; cross-compilable
944:Support for dynamically linked executables
906:Pkgsrc upstreaming and application porting
688:Network card autodetection (for supported
189:
5047:Information technology in the Netherlands
2578:; Woodhull, Albert S. (14 January 2006).
2366:
2104:
1500:applications. Prof. Tanenbaum once said:
1252:Restrict communication with OS components
1052:X11 is now part of the operating system.
1027:Unified block cache shared by FSes and VM
408:Minix 3 is believed to have inspired the
4013:
1962:"git.minix3.org Git - minix.git/summary"
1863:"Minix under VMWare Installation How-To"
1629:
1380:
1293:
1224:) are not prevented by this mitigation.
443:
2674:Reference manual for MINIX 3 Kernel API
1792:
1615:in addition to x86. It also supports a
1177:
1110:
1007:VND: vnode disk (loopback) block driver
916:Replacing the bootloader from Minix to
796:New package management infrastructure:
439:
5019:
2024:"Intel ME: The Way of Static Analysis"
1865:. Patrick.wagstrom.net. Archived from
1776:
1693:Comparison of operating system kernels
1190:
456:-based operating systems, respectively
436:, because of its use in the Intel ME.
4519:
4493:
3349:
2742:
2629:Modular System Programming in MINIX 3
2620:Modular system programming in MINIX 3
2078:
2051:
1634:Rocky Raccoon, the mascot of Minix 3.
1123:Monolithic operating systems such as
1118:
3328:
2175:"Tanenbaum-Torvalds debate, Part II"
1670:Free and open-source software portal
1336:At the next level up, there are the
1033:C type for messages: cleaner, bigger
723:VFS: supplemental group support and
539:The last version under the standard
5032:Computer science in the Netherlands
2730:Stichting-MINIX-Research-Foundation
2406:
1432:systems and was also ported to the
1228:Restrict access to kernel functions
1098:Association for Computing Machinery
1039:Packages are now dynamically linked
638:support (when Minix runs as guest).
558:The first version under the custom
13:
2567:
2374:"Minix1: Copying and Use Policies"
1921:
1726:BSD-3-Clause with a fourth clause.
1203:Limit damage from buffer overflows
1103:Initially released under the same
14:
5073:
2714:
2612:Reorganizing Unix for Reliability
2343:
1888:"Minix on Virtual PC: first look"
1340:, each one running as a separate
1324:application programming interface
1273:Integrate interrupts and messages
1087: Current development release
692:), improved network configuration
4616:Object-oriented operating system
4472:
4471:
4462:
4461:
3327:
3316:
3315:
2380:from the original on 2020-06-14.
1662:
1348:At the next level there are the
1260:Reincarnate dead or sick drivers
1142:
37:
28:
3314:indicate discontinued systems.
2539:
2503:
2479:
2384:
2355:
2337:
2231:
2210:
2188:
2149:. Csail.mit.edu. Archived from
2139:
2098:
2087:from the original on 2022-06-17
2072:
2045:
2016:
1992:
1978:
1954:
1933:
1915:
1911:. inopinion.org. 6 August 2014.
1289:
880:Replacing the default compiler
365:processors. It can also run on
137:3.3.0 / September 16, 2014
4626:Supercomputer operating system
2706:Safe and Automatic Live Update
2392:"The MINIX 3 Operating System"
1901:
1880:
1855:
1834:
1813:
1770:
1440:architectures, supporting the
681:Better support for debuggers (
1:
5042:Educational operating systems
1733:
1477:-hosted SPARC architectures.
1403:. Source code of the kernel,
967:Device Driver Environment kit
357:As of 2017, Minix 3 supports
4601:Just enough operating system
4586:Distributed operating system
2709:by Cristiano Giuffrida (PDF)
2218:"MinixReleases – Minix Wiki"
2052:Corna, Nicola (2017-08-28).
1240:Restrict access to I/O ports
1166:Limit drivers' memory access
1079: Current stable release
972:VBFS – support for mounting
736:System Event Framework (SEF)
713:HGFS – support for mounting
577:New Packman package manager.
460:Reflecting on the nature of
157:3.4.0 rc6 / May 9, 2017
7:
4714:User space and kernel space
3722:Multi-Environment Real-Time
3299:Windows Subsystem for Linux
1655:
1644:
1298:The architecture of Minix 3
1222:return-oriented programming
1214:executable space protection
1013:Bitcode build of the system
10:
5078:
4621:Real-time operating system
1703:Category:Computing mascots
1641:is the mascot of Minix 3.
1374:
1135:have millions of lines of
863:support with experimental
482:
335:. It is published under a
16:Unix-like operating system
4956:
4893:
4839:
4817:Multilevel feedback queue
4812:Fixed-priority preemptive
4800:
4735:
4726:
4696:
4643:
4634:
4596:Hobbyist operating system
4591:Embedded operating system
4573:
4527:
4434:
4356:
4323:
4174:
4143:
4093:
4067:
4003:
3962:
3922:
3837:
3784:
3657:
3647:
3636:
3489:
3462:
3434:
3396:
3387:
3307:
3293:Windows Services for UNIX
3248:Microsoft POSIX subsystem
3197:
3096:
3017:
2952:
2836:
2825:
2787:
2607:by Jorrit N. Herder (PDF)
2110:"Introduction to MINIX 3"
2081:"An Open Letter to Intel"
1986:"Index of /Iso/Snapshot/"
1698:List of computing mascots
1625:
1578:symmetric multiprocessing
1310:, plus a small amount of
1195:If a driver gets into an
1056:
412:(ME) OS found in Intel's
307:
296:
278:
264:
251:
238:
224:
214:
200:
171:
151:
131:
113:
103:
95:
85:
69:
56:
36:
27:
4860:General protection fault
4611:Network operating system
4565:User features comparison
2416:. Minix3.org. 2013-11-09
2000:"minix3 - Google Groups"
1909:"Minix 3 on Virtual box"
1708:
1592:(GDB). Several parts of
1588:filesystem support, and
831:mode including I/O APICs
678:Improved signal handling
653:Improvements performance
4606:Mobile operating system
2487:"mascot [Wiki]"
2435:"Improvements since V2"
1576:compiler, experimental
1485:researchers, and added
1422:available at the time.
1147:In monolithic kernels,
414:Platform Controller Hub
410:Intel Management Engine
4709:Loadable kernel module
4478:Category: Microkernels
2344:Swift, Björn Patrick.
2177:. Cs.vu.nl. 2006-05-12
2147:"CSAIL Event Calendar"
1779:"Minix 3 hits the net"
1635:
1515:
1386:
1365:trusted computing base
1299:
1232:Device drivers obtain
457:
139:; 10 years ago
119:; 18 years ago
4777:Process control block
4743:Computer multitasking
4581:Disk operating system
3287:UserLAnd Technologies
2701:by Rüdiger Weis (PDF)
2627:J. N. Herder et al.,
2079:Tanenbaum, Andrew S.
1777:corbet (2005-10-24).
1633:
1513:are: same first name.
1502:
1384:
1297:
715:VMware shared folders
447:
401:and does not support
159:; 7 years ago
4948:Virtual tape library
4540:Forensic engineering
4457:Open-source software
3964:Java virtual machine
3282:UNIX System Services
2781:compatibility layers
1489:and support for the
1466:was also available.
1267:random-access memory
1182:Dereferencing a bad
1178:Survive bad pointers
1158:, perform arbitrary
1111:Reliability policies
953:Dropped support for
870:Gradually replacing
474:reincarnation server
440:Goals of the project
383:Microsoft Virtual PC
117:24 October 2005
5037:Computing platforms
4957:Supporting concepts
4943:Virtual file system
4416:Andrew S. Tanenbaum
3009:Other distributions
2641:Pablo A Pessolani.
2576:Tanenbaum, Andrew S
2362:MINIX Release 3.3.0
2028:blog.ptsecurity.com
1753:"The Minix license"
1481:was created by two
1191:Tame infinite loops
731:Floating-point unit
685:improvements, etc.)
597:virtual file system
489:
63:Andrew S. Tanenbaum
24:
4880:Segmentation fault
4728:Process management
2649:2023-06-07 at the
2445:on April 17, 2006.
2414:"FAQ – Minix Wiki"
1636:
1483:Vrije Universiteit
1387:
1300:
1119:Reduce kernel size
1063: Book Release
911:virtual filesystem
807:Unix domain socket
661:setitimer function
487:
458:
379:VMware Workstation
22:
5014:
5013:
4870:Memory protection
4841:Memory management
4835:
4834:
4827:Shortest job next
4722:
4721:
4521:Operating systems
4487:
4486:
4401:James G. Mitchell
4386:Per Brinch Hansen
4205:
4204:
4040:
4039:
3833:
3832:
3529:
3528:
3446:Mac OS nanokernel
3343:
3342:
3193:
3192:
2777:operating systems
2659:, by Rogier Meurs
2319:"LICENSE (3.1.2)"
2296:"LICENSE (3.1.1)"
2267:"LICENSE (3.1.0)"
2220:. Wiki.minix3.org
2004:groups.google.com
1678:MINIX file system
1401:assembly language
1312:assembly language
1131:and hybrids like
1094:
1093:
1071: Old release
976:Shared Folder as
961:Cross-compilation
947:Removal of Intel
892:is also supported
812:Multiboot support
671:Open Sound System
488:MINIX 3 versions
462:monolithic kernel
450:monolithic kernel
323:
322:
80:assembly language
51:as Window Manager
5069:
4969:Computer network
4733:
4732:
4641:
4640:
4514:
4507:
4500:
4491:
4490:
4475:
4474:
4465:
4464:
4011:
4010:
3839:Capability-based
3655:
3654:
3645:
3644:
3394:
3393:
3370:
3363:
3356:
3347:
3346:
3331:
3330:
3319:
3318:
2834:
2833:
2763:
2756:
2749:
2740:
2739:
2726:
2725:
2723:Official website
2599:
2584:(3rd ed.).
2561:
2560:
2558:
2557:
2543:
2537:
2536:
2530:
2522:
2520:
2518:
2507:
2501:
2500:
2498:
2497:
2483:
2477:
2476:
2474:
2472:
2463:. Archived from
2457:"MINIX Releases"
2453:
2447:
2446:
2441:. Archived from
2431:
2425:
2424:
2422:
2421:
2410:
2404:
2403:
2398:. Archived from
2388:
2382:
2381:
2370:
2364:
2359:
2353:
2352:
2350:
2341:
2335:
2334:
2332:
2331:
2315:
2306:
2305:
2303:
2302:
2292:
2283:
2282:
2280:
2279:
2263:
2254:
2253:
2251:
2250:
2241:. Archived from
2235:
2229:
2228:
2226:
2225:
2214:
2208:
2207:
2206:on July 1, 2006.
2202:. Archived from
2192:
2186:
2185:
2183:
2182:
2171:
2162:
2161:
2159:
2158:
2143:
2137:
2136:
2122:
2121:
2102:
2096:
2095:
2093:
2092:
2076:
2070:
2069:
2067:
2066:
2049:
2043:
2042:
2040:
2039:
2030:. Archived from
2020:
2014:
2013:
2011:
2010:
1996:
1990:
1989:
1982:
1976:
1975:
1973:
1972:
1958:
1952:
1951:
1949:
1948:
1937:
1931:
1930:
1928:
1922:Alting, Ingmar.
1919:
1913:
1912:
1905:
1899:
1898:
1896:
1895:
1884:
1878:
1877:
1875:
1874:
1859:
1853:
1852:
1850:
1849:
1838:
1832:
1831:
1829:
1828:
1817:
1811:
1810:
1808:
1807:
1796:
1790:
1789:
1787:
1786:
1774:
1768:
1767:
1765:
1764:
1755:. Archived from
1749:
1727:
1724:
1672:
1667:
1666:
1665:
1613:ARM architecture
1457:Sun Microsystems
1285:
1209:buffer overflows
1086:
1078:
1070:
1062:
1000:
874:, from Minix to
490:
486:
371:virtual machines
363:ARM architecture
352:embedded systems
333:operating system
319:
316:
314:
308:Official website
303:1.0, 1.5 and 2.0
205:Embedded systems
201:Marketing target
193:
188:
185:
183:
167:
165:
160:
147:
145:
140:
127:
125:
120:
43:Minix 3 running
41:
32:
25:
21:
19:Operating system
5077:
5076:
5072:
5071:
5070:
5068:
5067:
5066:
5017:
5016:
5015:
5010:
4952:
4913:Defragmentation
4898:
4889:
4875:Protection ring
4844:
4831:
4803:
4796:
4718:
4692:
4630:
4569:
4523:
4518:
4488:
4483:
4460:
4430:
4371:Thomas Bushnell
4352:
4319:
4201:
4170:
4139:
4089:
4063:
4036:
3999:
3958:
3918:
3829:
3780:
3639:
3632:
3525:
3485:
3458:
3430:
3383:
3374:
3344:
3339:
3303:
3200:
3189:
3092:
3013:
2948:
2828:
2821:
2783:
2767:
2721:
2720:
2717:
2712:
2651:Wayback Machine
2596:
2570:
2568:Further reading
2565:
2564:
2555:
2553:
2545:
2544:
2540:
2524:
2523:
2516:
2514:
2509:
2508:
2504:
2495:
2493:
2491:wiki.minix3.org
2485:
2484:
2480:
2470:
2468:
2467:on 21 June 2012
2461:wiki.minix3.org
2455:
2454:
2450:
2433:
2432:
2428:
2419:
2417:
2412:
2411:
2407:
2390:
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2360:
2356:
2348:
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2329:
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2317:
2316:
2309:
2300:
2298:
2294:
2293:
2286:
2277:
2275:
2265:
2264:
2257:
2248:
2246:
2237:
2236:
2232:
2223:
2221:
2216:
2215:
2211:
2194:
2193:
2189:
2180:
2178:
2173:
2172:
2165:
2156:
2154:
2145:
2144:
2140:
2119:
2117:
2106:Tanenbaum, Andy
2103:
2099:
2090:
2088:
2077:
2073:
2064:
2062:
2050:
2046:
2037:
2035:
2022:
2021:
2017:
2008:
2006:
1998:
1997:
1993:
1984:
1983:
1979:
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1960:
1959:
1955:
1946:
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1926:
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1736:
1731:
1730:
1725:
1716:
1711:
1668:
1663:
1661:
1658:
1647:
1628:
1491:X Window System
1379:
1373:
1292:
1283:
1275:
1262:
1254:
1242:
1234:kernel services
1230:
1205:
1193:
1180:
1168:
1145:
1121:
1113:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1060:
998:
925:support in the
636:virtual machine
530:
505:
485:
442:
354:and education.
311:
288:
267:
196:
180:
163:
161:
158:
143:
141:
138:
123:
121:
118:
114:Initial release
52:
20:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5075:
5065:
5064:
5059:
5054:
5049:
5044:
5039:
5034:
5029:
5012:
5011:
5009:
5008:
5003:
5002:
5001:
4999:User interface
4996:
4986:
4981:
4976:
4971:
4966:
4960:
4958:
4954:
4953:
4951:
4950:
4945:
4940:
4935:
4930:
4925:
4923:File attribute
4920:
4915:
4910:
4904:
4902:
4891:
4890:
4888:
4887:
4885:Virtual memory
4882:
4877:
4872:
4867:
4862:
4857:
4851:
4849:
4837:
4836:
4833:
4832:
4830:
4829:
4824:
4819:
4814:
4808:
4806:
4798:
4797:
4795:
4794:
4789:
4784:
4779:
4774:
4769:
4764:
4759:
4757:Context switch
4754:
4739:
4737:
4730:
4724:
4723:
4720:
4719:
4717:
4716:
4711:
4706:
4700:
4698:
4694:
4693:
4691:
4690:
4685:
4680:
4675:
4670:
4665:
4660:
4655:
4649:
4647:
4638:
4632:
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4629:
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4613:
4608:
4603:
4598:
4593:
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4567:
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4537:
4531:
4529:
4525:
4524:
4517:
4516:
4509:
4502:
4494:
4485:
4484:
4482:
4481:
4452:
4444:
4442:= discontinued
4435:
4432:
4431:
4429:
4428:
4423:
4418:
4413:
4411:Richard Rashid
4408:
4403:
4398:
4396:Jochen Liedtke
4393:
4388:
4383:
4378:
4376:David Cheriton
4373:
4368:
4362:
4360:
4354:
4353:
4351:
4345:
4339:
4333:
4331:
4321:
4320:
4318:
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4311:
4305:
4286:
4278:
4272:
4265:
4259:
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4215:
4206:
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4161:
4155:
4149:
4147:
4141:
4140:
4138:
4137:
4132:
4131:
4130:
4127:Icaros Desktop
4124:
4118:
4106:
4100:
4098:
4091:
4090:
4088:
4073:
4071:
4065:
4064:
4062:
4061:
4053:Classic Mac OS
4049:
4041:
4038:
4037:
4035:
4034:
4027:
4019:
4017:
4008:
4001:
4000:
3998:
3997:
3989:
3968:
3966:
3960:
3959:
3957:
3956:
3950:
3942:
3936:
3929:
3927:
3920:
3919:
3917:
3916:
3898:HarmonyOS NEXT
3894:
3887:
3880:
3874:
3867:
3843:
3841:
3835:
3834:
3831:
3830:
3828:
3827:
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3809:
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3760:
3753:
3747:
3741:
3734:
3718:
3710:
3709:
3708:
3702:
3690:
3683:
3676:
3670:
3663:
3661:
3652:
3642:
3634:
3633:
3631:
3630:
3623:
3620:TI-RTOS kernel
3617:
3611:
3604:
3597:
3596:Off++ → Plan B
3594:
3587:
3581:
3574:
3573:
3572:
3558:
3555:
3547:
3539:
3530:
3527:
3526:
3524:
3523:
3516:
3511:
3510:
3509:
3496:
3494:
3487:
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3459:
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3422:
3403:
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3391:
3385:
3384:
3373:
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3341:
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3338:
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3325:
3308:
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3258:
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3211:
3205:
3203:
3195:
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3149:
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3113:
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3015:
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3006:
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2766:
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2751:
2743:
2737:
2736:
2727:
2716:
2715:External links
2713:
2711:
2710:
2702:
2694:
2686:
2678:
2670:
2662:
2653:
2638:
2624:
2616:
2608:
2600:
2594:
2571:
2569:
2566:
2563:
2562:
2551:www.minix3.org
2538:
2502:
2478:
2448:
2439:www.minix3.org
2426:
2405:
2402:on 2012-01-13.
2383:
2376:. 2007-02-13.
2365:
2354:
2336:
2307:
2284:
2255:
2230:
2209:
2200:www.MINIX3.org
2187:
2163:
2138:
2108:(2006-09-25).
2097:
2071:
2044:
2015:
1991:
1977:
1966:git.minix3.org
1953:
1932:
1914:
1900:
1890:. Woodhull.com
1879:
1854:
1833:
1823:. Woodhull.com
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1643:
1627:
1624:
1543:Almquist shell
1487:virtual memory
1434:Motorola 68000
1420:microcomputers
1405:memory manager
1375:Main article:
1372:
1369:
1338:device drivers
1314:). It handles
1291:
1288:
1274:
1271:
1261:
1258:
1253:
1250:
1241:
1238:
1229:
1226:
1218:return-to-libc
1204:
1201:
1192:
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1149:device drivers
1144:
1141:
1120:
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1050:
1047:
1043:
1042:
1041:
1040:
1037:
1034:
1031:
1028:
1025:
1024:in the sources
1014:
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1002:
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987:
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734:
728:
721:
711:
708:
703:
700:
696:
695:
694:
693:
686:
679:
676:
673:
668:
662:
659:
654:
649:
646:
642:
641:
640:
639:
632:
629:Virtual memory
624:
621:
617:
616:
615:
614:
609:
606:
602:
601:
600:
599:
591:
588:
584:
583:
582:
581:
578:
573:
570:
566:
565:
564:
563:
554:
551:
547:
546:
545:
544:
535:
532:
526:
525:
524:
523:
514:
511:
501:
500:
497:
494:
484:
481:
441:
438:
348:fault-tolerant
321:
320:
309:
305:
304:
298:
294:
293:
282:
276:
275:
270:
268:user interface
262:
261:
255:
249:
248:
243:
236:
235:
226:
222:
221:
218:
212:
211:
202:
198:
197:
195:
194:
177:
175:
169:
168:
155:
153:Latest preview
149:
148:
135:
133:Latest release
129:
128:
115:
111:
110:
105:
101:
100:
97:
93:
92:
87:
83:
82:
73:
67:
66:
60:
54:
53:
42:
34:
33:
18:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5074:
5063:
5060:
5058:
5055:
5053:
5050:
5048:
5045:
5043:
5040:
5038:
5035:
5033:
5030:
5028:
5027:2005 software
5025:
5024:
5022:
5007:
5004:
5000:
4997:
4995:
4992:
4991:
4990:
4987:
4985:
4982:
4980:
4977:
4975:
4972:
4970:
4967:
4965:
4962:
4961:
4959:
4955:
4949:
4946:
4944:
4941:
4939:
4936:
4934:
4931:
4929:
4926:
4924:
4921:
4919:
4916:
4914:
4911:
4909:
4906:
4905:
4903:
4901:
4896:
4892:
4886:
4883:
4881:
4878:
4876:
4873:
4871:
4868:
4866:
4865:Memory paging
4863:
4861:
4858:
4856:
4853:
4852:
4850:
4847:
4842:
4838:
4828:
4825:
4823:
4820:
4818:
4815:
4813:
4810:
4809:
4807:
4805:
4799:
4793:
4790:
4788:
4785:
4783:
4780:
4778:
4775:
4773:
4770:
4768:
4765:
4763:
4760:
4758:
4755:
4752:
4748:
4744:
4741:
4740:
4738:
4734:
4731:
4729:
4725:
4715:
4712:
4710:
4707:
4705:
4704:Device driver
4702:
4701:
4699:
4695:
4689:
4686:
4684:
4681:
4679:
4676:
4674:
4671:
4669:
4666:
4664:
4661:
4659:
4656:
4654:
4651:
4650:
4648:
4646:
4645:Architectures
4642:
4639:
4637:
4633:
4627:
4624:
4622:
4619:
4617:
4614:
4612:
4609:
4607:
4604:
4602:
4599:
4597:
4594:
4592:
4589:
4587:
4584:
4582:
4579:
4578:
4576:
4572:
4566:
4563:
4561:
4558:
4556:
4553:
4551:
4548:
4546:
4543:
4541:
4538:
4536:
4533:
4532:
4530:
4526:
4522:
4515:
4510:
4508:
4503:
4501:
4496:
4495:
4492:
4480:
4479:
4470:
4469:
4459:
4458:
4453:
4451:
4450:
4445:
4443:
4440:
4437:
4436:
4433:
4427:
4424:
4422:
4421:Avie Tevanian
4419:
4417:
4414:
4412:
4409:
4407:
4404:
4402:
4399:
4397:
4394:
4392:
4391:Gernot Heiser
4389:
4387:
4384:
4382:
4379:
4377:
4374:
4372:
4369:
4367:
4364:
4363:
4361:
4359:
4355:
4349:
4346:
4343:
4340:
4337:
4334:
4332:
4330:
4326:
4322:
4315:
4312:
4309:
4306:
4304:
4303:
4298:
4297:
4292:
4291:
4287:
4284:
4283:
4279:
4276:
4273:
4271:
4270:
4266:
4263:
4260:
4257:
4254:
4251:
4248:
4245:
4242:
4239:
4236:
4233:
4230:
4227:
4224:
4221:
4220:
4216:
4213:
4212:
4208:
4207:
4198:
4197:
4192:
4190:
4185:
4182:
4181:
4179:
4177:
4173:
4167:
4166:
4162:
4159:
4156:
4154:
4151:
4150:
4148:
4146:
4142:
4136:
4133:
4128:
4125:
4122:
4119:
4116:
4113:
4112:
4110:
4107:
4105:
4102:
4101:
4099:
4096:
4092:
4086:
4084:
4079:
4078:
4074:
4072:
4070:
4066:
4059:
4055:
4054:
4050:
4048:
4047:
4043:
4042:
4033:
4032:
4028:
4026:
4025:
4021:
4020:
4018:
4016:
4012:
4009:
4006:
4002:
3995:
3994:
3990:
3987:
3986:
3982:^ integrates
3981:
3980:
3975:
3974:
3970:
3969:
3967:
3965:
3961:
3954:
3951:
3948:
3947:
3943:
3940:
3937:
3934:
3931:
3930:
3928:
3925:
3921:
3915:
3914:
3909:
3907:
3903:
3899:
3895:
3893:
3892:
3888:
3886:
3885:
3881:
3878:
3875:
3873:
3872:
3868:
3866:
3862:
3861:
3856:
3855:
3850:
3849:
3845:
3844:
3842:
3840:
3836:
3825:
3822:
3819:
3816:
3813:
3810:
3807:
3804:
3801:
3798:
3796:
3794:
3790:
3789:
3787:
3783:
3778:
3777:
3773:
3771:
3770:
3766:
3764:
3761:
3759:
3758:
3754:
3751:
3748:
3745:
3742:
3740:
3739:
3735:
3732:
3728:
3724:
3723:
3719:
3716:
3715:
3711:
3706:
3703:
3700:
3697:
3696:
3694:
3691:
3689:
3688:
3684:
3682:
3681:
3677:
3674:
3671:
3669:
3668:
3664:
3662:
3660:
3656:
3653:
3650:
3646:
3643:
3641:
3635:
3629:
3628:
3624:
3621:
3618:
3615:
3612:
3610:
3609:
3605:
3603:
3602:
3598:
3595:
3593:
3592:
3588:
3585:
3582:
3580:
3579:
3575:
3570:
3567:
3566:
3564:
3563:
3559:
3557:Little Kernel
3556:
3553:
3552:
3548:
3545:
3544:
3540:
3537:
3536:
3532:
3531:
3522:
3521:
3517:
3515:
3512:
3508:
3505:
3504:
3503:
3502:
3498:
3497:
3495:
3492:
3488:
3481:
3480:
3475:
3474:
3470:
3469:
3467:
3465:
3461:
3455:
3454:
3450:
3448:
3447:
3443:
3442:
3440:
3437:
3433:
3426:
3423:
3420:
3416:
3415:
3410:
3409:
3405:
3404:
3402:
3399:
3395:
3392:
3390:
3386:
3382:
3378:
3371:
3366:
3364:
3359:
3357:
3352:
3351:
3348:
3336:
3335:
3326:
3324:
3323:
3313:
3310:
3309:
3306:
3300:
3297:
3295:
3294:
3290:
3288:
3285:
3283:
3280:
3278:
3277:
3273:
3271:
3270:
3266:
3264:
3263:
3259:
3257:
3256:
3252:
3250:
3249:
3245:
3243:
3242:
3238:
3236:
3235:
3231:
3229:
3228:
3224:
3222:
3221:
3217:
3215:
3212:
3210:
3207:
3206:
3204:
3202:
3199:Compatibility
3196:
3186:
3183:
3181:
3180:
3176:
3174:
3171:
3169:
3168:
3167:Research Unix
3164:
3160:
3159:
3158:BlackBerry 10
3155:
3154:
3153:
3150:
3148:
3147:
3143:
3141:
3140:
3136:
3134:
3131:
3129:
3126:
3122:
3119:
3118:
3117:
3114:
3112:
3109:
3107:
3106:
3102:
3101:
3099:
3095:
3089:
3088:
3084:
3082:
3081:
3077:
3073:
3070:
3068:
3067:
3063:
3062:
3061:
3058:
3056:
3053:
3051:
3050:
3046:
3044:
3041:
3039:
3036:
3034:
3033:
3029:
3028:
3026:
3024:
3023:
3022:
3016:
3010:
3007:
3005:
3002:
3000:
2997:
2995:
2992:
2990:
2987:
2985:
2982:
2980:
2977:
2975:
2972:
2970:
2967:
2965:
2962:
2961:
2959:
2957:
2956:
2951:
2945:
2944:
2940:
2938:
2937:
2933:
2931:
2930:
2926:
2924:
2923:
2919:
2915:
2912:
2910:
2907:
2905:
2902:
2900:
2897:
2895:
2892:
2890:
2887:
2885:
2882:
2881:
2880:
2877:
2873:
2872:DragonFly BSD
2870:
2868:
2865:
2863:
2860:
2858:
2855:
2854:
2853:
2852:
2848:
2847:
2845:
2843:
2842:
2841:
2835:
2832:
2830:
2824:
2818:
2815:
2813:
2810:
2808:
2805:
2803:
2800:
2798:
2795:
2793:
2790:
2789:
2786:
2782:
2778:
2775:
2771:
2764:
2759:
2757:
2752:
2750:
2745:
2744:
2741:
2735:
2731:
2728:
2724:
2719:
2718:
2708:
2707:
2703:
2700:
2699:
2695:
2692:
2691:
2687:
2684:
2683:
2679:
2676:
2675:
2671:
2668:
2667:
2663:
2660:
2658:
2654:
2652:
2648:
2645:
2644:
2639:
2636:
2634:
2630:
2625:
2622:
2621:
2617:
2614:
2613:
2609:
2606:
2605:
2601:
2597:
2595:0-13-142938-8
2591:
2587:
2586:Prentice Hall
2583:
2582:
2577:
2573:
2572:
2552:
2548:
2542:
2534:
2528:
2512:
2506:
2492:
2488:
2482:
2466:
2462:
2458:
2452:
2444:
2440:
2436:
2430:
2415:
2409:
2401:
2397:
2393:
2387:
2379:
2375:
2369:
2363:
2358:
2351:. Minix3.org.
2347:
2340:
2326:
2325:
2320:
2314:
2312:
2297:
2291:
2289:
2274:
2273:
2268:
2262:
2260:
2245:on 2006-07-11
2244:
2240:
2234:
2219:
2213:
2205:
2201:
2197:
2196:"Reliability"
2191:
2176:
2170:
2168:
2153:on 2012-02-04
2152:
2148:
2142:
2135:
2133:
2128:
2115:
2111:
2107:
2101:
2086:
2082:
2075:
2061:
2060:
2055:
2048:
2034:on 2017-07-01
2033:
2029:
2025:
2019:
2005:
2001:
1995:
1987:
1981:
1967:
1963:
1957:
1942:
1936:
1925:
1918:
1910:
1904:
1889:
1883:
1869:on 2013-11-12
1868:
1864:
1858:
1843:
1837:
1822:
1816:
1801:
1795:
1780:
1773:
1759:on 2005-11-24
1758:
1754:
1748:
1746:
1744:
1739:
1723:
1721:
1719:
1714:
1704:
1701:
1699:
1696:
1694:
1691:
1689:
1686:
1684:
1681:
1679:
1676:
1675:
1671:
1660:
1653:
1650:
1642:
1640:
1639:Rocky Raccoon
1632:
1623:
1621:
1618:
1614:
1609:
1607:
1603:
1599:
1595:
1591:
1587:
1583:
1579:
1575:
1570:
1568:
1564:
1560:
1556:
1552:
1548:
1544:
1540:
1536:
1532:
1528:
1524:
1520:
1514:
1512:
1508:
1501:
1499:
1494:
1492:
1488:
1484:
1480:
1476:
1472:
1467:
1465:
1461:
1458:
1454:
1450:
1447:
1443:
1439:
1435:
1431:
1428:
1423:
1421:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1406:
1402:
1399:and some x86
1398:
1393:
1391:
1383:
1378:
1368:
1366:
1361:
1359:
1358:infinite loop
1353:
1351:
1346:
1343:
1339:
1334:
1332:
1329:
1325:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1296:
1287:
1280:
1270:
1268:
1257:
1249:
1247:
1237:
1235:
1225:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1210:
1200:
1198:
1197:infinite loop
1188:
1185:
1175:
1171:
1163:
1161:
1157:
1152:
1150:
1143:Cage the bugs
1140:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1116:
1108:
1106:
1101:
1099:
1082:
1074:
1066:
1058:
1057:
1055:
1051:
1048:
1045:
1044:
1038:
1035:
1032:
1029:
1026:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1012:
1009:
1006:
1003:
996:
993:
992:
991:
988:
985:
984:
979:
975:
971:
968:
965:
962:
959:
956:
952:
950:
946:
943:
942:
941:
938:
935:
934:
928:
924:
921:
919:
915:
912:
909:Asynchronous
908:
905:
902:
898:
894:
891:
887:
883:
879:
877:
873:
869:
866:
862:
859:
856:
852:
851:
850:
847:
844:
843:
837:
834:Experimental
833:
830:
826:
823:
820:
817:
814:
811:
808:
805:
803:
799:
795:
794:
793:
790:
787:
786:
780:
776:
772:
770:
766:
763:
760:
757:
756:
755:
752:
749:
748:
742:
739:Experimental
738:
735:
732:
729:
726:
722:
720:
716:
712:
709:
706:
705:
704:
701:
698:
697:
691:
687:
684:
680:
677:
674:
672:
669:
666:
663:
660:
658:
657:Shared memory
655:
652:
651:
650:
647:
644:
643:
637:
633:
630:
627:
626:
625:
622:
619:
618:
612:
611:
610:
607:
604:
603:
598:
594:
593:
592:
589:
586:
585:
579:
576:
575:
574:
571:
568:
567:
561:
557:
556:
555:
552:
549:
548:
542:
538:
537:
536:
533:
528:
527:
521:
517:
516:
515:
512:
509:
503:
502:
498:
496:Release date
495:
492:
491:
480:
477:
475:
469:
467:
463:
455:
451:
448:Structure of
446:
437:
435:
431:
427:
423:
419:
415:
411:
406:
404:
400:
396:
392:
388:
384:
380:
376:
372:
368:
364:
360:
355:
353:
349:
344:
342:
338:
334:
331:
327:
318:
310:
306:
302:
299:
295:
292:
287:
283:
281:
277:
274:
271:
269:
263:
260:
256:
254:
250:
247:
244:
241:
237:
234:
230:
227:
223:
219:
217:
213:
210:
206:
203:
199:
192:
187:
179:
178:
176:
174:
170:
156:
154:
150:
136:
134:
130:
116:
112:
109:
106:
102:
98:
96:Working state
94:
91:
88:
84:
81:
77:
74:
72:
68:
64:
61:
59:
55:
50:
46:
40:
35:
31:
26:
5052:Microkernels
4900:file systems
4792:Time-sharing
4476:
4466:
4454:
4446:
4441:
4438:
4426:William Wulf
4300:
4294:
4288:
4280:
4267:
4217:
4209:
4196:Workplace OS
4194:
4187:
4183:
4176:AIM alliance
4163:
4081:
4075:
4051:
4044:
4029:
4022:
3991:
3983:
3977:
3971:
3944:
3911:
3896:
3889:
3882:
3869:
3858:
3852:
3846:
3806:Nucleus RTOS
3791:
3774:
3767:
3755:
3736:
3730:
3726:
3720:
3712:
3704:
3685:
3678:
3665:
3625:
3606:
3599:
3589:
3576:
3560:
3549:
3541:
3533:
3518:
3499:
3477:
3471:
3451:
3444:
3412:
3406:
3377:Microkernels
3332:
3320:
3311:
3291:
3274:
3267:
3260:
3253:
3246:
3239:
3232:
3225:
3218:
3177:
3165:
3156:
3144:
3137:
3103:
3085:
3078:
3064:
3047:
3030:
3019:
3018:
2953:
2941:
2934:
2927:
2920:
2849:
2838:
2837:
2792:Architecture
2705:
2697:
2689:
2681:
2673:
2665:
2656:
2642:
2635:, April 2006
2632:
2628:
2619:
2611:
2603:
2580:
2554:. Retrieved
2550:
2541:
2515:. Retrieved
2505:
2494:. Retrieved
2490:
2481:
2469:. Retrieved
2465:the original
2460:
2451:
2443:the original
2438:
2429:
2418:. Retrieved
2408:
2400:the original
2395:
2386:
2368:
2357:
2339:
2328:. Retrieved
2322:
2299:. Retrieved
2276:. Retrieved
2270:
2247:. Retrieved
2243:the original
2233:
2222:. Retrieved
2212:
2204:the original
2199:
2190:
2179:. Retrieved
2155:. Retrieved
2151:the original
2141:
2126:
2124:
2118:. Retrieved
2113:
2100:
2089:. Retrieved
2074:
2063:. Retrieved
2057:
2047:
2036:. Retrieved
2032:the original
2027:
2018:
2007:. Retrieved
2003:
1994:
1980:
1969:. Retrieved
1965:
1956:
1945:. Retrieved
1935:
1917:
1903:
1892:. Retrieved
1882:
1871:. Retrieved
1867:the original
1857:
1846:. Retrieved
1844:. OSNews.com
1842:"OSNews.com"
1836:
1825:. Retrieved
1815:
1804:. Retrieved
1802:. minix3.org
1800:"minix3.org"
1794:
1783:. Retrieved
1772:
1761:. Retrieved
1757:the original
1651:
1648:
1638:
1637:
1610:
1600:and various
1590:GNU Debugger
1571:
1516:
1503:
1495:
1468:
1460:SPARCstation
1427:MicroChannel
1424:
1394:
1388:
1362:
1354:
1347:
1335:
1331:system calls
1301:
1290:Architecture
1276:
1263:
1255:
1243:
1231:
1206:
1194:
1181:
1172:
1169:
1160:input/output
1153:
1146:
1122:
1114:
1105:BSD-3-Clause
1102:
1095:
997:Support for
913:(VFS) server
855:GNU Debugger
775:Windows-1251
773:Support for
560:BSD-3-Clause
541:BSD-3-Clause
520:BSD-3-Clause
499:Description
478:
473:
470:
459:
407:
393:. A port to
356:
345:
337:BSD-3-Clause
328:is a small,
325:
324:
291:BSD-3-Clause
286:BSD-3-Clause
216:Available in
104:Source model
4918:Device file
4908:Boot loader
4822:Round-robin
4747:Cooperative
4683:Rump kernel
4673:Multikernel
4663:Microkernel
4560:Usage share
4366:Gordon Bell
4256:OpenComRTOS
4153:Singularity
3979:Chorus/Jazz
3902:OpenHarmony
3381:nanokernels
3255:MKS Toolkit
3066:OpenSolaris
2471:29 February
1507:Windows 3.1
1409:file system
1304:microkernel
1156:page tables
1049:2017-05-09
989:2014-09-15
978:file system
939:2013-02-21
899:and NetBSD
867:file system
848:2012-02-29
791:2010-10-04
753:2010-06-16
719:file system
702:2010-02-08
667:file system
648:2009-11-05
623:2009-06-09
608:2007-06-08
590:2007-04-13
572:2006-05-29
553:2006-04-18
534:2005-10-24
513:2005-10-18
454:microkernel
297:Preceded by
246:Microkernel
108:Open source
5021:Categories
4848:protection
4804:algorithms
4802:Scheduling
4751:Preemptive
4697:Components
4668:Monolithic
4535:Comparison
4358:Developers
4325:Frameworks
4262:Phantom OS
4226:ChibiOS/RT
3584:µ-velOSity
3578:MicroEmpix
3276:PWS/VSE-AF
3173:SerenityOS
3080:Tru64 UNIX
3055:OpenServer
2807:Philosophy
2797:Filesystem
2556:2017-11-11
2496:2017-07-20
2420:2014-05-01
2396:minix3.org
2330:2021-06-16
2301:2021-06-16
2278:2021-06-16
2249:2021-06-16
2224:2014-05-01
2181:2014-05-01
2157:2014-05-01
2132:Windows XP
2120:2008-07-04
2091:2022-09-06
2065:2017-08-28
2038:2017-08-28
2009:2022-05-03
1971:2022-05-03
1947:2014-05-01
1894:2014-05-01
1873:2014-05-01
1848:2014-05-01
1827:2014-05-01
1806:2017-04-16
1785:2014-05-01
1763:2005-11-24
1734:References
1604:and other
1559:SSH client
1555:FTP client
1511:Windows XP
1320:scheduling
1316:interrupts
1046:3.4.0 rc6
1016:Import of
974:VirtualBox
895:Switch to
725:sticky bit
613:Bug fixes.
595:Added new
387:VirtualBox
373:, such as
289:Original:
173:Repository
164:2017-05-09
144:2014-09-16
124:2005-10-24
71:Written in
4938:Partition
4855:Bus error
4782:Real-time
4762:Interrupt
4688:Unikernel
4653:Exokernel
4449:Real-time
4406:Ike Nassi
4381:Dan Dodge
4145:Microsoft
4015:Unix-like
4005:Macintosh
3913:HarmonyOS
3800:Integrity
3699:Minix-vmd
3659:Unix-like
3638:Operating
3436:Macintosh
3111:Domain/OS
2827:Operating
2774:Unix-like
1781:. Lwn.net
1606:libraries
1602:utilities
1580:support,
1479:Minix-vmd
1453:Macintosh
1446:Commodore
1417:IBM PC/AT
1279:interrupt
1246:I/O ports
903:libraries
690:PCI cards
634:Improved
466:Tanenbaum
422:Kaby Lake
385:, Oracle
367:emulators
343:1 and 2.
330:Unix-like
225:Platforms
209:education
99:Abandoned
90:Unix-like
86:OS family
58:Developer
4984:Live USB
4846:resource
4736:Concepts
4574:Variants
4555:Timeline
4232:FreeRTOS
4189:Taligent
4121:Broadway
4115:AspireOS
3985:ChorusOS
3906:Oniro OS
3793:ChorusOS
3673:GNU Hurd
3627:Vanguard
3569:GNU Mach
3453:NuKernel
3322:Category
3269:P.I.P.S.
3105:Coherent
3087:UnixWare
3021:System V
2974:ChromeOS
2929:NeXTSTEP
2914:bridgeOS
2812:Security
2647:Archived
2547:"Minix3"
2527:cite web
2511:"Minix3"
2378:Archived
2116:. OSnews
2085:Archived
1943:. Minix3
1941:"Minix3"
1656:See also
1645:MINIXCon
1620:userland
1565:client,
1451:, Apple
1442:Atari ST
1430:IBM PS/2
1342:userland
1277:When an
957:binaries
949:segments
872:userland
853:Porting
781:charsets
665:ISO 9660
631:support.
562:license.
543:license.
493:Version
403:live USB
253:Userland
4979:Live CD
4933:Journal
4897:access,
4895:Storage
4772:Process
4678:vkernel
4545:History
4528:General
4439:Italics
4348:TI-RTOS
4296:Harmony
4275:SharpOS
4269:RC 4000
4238:HelenOS
4158:ThreadX
4135:MorphOS
4104:AmigaOS
4083:Symbian
4060:kernel)
4058:PowerPC
4046:Copland
4031:MacMach
4024:MachTen
3785:Partial
3731:Unix-RT
3714:MkLinux
3705:Minix 3
3651:support
3640:systems
3614:RTLinux
3608:PowerUP
3591:nucleus
3389:Kernels
3334:Commons
3312:Italics
3241:MachTen
3234:Interix
3214:Darling
3185:more...
3072:Illumos
3060:Solaris
2994:Red Hat
2964:Android
2909:watchOS
2894:audioOS
2867:OpenBSD
2857:FreeBSD
2829:systems
2802:History
2127:Rebirth
1551:Z shell
1475:Solaris
1350:servers
1284:RECEIVE
1184:pointer
1133:Windows
1129:FreeBSD
969:support
963:support
865:NTFS-3G
838:support
818:support
809:support
743:support
733:support
727:support
605:3.1.3a
569:3.1.2a
531:(SOSP)
483:History
418:Skylake
399:live CD
395:PowerPC
326:Minix 3
315:.minix3
280:License
266:Default
257:Minix,
220:English
184:.minix3
162: (
142: (
122: (
23:Minix 3
4787:Thread
4658:Hybrid
4636:Kernel
4342:Genode
4336:Cosmos
4314:Zephyr
4219:BeRTOS
4211:Amoeba
4007:hosted
3973:JavaOS
3953:Wombat
3946:REX OS
3939:PikeOS
3933:LLinux
3926:kernel
3884:Midori
3865:CapROS
3854:KeyKOS
3848:GNOSIS
3769:UNICOS
3757:Spring
3738:OS2000
3687:MeikOS
3520:WarpOS
3507:ExecSG
3438:hosted
3400:family
3220:Eunice
3209:Cygwin
3201:layers
3128:LynxOS
3004:Ubuntu
2989:Gentoo
2984:Fedora
2979:Debian
2943:Ultrix
2899:iPadOS
2879:Darwin
2862:NetBSD
2851:386BSD
2734:GitHub
2633:;Login
2592:
2517:5 July
2324:GitHub
2272:GitHub
2059:GitHub
1626:Mascot
1617:NetBSD
1594:NetBSD
1586:ext2fs
1582:procfs
1563:Telnet
1539:Python
1529:, cc,
1413:IBM PC
1407:, and
1137:kernel
1085:
1077:
1069:
1061:
999:mmap()
986:3.3.0
936:3.2.1
929:driver
918:NetBSD
876:NetBSD
845:3.2.0
824:driver
798:pkgsrc
788:3.1.8
779:KOI8-U
750:3.1.7
699:3.1.6
683:ptrace
645:3.1.5
620:3.1.4
587:3.1.3
550:3.1.2
389:, and
284:2005:
259:NetBSD
240:Kernel
65:et al.
5057:Minix
4989:Shell
4928:Inode
4290:Thoth
4244:µC/OS
4165:Verve
4097:-type
4095:Amiga
4069:Psion
3891:NLTSS
3871:Hydra
3812:NuttX
3763:Tinix
3750:Redox
3693:Minix
3680:Lites
3649:POSIX
3535:ADEOS
3514:Quark
3493:-type
3491:Amiga
3464:Psion
3408:Eumel
3179:Xenix
3146:OSF/1
3133:Minix
3097:Other
3043:HP-UX
2955:Linux
2936:SunOS
2922:DYNIX
2884:macOS
2817:Shell
2693:(PDF)
2685:(PDF)
2677:(PDF)
2669:(PDF)
2661:(PDF)
2637:(PDF)
2349:(PDF)
2125:From
2114:OSnew
1927:(PDF)
1709:Notes
1574:Clang
1523:Emacs
1464:SunOS
1449:Amiga
1438:SPARC
1390:Minix
1377:Minix
1328:POSIX
1125:Linux
1022:clang
955:a.out
886:Clang
884:with
827:full
802:pkgin
529:3.1.1
508:OSDI3
504:3.1.0
434:macOS
430:AMD64
375:Bochs
359:IA-32
341:Minix
301:Minix
229:IA-32
47:with
4550:List
4455:° =
4447:^ =
4329:kits
4308:VRTX
4299:^ →
4293:^ →
4282:SPIN
4184:Pink
4109:AROS
4077:EPOC
3877:seL4
3860:EROS
3824:RIOT
3776:VSTa
3727:MERT
3601:Opus
3562:Mach
3543:EROS
3501:Exec
3479:EKA2
3473:EKA1
3425:OKL4
3262:PASE
3121:Hurd
3049:IRIX
3032:A/UX
2999:SUSE
2969:Arch
2904:tvOS
2779:and
2772:and
2770:Unix
2590:ISBN
2533:link
2519:2006
2473:2012
1683:Xinu
1598:libc
1584:and
1567:Pine
1547:Bash
1535:Perl
1509:and
1498:Unix
1473:and
1455:and
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1127:and
1020:and
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1011:LLVM
927:AHCI
901:libc
861:FUSE
836:AHCI
829:APIC
822:ACPI
816:ext2
800:and
777:and
741:APIC
452:and
420:and
391:QEMU
361:and
317:.org
242:type
186:.org
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3725:^ (
3667:ARX
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3227:GNV
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1688:xv6
1531:GCC
1519:X11
1471:x86
923:NCQ
897:ELF
890:GCC
882:ACK
769:GCC
717:as
426:x86
369:or
313:www
273:ash
233:ARM
182:git
49:twm
45:X11
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