1328:
1050:
construction and armament. Meanwhile, it had been reported that the ships were being built for the
Japanese government, which had a secret understanding with Brazil. But this theory was soon discarded by the fact that relations between these two countries were not extremely cordial on account of the attitude of Brazil toward the immigration of Japanese laborers. Then it was semi-officially stated that the ships would never leave the ways except to fly the British flag, but the money for such a purpose could only be raised by a loan or the Admiralty getting the sum from the sinking fund—contingencies which would naturally become public property long before they could be carried out.
1035:), a Spanish naval journal stated "it was only natural that rumors to circulate supporting the argument that Brazil acted as an intermediary for some great power which would acquire them before they terminate their construction." Various British papers speculated that either the Germans, Japanese, or Americans were actually buying the ships, while naval experts in Germany thought the Americans, British, or Japanese were going to take them over. On the other side of the Atlantic, some American papers theorized that the ships would be sold to the United Kingdom, Germany, or Japan. The Brazilian government was forced to deny these spurious allegations several times. The
919:
684:
673:
1749:
1899:
91:
26:
1418:
1568:
1876:. Their designed top speed was 21 knots (24 mph; 39 km/h), though this was frequently unattainable in their later careers owing to substandard maintenance and neglect. The ships could carry 2,350 tonnes (2,310 long tons) of coal and 400 tonnes (390 long tons) of oil, and their original endurance was 10,000 nautical miles (12,000 mi; 19,000 km) when traveling at 10 knots (12 mph; 19 km/h). During its trials,
624:' files). They would displace 11,800 long tons (12,000 tonnes), have a speed of 19 knots (22 mph; 35 km/h), and be protected by belt armor of 9 inches (23 cm) and deck armor of 1.5 in (3.8 cm). Each ship would be armed with twelve 10-inch (25 cm) guns mounted in six twin turrets. These turrets would be mounted in a hexagonal configuration, similar to the later German
1319:
427:
United
Kingdom, making Brazil the third country to have ships of this type under construction, before traditional powers like Germany, France, or Russia. As such, the ships created much uncertainty among the major countries in the world, many of whom incorrectly speculated the ships were actually destined for a rival nation. Similarly, they also caused much consternation in Argentina and, consequently, Chile.
972:, decried the dreadnought purchase for its cost, calling it "a showy and pretentious naval policy seemingly for the sheer indulgence of national pride" and continuing with " money into useless warships when, it is understood, foreign money has had to be borrowed for city improvements in Rio de Janeiro is pitiful politics."
1057:
In South
America, the ships came as a rude shock and kindled a naval arms race among Brazil, Argentina, and Chile. The 1902 treaty between the latter two was canceled upon the Brazilian dreadnought order so both could be free to build their own dreadnoughts. Argentina in particular was alarmed at the
1049:
It may be recalled that when orders were placed for the ships ... there was much speculation as to the destiny of the vessels, as no naval expert could understand how a second-rate power like Brazil needed such formidable engines of war which would represent absolutely the latest stages of naval
426:
In 1904, Brazil began a major naval building program that included three small battleships. Designing and ordering the ships took two years, but these plans were scrapped after the revolutionary dreadnought concept rendered the
Brazilian design obsolete. Two dreadnoughts were instead ordered from the
1024:
Newspapers and journals around the world speculated that Brazil was acting as a proxy for a naval power which would take possession of the two dreadnoughts soon after completion, as they did not believe that a previously insignificant geopolitical power would contract for such powerful armament. The
2175:
The 1938 date is somewhat variable; Topliss states "A ... modernization was undertaken in Brazil during the 1930s. The ship was placed in repair status on 10 June 1931 and ran sea trials only in 1938, on 22 April and 9 May. The ship returned to active service status on 10 June 1938, though all work
1485:
During the revolt, the ships were noted by many observers to be well-handled, despite a previous belief that the
Brazilian Navy was incapable of effectively operating the ships even before being split by a rebellion. João Cândido Felisberto ordered all liquor thrown overboard, and discipline on the
1074:
could destroy the entire
Argentine and Chilean fleets. While this may have been hyperbole, either one was much more powerful than any single vessel in the Argentinian fleet. As such, the Argentines quickly responded to the dreadnoughts with an order to the United States for two of their own, the
1045:
The rumor is that the three warships ... ordered two years ago will be launched from
English shores only to fly the German flag. It is asserted that these ships, which are named the Sao Paulo, the Minas Geras and the Rio de Janeiro, and all of which will be completed by next fall, will be
555:
which ended the dispute, but both countries retained the numerous vessels built in the interim. As such, by the turn of the 20th century the
Brazilian Navy lagged far behind the Chilean and Argentine navies in quality and total tonnage, despite Brazil having nearly three times the population of
1464:
Humiliated by the revolt, naval officers and the president of Brazil were staunchly opposed to amnesty, so they quickly began planning to assault the rebel ships. The former believed such an action was necessary to restore the service's honor. Late on the 24th, the
President ordered the naval
578:
Two factions argued over the types of ships to be ordered. One favored a navy centered on a small number of large warships, while the other preferred a larger navy of smaller warships. The latter originally prevailed with a bill authorizing the construction of three small battleships, three
1294:
to the King and his family, the offer was refused. There was a rumor that the King was on board and revolutionaries attempted to search the ship, but were denied permission. They also asked for Brazil to land marines "to help in the maintenance of order," but this request was also denied.
2125:, based his counter-argument in the close relationship between Brazilian and American governments, saying "every sensible person will understand that an honest and respectable government would not lend itself to play the part attributed to Brazil by the inventor of the news."
2117:. A series of rumors supporting this theory, where Brazil was alleged to have placed large armament orders in the United Kingdom on behalf of Japan (who would then use them against the United States), was strongly denied by the Brazilian government. Rio Branco, through a
1486:
ships was recognized as exemplary. The 4.7-inch guns were often used for shots over the city, but the 12-inch were not, which led to a suspicion among the naval officers that the rebels were incapable of using the weapons. Later research and interviews indicate that
760:
for the powerful post of minister of the navy. The money authorized for naval expansion was redirected by de
Alencar to building two dreadnoughts, with plans for a third dreadnought after the first was completed, two scout cruisers (which became the
550:
kindled a naval arms race between the two beginning in the late 1880s and lasting until 1902. Restrictions were placed on the navies of both countries and major vessels under construction in both navies were sold as part of the British-mediated
2006:
when the governor surrendered, and began to coordinate with the secessionists, but loyal Brazilian forces overwhelmed them both. Most of the rebel naval forces were sailed to Argentina, where their crews surrendered; the flagship,
646:
tried using diplomatic means to coerce the Brazilians into canceling their ships, but the attempts were dismissed, with the Baron of Rio Branco remarking that caving to the American demands would render Brazil as powerless as
1482:. When they did not return and the amnesty measure neared passage in the Chamber of Deputies, the order was rescinded. After the bill passed 125–23 and the president signed it into law, the mutineers stood down on the 26th.
1685:, its poor condition—she was only able to make 10 knots (12 mph; 19 km/h) instead of its designed speed of 21 knots (24 mph; 39 km/h)—made such action uneconomical. Soon after Brazil's entrance into the
1382:(abolition) but forced to enter the navy. They had been planning a revolt for some time, and Menezes became the catalyst. Further preparations were needed, so the rebellion was delayed until 22 November. The crewmen of
2055:
was eventually constructed as a much larger ship with fourteen 12-inch guns in seven turrets, all mounted on the centerline, but it was sold partway through construction to the Ottoman Empire. Later, shortly after the
659:, supported the naval acquisitions in an address to the National Congress of Brazil in November 1906, as in his opinion the ships were necessary to replace the antiquated and obsolete vessels of the current navy.
1504:
system, British engineers still on board the ship after the voyage from the United Kingdom were working on the problem. Still, historians have never ascertained how well the mutineers could handle the ships.
933:
meant that Brazil had become the third country—behind the United Kingdom and the United States but ahead of major powers such as Germany, France, Russia and Japan—to have a dreadnought under construction.
1540:, but the British declined due to the condition the ships were in. They had not been modernized since entering service, and maintenance had been neglected; to illustrate the problem, when Brazil sent
1532:
participated in a major exercise with most of the Brazilian Navy. The need for a more modern fire control system was identified as early as late 1913, but no action was taken. When Brazil entered the
1054:
Despite the speculation, the United States quickly began courting Brazil as an ally; caught up in the spirit, US naval journals began using terms like "Pan Americanism" and "Hemispheric Cooperation".
979:
debated purchasing the ships in March 1908 to bolster the Royal Navy while simultaneously ensuring they would not be sold to a foreign rival. The topic arose again in July and September, when
1891:
were protected by nine-inch armor, while the turret had a twelve-inch (300 mm) front, eight-inch (200 mm) sides, and a two- to three-inch (51 to 76 mm) top, and the
4429:
1636:
with other crewmen. They were unsuccessful in swaying any other ships to their cause, except for an old torpedo boat, and soon sailed out of the harbor after firing a six-pounder gun at
989:
835:
1433:—was the abolition of "slavery as practiced by the Brazilian Navy". They objected to low pay, long hours, inadequate training for incompetent sailors, and punishments including
603:, signed a contract with Armstrong Whitworth for three battleships on 23 July 1906. While the first designs for these ships were derived from the Norwegian coastal defense ship
1063:
642:
in September 1906, warning them of the destabilization that would occur if the situation devolved into a full naval arms race. At the same time, the American government under
450:
in the navy. The mutineers surrendered after four days, when a bill was passed granting amnesty to all those involved. In 1922, the two battleships were used to help put down
1373:
1895:
had twelve-inch armor. The deck armor had multiple decks of one-and-a-half to two inches (38 to 51 mm), one inch (25 mm), and one inch.
1059:
575:
in October 1904 in accordance with their belief that a powerful navy would be crucial to the achievement of this goal, but it was two years before any ships were ordered.
1663:
1955:. This large sum, however, was dwarfed by later costs for maintenance; the first five years of the ships' commissioned lives cost Brazil about 60% of the initial cost.
787:
552:
1947:
6,110,100 without accounting for ammunition, which was £605,520, or necessary upgrades to docks, costing £832,000) as equaling 5,029 kilometres (3,125 mi) of
860:
and was provided for in the original contract, was laid down on 16 March, but as the ship had already been eclipsed by new naval technology (chiefly the advent of
874:
At this time, the dreadnought design had not been fully validated, despite the success of the British namesake; for example, there were still concerns that the
720:, increasing the displacement to 14,334 long tons (14,564 t) and making them slightly longer and wider. Two of these ships were laid down by Armstrong at
4275:
3686:
897:
to hurt the crew in the lower turret. Any immediate concerns, however, were mitigated during the firing tests when no ill effects were observed, though the
1629:
939:
839:
2022:
Chile's naval tonnage was 36,896 long tons (37,488 t), Argentina's 34,425 long tons (34,977 t), and Brazil's 27,661 long tons (28,105 t).
4169:
3173:
3081:
3127:
2558:
2043:
before being bought by the British, were the two Chilean warships sold as part of the 1902 Argentinian–Chilean pacts that ended their naval arms race.
1029:
a multi-million-dollar loan against the value of their coffee crop in 1908 were unsuccessful. With three dreadnoughts planned (including the upcoming
3307:
4094:
2922:
1478:
s sister ship with ten 4.7-inch guns. They planned to attack on the morning of the 25th, when the government expected the mutineers would return to
1376:
was brutally flogged 250 times for insubordination. Many Afro-Brazilian sailors were sons of former slaves, or were former slaves freed under the
3825:
3721:
3290:
3846:
3839:
3771:
567:
brought Brazil an influx of revenue in the early 1900s. Simultaneously, there was a drive on the part of prominent Brazilians, most notably the
1868:
being used to power most contemporary dreadnoughts. Eighteen boilers provided power to the engines, which in turn rotated the two three-bladed
756:
in December 1906, rendered the Brazilian ships obsolete. A transition to a few large warships was finalized with the selection of Rear Admiral
2138:, a retired navy captain assigned by the Brazilian government as their representative to the mutineers, as "a mullet sliced open for salting."
2575:
1929:
This was a staggering sum of money for the time. After the ships were ordered, a Brazilian newspaper equated the initial purchase cost for
1732:
in a strong storm, the tow line snapped. Though multiple searches were mounted by American and British aircraft, the ship was never found.
1887:
and nine inches (230 mm) thick, but narrowed to six and three inches (150 and 76 mm) closer to each end of the ships. The
1327:
1445:), which eventually became a symbol of the revolt. By the 23rd, the National Congress had begun discussing the possibility of a general
4475:
4268:
1249:
983:
expressed his discomfort at the possible final dispositions of the Brazilian ships, as any sale had the potential to disrupt their "
525:
966:"the last word in heavy battleship design and the ... most powerfully armed warship afloat." Some publications, like the American
4470:
980:
775:), and three submarines. The three battleships on which construction had just begun were demolished beginning on 7 January 1907.
1213:
599:. Though the Brazilian government later eliminated the armored cruisers for monetary reasons, the Minister of the Navy, Admiral
4162:
1770:
1586:
1391:
976:
419:" warships were intended to be Brazil's first step towards becoming an international power, and they consequently initiated a
4417:
4329:
4227:
571:, to have the country recognized as an international power. A large naval acquisition program was drawn up and passed by the
136:
568:
4390:
4261:
3853:. Diretoria do Patrimônio Histórico e Documentação da Marinha, Departamento de História Marítima. Accessed 27 January 2015.
3778:. Diretoria do Patrimônio Histórico e Documentação da Marinha, Departamento de História Marítima. Accessed 27 January 2015.
1548:
that powered the ship failed. The ship only finished the voyage to New York with the assistance of the American battleship
1518:
1242:
before beginning a voyage to the United States on 8 February. The ship was assigned to escort the American armored cruiser
790:
that had ended their naval arms race, and both planned to expand their own navies, though Chile was delayed by a financial
4242:
3611:
3600:
1938:
1602:
1466:
1183:
855:
4382:
3810:
Information Concerning Some of the Principal Navies of the World; A Series of Tables Compiled to Answer Popular Inquiry
1368:, broke out on four of the newest ships in the Brazilian Navy. The initial spark was provided on 16 November 1910 when
1083:
106:
4306:
4192:
4155:
4070:
3902:
3879:
3790:
3672:
3649:
3578:
1120:
937:
The order for the dreadnoughts caused an immediate stir in the United States and Europe; in the words of the British
797:
639:
404:
4313:
4199:
1153:
810:
410:
4423:
1617:
529:
451:
2008:
4284:
2900:
2798:
1849:
1524:
to the United States. The ship returned on 16 July and arrived in Rio de Janeiro on 16 August. In September both
887:
519:
420:
1564:
followed after its sister's return, and the modernization was done between 1 September 1920 and 1 October 1921.
2989:
2981:
2803:
1977:) in some sources. "Minas Geraes" was the spelling when the battleship was commissioned, but later changes to
769:
1836:
1791:
786:, and approved by the Brazilian government on 20 February 1907. Argentina and Chile immediately annulled the
343:
3785:, edited by Christopher M. Bell and Bruce A. Elleman, 32–53. Portland, Oregon: Frank Cass Publishers, 2003.
1429:
The ships were well-supplied with foodstuffs, ammunition, and coal, and the only demand of mutineers—led by
4441:
3804:
2958:
2939:
2150:
1678:
1458:
1430:
1336:
757:
4465:
4091:
1995:
1243:
600:
572:
4347:
4128:
4114:
2002:, bringing nearly all of the Brazilian warships currently in the country with him. Mello's forces took
1076:
918:
610:
4133:
2135:
1453:, long an opponent of slavery, lent a large amount of support, and the measure unanimously passed the
1907:
1861:
1287:
1009:
956:
launch with "What on paper at least is the most powerful warship ever built for any navy ...", while
816:
690:
683:
672:
288:
1829:
1597:
brought them home, the ship traveled to Portugal to take the bodies of the formerly-exiled Emperor
783:
333:
4013:
3994:
1397:
1015:
625:
4040:
3979:
3952:
3929:
3733:
3706:
3536:
1832:
1978:
1948:
1815:
1194:
1131:
791:
753:
721:
560:
232:
3967:
3917:
3622:
3524:
871:), the Brazilian government canceled it on 7 May and asked Armstrong to prepare a new design.
478:
was modernized in the 1930s, but both battleships were too old to participate actively in the
3551:
2086:, the German vessel was completed first (and in fact would be commissioned ahead not only of
1952:
1884:
1283:
4322:
4221:
2944:
2091:
2061:
1713:
1549:
1030:
1026:
854:
followed in July, after its own trials. The third dreadnought, which would have been named
151:
127:
121:
8:
1973:
1803:
1748:
1582:
1268:
1190:
1127:
958:
762:
725:
652:
617:
447:
294:
226:
67:
63:
1465:
officers to attack the mutineers. Officers crewed some smaller warships and the cruiser
322:
10,000 nmi (12,000 mi; 19,000 km) at 10 knots (12 mph; 19 km/h)
301:
4435:
3752:
3694:
2962:
2580:
2114:
1598:
1308:
1036:
984:
944:
778:
An entirely new design incorporating the latest dreadnought technology was drawn up by
643:
535:
439:
4074:
4066:
4044:
4036:
4021:
4002:
3983:
3975:
3956:
3948:
3933:
3925:
3906:
3898:
3883:
3875:
3814:
3794:
3786:
3760:
3737:
3729:
3710:
3702:
3676:
3668:
3653:
3645:
3630:
3582:
3574:
3559:
3540:
3532:
1991:
1641:
1555:
1271:
1264:
994:
968:
861:
741:
539:
76:
925:
conducting its gun trials, at that time the heaviest broadside ever fired off a ship
815:
followed thirteen days later at Vickers. Construction of the partial hull needed to
4397:
1999:
1873:
1787:
1454:
865:
831:
2003:
1981:
deprecated it in favor of "Minas Gerais". This article uses the original spelling.
1605:, back to Brazil. In July 1922, both battleships helped to quash the first of the
4147:
4098:
3808:
2904:
1898:
1795:
1702:
1614:
1606:
1291:
580:
483:
471:
455:
1544:
to the United States for a modernization in June 1918, fourteen of the eighteen
1521:
2122:
1944:
1783:
1369:
1252:
998:
547:
462:
mutinied but found little support from other military units, so they sailed to
400:
96:
4253:
4119:
4108:
25:
4459:
4355:
1892:
1865:
1818:. At the beginning of their careers, the ships were crewed by about 900 men.
1725:
1479:
1402:
quickly took their vessels with only a minimum of bloodshed: two officers on
1299:
left Lisbon on 7 October for Rio de Janeiro, and docked there on 25 October.
1145:
823:
596:
495:
1728:
and was towed out of Rio de Janeiro on 20 September 1951. When north of the
1417:
4141:
1840:
1799:
1761:
1686:
894:
779:
588:
479:
3798:
3764:
1674:
1378:
4078:
3910:
3887:
3818:
3741:
3714:
3680:
3657:
3586:
2057:
1537:
1533:
1450:
807:
749:
737:
717:
698:
656:
604:
564:
532:
416:
4048:
4025:
4006:
3987:
3960:
3937:
3756:
3634:
3563:
3544:
1001:
would be increased by 31.6%, and the only ships capable of matching the
446:), in which the crews of four Brazilian ships demanded the abolition of
370:
Turrets: 12–9–2 to 3 in (305–229–51 to 76 mm; front–sides–top)
4362:
3698:
2096:, making Germany the fourth country to lay down a dreadnought, but the
2077:
1811:
1645:
648:
463:
361:
222:
1709:
was simply too old and vulnerable to actively participate in the war.
1567:
1425:, probably during the ship's visit to the United States in early 1913.
3783:
Naval Mutinies of the Twentieth Century: An International Perspective
2621:
2166:
shelled the fort, but this is contradicted by multiple other sources.
1990:
The civil war was begun by secessionists in the southern province of
1869:
1844:
1501:
898:
879:
843:
803:
635:
592:
584:
543:
34:
1880:
was able to steam at 22.29 knots (25.65 mph; 41.28 km/h).
1802:
of 25 feet (7.6 m), a maximum draft of 28 feet (8.5 m), a
1536:
in 1917, they were offered to the United Kingdom for service in the
2940:
Another British Dreadnought and a Brazilian Battleship on the Water
2118:
1888:
1854:
1807:
1671:
1574:
after its 1930s modernization, possibly during the Second World War
1260:
1239:
903:(London) reported that there were still concerns registered during
702:
218:
1656:, arriving on 11 November and taking back possession of the ship.
1624:
shelled the fort, and the rebels surrendered shortly thereafter;
1590:
1446:
1438:
1364:
s arrival, a major rebellion known as the Revolt of the Lash, or
1160:
1046:
conveyed to the German government on the payment of $ 30,000,000.
621:
467:
285:
72:
2198:
Information Concerning Some of the Principal Navies of the World
1255:, to Rio de Janeiro. They arrived in the city on 17 April 1910.
1729:
1694:
1545:
1318:
1279:
993:
analyzed the effect of a sale to Japan, stating that the total
882:
turret arrangement—which had not been utilized on the original
846:
of the speed, endurance, efficiency, and weaponry of the ship,
542:. Meanwhile, an Argentine–Chilean dispute over the boundary of
499:
487:
3840:
Os Dreadnoughts da Marinha do Brasil: Minas Geraes e São Paulo
1347:); João Cândido handing control of the ship back to the navy (
806:, was laid down by Armstrong on 17 April 1907, while its
4102:
3851:
Serviço de Documentação da Marinha – Histórico de Navios
3776:
Serviço de Documentação da Marinha – Histórico de Navios
2543:
Serviço de Documentação da Marinha – Histórico de Navios
2521:
Serviço de Documentação da Marinha – Histórico de Navios
1737:
1628:
did not fire its guns. In 1924, three lieutenants, including
706:
507:
2060:
broke out, the ship was taken over by the United Kingdom as
1025:
evidence for a sale seemed strong, as Brazilian attempts to
4063:
Battleships of World War Two: An International Encyclopedia
3813:. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1912.
1697:
on 23 August to defend that port as a harbor defense ship;
850:
was completed and handed over to Brazil on 5 January 1910.
697:
on 10 September 1908. As the ship has not gone through its
1581:
made two trips to Europe in 1920. The first conveyed King
4031:
Topliss, David. "The Brazilian Dreadnoughts, 1904–1914."
2110:
1282:, Portugal, where Fonseca was a guest of Portugal's King
556:
Argentina and almost five times the population of Chile.
3831:
Preston, Antony. "Great Britain." In Gardiner and Gray,
3828:." n.d. Poder Naval Online. Last modified 12 April 2009.
1860:
The propulsion of the two ships was provided by Vickers
1814:), and a displacement of 20,900 long tons (21,200 t) at
1500:
s could not be turned after salt water contaminated the
1998:, the minister of the navy, revolted against President
482:, and instead were employed as harbor defense ships in
4142:
Plans for the Brazilian Battleship Minas Geraes (1906)
3856:
Scheina, Robert L. "Argentina." In Gardiner and Gray,
3781:
Morgan, Zachary R. "The Revolt of the Lash, 1910." In
3689:. "Battleship Diplomacy in South America: 1905–1925."
2121:
sent to the Brazilian ambassador to the United States
2013:, held out near Desterro until sunk by a torpedo boat.
1724:
on 31 December 1952. The former was sold to a British
3168:
3166:
1234:
sailed to other countries before arriving in Brazil.
506:
was sold to an Italian scrapper in 1953 and towed to
2553:
2551:
2076:
Although Germany laid down their first dreadnought,
1736:
was sold to an Italian company in 1953 and towed to
752:
concept, which was showcased upon the completion of
3267:
Morgan, "The Revolt of the Lash," 39–40, 48–49, 52.
2715:
2713:
4177:
3842:." Poder Naval Online. Last modified 15 June 2009.
3592:Campbell, N.J.M. "Germany." In Gardiner and Gray,
3529:Journal of the American Society of Naval Engineers
3163:
2917:
2915:
1343:on 26 November 1910, the final day of the revolt (
943:, they "astonished the naval world". The American
634:Alarmed, the American ambassador to Brazil sent a
3665:Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1906–1921
2548:
1593:to Brazil for the centennial celebrations. After
1457:on 24 November. The measure was then sent to the
1238:left the Tyne on 5 February 1910 and traveled to
4457:
2710:
2663:Topliss, "The Brazilian Dreadnoughts," 249, 254.
2537:
2535:
2533:
2531:
2529:
2515:
2513:
2511:
2509:
2507:
716:Design 439 was modified before these ships were
4283:
3231:Quoted in Morgan, "The Revolt of the Lash," 41.
2912:
2672:Topliss, "The Brazilian Dreadnoughts," 281–282.
2374:Topliss, "The Brazilian Dreadnoughts," 244–246.
2352:Topliss, "The Brazilian Dreadnoughts," 240–245.
1847:turrets, two each fore and aft, and two placed
1681:. Though Brazil had also intended to modernize
886:, but was also being installed on the American
3497:
3495:
3439:
3437:
3346:
3344:
3342:
3328:
3326:
3324:
3322:
3320:
1760:) and the theoretically possible radii of the
1339:with reporters, officers and sailors on board
794:in 1907 and a major earthquake the next year.
524:Brazil's navy fell into obsolescence after an
367:Belt extremities: 6–3 in (152–76 mm)
231:20,900 long tons (21,200 t) at
4269:
4163:
3455:
3453:
3451:
3449:
2646:
2644:
2526:
2504:
2488:
2486:
2484:
2482:
2480:
2478:
2410:
2408:
2406:
2404:
2402:
2306:
2304:
2302:
2300:
2298:
2241:
2239:
2237:
2235:
2233:
2231:
1853:. The 4.7-inch secondary guns were placed in
1613:), in which the garrison of Rio de Janeiro's
4101:relating to the dreadnought race (FO 508/8;
3747:Mead, Edwin D. "Reaction in South America."
3240:Morgan, "The Revolt of the Lash," 32–38, 50.
3109:
3107:
3019:
3017:
3015:
2982:Brazilian Minister and 'No Ulterior Designs'
2464:
2462:
2422:
2420:
2322:
2320:
2318:
2316:
2221:
2219:
502:while being towed to its final destination.
3943:"The Brazilian Battleship "Minas Geraes"."
3492:
3443:Topliss, "The Brazilian Dreadnoughts," 289.
3434:
3339:
3317:
2847:Topliss, "The Brazilian Dreadnoughts," 247.
2501:Topliss, "The Brazilian Dreadnoughts," 249.
2414:Topliss, "The Brazilian Dreadnoughts," 246.
2253:
2251:
2225:Topliss, "The Brazilian Dreadnoughts," 240.
1835:, twenty-two 4.7-inch/50 caliber, eighteen
662:
4276:
4262:
4170:
4156:
4065:. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press, 1998.
3874:. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press, 1987.
3726:Revista de História da Biblioteca Nacional
3667:. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press, 1985.
3573:. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press, 1985.
3446:
2841:
2684:
2641:
2495:
2475:
2399:
2333:
2295:
2228:
2090:, but also of the first U.S. dreadnought,
840:Brazilian ambassador to the United Kingdom
701:period, it weighed only around 9,000
3501:Topliss, "The Brazilian Battleship," 250.
3401:
3399:
3370:
3270:
3104:
3012:
2459:
2417:
2313:
2292:Garrett, "Beagle Channel Dispute," 86–88.
2216:
2134:The sailor's back was later described by
1421:Sailors pose for a photographer on board
1250:Brazilian ambassador to the United States
1008:in the near future would be the American
913:
334:12 in (305 mm)/45 cal guns
3872:Latin America: A Naval History 1810–1987
3644:. London: Jane's Publishing Inc., 1984.
3258:Morgan, "The Revolt of the Lash," 44–46.
3249:Morgan, "The Revolt of the Lash," 40–42.
3192:
3190:
3188:
3186:
3005:"The Reported Purchase of Battleships,"
2976:"The Reported Purchase of Battleships,"
2248:
1897:
1747:
1644:in poor condition, the rebels sailed to
1566:
1416:
917:
834:in front of large crowds by the wife of
430:Soon after their delivery in 1910, both
3918:The Brazilian Battleship "Minas Geraes"
3826:Um encouraçado contra o forte: 2ª Parte
3663:Gardiner, Robert and Randal Gray, eds.
2990:Brazilian Battleship Launched at Barrow
1493:guns were fully operational, and while
498:, but was lost in a storm north of the
4458:
3922:Journal of the United States Artillery
3396:
2994:Yorkshire Post and Leeds Intelligencer
2383:Livermore, "Battleship Diplomacy," 33.
2245:Livermore, "Battleship Diplomacy," 32.
1771:Journal of the United States Artillery
1290:began. Although the President offered
616:, the contracted ships were to follow
403:in the early twentieth century. Named
373:Conning tower: 12 inches (300 mm)
4257:
4151:
4110:Encouraçados Minas Gerais e São Paulo
4014:The Reported Purchase of Dreadnoughts
4001:(Washington) 2, no. 6 (1908): 13–14.
3897:. Washington, D.C.: Brassey's, 2003.
3863:———. "Brazil." In Gardiner and Gray,
3558:(Washington) 2, no. 1 (1908): 11–12.
3308:Tell Brazil's Envoy of Trade Problems
3183:
1972:
1302:
1263:on 16 September 1910, and stopped in
830:followed on 19 April 1909. Both were
609:and the British (originally Chilean)
249:530 ft (160 m) at waterline
1839:and eight 1-pounder naval guns. The
1679:Constitutionalist Revolution of 1932
1221:
314:21 knots (24 mph; 39 km/h)
4054:Vanterpool, Alan. "The Riachuleo."
3067:"Naval and Military Intelligence,"
3054:"Naval and Military Intelligence,"
383:
13:
4020:(Washington) 2, no. 7 (1908): 39.
3174:Keeping Good Order in New Republic
1828:were originally armed with twelve
1441:) and the use of whips or lashes (
1248:, carrying the body of the former
1214:re-built to an entirely new design
458:. Two years later, lieutenants on
339:22 × 4.7 (120 mm)/50 cal guns
14:
4487:
4476:Battleships of the United Kingdom
4418:Argentine–Chilean naval arms race
4085:
3510:Earle, "Professional Notes," 306.
3023:Martins, "Colossos do mares," 76.
2829:Martins, "Colossos do mares," 77.
2719:"The New Brazilian Battleships,"
2257:Martins, "Colossos do mares," 75.
1782:class were 543 feet (166 m)
1756:class, showing the armor values (
1743:
1437:(being struck on the hand with a
1082:, while Chile ordered two of the
1058:possible power of the ships. The
3972:International Marine Engineering
3504:
3479:
3466:
2959:Brazil, Japan, and Great Britain
2923:Germany May Buy English Warships
2886:"The Brazilian "Dreadnoughts","
2818:International Marine Engineering
2169:
1740:from 11 March 1954 to 22 April.
1517:was used to transport Brazilian
1326:
1317:
990:International Marine Engineering
682:
671:
246:543 ft (166 m) overall
89:
24:
4138:on Flickr (Library of Congress)
3720:Martins, João Roberto, Filho. "
3421:
3408:
3383:
3357:
3300:
3291:Brazilian Envoy Host on Warship
3283:
3261:
3252:
3243:
3234:
3225:
3212:
3199:
3150:
3137:
3120:
3091:
3074:
3061:
3048:
3035:
3026:
2999:
2970:
2951:
2932:
2893:
2880:
2867:
2850:
2832:
2823:
2810:
2791:
2782:
2769:
2748:
2739:
2726:
2697:
2675:
2666:
2657:
2650:"Gun Trials of the Sao Paulo,"
2628:
2613:
2600:
2587:
2568:
2446:
2433:
2386:
2377:
2368:
2355:
2346:
2286:
2273:
2156:
2141:
2128:
2103:
2070:
2046:
2025:
2016:
1798:of 83 feet (25 m), a mean
1705:. Even with the modernization,
1620:and began bombarding the city.
1508:
1286:. Soon after they arrived, the
520:South American dreadnought race
16:1910 Brazilian battleship class
4471:Minas Geraes-class battleships
4430:Greco–Ottoman dreadnought race
3618:. Last modified 28 April 2009.
2873:"British-Brazilian Warships,"
2816:"The Brazilian Dreadnoughts,"
2260:
2203:
2190:
2176:was not completed until 1940."
1984:
1958:
1923:
1666:from June 1931 to 1938, while
1648:, where they received asylum.
1513:Three years after the mutiny,
494:was sold in 1951 to a British
421:South American naval arms race
1:
3947:102, no. 12 (1910): 240–241.
3838:Ribeiro, Paulo de Oliveira. "
3691:The Journal of Modern History
3642:Armed Forces of Latin America
3571:Naval Weapons of World War II
3517:
3156:"Marshal Hermes Da Fonseca,"
2681:Preston, "Great Britain," 37.
1178:to scrapyard, September 1951
864:, beginning with the British
620:'s Design 439 (Design 188 in
513:
4424:Anglo–German naval arms race
4092:British diplomatic documents
3995:The Brazilian "Dreadnoughts"
3805:Office of Naval Intelligence
3751:70, no. 10 (1908): 238–241.
3616:Navios De Guerra Brasileiros
3607:. Last modified 7 June 2009.
3605:Navios De Guerra Brasileiros
3352:Navios De Guerra Brasileiros
3334:Navios De Guerra Brasileiros
2901:The Race for Naval Supremacy
2775:"The Brazilian Battleship,"
2703:"The Brazilian Battleship,"
2606:"The Brazilian Battleship,"
2593:"The Brazilian Battleship,"
2151:Legacy of Pedro II of Brazil
1916:
1857:along the side of the ship.
1790:, and 500 feet (150 m)
1064:Manuel Augusto Montes de Oca
822:was delayed by a four-month
758:Alexandrino Faria de Alencar
269:25 ft (7.6 m) mean
7:
4285:South American dreadnoughts
4243:Ships of the Brazilian Navy
4035:25, no. 3 (1988), 240–289.
3974:13, no. 8 (1908): 362–363.
3924:33, no. 2 (1910): 179–188.
3531:20, no. 3 (1909): 833–836.
3205:"The Journey from Lisbon,"
3196:Ribeiro, "Os Dreadnoughts."
2967:(New York), 1 July 1908, 6.
2634:"Trials of the Sao Paulo,"
2183:
1519:Minister of Foreign Affairs
1374:Marcelino Rodrigues Menezes
1060:Minister of Foreign Affairs
910:s gun trials in June 1910.
836:Francisco Régis de Oliveira
573:National Congress of Brazil
349:8 × 1 pdr (37 mm) guns
272:28 ft (8.5 m) max
259:83 ft (25 m) mean
10:
4492:
3968:The Brazilian Dreadnoughts
3629:38, no. 1 (1912): 303–80.
3552:British-Brazilian Warships
3032:Scheina, "Argentina," 400.
2788:Mead, "Reaction," 238–239.
2576:Launch Brazil's Battleship
1306:
1212:Canceled 7 May 1910, then
826:to 10 September 1908, and
517:
4410:
4375:
4340:
4291:
4238:
4210:
4188:
4058:6, no. 2 (1969): 140–141.
3728:3, no. 27 (2007): 74–77.
3693:16, no. 1 (1944): 31–44.
3405:Poggio, "Um encouraçado."
3218:"Movements of Warships,"
2862:Revista General de Marina
2745:Campbell, "Germany," 145.
1970:Portuguese pronunciation:
1862:vertical triple expansion
1764:and secondary batteries (
1701:played a similar role at
1664:Rio de Janeiro Naval Yard
1640:. Short of food and with
1449:for the sailors. Senator
1288:5 October 1910 revolution
1274:. Departing on the 27th,
1182:
1152:
1119:
1114:
1111:
1108:
1105:
1102:
1099:
1089:from the United Kingdom.
289:vertical triple expansion
206:
41:
23:
3160:, 28 September 1910, 4e.
3147:, 26 September 1910, 6b.
3134:, 25 September 1910, C4.
2807:, 12 September 1908, 13.
2799:British and Foreign News
2559:Launch Greatest Warships
2100:to have one in service).
1994:. In 1893, Rear Admiral
1883:The main armor belt was
1786:, 530 feet (160 m)
1267:, France, to embark the
1092:
784:Elswick Ordnance Company
663:Bidding and construction
364:: 9 inches (230 mm)
3209:, 8 October 1910, 5–6a.
3128:French Criticise Brazil
2986:Lancashire Evening Post
2948:, 11 September 1908, 4.
2723:, 22 January 1910, 16f.
2705:United States Artillery
2595:United States Artillery
2565:, 11 September 1908, 5.
2492:Scheina, "Brazil," 404.
2310:Scheina, "Brazil," 403.
2136:José Carlos de Carvalho
1974:[ˈminɐzʒeˈɾajs]
1864:engines instead of the
1843:was arranged with four
1806:displacement of 18,976
1670:led a naval force that
1431:João Cândido Felisberto
1337:João Cândido Felisberto
1226:After completion, both
1066:, remarked that either
768:), ten destroyers (the
736:), while the other was
207:General characteristics
4144:(US National Archives)
4105:subscription required)
3180:, 8 October 1910, 1–2.
3071:, 9 February 1910, 8c.
3058:, 7 February 1910, 4f.
2838:Mead, "Reaction," 238.
2760:The Navy League Annual
1996:Custódio José de Mello
1979:Portuguese orthography
1913:
1792:between perpendiculars
1775:
1662:was modernized at the
1575:
1426:
1390:, the twelve-year-old
1052:
926:
914:International reaction
601:Júlio César de Noronha
438:were embroiled in the
344:3-pounder (47 mm)
4056:Warship International
4033:Warship International
3222:, 8 October 1910, 6a.
3143:"France and Brazil,"
3082:Minas Geraes Fogbound
2988:, 19 April 1909, 2; "
2625:, 6 January 1910, 4d.
2162:Scheina asserts that
1964:This name is spelled
1901:
1778:The two ships of the
1751:
1720:on 2 August 1947 and
1570:
1420:
1043:
949:opened an article on
929:The start of work on
921:
4442:Chilean naval mutiny
3895:Latin America's Wars
3824:Poggio, Guilherme. "
3487:Latin America's Wars
3474:Latin America's Wars
3278:Latin America's Wars
2945:The New York Tribune
2929:, 9 August 1908, C8.
2619:"The Minas Geraes,"
1611:Revolução Tenentista
748:). However, the new
510:the following year.
295:Babcock & Wilcox
33:at speed during its
4097:21 May 2015 at the
3945:Scientific American
3687:Livermore, Seward W
3640:English, Adrian J.
3314:, 18 June 1913, 14.
3088:, 3 March 1910, 13.
2996:, 20 April 1909, 5.
2980:(Washington), 39; "
2906:Nelson Evening Mail
2856:Quoted in Scheina,
2777:Scientific American
2754:Quoted in Scheina,
2608:Scientific American
2584:, 20 April 1909, 5.
2082:, two months after
1689:on 21 August 1942,
1459:Chamber of Deputies
1269:Brazilian President
1191:Armstrong Whitworth
1128:Armstrong Whitworth
959:Scientific American
726:Newcastle upon Tyne
653:President of Brazil
640:Department of State
618:Armstrong Whitworth
569:Baron of Rio Branco
559:Soaring demand for
546:and control of the
448:corporal punishment
399:were built for the
68:Newcastle upon Tyne
64:Armstrong Whitworth
4466:Battleship classes
4436:Revolt of the Lash
4399:Almirante Cochrane
4182:-class battleships
3623:Professional Notes
3332:"E Minas Geraes,"
3312:The New York Times
3297:, 12 July 1913, 7.
3295:The New York Times
3178:The New York Times
3132:The New York Times
3086:The New York Times
2927:The New York Times
2909:, 6 April 1909, 2.
2654:, 4 June 1910, 9b.
2638:, 3 June 1910, 7c.
2581:The New York Times
2563:The New York Times
2519:"Minas Geraes I,"
2115:Japanese Brazilian
2031:Incidentally, the
1914:
1776:
1630:Hercolino Cascardo
1576:
1427:
1366:Revolta da Chibata
1309:Revolt of the Lash
1303:Revolt of the Lash
1139:10 September 1908
997:weight of Japan's
985:Two-Power Standard
940:Navy League Annual
927:
862:super-dreadnoughts
740:out to Vickers in
644:Theodore Roosevelt
444:Revolta da Chibata
440:Revolt of the Lash
4451:
4450:
4392:Almirante Latorre
4384:Almirante Latorre
4251:
4250:
3749:Advocate of Peace
3722:Colossos do mares
3009:(Washington), 39.
1992:Rio Grande do Sul
1906:battleship, from
1468:Rio Grande do Sul
1272:Hermes da Fonseca
1222:Service histories
1219:
1218:
1085:Almirante Latorre
969:Advocate of Peace
842:. After multiple
754:the namesake ship
397:class battleships
390:
389:
116:Succeeded by
77:Barrow-in-Furness
4483:
4278:
4271:
4264:
4255:
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3569:Campbell, John.
3511:
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2020:
2014:
2000:Floriano Peixoto
1988:
1982:
1976:
1971:
1962:
1956:
1927:
1909:The Naval Annual
1874:shaft horsepower
1788:at the waterline
1712:Both ships were
1687:Second World War
1499:
1492:
1477:
1406:and one each on
1363:
1330:
1321:
1292:political asylum
1097:
1096:
1007:
977:House of Commons
955:
909:
686:
675:
581:armored cruisers
528:, which deposed
480:Second World War
304:(17,500 kW)
95:
93:
92:
28:
21:
20:
4491:
4490:
4486:
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4109:
4099:Wayback Machine
4088:
3621:Earle, Ralph. "
3520:
3515:
3514:
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3350:"E São Paulo,"
3349:
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2864:64 (1908): 724.
2855:
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2796:
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2541:"São Paulo I,"
2540:
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2454:Naval Engineers
2451:
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2394:Naval Engineers
2391:
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2360:
2356:
2351:
2347:
2338:
2334:
2325:
2314:
2309:
2296:
2291:
2287:
2278:
2274:
2265:
2261:
2256:
2249:
2244:
2229:
2224:
2217:
2208:
2204:
2195:
2191:
2186:
2181:
2180:
2174:
2170:
2161:
2157:
2146:
2142:
2133:
2129:
2108:
2104:
2075:
2071:
2058:First World War
2051:
2047:
2030:
2026:
2021:
2017:
1989:
1985:
1969:
1963:
1959:
1949:railroad tracks
1928:
1924:
1919:
1746:
1716:after the war,
1615:Fort Copacabana
1607:Tenente revolts
1603:Teresa Cristina
1534:First World War
1511:
1497:
1490:
1475:
1361:
1355:
1354:
1353:
1352:
1333:
1332:
1331:
1323:
1322:
1311:
1305:
1224:
1209:
1204:
1095:
1005:
953:
916:
907:
714:
713:
712:
711:
710:
709:) at this time.
687:
678:
677:
676:
665:
526:1889 revolution
522:
516:
470:, and obtained
456:Fort Copacabana
223:tonnes (t)
141: (planned)
90:
88:
37:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4489:
4479:
4478:
4473:
4468:
4449:
4448:
4446:
4445:
4439:
4433:
4427:
4421:
4420:(c. 1887–1902)
4414:
4412:
4408:
4407:
4405:
4404:
4403:
4402:
4395:
4379:
4377:
4373:
4372:
4370:
4369:
4368:
4367:
4360:
4344:
4342:
4338:
4337:
4335:
4334:
4327:
4324:Rio de Janeiro
4320:
4319:
4318:
4311:
4295:
4293:
4289:
4288:
4281:
4280:
4273:
4266:
4258:
4249:
4248:
4246:
4245:
4239:
4236:
4235:
4233:
4232:
4223:Rio de Janeiro
4218:
4211:
4208:
4207:
4205:
4204:
4197:
4189:
4186:
4185:
4175:
4174:
4167:
4160:
4152:
4146:
4145:
4139:
4131:
4117:
4106:
4087:
4086:External links
4084:
4083:
4082:
4061:Whitley, M.J.
4059:
4052:
4029:
4010:
3991:
3964:
3941:
3914:
3891:
3868:
3861:
3854:
3843:
3836:
3829:
3822:
3802:
3779:
3772:Minas Geraes I
3768:
3745:
3718:
3684:
3661:
3638:
3619:
3608:
3601:E Minas Geraes
3597:
3590:
3567:
3548:
3519:
3516:
3513:
3512:
3503:
3491:
3478:
3465:
3445:
3433:
3420:
3407:
3395:
3382:
3369:
3356:
3338:
3316:
3299:
3282:
3269:
3260:
3251:
3242:
3233:
3224:
3211:
3198:
3182:
3162:
3149:
3136:
3119:
3103:
3090:
3073:
3060:
3047:
3034:
3025:
3011:
2998:
2969:
2950:
2931:
2911:
2892:
2879:
2866:
2849:
2840:
2831:
2822:
2809:
2790:
2781:
2768:
2747:
2738:
2725:
2709:
2696:
2683:
2674:
2665:
2656:
2640:
2627:
2612:
2599:
2586:
2567:
2547:
2525:
2503:
2494:
2474:
2458:
2445:
2432:
2416:
2398:
2385:
2376:
2367:
2354:
2345:
2332:
2312:
2294:
2285:
2272:
2259:
2247:
2227:
2215:
2202:
2188:
2187:
2185:
2182:
2179:
2178:
2168:
2155:
2140:
2127:
2123:Joaquim Nabuco
2102:
2069:
2053:Rio de Janeiro
2045:
2024:
2015:
1983:
1957:
1940:Rio de Janeiro
1921:
1920:
1918:
1915:
1885:Krupp cemented
1866:steam turbines
1745:
1744:Specifications
1742:
1714:decommissioned
1601:and his wife,
1510:
1507:
1455:Federal Senate
1396:, and the new
1370:Afro-Brazilian
1335:
1334:
1325:
1324:
1316:
1315:
1314:
1313:
1312:
1307:Main article:
1304:
1301:
1253:Joaquim Nabuco
1245:North Carolina
1223:
1220:
1217:
1216:
1210:
1207:
1205:
1202:
1200:
1199:16 March 1910
1197:
1188:
1185:Rio de Janeiro
1180:
1179:
1172:
1169:
1168:19 April 1909
1166:
1165:30 April 1907
1163:
1158:
1150:
1149:
1143:
1140:
1137:
1136:17 April 1907
1134:
1125:
1117:
1116:
1113:
1110:
1107:
1104:
1101:
1094:
1091:
1038:New York Times
1032:Rio de Janeiro
999:line of battle
946:New York Times
915:
912:
889:South Carolina
857:Rio de Janeiro
782:, the head of
734:Rio de Janeiro
703:long tons
688:
681:
680:
679:
670:
669:
668:
667:
666:
664:
661:
597:river monitors
548:Beagle Channel
540:1893 civil war
518:Main article:
515:
512:
401:Brazilian Navy
388:
387:
384:Specifications
381:
377:
376:
375:
374:
371:
368:
365:
357:
353:
352:
351:
350:
347:
340:
337:
328:
324:
323:
320:
316:
315:
312:
308:
307:
306:
305:
298:
291:
280:
276:
275:
274:
273:
270:
265:
261:
260:
257:
253:
252:
251:
250:
247:
242:
238:
237:
236:
235:
233:full load
229:
213:
209:
208:
204:
203:
200:
196:
195:
192:
188:
187:
184:
180:
179:
176:
172:
171:
168:
164:
163:
160:
156:
155:
149:
145:
144:
143:
142:
134:
123:Rio de Janeiro
117:
113:
112:
104:
100:
99:
97:Brazilian Navy
86:
82:
81:
80:
79:
70:
59:
55:
54:
48:
44:
43:
42:Class overview
39:
38:
29:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4488:
4477:
4474:
4472:
4469:
4467:
4464:
4463:
4461:
4454:
4443:
4440:
4437:
4434:
4431:
4428:
4425:
4422:
4419:
4416:
4415:
4413:
4409:
4401:
4400:
4396:
4394:
4393:
4389:
4388:
4387:
4385:
4381:
4380:
4378:
4374:
4366:
4365:
4361:
4359:
4358:
4354:
4353:
4352:
4350:
4346:
4345:
4343:
4339:
4333:
4332:
4328:
4326:
4325:
4321:
4317:
4316:
4312:
4310:
4309:
4305:
4304:
4303:
4301:
4297:
4296:
4294:
4290:
4286:
4279:
4274:
4272:
4267:
4265:
4260:
4259:
4256:
4244:
4241:
4240:
4237:
4231:
4230:
4225:
4224:
4220:Followed by:
4219:
4217:
4214:Preceded by:
4213:
4212:
4209:
4203:
4202:
4198:
4196:
4195:
4191:
4190:
4187:
4183:
4181:
4173:
4168:
4166:
4161:
4159:
4154:
4153:
4150:
4143:
4140:
4137:
4136:
4132:
4130:
4126:
4123:
4118:
4116:
4112:
4107:
4104:
4100:
4096:
4093:
4090:
4089:
4080:
4076:
4072:
4071:1-55750-184-X
4068:
4064:
4060:
4057:
4053:
4050:
4046:
4042:
4038:
4034:
4030:
4027:
4023:
4019:
4015:
4011:
4008:
4004:
4000:
3996:
3992:
3989:
3985:
3981:
3977:
3973:
3969:
3965:
3962:
3958:
3954:
3950:
3946:
3942:
3939:
3935:
3931:
3927:
3923:
3919:
3915:
3912:
3908:
3904:
3903:1-57488-452-2
3900:
3896:
3892:
3889:
3885:
3881:
3880:0-87021-295-8
3877:
3873:
3869:
3866:
3862:
3859:
3855:
3852:
3848:
3844:
3841:
3837:
3834:
3830:
3827:
3823:
3820:
3816:
3812:
3811:
3806:
3803:
3800:
3796:
3792:
3791:0-7146-8468-6
3788:
3784:
3780:
3777:
3773:
3769:
3766:
3762:
3758:
3754:
3750:
3746:
3743:
3739:
3735:
3731:
3727:
3723:
3719:
3716:
3712:
3708:
3704:
3700:
3696:
3692:
3688:
3685:
3682:
3678:
3674:
3673:0-87021-907-3
3670:
3666:
3662:
3659:
3655:
3651:
3650:0-7106-0321-5
3647:
3643:
3639:
3636:
3632:
3628:
3624:
3620:
3617:
3613:
3609:
3606:
3602:
3598:
3595:
3591:
3588:
3584:
3580:
3579:0-87021-459-4
3576:
3572:
3568:
3565:
3561:
3557:
3553:
3549:
3546:
3542:
3538:
3534:
3530:
3526:
3522:
3521:
3507:
3498:
3496:
3488:
3482:
3475:
3469:
3462:
3456:
3454:
3452:
3450:
3440:
3438:
3430:
3429:Naval History
3424:
3417:
3416:Naval History
3411:
3402:
3400:
3392:
3386:
3379:
3373:
3366:
3360:
3353:
3347:
3345:
3343:
3335:
3329:
3327:
3325:
3323:
3321:
3313:
3309:
3303:
3296:
3292:
3286:
3279:
3273:
3264:
3255:
3246:
3237:
3228:
3221:
3215:
3208:
3202:
3193:
3191:
3189:
3187:
3179:
3175:
3169:
3167:
3159:
3153:
3146:
3140:
3133:
3129:
3123:
3116:
3110:
3108:
3100:
3094:
3087:
3083:
3077:
3070:
3064:
3057:
3051:
3044:
3043:Naval History
3038:
3029:
3020:
3018:
3016:
3008:
3002:
2995:
2991:
2987:
2983:
2979:
2973:
2966:
2965:
2960:
2954:
2947:
2946:
2941:
2935:
2928:
2924:
2918:
2916:
2908:
2907:
2902:
2896:
2889:
2883:
2876:
2870:
2863:
2859:
2858:Naval History
2853:
2844:
2835:
2826:
2819:
2813:
2806:
2805:
2800:
2794:
2785:
2778:
2772:
2765:
2761:
2757:
2756:Naval History
2751:
2742:
2735:
2729:
2722:
2716:
2714:
2706:
2700:
2693:
2692:Naval History
2687:
2678:
2669:
2660:
2653:
2647:
2645:
2637:
2631:
2624:
2623:
2616:
2609:
2603:
2596:
2590:
2583:
2582:
2577:
2571:
2564:
2560:
2554:
2552:
2544:
2538:
2536:
2534:
2532:
2530:
2522:
2516:
2514:
2512:
2510:
2508:
2498:
2489:
2487:
2485:
2483:
2481:
2479:
2471:
2470:Naval History
2465:
2463:
2455:
2449:
2442:
2436:
2429:
2428:Naval History
2423:
2421:
2411:
2409:
2407:
2405:
2403:
2395:
2389:
2380:
2371:
2364:
2363:Naval History
2358:
2349:
2342:
2336:
2329:
2328:Naval History
2323:
2321:
2319:
2317:
2307:
2305:
2303:
2301:
2299:
2289:
2282:
2281:Naval History
2276:
2270:, 67–76, 352.
2269:
2268:Naval History
2263:
2254:
2252:
2242:
2240:
2238:
2236:
2234:
2232:
2222:
2220:
2212:
2211:Naval History
2206:
2199:
2193:
2189:
2172:
2165:
2159:
2152:
2149:
2144:
2137:
2131:
2124:
2120:
2116:
2113:
2112:
2106:
2099:
2095:
2094:
2089:
2085:
2081:
2080:
2073:
2066:
2065:
2059:
2054:
2049:
2042:
2038:
2035:class, named
2034:
2028:
2019:
2012:
2011:
2005:
2001:
1997:
1993:
1987:
1980:
1975:
1967:
1961:
1954:
1950:
1946:
1942:
1941:
1936:
1932:
1926:
1922:
1911:
1910:
1905:
1902:Plans of the
1900:
1896:
1894:
1893:conning tower
1890:
1886:
1881:
1879:
1875:
1871:
1867:
1863:
1858:
1856:
1852:
1851:
1846:
1842:
1838:
1834:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1817:
1813:
1809:
1805:
1801:
1797:
1794:. They had a
1793:
1789:
1785:
1781:
1773:
1772:
1767:
1763:
1759:
1755:
1752:Plans of the
1750:
1741:
1739:
1735:
1731:
1727:
1723:
1719:
1715:
1710:
1708:
1704:
1700:
1696:
1693:was moved to
1692:
1688:
1684:
1680:
1676:
1673:
1669:
1665:
1661:
1657:
1655:
1651:
1647:
1643:
1639:
1635:
1631:
1627:
1623:
1619:
1616:
1612:
1608:
1604:
1600:
1596:
1592:
1588:
1584:
1580:
1573:
1569:
1565:
1563:
1559:
1558:
1553:
1552:
1547:
1543:
1539:
1535:
1531:
1527:
1523:
1520:
1516:
1506:
1503:
1496:
1489:
1483:
1481:
1480:Guanabara Bay
1474:
1470:
1469:
1462:
1460:
1456:
1452:
1448:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1432:
1424:
1419:
1415:
1414:were killed.
1413:
1409:
1405:
1401:
1400:
1395:
1394:
1389:
1385:
1381:
1380:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1360:
1350:
1346:
1342:
1338:
1329:
1320:
1310:
1300:
1298:
1293:
1289:
1285:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1251:
1247:
1246:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1215:
1211:
1206:
1201:
1198:
1196:
1192:
1189:
1187:
1186:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1170:
1167:
1164:
1162:
1159:
1157:
1156:
1151:
1147:
1144:
1142:January 1910
1141:
1138:
1135:
1133:
1129:
1126:
1124:
1123:
1118:
1098:
1090:
1088:
1086:
1081:
1079:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1042:
1040:
1039:
1034:
1033:
1028:
1022:
1020:
1018:
1013:
1012:
1004:
1000:
996:
992:
991:
986:
982:
978:
973:
971:
970:
965:
961:
960:
952:
948:
947:
942:
941:
935:
932:
924:
920:
911:
906:
902:
901:
896:
893:—would cause
892:
890:
885:
881:
877:
872:
870:
869:
863:
859:
858:
853:
849:
845:
841:
837:
833:
829:
825:
821:
818:
814:
813:
809:
805:
801:
800:
795:
793:
789:
785:
781:
776:
774:
772:
767:
765:
759:
755:
751:
747:
743:
739:
738:subcontracted
735:
731:
727:
723:
719:
708:
704:
700:
696:
692:
685:
674:
660:
658:
654:
650:
645:
641:
637:
632:
631:battleships.
630:
628:
623:
619:
615:
613:
608:
607:
602:
598:
594:
590:
589:torpedo boats
586:
582:
576:
574:
570:
566:
562:
557:
554:
549:
545:
541:
537:
534:
531:
527:
521:
511:
509:
505:
501:
497:
493:
489:
485:
481:
477:
473:
469:
465:
461:
457:
453:
449:
445:
441:
437:
433:
428:
424:
422:
418:
414:
413:
408:
407:
402:
398:
396:
395:Minas Geraes-
385:
382:
379:
378:
372:
369:
366:
363:
360:
359:
358:
355:
354:
348:
345:
341:
338:
335:
331:
330:
329:
326:
325:
321:
318:
317:
313:
310:
309:
303:
299:
296:
292:
290:
287:
283:
282:
281:
278:
277:
271:
268:
267:
266:
263:
262:
258:
255:
254:
248:
245:
244:
243:
240:
239:
234:
230:
228:
224:
221:(19,281
220:
216:
215:
214:
211:
210:
205:
201:
198:
197:
193:
190:
189:
185:
182:
181:
177:
174:
173:
169:
167:In commission
166:
165:
161:
158:
157:
153:
150:
147:
146:
140:
139:
135:
132:
131:
125:
124:
120:
119:
118:
115:
114:
111:
109:
105:
102:
101:
98:
87:
84:
83:
78:
74:
71:
69:
65:
62:
61:
60:
57:
56:
52:
49:
46:
45:
40:
36:
32:
27:
22:
19:
4453:
4432:(c. 1907–14)
4426:(c. 1902–14)
4398:
4391:
4383:
4363:
4356:
4348:
4330:
4323:
4314:
4308:Minas Geraes
4307:
4300:Minas Geraes
4299:
4298:
4228:
4222:
4215:
4200:
4194:Minas Geraes
4193:
4180:Minas Geraes
4179:
4178:
4135:Minas Geraes
4134:
4122:Minas Geraes
4121:
4103:Adam Matthew
4062:
4055:
4032:
4017:
3998:
3971:
3944:
3921:
3894:
3871:
3864:
3857:
3850:
3832:
3809:
3782:
3775:
3748:
3725:
3690:
3664:
3641:
3626:
3615:
3604:
3593:
3570:
3555:
3528:
3506:
3486:
3481:
3473:
3468:
3460:
3428:
3423:
3415:
3410:
3390:
3385:
3377:
3372:
3364:
3359:
3351:
3333:
3311:
3302:
3294:
3285:
3277:
3272:
3263:
3254:
3245:
3236:
3227:
3219:
3214:
3206:
3201:
3177:
3157:
3152:
3144:
3139:
3131:
3122:
3114:
3098:
3093:
3085:
3076:
3068:
3063:
3055:
3050:
3042:
3037:
3028:
3006:
3001:
2993:
2985:
2977:
2972:
2963:
2953:
2943:
2934:
2926:
2905:
2895:
2887:
2882:
2874:
2869:
2861:
2857:
2852:
2843:
2834:
2825:
2817:
2812:
2804:Evening Post
2802:
2793:
2784:
2776:
2771:
2763:
2759:
2755:
2750:
2741:
2733:
2728:
2720:
2704:
2699:
2691:
2686:
2677:
2668:
2659:
2651:
2635:
2630:
2620:
2615:
2607:
2602:
2594:
2589:
2579:
2570:
2562:
2542:
2520:
2497:
2469:
2453:
2448:
2440:
2435:
2427:
2393:
2388:
2379:
2370:
2362:
2357:
2348:
2341:Armed Forces
2340:
2335:
2327:
2288:
2280:
2275:
2267:
2262:
2210:
2205:
2197:
2192:
2171:
2164:Minas Geraes
2163:
2158:
2147:
2143:
2130:
2109:
2105:
2097:
2092:
2088:Minas Geraes
2087:
2084:Minas Geraes
2083:
2078:
2072:
2063:
2052:
2048:
2040:
2037:Constitución
2036:
2032:
2027:
2018:
2009:
1986:
1966:Minas Gerais
1965:
1960:
1939:
1934:
1931:Minas Geraes
1930:
1925:
1908:
1904:Minas Geraes
1903:
1882:
1878:Minas Geraes
1877:
1872:with 23,500
1859:
1848:
1841:main battery
1825:
1822:Minas Geraes
1821:
1820:
1780:Minas Geraes
1779:
1777:
1769:
1768:), from the
1766:fig. 2 and 3
1765:
1757:
1754:Minas Geraes
1753:
1734:Minas Geraes
1733:
1722:Minas Geraes
1721:
1717:
1711:
1707:Minas Geraes
1706:
1699:Minas Geraes
1698:
1690:
1682:
1667:
1660:Minas Geraes
1659:
1658:
1653:
1650:Minas Geraes
1649:
1638:Minas Geraes
1637:
1633:
1632:, took over
1626:Minas Geraes
1625:
1621:
1610:
1594:
1578:
1577:
1572:Minas Geraes
1571:
1562:Minas Geraes
1561:
1556:
1554:and cruiser
1550:
1541:
1529:
1526:Minas Geraes
1525:
1522:Lauro Müller
1515:Minas Geraes
1514:
1512:
1509:Later career
1494:
1488:Minas Geraes
1487:
1484:
1472:
1467:
1463:
1442:
1434:
1428:
1423:Minas Geraes
1422:
1411:
1407:
1404:Minas Geraes
1403:
1398:
1392:
1387:
1384:Minas Geraes
1383:
1377:
1365:
1358:
1356:
1348:
1344:
1341:Minas Geraes
1340:
1296:
1275:
1256:
1244:
1236:Minas Geraes
1235:
1231:
1228:Minas Geraes
1227:
1225:
1184:
1175:
1154:
1122:Minas Geraes
1121:
1084:
1077:
1071:
1068:Minas Geraes
1067:
1056:
1053:
1048:
1044:
1037:
1031:
1023:
1016:
1010:
1003:Minas Geraes
1002:
988:
975:The British
974:
967:
964:Minas Geraes
963:
957:
951:Minas Geraes
950:
945:
938:
936:
931:Minas Geraes
930:
928:
923:Minas Geraes
922:
904:
899:
888:
883:
876:Minas Geraes
875:
873:
867:
856:
851:
848:Minas Geraes
847:
827:
820:Minas Geraes
819:
811:
799:Minas Geraes
798:
796:
780:J.R. Perrett
777:
770:
763:
745:
733:
730:Minas Geraes
729:
715:
705:(9,100
695:Minas Geraes
694:
633:
626:
611:
605:
577:
558:
523:
504:Minas Geraes
503:
491:
476:Minas Geraes
475:
459:
443:
435:
432:Minas Geraes
431:
429:
425:
411:
406:Minas Geraes
405:
394:
393:
391:
386:are as built
300:23,500
217:18,976
212:Displacement
137:
129:
122:
107:
51:Minas Geraes
50:
31:Minas Geraes
30:
18:
3847:São Paulo I
3627:Proceedings
3612:E São Paulo
3461:Battleships
3391:Battleships
3378:Battleships
3365:Battleships
3115:Battleships
3099:Battleships
2860:, 354 from
2734:Battleships
1845:superfiring
1726:shipbreaker
1677:during the
1538:Grand Fleet
1451:Ruy Barbosa
1357:Soon after
1278:voyaged to
1014:and German
884:Dreadnought
880:superfiring
808:sister ship
788:1902 treaty
750:dreadnought
707:metric tons
699:fitting-out
657:Afonso Pena
553:three pacts
496:shipbreaker
417:dreadnought
103:Preceded by
4460:Categories
3867:, 403–407.
3860:, 400–403.
3596:, 134–189.
3518:References
3476:, 162–164.
2820:, 362–363.
2758:, 81 from
2707:, 187–188.
2610:, 240–241.
2597:, 185–188.
2452:"Brazil,"
2443:, 883–884.
2439:"Brazil,"
2392:"Brazil,"
2365:, 52, 349.
1953:homesteads
1951:or 30,300
1943:(given as
1870:propellers
1850:en echelon
1837:3-pounders
1830:12-inch/45
1646:Montevideo
1642:condensers
1585:and Queen
1171:July 1910
1112:Completed
1106:Laid down
1041:remarked:
981:Arthur Lee
832:christened
792:depression
651:Cuba. The
595:, and two
593:submarines
585:destroyers
514:Background
464:Montevideo
279:Propulsion
35:sea trials
4357:Rivadavia
4349:Rivadavia
4341:Argentina
4331:Riachuelo
4315:São Paulo
4229:Riachuelo
4201:São Paulo
4124:slideshow
4041:0043-0374
3980:0272-2879
3953:0036-8733
3930:0097-3785
3799:464313205
3765:436909525
3734:1808-4001
3707:0022-2801
3537:0099-7056
3485:Scheina,
3472:Scheina,
3459:Whitley,
3427:Scheina,
3414:Scheina,
3389:Whitley,
3376:Whitley,
3367:, 26, 28.
3363:Whitley,
3276:Scheina,
3220:The Times
3207:The Times
3158:The Times
3145:The Times
3113:Whitley,
3097:Whitley,
3069:The Times
3056:The Times
3041:Scheina,
2764:1910–1911
2732:Whitley,
2721:The Times
2690:Scheina,
2652:The Times
2636:The Times
2622:The Times
2468:Scheina,
2426:Scheina,
2361:Scheina,
2339:English,
2326:Scheina,
2279:Scheina,
2266:Scheina,
2209:Scheina,
2064:Agincourt
2062:HMS
2033:Swiftsure
1935:São Paulo
1917:Footnotes
1889:barbettes
1855:casemates
1826:São Paulo
1816:full load
1808:long tons
1718:São Paulo
1691:São Paulo
1683:São Paulo
1672:blockaded
1668:São Paulo
1654:São Paulo
1652:followed
1634:São Paulo
1622:São Paulo
1595:São Paulo
1587:Elisabeth
1579:São Paulo
1542:São Paulo
1530:São Paulo
1502:hydraulic
1495:São Paulo
1408:São Paulo
1388:São Paulo
1379:Lei Áurea
1359:São Paulo
1297:São Paulo
1284:Manuel II
1276:São Paulo
1265:Cherbourg
1257:São Paulo
1232:São Paulo
1155:São Paulo
1109:Launched
1078:Rivadavia
1072:São Paulo
995:broadside
905:São Paulo
866:HMS
852:São Paulo
828:São Paulo
812:São Paulo
804:lead ship
746:São Paulo
718:laid down
636:cablegram
612:Swiftsure
587:, twelve
544:Patagonia
538:, and an
492:São Paulo
460:São Paulo
436:São Paulo
415:, these "
412:São Paulo
219:long tons
191:Cancelled
183:Completed
170:1910–1952
162:1907–1910
154:8,863,842
138:Riachuelo
130:Agincourt
128:HMS
85:Operators
4095:Archived
4079:40834665
4018:The Navy
3999:The Navy
3911:49942250
3888:15696006
3865:Conway's
3858:Conway's
3835:, 1–104.
3833:Conway's
3819:21241738
3757:20665593
3742:61697383
3715:62219150
3681:12119866
3658:11537114
3594:Conway's
3587:13085151
3556:The Navy
3431:, 77–79.
3393:, 28–29.
3101:, 27–28.
3045:, 82–85.
3007:The Navy
2978:The Navy
2890:, 13–14.
2888:The Navy
2877:, 11–12.
2875:The Navy
2283:, 45–52.
2184:Endnotes
2119:telegram
2093:Michigan
2041:Libertad
2010:Aquidabã
2004:Desterro
1810:(19,281
1703:Salvador
1618:rebelled
1599:Pedro II
1583:Albert I
1551:Nebraska
1261:Greenock
1240:Plymouth
1176:en route
1146:Scrapped
1103:Builder
1011:Delaware
649:suzerain
591:, three
536:Pedro II
484:Salvador
452:a revolt
327:Armament
284:2-shaft
58:Builders
4411:Related
4129:YouTube
4115:YouTube
4049:1647131
4026:7550453
4007:7550453
3988:2227478
3961:1775222
3938:1962282
3807:(ONI).
3699:1870986
3635:2496995
3564:7550453
3545:3227025
2964:The Sun
1833:caliber
1784:overall
1591:Belgium
1557:Raleigh
1546:boilers
1447:amnesty
1443:chibata
1439:ferrule
1393:Deodoro
1372:sailor
1195:Elswick
1161:Vickers
1132:Elswick
1019:classes
962:called
878:class'
722:Elswick
638:to his
622:Vickers
530:Emperor
468:Uruguay
336:(6 × 2)
297:boilers
286:Vickers
199:Retired
175:Planned
126:(later
108:Deodoro
73:Vickers
4444:(1931)
4438:(1910)
4364:Moreno
4292:Brazil
4077:
4069:
4047:
4039:
4024:
4005:
3986:
3978:
3959:
3951:
3936:
3928:
3909:
3901:
3886:
3878:
3817:
3797:
3789:
3763:
3755:
3740:
3732:
3713:
3705:
3697:
3679:
3671:
3656:
3648:
3633:
3585:
3577:
3562:
3543:
3535:
3525:Brazil
3489:, 164.
3418:, 195.
2779:, 240.
2766:, 103.
2694:, 354.
2472:, 321.
2456:, 834.
2396:, 836.
2343:, 108.
2098:second
2079:Nassau
1937:, and
1912:(1915)
1804:normal
1774:(1910)
1758:fig. 1
1730:Azores
1695:Recife
1675:Santos
1280:Lisbon
1148:1950s
1017:Nassau
844:trials
838:, the
824:strike
817:launch
802:, the
742:Barrow
691:launch
629:-class
627:Nassau
583:, six
565:rubber
561:coffee
500:Azores
488:Recife
472:asylum
241:Length
227:normal
94:
4386:class
4376:Chile
4351:class
4302:class
3893:———.
3870:———.
3753:JSTOR
3695:JSTOR
3463:, 29.
3380:, 26.
3280:, 73.
3117:, 28.
2736:, 13.
2430:, 81.
2330:, 80.
2213:, 86.
2200:, 21.
2196:ONI,
1800:draft
1738:Genoa
1498:'
1491:'
1476:'
1473:Bahia
1412:Bahia
1399:Bahia
1362:'
1349:right
1259:left
1174:Sank
1115:Fate
1100:Ship
1093:Ships
1087:class
1080:class
1027:float
1006:'
954:'
908:'
900:Times
895:blast
891:class
868:Orion
773:class
766:class
764:Bahia
614:class
606:Norge
508:Genoa
380:Notes
356:Armor
342:18 ×
332:12 ×
319:Range
311:Speed
264:Draft
159:Built
110:class
53:class
4226:and
4216:None
4075:OCLC
4067:ISBN
4045:OCLC
4037:ISSN
4022:OCLC
4003:OCLC
3984:OCLC
3976:ISSN
3957:OCLC
3949:ISSN
3934:OCLC
3926:ISSN
3907:OCLC
3899:ISBN
3884:OCLC
3876:ISBN
3815:OCLC
3795:OCLC
3787:ISBN
3761:OCLC
3738:OCLC
3730:ISSN
3711:OCLC
3703:ISSN
3677:OCLC
3669:ISBN
3654:OCLC
3646:ISBN
3631:OCLC
3583:OCLC
3575:ISBN
3560:OCLC
3541:OCLC
3533:ISSN
2039:and
1824:and
1796:beam
1762:main
1528:and
1435:bôlo
1410:and
1345:left
1230:and
771:Pará
732:and
689:The
563:and
486:and
434:and
409:and
392:Two
362:Belt
346:guns
256:Beam
148:Cost
47:Name
4127:on
4113:on
4016:."
3997:."
3970:."
3920:."
3849:."
3774:."
3724:."
3625:."
3614:."
3603:."
3554:."
3527:."
3310:,"
3293:,"
3176:,"
3130:,"
3084:,"
2992:,"
2984:,"
2961:,"
2942:,"
2925:,"
2903:,"
2801:,"
2578:,"
2561:,"
2148:cf.
2111:cf.
1589:of
1070:or
987:".
724:in
693:of
533:Dom
454:at
302:shp
293:18
4462::
4073:.
4043:.
3982:.
3955:.
3932:.
3905:.
3882:.
3793:.
3759:.
3736:.
3709:.
3701:.
3675:.
3652:.
3581:.
3539:.
3494:^
3448:^
3436:^
3398:^
3341:^
3319:^
3185:^
3165:^
3106:^
3014:^
2914:^
2762:,
2712:^
2643:^
2550:^
2528:^
2506:^
2477:^
2461:^
2419:^
2401:^
2315:^
2297:^
2250:^
2230:^
2218:^
1933:,
1560:.
1471:,
1461:.
1386:,
1351:).
1193:,
1130:,
1062:,
1021:.
655:,
490:.
474:.
466:,
423:.
225:)
152:$
75:,
66:,
4277:e
4270:t
4263:v
4171:e
4164:t
4157:v
4081:.
4051:.
4028:.
4012:"
4009:.
3993:"
3990:.
3966:"
3963:.
3940:.
3916:"
3913:.
3890:.
3845:"
3821:.
3801:.
3770:"
3767:.
3744:.
3717:.
3683:.
3660:.
3637:.
3610:"
3599:"
3589:.
3566:.
3550:"
3547:.
3523:"
3354:.
3336:.
3306:"
3289:"
3172:"
3126:"
3080:"
2957:"
2938:"
2921:"
2899:"
2797:"
2574:"
2557:"
2545:.
2523:.
2153:.
2067:.
1968:(
1945:£
1812:t
1609:(
1208:–
1203:–
744:(
728:(
442:(
202:2
194:1
186:2
178:3
133:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
