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craftsman and promote the creation of safe and sound commodities in consideration of environment and health, reflecting their experience with
Minamata disease. In the first year, fiscal 1998, nine craftsmen engaged in the activities of paper making, and the production of tea leaves, bread, tangerine oranges, vegetables, rice or eggs were certified. In fiscal 1999, five craftsmen including a tatami-maker were additionally certified, making the current total of certified environmental masters fourteen. All of them produce products with confidence and pay careful attention to the environment in every part of their processes, including materials selection, production, processing, selling, and disposal of waste. "Products produced by environmental masters" mean safe and sound products certified by the municipal office. For some time in the past, Minamata-made products were not favorably accepted on the market due to the bad image of the city. Nonetheless, people in Minamata have learned through experience the dreadfulness of environmental pollution and because of this, they can now produce truly safe and harmless products. Before the establishment of the master system, Minamata products were simply products produced with confidence by people who were particularly concerned about the environment. In the future, however, they will be traded as brand products produced by the renowned environmental masters of Minamata City. There are six qualification criteria to become an environmental master:
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categories. The City has set up 300 garbage collection stations around the City. Each area's assigned recycling volunteers take turn in groups of two or three to assist the residents who bring in garbage for sorting out recyclable materials by themselves. Once a month the residents work together to classify garbage, an activity which revives the community spirit, and creates a place for residents to get together. Profits from the sale of recyclable garbage are distributed to each district according to the weight of each district's recyclable garbage; large districts receive up to 600,000 yen a year and smaller districts about 70,000-80,000 yen. Besides classification, the
Recycling Volunteers Committee promotes Taking-Back-Home- Garbage Campaign, Recycling Campaign, and organizes recycling fairs such as flea markets where reusable goods are sold.
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wanted to show that their products were safe, so they changed their way of production by: not using pesticides anymore, use 70% less fertilizer and instead started using a special fertilizer from Chisso. In the 2011 environmental report the local production was stable for the last 10 years and the advice was to promote local production. Fishing was not possible from 1970 till 1997, because the bay was closed with a net to prevent the catching of contaminated fish. During this period fishers were compensated by the local government. When the nets were removed sardine catching started to flourish and there now are full-time and part-time fishers, who combine fishing with other jobs.
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a policy to amend relations between victims of the
Minamata Disease and the other citizens and to give an end to prevailing social divisions. On 1 April 1992 the first Memorial Service for the Victims of Minamata Disease was organized and has taken place annually ever since. Moreover, the Minamata Disease Municipal Museum was founded in January 1993 in order to collect, preserve and pass on information about the disease and related issues. Apart from exhibitions, the Museum offers story-telling sessions by Minamata disease patients. Additional Minamata Disease archives were opened in 2001.
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result, in
December 1997, 16 women's groups, which have great interest in waste reduction, met together and organized the "Women's Liaison Conference on Waste Garbage" with the slogan of "Let's reduce the increasing garbage from each household!" They actively encourage residents not to bring home items that are not absolutely required which may result in waste, to repair broken items and to buy recycled products when possible. Major activities of "Women's Liaison Meeting for Reducing Waste" are:
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The municipal office of
Minamata City obtained ISO 14001, international standard for environmental management, in February 1999. Under the system, the city intends to redouble efforts for the realization of "an environmental model city" making the most of the lessons from Minamata disease and fulfill
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held in
Stockholm. The official report presented to the Conference by the Japanese government did not mention the disease at all; this lack of honesty resulted in a second report being put together by Japanese citizens. Minamata disease patients were sent to Stockholm to hand in the citizens' report.
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There are 26 districts within the city of
Minamata. Each district develops their own environmental agreement system by allowing the local residents to establish "lifestyle rules" for their district. The Kagumeishi District Residents' Association (Environment Department) has developed one of the most
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Minamata Eco-Town constitutes a set of environmental goals and initiatives, which seek to turn the town's negative legacy into a positive present and future. The idea dates back to 1992. In that year, the municipal government of
Minamata announced "Moyai Naoshi" (meaning "Repairing social bonds") -
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By 2007, a total of 2,668 people were certified as
Minamata disease patients, 639 of whom are alive today. Since Minamata mercury contamination event, the toxic burden of anthropogenic mercury (Hg) pollution for human and ecosystem health is globally accepted by policymakers and resulted in the UNEP
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factory. However, the sea sediment as well as fish remained contaminated and so measures were taken to counteract the effects. In 1975, the bay was fenced by fishing nets. A sludge dredging project was initiated in 1977 and continued until 1990. During the project, 784,000m of sludge was dredged and
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The second goal is to have safe and reliable production in
Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries. The emphasis in this project is on local food production to reduce food mileage. Local agriculture produces mostly rice, mandarins and local salad onions. After the Minamata disease scandal local farmers
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In Minamata itself, there are several environmental learning programs. At the Kumamato Prefecture Environmental Center, visitors can gain knowledge and understanding about environmental problems at facilities. This program focuses on daily life. There is also a program about aquatic environment, a
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In 2000, Minamata City obtained ISO14001 certification to reduce environmental burdens associated with service businesses for citizens. The city drew up a version of ISO, for various service businesses for citizens, such as an office, home, preschool and hotel. The city has the authority to do the
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In 1998, Minamata City set up an original certification system to support producers, which is called the "Environmental Meister Programme". The "Environmental Meister Programme" certification focuses on environment and health, but not on a specific field of production, which is quite unique. This
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by 32% in 2020 and by 50% in 2050 compared to 2005. Four major target areas are designated to achieve these reductions: Activities for Environmentally Friendly Living, Development of Environmentally Friendly Industries, Development of a Nature-oriented Ecological Town, Development of The City for
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Part of the goal of Minamata becoming an eco town is to maximize, protect, and integrate the town with the environment. Programs to foster and maintain ecosystems began in 1998. One specific goal is to have forests cover 75% of the city area. Other generalized goals serve to maintain and improve
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Minamata City established a system for certifying craftsmen who attach much importance to the environment in their production activities. This is called the Environment Master System, and commenced in fiscal 1998, before any other city in Japan. This is to improve the status and consciousness of
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Because of its effort to classify garbage, Minamata City has successfully reduced its waste output significantly, from 10,000 tons in 1992 to 8,000 tons in 1994. However, it has become necessary to move beyond garbage classification to garbage reduction due to increasing garbage generation. As a
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At the first school that implemented the school version of environmental ISO, teachers and students made an action plan. Every two weeks, they reflect on their conduct, in order to achieve a lifestyle by which they can conserve and improve the environment. The aim of this project is to make the
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Minamata is striving to implement new and natural energy measures. Sources of natural energy: wind and solar. Wind and solar energy is mostly used for providing energy for buildings and infrastructure. Sources of new energy: bioethanol from bamboo, citrus fruit extract, thinned wood, and other
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Collaborating Centre for Studies on the Health Effects of Mercury Compounds. The Institute seeks to improve medical treatment of Minamata disease patients and conducts research on mercury compounds and their impact on organisms as well as potential detoxification mechanisms. In April, 2008 the
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In respect of envisaged sustainable development, the municipal government addressed environmental challenges along the social ones; A Declaration of the Construction of Eco-City Model was launched in 1992. Subsequently, waste separation by citizens became one of the key activities; today, 24
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Since August 1993, in order to promote recyclable household garbage through sorting, the residents of Minamata City have planned (before any other city in Japan) a detailed garbage classification system; garbage was divided into 21 categories in the fiscal year 1999, and has now reached 24
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was introduced. A national Environmental Agency, which later developed into the Ministry of Environment, was founded in 1971. National governmental expenditures on environmental issues almost doubled between 1970 and 1975 and tripled on the local government level. Business investments in
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As a rule, unless an agreement is made by Kagumeishi District, we prohibit quarrying in forests due to the risk of rock-falls, the outflow of soil and landslides. Quarrying from valleys is also prohibited to prevent the landscape from being spoiled and the outflow of soil caused by
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was established in Minamata. It consists of four departments: The Department of Basic Medical Science, The Department of Clinical Medicine, The Department of Epidemiology and The Department of International Affairs and Environmental Sciences. In 1986, The Institute became a
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disease. Fourteen new environmental laws were passed in a single session, giving Japan what at the time were the most stringent environmental protection laws in the world. These new laws included a Water Pollution Act and nationwide regulations of toxic discharges. The
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Finally the last goal for the industry is Development of a Second Eco-Industrial Housing Complex. With this program the city wants to build an industrial park mostly filled with companies that focus on the environment and the park is now filled with companies like:
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The different companies in the park vary in size and capacity and some companies only process products from Minamata city, while others process products from the region or the country. Part of this park is made possible by subsidies,.
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Concluded "Agreement on Abolition of Plastic Food Trays" with four large retailers in the city. Plastic food trays were prohibited in the sale of 65 items (September 1998). Sales activities have been monitored on a regular basis since
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The Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) established a training program in which participants can learn the lessons of Minamata. At the end of the program, the participants are expected to achieve the following:
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May 2010 Prime Minister Hatoyama was the first Prime Minister to participate in a yearly-held Memorial Service for the Victims of Minamata Disease and to so demonstrate regret on behalf of the national government.
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became remembered as the "Pollution Diet," as the Japanese government took action under the pressure of civil society movements provoked by Minamata disease as well as other two major environmental catastrophes -
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plants. Bioethanol is mostly used for transportation and shipping. JNC Corp is one such bioethanol plant that was established in early 2012 that will produce 100,000 kiloliters/ year of bioethanol from bamboo.
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Minamata tries to develop environmentally friendly industries with three goals. The first topic is producing biomass energy from regional resources. The resources they want to use are citrus fruit, bamboo and
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the roles local governments should play in the preservation and revival of the global environment. There were multiple effects the city hoped to achieve with the implementation of ISO throughout the city:
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different kinds of waste are separated. A Prize for the Environment was established to promote sustainability across Japan and South-East Asia and a prefectural environmental centre was built in Minamata.
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Improvement of the regional image (may give favorable effects at the Local Government Environmental Council, Mansfield Environment International Conference in 2000, Mercury International Meeting in 2001,
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Despite the fact that anti-pollution measures and patient-support programmes started in the 1970s, it took four more decades for the Government to fully admit responsibility and apologize on-site; on 1
445:, a neurological disorder caused by mercury poisoning. The disease was discovered in 1956. A local chemical plant was blamed for causing the disease by emitting untreated wastewater into Minamata Bay.
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discharged effluent containing methyl mercury from their plant in Minamata. Methyl mercury contaminated Minamata Bay and accumulated in fish, which were then consumed by the local population.
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absorption levels of carbon dioxide, and revitalize the sea with abundant marine plant life. Several districts have implemented projects to help create an environmentally symbiotic region:
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Van Berkel, Rene; Fujita, Tsuyoshi; Hashimoto, Shizuka; Geng, Yong (March 2009). "Industrial and urban symbiosis in Japan: Analysis of the Eco-Town program 1997–2006".
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Institute invented a method for adsorbing gaseous mercury in order to prevent air pollution and enable recycling of the metal. For an overview of research in 2012, see
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certification for Environmental Management. In 2001, Minamata became an official Japanese Eco-town. In 2004 and 2005, Minamata won the Japanese Top Eco-City contest.
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Being able to explain how serious, how difficult to overcome, and how important to prevent pollution damages through learning experiences of Minamata City and Japan.
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Being able to explain approaches towards sustainable society through collaboration with residents, enterprises, and governments, following Minamata City as a model.
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islands. Minamata was established as a village in 1889, re-designated as a town in 1912 and grew into a city in 1949. As of March 2017, the city has an estimated
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582,000 m of land was reclaimed. On July 29, 1997, a Minamata Bay Safety Declaration was issued, nets had been removed and the environment was pronounced safe.
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Reduction of costs through energy and resource saving, including lower costs of electricity and paper used at the municipal office and related facilities.
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Engaged in the distribution of free "shopping bags" to households to reduce the use of plastic bags offered at cash registers (November to December 1998).
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Evidence of the misery caused by heavy environmental pollution revealed the downside of Japan's post-war rapid economic development to the global public.
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Being able to explain how local governments promote environmental mind, and how they collaborate with community to conduct environmental education.
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Improvement of ideas and influence on concrete activities of citizens as a result of the acquisition of environmental ISO by the municipal office.
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was not identified as the sought source. It took 9 more years until the government officially acknowledged mercury-containing effluent from local
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Tanaka a glass recycling company that reuses used bottles and makes paving out of the unused ones, with a capacity of 8 million bottles per year.
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In 1996, an International Environment Forum was held in Minamata Cultural Hall. The topic was "Creating a city that is kind to the environment"
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Minamata Environmental Technology Center is a research center that researches and promotes technology transfer with an environmental benefit.
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Have experience in production in consideration of environment and health, including the use of natural materials and elimination of chemicals
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http://www.jica.go.jp/brazil/portuguese/office/courses/pdf/J1200783_-_Environmental_City_Plnning_through_Community_Participation.pdf
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University suspected that an organomercury compound could be the cause. However, paths of transformation of inorganic to organic
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All of the 16 elementary and junior high schools in the city work on the school version of ISO to achieve the following goals:
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Repla-tec recycle waste plastic into resin for furthering manufacturing purposes, accepts all waste plastic from Minamata City.
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Southern Kyushu Tire Recycling collects old tires and makes rubber powder feedstock out of them or other new rubber products
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The first patient with previously unseen neurological symptoms was reported in Minamata in 1956. In 1959, a researcher from
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Have detailed knowledge, experience, technology, etc. in relation to production in consideration of environment and health.
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2148:"De-Growth, or Questions of Subjectivity in Reconstructing Local Autonomy: The Case of Minamata's Environmental Politics"
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chemical plants to be the cause of Minamata disease. Since then, victims of Minamata disease have been compensated by
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2011:
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Prompted one of the large retailers to introduce a point-card system for clients coming with their own shopping bags.
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In 1997, Minamata Bay Safety Declaration was issued and no more restrictions on fishing or consuming fish were valid
1857:"[Ecomap] Minatama City: City-wide Efforts to be a Model Environmental City, Getting Over Minamata Disease"
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A significant step for Minamata City to be recognized by everybody as an international environmental model city.
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Yoshida, Fumikazu (5 January 2007). "Environmental restoration of Minamata: new thinking brings new advances".
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Supported the establishment of the Eco-Shop Certification System and engaged in examination (since April 1999).
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To conserve and pass on to the future generations the beautiful sea, mountains, rivers and air of Minamata.
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We will preserve the waterfront, rivers and streamside forests, the habitats of fireflies and dragonflies.
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http://kitakyushu.iges.or.jp/activities/network_meetings/KIN5/Presentations/Session%20E/E-5_Minamata.pdf
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Minamata disease memorial monument located in the Seaside Park Eco Park of Minamata, Kumamoto Prefecture
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Rationalization of administration and progress of reform as a result of the introduction of the system.
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Act-be Recycling a company that dismantles TVs, air conditioners, washing machines and refrigerators.
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We will take care not to cause disasters when we construct roads or cut down trees in the mountains.
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Lately, Minamata has focused on becoming a model environmental city. In 1999, the city obtained the
2003:
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Panagos, Panos; Jiskra, Martin; Borrelli, Pasquale; Liakos, Leonidas; Ballabio, Cristiano (2021).
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2294:"Environmental Model City, Minamata - Waste reduction, recycle, eco tourism, and ISO performance"
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When we dispose of recyclable garbage, we will make sure to separate it based on city guidelines.
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Have been engaged in production in consideration of environment and health for 5 years or longer.
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actions as practical as possible, so children can easily implement that in their everyday life.
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and both local and national governments, due to the lawsuits won and official relief programs.
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Kiraku Mining Industries recycles waste oils into low-sulfur heavy oil that can be reused.
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According to Japanese census data, this is the population of Minamata in recent years.
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Cultivation of water resources and forests by the residents, revitalization of the sea
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In this target area, Minamata eco-town committed itself to the four following goals:
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Eco-Towns in Japan - Implications and Lessons for Developing Countries and Cities
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Support of small enterprises in the city in the acquisition of environmental ISO.
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In 1968 the discharge of poisonous effluent was ceased due to discontinuation of
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We will reduce over-packaging and try to take as little waste home as possible.
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Engaged in activities in relation to the preservation of the local environment.
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program about pollution in rivers and several programs regarding recycling.
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Changes of ideas on environment and progress in activities of staff members.
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Being able to explain environmental policies in corresponding governorates.
656:, after years of protests and civil resistance, withdrew a plan to build a
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1932:
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Promotion of the reduction, separation and recycling of household garbage
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1884:"Mercury in European topsoils: Anthropogenic sources, stocks and fluxes"
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We will not pollute water resources and will preserve riverside scenery.
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Global Environment Centre Foundation (June 2005). "Eco-Towns in Japan".
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Establishment of natural environmental learning and excursion programs.
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Have detailed knowledge upon pollution, including the Minamata disease.
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896:" we will try to use things for as long as possible by repairing them.
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Have detailed knowledge about environmental problems and preservation.
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We will reduce the amount of household garbage and try to recycle it.
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640:
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Climate data for Minamata, 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1976–present
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RBS a company that makes fertilizer from sewage and other materials.
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Engaged in family ISO certification examination (since October 1999)
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Cultivation of seaweed (kelp) and the reconstruction of kelp farms.
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In 2001, Minamata became an officially recognized Japanese Eco-Town
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Eco-Shop Certification system (Environmental Master Certification)
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2219:. Promotion Division, Environmental Model City Minamata City Hall
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1969:
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were unknown or uncertain at that time and so the effluent from
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Minamata disease attracted global attention in 1972 during the
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Management of "Citizens Forest" and expansion of forest lands.
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Lessons from Minamata Disease and Mercury Management in Japan
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assessment, the certification and the promotion of the ISOs.
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Promoting effects inside and outside by developing personnel.
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419:
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1831:. Global Environment Centre Foundation. 2005. Archived from
2381:"Japan's JNC completes building bamboo-to-bioethanol plant"
1999:
Japan at the Crossroads: Conflict and Compromise after Anpo
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2028:"Environmental Protection Policy in Japan - Introduction"
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system guarantees that certain products are safe to use.
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of 160 persons per km. The total area is 162.88 km.
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for industrial waste in the mountains near Minamata City
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Support for activities in mountainous and coastal areas
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To grow the spirit to be proud of their home Minamata.
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extensive environmental agreement systems seen below:
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We will guard the districts against illegal dumping.
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941:Development of The City for Environmental Learning
790:Development of environmentally friendly industries
586:United Nations Conference on the Human Environment
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16:This article is about the city. For the film, see
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2197:. Environmental Clean Center, Minamata City Hall
980:To cooperate in family and community activities.
955:Developing of a base for environmental learning.
923:Building terraced fields with flowers and fruit.
838:Development of a nature-oriented ecological town
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487:The city is best known as the former site of an
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664:Currently, Minamata employs a plan of reducing
639:In 1999, Minamata City Hall was certified with
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912:Creating an Environmentally Symbiotic Region:
879:We will ensure that districts save clean water
673:Activities for environmentally friendly living
475:Evolution of population of Minamata 1920- 2010
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2245:. Eco-Model City Promosion Division, Minamata
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849:Strengthening relations with the central town
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2240:"Future vision of Minamata - Eco-Model City"
2217:"Final disposal of industrial waste problem"
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2100:"WHO Collaborating Centres Global database"
1991:
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949:Publishing the lessons of Minamata disease.
858:Accelerate the absorption of carbon dioxide
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2268:"(1) Garbage Classification and Recycling"
1954:Minamata Disease - Its History and Lessons
1859:. Japan for Sustainability. Archived from
701:Women's Liaison Meeting for Reducing Waste
499:. From 1932 to 1968, the chemical company
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2079:"National Institute For Minamata Disease"
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865:District Environmental Agreement System:
842:Natural environment preservation sector:
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1960:. Minamata City Planning Division. 2007.
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319:1-1-1 Jinnai, Minamata-shi, Kumamoto-ken
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1982:. Ministry of Environment, Japan. 2011.
677:This target area has three main goals:
594:National Institute for Minamata Disease
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3118:List of mergers in Kumamoto Prefecture
2345:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
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255:162.88 km (62.89 sq mi)
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1995:
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643:, so was the local chemical plant of
629:Other major events and achievements:
22:Minamata: The Victims and Their World
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2057:. Tokyo: United Nations University.
2030:. Ministry of the Environment, Japan
684:Promotion of ISO throughout the city
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2453:Journal of Environmental Management
2195:"About the classification of waste"
2181:"Minamata Disease Municipal Museum"
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1795:(in Japanese). Japan: Minamata City
1793:"Official website of Minamata City"
13:
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933:Utilizing New and Natural Energy:
902:We will make compost from garbage.
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483:Minamata Disease Municipal Museum
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20:. For the 1971 documentary, see
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456:Minamata environmental disaster
2684:Minamata City official website
2669:Minamata population statistics
2020:
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1:
3142:Cities in Kumamoto Prefecture
2465:10.1016/j.jenvman.2008.11.010
2155:The Journal of Social Science
2053:Industrial Pollution in Japan
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761:Eco-Shop Certification system
422:. It is on the west coast of
2002:. Cambridge, Massachusetts:
1908:10.1016/j.envres.2021.111556
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7:
2522:"Future Vision of Minamata"
2102:. World Health Organisation
1543:Average precipitation days
1329:Mean daily minimum °C (°F)
1189:Mean daily maximum °C (°F)
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10:
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3147:Environmental model cities
2146:Nakano, Yoshihiro (2011).
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1016:Surrounding municipalities
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2886:
2810:
2799:
2750:
2734:
2420:10.1007/s11625-006-0017-2
2122:"Espacenet Patent search"
1589:
1542:
1468:
1398:
1328:
1258:
1188:
1118:
1113:
1110:
1107:
1104:
1101:
1098:
1095:
1092:
1089:
1086:
1083:
1080:
1077:
1074:
522:
441:Minamata is known due to
396:
384:
374:
362:
358:
353:
349:
335:
323:
315:
307:
297:
280:
276:144.4/km (374/sq mi)
272:
264:
259:
251:
246:
238:
233:
213:
201:
183:
148:
114:
99:
71:
59:
50:
40:
32:
2643:
2616:
2549:"Eco-Model City Project"
2124:. European Patent Office
2004:Harvard University Press
669:Environmental Learning.
604:website list of research
581:rose dramatically, too.
574:polluter pays principle
558:The 1970 session of the
106:Location of Minamata in
36:
2499:Cite journal requires
1888:Environmental Research
555:
489:environmental disaster
484:
476:
3061:Shimomashiki District
2617:観測史上1～10位の値（年間を通じての値）
1767:"History of Minamata"
920:Creating eco-tourism.
861:Use of natural energy
553:
519:Minamata Convention.
482:
474:
27:City in Kyūshū, Japan
2960:Kamimashiki District
2364:"みなまた環境まちづくり研究会 報告書"
1996:Kapur, Nick (2018).
1119:Record high °C (°F)
1044:Kagoshima Prefecture
493:industrial pollution
273: • Density
3100:Yatsushiro District
2728:Kumamoto Prefecture
1900:2021ER....201k1556P
1399:Record low °C (°F)
1259:Daily mean °C (°F)
1022:Kumamoto Prefecture
416:Kumamoto Prefecture
164: /
108:Kumamoto Prefecture
3137:Minamata, Kumamoto
2644:気象庁 / 平年値（年・月ごとの値）
892:Under the slogan "
692:Garbage collection
579:clean technologies
556:
510:production at the
485:
477:
436:population density
265: • Total
252: • Total
239: • Mayor
168:32.217°N 130.400°E
66:Minamata City Hall
3124:
3123:
2906:Ashikita District
2797:
2796:
2745:
2064:978-92-808-0548-2
1863:on 3 October 2013
1705:
1704:
1652:
1651:
617:Minamata Eco-Town
388:
387:
308:Phone number
242:Toshiharu Takaoka
140:Location in Japan
3154:
2992:Kikuchi District
2894:Amakusa District
2805:
2757:
2756:
2739:
2726:
2716:
2709:
2702:
2693:
2692:
2688:
2671:
2666:
2660:
2659:
2657:
2655:
2639:
2633:
2632:
2630:
2628:
2612:
2606:
2601:
2595:
2590:
2584:
2583:
2581:
2579:
2569:
2563:
2562:
2560:
2558:
2553:
2545:
2536:
2535:
2533:
2531:
2526:
2518:
2509:
2508:
2502:
2497:
2495:
2487:
2483:
2477:
2476:
2459:(3): 1544–1556.
2448:
2442:
2441:
2431:
2403:
2392:
2391:
2389:
2387:
2377:
2371:
2370:
2368:
2360:
2351:
2350:
2344:
2336:
2334:
2333:
2327:
2321:. Archived from
2320:
2312:
2301:
2300:
2298:
2290:
2279:
2278:
2276:
2274:
2264:
2255:
2254:
2252:
2250:
2244:
2235:
2229:
2228:
2226:
2224:
2213:
2207:
2206:
2204:
2202:
2191:
2185:
2184:
2177:
2171:
2170:
2168:
2166:
2152:
2143:
2134:
2133:
2131:
2129:
2118:
2112:
2111:
2109:
2107:
2096:
2090:
2089:
2087:
2085:
2075:
2069:
2068:
2056:
2049:Ui, Jun (1992).
2046:
2040:
2039:
2037:
2035:
2024:
2018:
2017:
1993:
1984:
1983:
1981:
1971:
1962:
1961:
1959:
1949:
1930:
1929:
1919:
1879:
1873:
1872:
1870:
1868:
1853:
1847:
1846:
1844:
1843:
1837:
1830:
1820:
1805:
1804:
1802:
1800:
1789:
1783:
1782:
1780:
1778:
1769:. Archived from
1763:
1719:
1718:
1663:
1662:
1546:
1067:
1066:
666:greenhouse gases
654:Kumamoto Toa IWD
611:
565:Yokkaichi Asthma
495:of the bay with
462:Minamata disease
443:Minamata disease
434:of 25,310 and a
409:
408:
405:
399:
398:
345:
344:
342:Official website
226:
224:
223:
194:
192:
191:
179:
178:
176:
175:
174:
169:
165:
162:
161:
160:
157:
130:
129:
123:
104:
89:
79:
64:
45:
44:
43:
42:
30:
29:
3162:
3161:
3157:
3156:
3155:
3153:
3152:
3151:
3127:
3126:
3125:
3120:
3111:
3073:Tamana District
2882:
2806:
2793:
2746:
2730:
2720:
2686:
2680:
2675:
2674:
2667:
2663:
2653:
2651:
2645:
2641:
2640:
2636:
2626:
2624:
2618:
2614:
2613:
2609:
2602:
2598:
2591:
2587:
2577:
2575:
2571:
2570:
2566:
2556:
2554:
2551:
2547:
2546:
2539:
2529:
2527:
2524:
2520:
2519:
2512:
2500:
2498:
2489:
2488:
2484:
2480:
2449:
2445:
2404:
2395:
2385:
2383:
2379:
2378:
2374:
2366:
2362:
2361:
2354:
2338:
2337:
2331:
2329:
2325:
2318:
2316:"Archived copy"
2314:
2313:
2304:
2296:
2292:
2291:
2282:
2272:
2270:
2266:
2265:
2258:
2248:
2246:
2242:
2236:
2232:
2222:
2220:
2215:
2214:
2210:
2200:
2198:
2193:
2192:
2188:
2179:
2178:
2174:
2164:
2162:
2150:
2144:
2137:
2127:
2125:
2120:
2119:
2115:
2105:
2103:
2098:
2097:
2093:
2083:
2081:
2077:
2076:
2072:
2065:
2047:
2043:
2033:
2031:
2026:
2025:
2021:
2014:
2006:. p. 272.
1994:
1987:
1979:
1973:
1972:
1965:
1957:
1951:
1950:
1933:
1880:
1876:
1866:
1864:
1855:
1854:
1850:
1841:
1839:
1835:
1828:
1822:
1821:
1808:
1798:
1796:
1791:
1790:
1786:
1776:
1774:
1773:on 4 March 2016
1765:
1764:
1751:
1746:
1734:
1713:
1710:
1658:
1653:
1544:
1537:
1532:
1527:
1522:
1517:
1512:
1507:
1502:
1497:
1492:
1487:
1482:
1477:
1463:
1458:
1453:
1448:
1443:
1438:
1433:
1428:
1423:
1418:
1413:
1408:
1403:
1393:
1388:
1383:
1378:
1373:
1368:
1363:
1358:
1353:
1348:
1343:
1338:
1333:
1323:
1318:
1313:
1308:
1303:
1298:
1293:
1288:
1283:
1278:
1273:
1268:
1263:
1253:
1248:
1243:
1238:
1233:
1228:
1223:
1218:
1213:
1208:
1203:
1198:
1193:
1183:
1178:
1173:
1168:
1163:
1158:
1153:
1148:
1143:
1138:
1133:
1128:
1123:
1064:
1018:
1013:
943:
840:
792:
763:
730:
703:
694:
675:
619:
609:
525:
469:
464:
458:
406:
393:
340:
339:
303:
221:
219:
189:
187:
173:32.217; 130.400
172:
170:
166:
163:
158:
155:
153:
151:
150:
144:
143:
142:
141:
138:
137:
136:
135:
131:
110:
95:
94:
93:
92:
83:
82:
67:
55:
46:
38:
37:
35:
28:
25:
18:Minamata (film)
12:
11:
5:
3160:
3150:
3149:
3144:
3139:
3122:
3121:
3116:
3113:
3112:
3110:
3109:
3108:
3107:
3097:
3096:
3095:
3090:
3085:
3080:
3070:
3069:
3068:
3058:
3057:
3056:
3051:
3046:
3041:
3036:
3031:
3026:
3021:
3016:
3006:
3005:
3004:
2999:
2989:
2988:
2987:
2982:
2977:
2972:
2967:
2957:
2956:
2955:
2950:
2945:
2940:
2935:
2930:
2920:
2919:
2918:
2913:
2903:
2902:
2901:
2890:
2888:
2884:
2883:
2881:
2880:
2875:
2870:
2865:
2860:
2855:
2850:
2845:
2840:
2835:
2830:
2825:
2820:
2814:
2812:
2808:
2807:
2800:
2798:
2795:
2794:
2792:
2791:
2786:
2781:
2776:
2771:
2765:
2763:
2754:
2748:
2747:
2735:
2732:
2731:
2719:
2718:
2711:
2704:
2696:
2690:
2689:
2679:
2678:External links
2676:
2673:
2672:
2661:
2634:
2607:
2596:
2585:
2564:
2537:
2510:
2501:|journal=
2478:
2443:
2393:
2372:
2352:
2302:
2280:
2256:
2238:Kawano, Eiji.
2230:
2208:
2186:
2172:
2135:
2113:
2091:
2070:
2063:
2041:
2019:
2012:
1985:
1963:
1931:
1874:
1848:
1806:
1784:
1748:
1747:
1745:
1742:
1741:
1740:
1738:Hisashi Eguchi
1733:
1732:Notable people
1730:
1729:
1728:
1709:
1706:
1703:
1702:
1699:
1696:
1693:
1690:
1687:
1683:
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1657:
1654:
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1649:
1642:
1641:
1634:
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1630:
1627:
1624:
1621:
1618:
1615:
1612:
1609:
1606:
1603:
1600:
1597:
1594:
1592:sunshine hours
1587:
1586:
1583:
1580:
1577:
1574:
1571:
1568:
1565:
1562:
1559:
1556:
1553:
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1140:
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1120:
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1115:
1112:
1109:
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1103:
1100:
1097:
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1091:
1088:
1085:
1082:
1079:
1076:
1072:
1071:
1065:
1063:
1060:
1059:
1058:
1057:
1056:
1051:
1041:
1040:
1039:
1034:
1029:
1017:
1014:
1012:
1009:
1004:
1003:
1000:
997:
994:
982:
981:
978:
975:
960:
959:
956:
953:
950:
942:
939:
931:
930:
927:
924:
921:
910:
909:
906:
903:
900:
897:
890:
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884:
880:
877:
874:
863:
862:
859:
856:
853:
850:
839:
836:
831:
830:
827:
824:
821:
818:
815:
812:
791:
788:
787:
786:
783:
780:
777:
774:
771:
762:
759:
758:
757:
754:
751:
748:
745:
742:
738:
729:
726:
725:
724:
721:
718:
715:
712:
702:
699:
693:
690:
689:
688:
685:
682:
674:
671:
662:
661:
650:
647:
637:
634:
618:
615:
524:
521:
468:
465:
460:Main article:
457:
454:
386:
385:
382:
381:
376:
372:
371:
364:
360:
359:
356:
355:
351:
350:
347:
346:
337:
333:
332:
327:
321:
320:
317:
313:
312:
309:
305:
304:
301:
299:
295:
294:
284:
278:
277:
274:
270:
269:
266:
262:
261:
257:
256:
253:
249:
248:
244:
243:
240:
236:
235:
231:
230:
217:
211:
210:
205:
199:
198:
185:
181:
180:
146:
145:
139:
133:
132:
125:
124:
118:
117:
116:
115:
112:
111:
105:
97:
96:
90:
84:
80:
74:
73:
72:
69:
68:
65:
57:
56:
51:
48:
47:
33:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3159:
3148:
3145:
3143:
3140:
3138:
3135:
3134:
3132:
3119:
3114:
3106:
3103:
3102:
3101:
3098:
3094:
3091:
3089:
3086:
3084:
3081:
3079:
3076:
3075:
3074:
3071:
3067:
3064:
3063:
3062:
3059:
3055:
3052:
3050:
3047:
3045:
3042:
3040:
3037:
3035:
3032:
3030:
3027:
3025:
3022:
3020:
3017:
3015:
3012:
3011:
3010:
3009:Kuma District
3007:
3003:
3000:
2998:
2995:
2994:
2993:
2990:
2986:
2983:
2981:
2978:
2976:
2973:
2971:
2968:
2966:
2963:
2962:
2961:
2958:
2954:
2951:
2949:
2946:
2944:
2941:
2939:
2936:
2934:
2931:
2929:
2926:
2925:
2924:
2921:
2917:
2914:
2912:
2909:
2908:
2907:
2904:
2900:
2897:
2896:
2895:
2892:
2891:
2889:
2885:
2879:
2876:
2874:
2871:
2869:
2866:
2864:
2861:
2859:
2856:
2854:
2851:
2849:
2846:
2844:
2841:
2839:
2836:
2834:
2831:
2829:
2826:
2824:
2821:
2819:
2816:
2815:
2813:
2809:
2804:
2790:
2787:
2785:
2782:
2780:
2777:
2775:
2772:
2770:
2767:
2766:
2764:
2762:
2758:
2755:
2753:
2749:
2743:
2738:
2733:
2729:
2725:
2717:
2712:
2710:
2705:
2703:
2698:
2697:
2694:
2687:(in Japanese)
2685:
2682:
2681:
2670:
2665:
2650:
2646:
2638:
2623:
2619:
2611:
2605:
2600:
2594:
2589:
2574:
2568:
2550:
2544:
2542:
2523:
2517:
2515:
2506:
2493:
2482:
2474:
2470:
2466:
2462:
2458:
2454:
2447:
2439:
2435:
2430:
2425:
2421:
2417:
2413:
2409:
2402:
2400:
2398:
2382:
2376:
2365:
2359:
2357:
2348:
2342:
2328:on 2016-03-04
2324:
2317:
2311:
2309:
2307:
2295:
2289:
2287:
2285:
2269:
2263:
2261:
2241:
2234:
2218:
2212:
2196:
2190:
2182:
2176:
2160:
2156:
2149:
2142:
2140:
2123:
2117:
2101:
2095:
2080:
2074:
2066:
2060:
2055:
2054:
2045:
2029:
2023:
2015:
2013:9780674988484
2009:
2005:
2001:
2000:
1992:
1990:
1978:
1977:
1970:
1968:
1956:
1955:
1948:
1946:
1944:
1942:
1940:
1938:
1936:
1927:
1923:
1918:
1913:
1909:
1905:
1901:
1897:
1893:
1889:
1885:
1878:
1862:
1858:
1852:
1838:on 2016-03-04
1834:
1827:
1826:
1819:
1817:
1815:
1813:
1811:
1794:
1788:
1772:
1768:
1762:
1760:
1758:
1756:
1754:
1749:
1739:
1736:
1735:
1726:
1722:
1717:
1712:
1711:
1708:Sister cities
1700:
1697:
1694:
1691:
1688:
1685:
1684:
1680:
1677:
1674:
1671:
1668:
1665:
1664:
1661:
1648:
1643:
1640:
1635:
1631:
1628:
1625:
1622:
1619:
1616:
1613:
1610:
1607:
1604:
1601:
1598:
1595:
1593:
1590:Mean monthly
1588:
1584:
1581:
1578:
1575:
1572:
1569:
1566:
1563:
1560:
1557:
1554:
1551:
1548:
1541:
1535:
1530:
1525:
1520:
1515:
1510:
1505:
1500:
1495:
1490:
1485:
1480:
1475:
1472:
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1136:
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1073:
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1055:
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1047:
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1035:
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1024:
1023:
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986:
979:
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948:
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946:
938:
934:
928:
925:
922:
919:
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904:
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895:
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848:
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835:
828:
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822:
819:
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804:
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784:
781:
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775:
772:
769:
768:
767:
755:
752:
749:
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739:
736:
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734:
728:Promoting ISO
722:
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592:In 1978, the
590:
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560:Japanese Diet
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149:Coordinates:
147:
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113:
109:
103:
98:
88:
78:
70:
63:
58:
54:
49:
31:
23:
19:
2923:Aso District
2852:
2838:Kami-Amakusa
2664:
2654:February 16,
2652:. Retrieved
2637:
2627:February 16,
2625:. Retrieved
2610:
2599:
2588:
2576:. Retrieved
2567:
2555:. Retrieved
2528:. Retrieved
2492:cite journal
2481:
2456:
2452:
2446:
2411:
2407:
2384:. Retrieved
2375:
2330:. Retrieved
2323:the original
2271:. Retrieved
2247:. Retrieved
2233:
2221:. Retrieved
2211:
2199:. Retrieved
2189:
2175:
2163:. Retrieved
2158:
2154:
2126:. Retrieved
2116:
2104:. Retrieved
2094:
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2073:
2052:
2044:
2032:. Retrieved
2022:
1998:
1975:
1953:
1891:
1887:
1877:
1865:. Retrieved
1861:the original
1851:
1840:. Retrieved
1833:the original
1824:
1797:. Retrieved
1787:
1775:. Retrieved
1771:the original
1727:, since 1996
1659:
1473:mm (inches)
1005:
987:
983:
969:
965:
961:
944:
935:
932:
914:
911:
867:
864:
844:
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832:
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801:
793:
764:
731:
704:
695:
676:
663:
628:
624:
620:
607:
591:
583:
557:
541:acetaldehyde
526:
517:
508:acetaldehyde
505:
486:
447:
440:
403:Minamata-shi
390:
389:
368:Rhododendron
366:
311:0966-63-1111
2928:Minamioguni
2573:"ICIS News"
2408:Sustain Sci
2273:November 3,
414:located in
298:Postal code
171: /
3131:Categories
2878:Yatsushiro
2578:19 October
2557:19 October
2530:19 October
2429:2115/53272
2386:18 October
2332:2012-10-17
2249:14 October
2223:14 October
2201:14 October
2165:13 October
2128:11 October
2106:11 October
2084:11 October
2034:13 October
1894:: 111556.
1867:11 October
1842:2012-10-11
1777:11 October
1744:References
1656:Demography
1645:Source 2:
1637:Source 1:
1545:(≥ 1.0 mm)
797:food waste
491:caused by
432:population
426:and faces
260:Population
234:Government
215:Prefecture
2948:Nishihara
2943:Minamiaso
2887:Districts
2833:Hitoyoshi
2438:154124824
2414:: 85–93.
2161:: 119–143
1725:Australia
1721:Devonport
1011:Geography
894:mottainai
883:freshets.
652:In 2008,
641:ISO 14001
569:Itai-itai
450:ISO 14001
287:UTC+09:00
282:Time zone
3044:Mizukami
2938:Takamori
2911:Ashikita
2853:Minamata
2752:Kumamoto
2737:Kumamoto
2473:19101071
2341:cite web
1926:34171371
1799:29 April
1632:2,001.7
1538:(87.49)
1508:(16.17)
1503:(18.26)
1469:Average
1184:(100.6)
1159:(100.6)
1027:Ashikita
658:landfill
529:Kumamoto
391:Minamata
302:867-8555
228:Kumamoto
159:130°24′E
134:Minamata
34:Minamata
3078:Gyokutō
3029:Yunomae
3019:Nishiki
3014:Asagiri
2975:Mashiki
2965:Kashima
2953:Ubuyama
2916:Tsunagi
2899:Reihoku
2843:Kikuchi
2818:Amakusa
2774:Higashi
2742:capital
1917:8503384
1896:Bibcode
1701:23,580
1536:2,222.1
1533:(3.16)
1528:(3.89)
1523:(3.84)
1518:(8.35)
1513:(9.16)
1498:(7.37)
1493:(5.64)
1488:(5.12)
1483:(3.73)
1478:(2.80)
1464:(18.7)
1459:(26.2)
1454:(32.0)
1449:(38.5)
1444:(48.2)
1439:(63.7)
1434:(63.0)
1429:(52.3)
1424:(44.2)
1419:(31.3)
1414:(27.7)
1409:(23.2)
1404:(18.7)
1394:(55.2)
1389:(40.1)
1384:(49.1)
1379:(58.6)
1374:(68.9)
1369:(78.3)
1364:(73.9)
1359:(66.9)
1354:(58.6)
1349:(50.5)
1344:(43.0)
1339:(37.8)
1334:(36.7)
1324:(62.5)
1319:(47.8)
1314:(57.0)
1309:(66.4)
1304:(75.7)
1299:(81.3)
1294:(80.1)
1289:(73.2)
1284:(67.3)
1279:(59.5)
1274:(51.6)
1269:(46.0)
1264:(44.2)
1254:(71.1)
1249:(56.1)
1244:(65.8)
1239:(75.6)
1234:(84.6)
1229:(90.1)
1224:(88.0)
1219:(81.0)
1214:(76.8)
1209:(69.1)
1204:(60.3)
1199:(54.3)
1194:(51.8)
1179:(74.5)
1174:(82.8)
1169:(91.2)
1164:(98.6)
1154:(97.2)
1149:(94.6)
1144:(91.4)
1139:(84.7)
1134:(80.8)
1129:(75.7)
1124:(72.1)
1062:Climate
1037:Tsunagi
845:Goals:
533:mercury
497:mercury
467:History
428:Amakusa
354:Symbols
336:Website
325:Climate
316:Address
184:Country
156:32°13′N
91:Chapter
3105:Hikawa
3093:Nankan
3088:Nagomi
3083:Nagasu
3066:Misato
3049:Sagara
3034:Itsuki
3024:Taragi
2997:Kikuyō
2985:Yamato
2980:Mifune
2873:Yamaga
2858:Tamana
2811:Cities
2784:Minami
2471:
2436:
2061:
2010:
1924:
1914:
1698:25,411
1695:26,978
1692:29,120
1689:31,147
1686:32,842
1629:129.3
1626:149.0
1623:185.1
1620:178.3
1617:223.4
1614:202.3
1611:131.2
1608:194.8
1605:184.9
1602:168.2
1599:135.6
1596:119.5
1585:124.6
1075:Month
645:Chisso
610:
545:Chisso
537:Chisso
523:Legacy
512:Chisso
501:Chisso
424:Kyūshū
379:Sakura
363:Flower
268:23,580
225:
208:Kyūshū
203:Region
193:
3054:Yamae
2933:Oguni
2848:Kōshi
2789:Nishi
2761:Wards
2552:(PDF)
2525:(PDF)
2434:S2CID
2367:(PDF)
2326:(PDF)
2319:(PDF)
2297:(PDF)
2243:(PDF)
2151:(PDF)
1980:(PDF)
1958:(PDF)
1836:(PDF)
1829:(PDF)
1681:2020
1573:10.2
1570:10.9
1567:12.4
1564:15.4
1558:10.7
1555:11.7
1516:212.1
1511:232.6
1506:410.7
1501:463.8
1496:187.2
1491:143.3
1486:130.1
1114:Year
1054:Izumi
741:etc.)
711:then.
420:Japan
410:is a
196:Japan
3039:Kuma
2970:Kōsa
2823:Arao
2779:Kita
2769:Chūō
2656:2022
2629:2022
2580:2012
2559:2012
2532:2012
2505:help
2469:PMID
2388:2012
2347:link
2275:2012
2251:2012
2225:2012
2203:2012
2167:2012
2130:2012
2108:2012
2086:2012
2059:ISBN
2036:2012
2008:ISBN
1922:PMID
1869:2012
1801:2017
1779:2012
1678:2015
1675:2010
1672:2005
1669:2000
1666:1995
1582:8.8
1579:8.6
1576:7.5
1561:9.7
1552:9.8
1549:8.9
1531:80.2
1526:98.8
1521:97.5
1481:94.7
1476:71.1
1462:−7.4
1457:−3.2
1437:17.6
1432:17.2
1427:11.3
1417:−0.4
1412:−2.4
1407:−4.9
1402:−7.4
1392:12.9
1377:14.8
1372:20.5
1367:25.7
1362:23.3
1357:19.4
1352:14.8
1347:10.3
1322:17.0
1312:13.9
1307:19.1
1302:24.3
1297:27.4
1292:26.7
1287:22.9
1282:19.6
1277:15.3
1272:10.9
1252:21.7
1247:13.4
1242:18.8
1237:24.2
1232:29.2
1227:32.3
1222:31.1
1217:27.2
1212:24.9
1207:20.6
1202:15.7
1197:12.4
1192:11.0
1182:38.1
1177:23.6
1172:28.2
1167:32.9
1162:37.0
1157:38.1
1152:36.2
1147:34.8
1142:33.0
1137:29.3
1132:27.1
1127:24.3
1122:22.3
1111:Dec
1108:Nov
1105:Oct
1102:Sep
1099:Aug
1096:Jul
1093:Jun
1090:May
1087:Apr
1084:Mar
1081:Feb
1078:Jan
1032:Kuma
567:and
412:city
375:Tree
247:Area
81:Flag
53:City
3002:Ōzu
2868:Uto
2863:Uki
2828:Aso
2649:JMA
2622:JMA
2461:doi
2424:hdl
2416:doi
1912:PMC
1904:doi
1892:201
1647:JMA
1639:JMA
1452:0.0
1447:3.6
1442:9.0
1422:6.8
1387:4.5
1382:9.5
1342:6.1
1337:3.2
1332:2.6
1317:8.8
1267:7.8
1262:6.8
1049:Isa
599:WHO
397:水俣市
330:Cfa
291:JST
41:水俣市
3133::
2647:.
2620:.
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2496::
2494:}}
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2157:.
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1966:^
1934:^
1920:.
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