Military history of the Mi'kmaq

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statements. The Mi'kmaq leaders who represented their people in the Halifax negotiations in 1760 had clear goals: to make peace, establish secure and well-regulated trade in commodities such as furs, and begin an ongoing friendship with the British crown. In return, they offered their own friendship and a tolerance of limited British settlement, although without any formal land surrender. To fulfill the reciprocity intended by the Mi'kmaq, Ried argues that any additional British settlement of land would have to be negotiated, and accompanied by giving presents to the Mi'kmaq. (There was a long history of Europeans giving Mi'kmaq people presents to be accommodated on their land, starting with the first colonial contact.) The documents summarizing the peace agreements failed to establish specific territorial limits on the expansion of British settlements, but assured the Mi'kmaq of access to the natural resources that had long sustained them along the regions' coasts and in the woods. Their conceptions of land use were quite different. The Mi'kmaq believed they could share the land, with the British growing crops, and their people hunting as usual and getting to the coast for seafood.

2087: 2412: 2289: 2841:. The Acadians arrived in about 20 schooners and small boats. Along with the French, they continued up river to draw the British fleet closer to the Acadian community of Pointe-à-la-Batterie, where they were ready to launch a surprise attack on the English. The Acadians sunk a number of their vessels to create a blockade, upon which the Acadian and Mi'kmaq fired at the ships. On 27 of June, the British succeeded in maneuvering just beyond the chain of sunken ships. Once the British were range of the battery, they fired on the battery. This skirmish lasted all night and was repeated with various breaks from 28 June to 3 July, when the British overwhelmed Pointe à la Batterie, burning 150 to 200 buildings which made up the Acadian village community at Pointe à la Batterie. 2919:

that the Mi'kmaq were not in a position of military strength after the defeat of the French. He argues that without a supply of guns and ammunition, the Mi'kmaq lost their ability to fight and to hunt for food. As a result, the British were able to define themselves the terms of the Treaties. Patterson identifies the Halifax Treaties define the relationship between the Mi'kmaq and the British. While the Treaties do not stipulate the laws governing land and resources, the treaties ensured that both parties would follow the laws that would eventually be made to deal with these matters and any other matters. The British, accepted a continuing role for existing Miꞌkmaw polities within the limits of British sovereignty."

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May. The tide being low at that time, many of the principal inhabitants of the town, on these occasions, assembled on the shore of the North West Arm and partook of a dish of clam soup, the clams being collected on the spot at low water. There is a tradition that during the American troubles when agents of the revolted colonies were active to gain over the good people of Halifax, in the year 1786, were celebrating St. Aspinquid, the wine having been circulated freely, the Union Jack was suddenly hauled down and replaced by the Stars and Stripes. This was soon reversed, but all those persons who held public offices immediately left the grounds, and St. Aspinquid was never after celebrated at Halifax.

2120:. Broussard and the others killed twenty settlers—mutilating men, women, children and babies—and took more prisoner. A sergeant was also killed and his body mutilated. They destroyed the buildings. Captain William Clapham and sixty soldiers were on duty and fired from the blockhouse. The British killed six Mi'kmaq warriors, but were only able to retrieve one scalp that they took to Halifax. Those at a camp at Dartmouth Cove, led by John Wisdom, assisted the settlers. Upon returning to their camp the next day they found the Mi'kmaq had also raided their camp and taken a prisoner. All the settlers were scalped by the Mi'kmaq. The British took what remained of the bodies to Halifax for burial in the 2044: 1373: 2789: 2512: 1849:, the following year the Mi'kmaq militia from Île-Royale raiding various British outposts in Newfoundland in August 1745. They attacked several British houses, taking 23 prisoners. The following spring the Mi'kmaq began to take 12 of the prisoners to a rendezvous point close to St. John's, en route to Quebec. The British prisoners managed to kill their Mi'kmaq captors at the rendezvous site near St. John. Two days later, another group of Mi'kmaq took the remaining 11 British prisoners to the same rendezvous point. Discovering the fate of the Mi'kmaq captors, the other Mi'kmaq killed the remaining 11 British prisoners. 3053: 1808:

taken prisoner. The Indians were said to have cut open Donahew's chest, sucked his blood, then eaten parts of him and his five companions. This tale significantly heightened the sense of gloom and frustration settling over the fortress. On July 19, the 12-gun provincial cruiser of Donavan's the Resolution sailed slowly into the harbour with her colours flying at half-mast. The horrifying tale of the fate of her captain, David Donahew, and five crew members spread rapidly through the fortress. Miꞌkmaw fighters remained outside Louisbourg, striking at those who went for firewood or food.

2562: 2688: 3337:- both could not have been in Halifax in 1758 as indicated. Laurent was not seeking peace in 1758. Throughout the war Laurent fought the British and did not surrender until 29 February 1760 at Fort Cumberland. The only evidence of Chief Paul being in Halifax after 1755 is when he travels there over the following weeks to sign a peace treaty on March 10, 1760. (See March 10, 1750. Chief Paul and Governor Lawrence. Andrew Browns Manuscripts. British Museum. Further, Cope could not have died before the Siege of Louisbourg because French Officer 1496: 2647: 3077: 7440: 443: 2821:

Cope and two others, while Chief Cope's party killed five of the British supporters. Shortly after Cope's death, Mi'kmaq chiefs signed a peace treaty in Halifax on 10 March 1760. Chief Laurent signed on behalf of the Lahave tribe and a new chief, Claude Rene, signed on behalf of the Shubenacadie tribe. (During this time of surrender and treaty making, tensions among the various factions who were allied against the British were evident. For example, a few months after the death of Cope, the Mi'kmaq militia and

2772:. The British came ashore at Anse de la Cormorandiere and "continuous fire was poured upon the invaders". The Mi'kmaq and Acadian militias fought the Rangers until the latter were supported by Scott and James Wolfe, which led to the militias retreat. Seventy of the militia were captured and 50 others scalped. The Mi'kmaq and Acadian militias killed 100 British, some of whom were wounded and drowned. On June 16, 50 Mi'kmaq returned to the cove and took 5 seaman captive, firing at the other British marines. 2258: 1788: 1700: 1249:

missing hunting party and were ambushed by the Mi'kmaq/Maliseet militia. They killed nine of the Iroquois, leaving 29 warriors who retreated to their camp on Riviere Trois Pistoles. The Mi'kmaq/Maliseet militia divided into two companies and attacked the remaining Iroquois warriors. The battle left 3 Maliseet warriors dead and many others wounded. The Mi'kmaq/Maliseet militia was victorious, however, killing all but six of the Iroquois, whom they took prisoner and later tortured and killed.

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preparation for the next assault at low tide. The Iroquois were again repulsed and retreated to the mainland with the rising tide. By the following morning, the tide was again low and the Iroquois made their final approach. They had prepared arrows that carried fire which burned down the fortification and wiped out the Mi'kmaq. Twenty Iroquois were killed and thirty wounded in the battle. The Iroquois divided into two companies to return to their canoes on the Bouabouscache River.

2862: 2853:). They created blockade with schooners at Pointe aux Sauvages. On July 7, British commander Byron spent the day getting rid of the battery at Pointe aux Sauvages and later returned to the task of destroying the Machault. By the morning of July 8, the Scarborough and the Repulse were in range of the blockade and face to face with the Machault. The British made two attempts to defeat the batteries and the militias held out. On the third attempt, they were successful. 2242:. In 1753, when Lawrence became governor, the Mi'kmaq attacked again upon the sawmills near the South Blockhouse on the Northwest Arm, where they killed three British. The Mi'kmaq made three attempts to retrieve the bodies for their scalps. On the otherside of the harbour in Dartmouth, in 1753, there were reported only to be five families, all of whom refused to farm for fear of being attacked if they left the confines of the picketed fence around the village. 1240:

had been slaughtered by the Mi'kmaq/Maliseet militia. The following morning, the 38 Iroquois warriors left their camp, killing twelve of their own wounded who would not be able to survive the long journey back to their village. Ten of the Mi'kmaq/Maliseet stayed with the stolen canoes and provisions while the remaining 15 pursued the Iroquois. The Mi'kmaq/Maliseet militia pursued the Iroquois for three days, killing eleven of the wounded Iroquois stragglers.

7427: 2025:, Gorham and his men found all the houses deserted. Seeing a group of Mi'kmaq hiding in the bushes on the opposite shore, the Rangers opened fire. The skirmish deteriorated into a siege, with Gorham's men taking refuge in a sawmill and two of the houses. During the fighting, the Rangers suffered three wounded, including Gorham, who sustained a bullet in the thigh. As the fighting intensified, a request was sent back to Fort Sackville for reinforcements. 2064:

persons were taken prisoner to Grand Pre for five months. Another author, Thomas Akins, puts the month of this raid in July and writes that there were six British attacked, two were scalped and four were taken prisoner and never seen again. Shortly after this raid, Cornwallis learned that the Mi'kmaq had received payment from the French at Chignecto for five prisoners taken at Halifax as well as prisoners taken earlier at Dartmouth and Grand Pre.

1721:. Within a week of the arrival of the news of war a military expedition to Canso was agreed upon, and on 23 May, a flotilla left Louisbourg harbour. In this same month British Captain David Donahue of the Resolution took prisoner the chief of the Mi'kmaq people of Île-Royale Jacques Pandanuques with his family to Boston and killed him. Donahue used the same strategy of posing as a French ship to entrap Chief Pandanuques as he does in the 1223:

before the morning attack. They evacuated 30 of the infirm and elderly and about 200 Mi'kmaq left their encampment on the shore and retreated to an island in the bay. They took cover in a cave on the island and covered the entrance with branches. The Iroquois arrived at the village in the morning. Finding it vacated, they divided into search parties but failed to find the Mi'kmaq until the morning of the next day.

1654:). Captain Penhallow discharged musketry from a small guard, wounding three of the Indians and killing another. This defense gave the inhabitants of the village time to retreat into the fort. In full possession of the undefended village, the Indians killed fifty head of cattle and set fire to twenty-six houses outside the fort. The Indians then assaulted the fort, killing one New Englander. Georgetown was burned. 522: 455: 1566:). Shortly after he established himself, in July 1715, the Mi'kmaq raided the station and burned it to the ground. In July 1715, two of the Boston merchants who had had their fishing vessels seized off Cape Sable by the Mi'kmaq under renegade Joseph Mius reported that "the Indians say the Lands are theirs and they can make Warr and peace when they please...." In response, Southack led a raid on 1579: 2615:), where two men were killed and a house burned. The same day they raided Sheepscot (Newcastle), and took five prisoners. Two were killed in North Yarmouth on May 29 and one taken captive. They shot one person at Teconnet. They took prisoners at Fort Halifax; two prisoners taken at Fort Shirley (Dresden). They took two captive at New Gloucester as they worked on the local fort. 44: 2708:

blockhouse at LaHave, Nova Scotia. Almost two weeks later, on 11 September, a child was killed in a raid on the Northwest Range. Another raid happened on 27 March 1759, in which three members of the Oxner family were killed. The last raid happened on 20 April 1759. The Mi'kmaq killed four settlers at Lunenburg who were members of the Trippeau and Crighton families.

2383:. Over the next nine years over 12,000 Acadians were removed from Nova Scotia. The Acadians were scattered across the Atlantic, in the Thirteen Colonies, Louisiana, Quebec, Britain, and France. Very few eventually returned to Nova Scotia. During the various campaigns of the expulsion, the Acadian and Native resistance to the British intensified. 2680:) when five people were killed from the Ochs and Roder families. By the end of May 1758, most of those on the Lunenburg Peninsula abandoned their farms and retreated to the protection of the fortifications around the town of Lunenburg, losing the season for sowing their grain. For those that did not leave their farms for the town, the 1992: 1826:. The English did not dry any fish on the east coast of Acadia for fear of being killed by the Mi'kmaq. By the end of 1745, French reports were clear that, "the English have been deterred from forming any settlement in Acadia solely by the dread of these Indians" and that the French see themselves under native "protection". 2538:. In March 1758, forty Acadian and Mi'kmaq attacked a schooner at Fort Cumberland and killed its master and two sailors. In the winter of 1759, the Mi'kmaq ambushed five British soldiers on patrol while they were crossing a bridge near Fort Cumberland. They were ritually scalped and their bodies mutilated as was common in 2534:), was ambushed and nine were scalped. In the April 1757, after raiding Fort Edward, the same band of Acadian and Mi'kmaq partisans raided Fort Cumberland, killing and scalping two men and taking two prisoners. On 20 July 1757, Mi'kmaq killed 23 and captured two of Gorham's rangers outside Fort Cumberland near present-day 1972:

firing on them. The Natives then captured Lieutenant John Hamilton and eighteen soldiers under his command, while surveying the fort's environs. After the British soldiers were captured, the native and Acadian militias made several attempts over the next week to lay siege to the fort before breaking off the engagement.

2159:. (The treaty was signed officially on 22 November 1752.) Cope was unsuccessful in getting support for the treaty from other Mi'kmaq leaders. Cope burned the treaty six months after he signed it. Despite the collapse of peace on the eastern shore, the British did not formally renounce the Treaty of 1752 until 1756. 1771:. Pote was taken to the Maliseet village Aukpaque on the Saint John River. While at the village, Mi'kmaq from Nova Scotia arrived and, on 6 July 6 1745, tortured him and a Mohawk ranger from Gorham's company named Jacob, as retribution for the killing of their family members by Ranger John Gorham during the 3398:

Among the annual festivals of the old times, now lost sight of, was the celebration of St. Aspinquid's Day, known as the Indian Saint. St. Aspinquid appeared in the Nova Scotia almanacs from 1774 to 1786. The festival was celebrated on or immediately after the last quarter of the moon in the month of

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happened in 1710. Over the next forty-five years the Acadians refused to sign an unconditional oath of allegiance to Britain. During this time period Acadians participated in various militia operations against the British and maintained vital supply lines to the French Fortress of Louisbourg and Fort

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In August 1750, 353 people arrived on the Alderney and began the town of Dartmouth. The town was laid out in the autumn of that year. The following month, on September 30, 1750, Dartmouth was attacked again by the Mi'kmaq and five more residents were killed. In October 1750 a group of about eight men

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of 1713. Acadia was defined as mainland-Nova Scotia by the French. Present-day New Brunswick and most of Maine remained contested territory, while New England conceded Île St Jean and Île Royale; present-day Prince Edward Island and Cape Breton respectively, as French territory. On the latter island,

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The Mi'kmaq/Maliseet militia had stolen most of the Iroquois canoes. Leaving twenty wounded behind at the site, 50 Iroquois went to find their hidden provisions. Unable to find their supplies, at the end of the day they returned to the camp, finding that the 20 wounded soldiers that had stayed behind

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happened in the spring of 1534, 100 Iroquois warriors massacred a group of 200 Mi'kmaq camped on Massacre Island in the St. Lawrence River. Bae de Bic was an annual gathering place for the Mi'kmaq along the St. Lawrence. Mi'kmaq scouting parties notified the village of the Iroquois attack the evening

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Historian's differ on the meaning of the Treaties. Historian Stephen Patterson indicates that the Halifax Treaties established a lasting peace on the basis that the Mi'kmaq surrendered and chose to uphold the rule of law through the British courts rather than resorting to violence. Patterson reports

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and five others to St. Aspinquid's Chapel to negotiate peace with the British. Chief Paul Laurent had just arrived in Halifax after surrendering to the British at Fort Cumberland on 29 February 1760. In early March 1760, the two parties met and engaged in armed conflict. Chief Larent's party killed

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Oral history indicates that a Samuel Rogers led a massacre against a Mi'kmaq village at Rogers Point (present-day Point Prim), Digby in the autumn of 1759. Daniel Paul (2006) and Jon Tattrie (2013) have repeated the account as historical fact. Paul has described it as the "Last overt act of genocide

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In December 1757, while cutting firewood near Fort Anne, the Mi'kmaq warriors captured John Weatherspoon and carried him away to the mouth of the Miramichi River. From there he was eventually sold or traded to the French and taken to Quebec, where he was held until late in 1759 and the Battle of the

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April, the two British prisoners killed six Mi'kmaq and managed to escape. Stephen Patterson reports the attack happened on the coast between Country Harbour and Tor Bay. Whitehead reports the location was a little harbour to the westward of Torbay, "Martingo", "port of Mocodome". Beamish Murdoch in

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The following spring, on March 26, 1751, the Mi'kmaq attacked again, killing fifteen settlers and wounding seven, three of which would later die of their wounds. They took six captives, and the regulars who pursued the Mi'kmaq fell into an ambush in which they lost a sergeant killed. Two days later,

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during the war. The first raid happened in October 1750, while in the woods on peninsular Halifax, Mi'kmaq scalped two British people and took six prisoner: Cornwallis' gardener, his son were tortured and scalped. The Mi'kmaq buried the son while the gardener's body was left behind and the other six

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cutting trees near a saw mill. Four of them were killed on the spot, one was taken prisoner and one escaped. Two of the men were scalped and the heads of the others were cut off. Major Gilman and others in his party escaped and gave the alarm. A detachment of rangers was sent after the raiding party

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During the French and Indian War, the British sought to neutralize any military threat Acadians and Mi'kmaq militias posed within Nova Scotia but particularly to the northern New England border in Maine. The British wanted to prevent future attacks from the Wabanaki Confederacy, French and Acadians

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In 1752, the Mi'kmaq attacks on the British along the coast, both east and west of Halifax, were frequent. Those who were engaged in the fisheries were compelled to stay on land because they were the primary targets. In early July, New Englanders killed and scalped two Mi'kmaq girls and one boy off

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The treaty that ended the war marked a significant shift in European relations with the Mi'kmaq and Maliseet. For the first time a European empire formally acknowledged that its dominion over Nova Scotia would have to be negotiated with the region's indigenous inhabitants. The treaty was invoked as

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In early July 1724, a militia of sixty Mi'kmaq and Maliseet raided Annapolis Royal. They killed and scalped a sergeant and a private, wounded four more soldiers, and terrorized the village. They also burned houses and took prisoners. The British responded by executing one of the Mi'kmaq hostages on

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During the 1724 Northeast Coast campaign, assisted by the Mi'kmaq from Cape Sable Island, the natives also engaged in a naval campaign. In just a few weeks, they had captured 22 vessels, killing 22 New Englanders and taking more prisoner. They also made an unsuccessful siege of St. George's Fort in

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That night Colonel Walton and Captain Harman arrived with thirty men, to which were joined about forty men from the fort under Captains Penhallow and Temple. The combined force of seventy men attacked the natives but were overwhelmed by their numbers. The New Englanders then retreated back into the

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Tradition indicates that there was war in the 16th century between the Kwedech (the St. Lawrence Iroquois) and the Mi'kmaq. The great Mi'kmaq chief Ulgimoo led his people. The conflict was eventually settled through a peace treaty after the Mi'kmaq were successful in removing the Kwedech out of the

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On 15 July, Boishebert arrived with Acadian and Mi'kmaq militias and attacked Captain Sutherland and the Rogers' Rangers posted at Northeast harbour. When Scott and Wolfe's reinforcements arrived, 100 Rangers from McCurdey and Brewer's Companies were sent to track them down. They only captured one

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In the siege of Louisbourg, Acadian and Mi'kmaq militias began to arrive in Louisboug around 7 May 1758. By the end of the month 118 Acadians arrived and about 30 Mi'kmaq from Ile St. Jean and the Miramachi. Boishebert arrived in June with 70 more Acadia militia members from Isle Saint-Jean and 60

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These descriptions of Samuel Rogers leave the credibility of the story in serious doubt. Samuel Rogers and this expedition could not have been related to Rogers' Rangers because there were no Rogers' Rangers in Nova Scotia in the autumn of 1759. There were only four companies of Rogers' Rangers to

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Two months later, on 27 November 1749, 300 Mi'kmaq, Maliseet, and Acadians attacked Fort Vieux Logis, recently established by the British in the Acadian community of Grand Pre. The fort was under the command of Captain Handfield. The Native and Acadian militia killed the sentries (guards) who were

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after a siege of six weeks. Weeks after the fall of Louisbourg, Donahew and Fones again engaged Marin, who was now nearing the Strait of Canso. Donahew and 11 of his men put ashore and were immediately surrounded by 300 Indians. The captain and five of his men were slain and the remaining six were

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Shortly after the Battle at Bouabouscache River, the retreating Iroquois set up camp on the Riviere Trois Pistoles to build canoes to return to their village. An Iroquois hunting party was sent to hunt for food. The Mi'kmaq/Maliseet militia killed the hunting party. The Iroquois went to find their

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Cornwallis' official report mentioned that four settlers were killed and six soldiers taken prisoner. (Governor Cornwallis to Board of Trade, letter, June 24, 1751.) John Wilson reported that fifteen people were killed immediately, seven were wounded, three of whom would die in hospital; six were

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dismisses the Treaties language about Mi'kmaq "submission" to the British crown, he believes that the Mi'kmaq intended a friendly and reciprocal relationship. He asserts his interpretation is based on what is known of the surrounding discussions, combined with the strong evidence of later Mi'kmaq

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were present including Acadian militia. Without any result from their efforts, the number of Mi'kmaq and Acadians who showed the following year were much lower. The precedent for such a decline in numbers was set in the two attacks that happened in the siege of Annapolis, the Mi'kmaq and Acadians

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on 24 August 1758, when eight Mi'kmaq attacked the family homes of Lay and Brant. While they killed three people in the raid, the Mi'kmaq were unsuccessful in taking their scalps, which was the common practice for payment from the French. Two days, later, two soldiers were killed in a raid on the

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In 1751, there were two attacks on blockhouses surrounding Halifax. Mi'kmaq attacked the North Blockhouse (located at the north end of Joseph Howe Drive) and killed the men on guard. Mi'kmaq also attacked near the South Blockhouse (located at the south end of Joseph Howe Drive), at a sawmill on a

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Just prior to Battle at Bae de Bic, the Iroquois warriors had left their canoes and hid their provisions on the Bouabousche River, which the Mi'kmaq scouts had discovered and recruited assistance from 25 Maliseet warriors. The Mi'kmaq and Maliseet militia ambushed the first company of Iroquois to

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and had a crew of four. The Mi'kmaq fired on them and drove them toward the shore. Other natives joined in and boarded the schooner, forcing them to run their vessel into an inlet. The Mi'kmaq killed and scalped two of the British and took two others captive. After seven weeks in captivity, on 8

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officially declared war on 22 July 1722. The first battle of Father Rale's War happened in the Nova Scotia theatre. In response to the blockade of Annapolis Royal, at the end of July 1722, New England launched a campaign to end the blockade and retrieve over 86 New England prisoners taken by the

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stated that the Mi'kmaq have the advantage of "no settlement or place of abode, but wandering from place to place in unknown and, therefore, inaccessible woods, is so great that it has hitherto rendered all attempts to surprise them ineffectual". Leadership on both sides of the conflict employed

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In 1715, the Mi'kmaq were told that the British now claimed their ancient territory by the Treaty of Utrecht, in which the Mi'kmaq were not involved. They formally complained to the French commander at Louisbourg about the French king transferring the sovereignty of their nation when he did not

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As their military power waned in the beginning of the nineteenth century, the Mi'kmaq people made explicit appeals to the British to honour the treaties and reminded them of their duty to give "presents" (i.e., rent) to the Mi'kmaq in order to occupy Mi'kma'ki. In response, the British offered

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The Mi'kmaq saw the founding of Halifax without negotiation as a violation of earlier agreements with the British. On 24 September 1749, the Mi'kmaq formally declared their hostility to the British plans for settlement without more formal negotiations. On 30 September 1749, about forty Mi'kmaq

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and Chevalier, from their location of Manawoganish island, ambushed the crews of four English vessels. Some of the English were coming ashore in a long boat to get firewood. A native killed five of the nine men in the boat. The Mi'kmaq burned the vessel under the direction of Father Florentine

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The Mi'kmaq warriors defended the tribe against the first Iroquois assault. Initially, after many had been wounded on both sides, with the rising tide, the Mi'kmaq were able to repulse the assault and the Iroquois retreated to the mainland. The Mi'kmaq prepared a fortification on the island in

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wrote that "In the year 1757 we were said to be Masters of the province of Nova Scotia, or Acadia, which, however, was only an imaginary possession … " He continues to state that the situation in the province was so precarious for the British that the "troops and inhabitants" at Fort Edward,

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In 1754, the British unilaterally established Lawrencetown. In late April 1754, Beausoleil and a large band of Mi'kmaq and Acadians left Chignecto for Lawrencetown. They arrived in mid-May and in the night opened fire on the village. Beausoleil killed and scalped four British settlers and two

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ever fight in the colony and they departed on 6 June 1759 and were never in the western region of the colony. As well, had there been a military officer of equal stature to George Scott in the colony, certainly there would be official records that support his existence, when there is not.

2218:. On board were nine British men and one Acadian (Casteel), who was the pilot. The Mi'kmaq killed and scalped the British and let the Acadian off at Port Toulouse, where the Mi'kmaq sank the schooner after looting it. In August 1752, the Mi'kmaq at Saint Peter's seized the schooners 2943:

began to arrive in Mi'kmaki (the Maritimes) in greater numbers, economic, environmental and cultural pressures were put on the Mi'kmaq with the erosion of the intent of the treaties. The Mi'kmaq tried to enforce the treaties through threat of force. At the beginning of the

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identifies Mocodome as present-day "Country Harbour". The Mi'kmaq claimed the British schooner was accidentally shipwrecked and some of the crew drowned. They also indicated that two men died of illness while the other killed the six Mi'kmaq despite their hospitality. The

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New Englanders came ashore at Pointe Platee (Flat Point) during the siege of 1745. In 1757 and again in 1758, the Natives and Acadian militias were stationed at the potential landing beaches of Pointe Platee and one further away Anse d la Cormorandiere (Kennington Cove).

2542:. During the night of 4 April 1759, using canoes, a force of Acadians and French captured the transport. At dawn they attacked the ship Moncton and chased it for five hours down the Bay of Fundy. Although the Moncton escaped, its crew suffered one killed and two wounded. 1815:. The Campaign began when, on 19 July, Mi'kmaq from Nova Scotia, Maliseet and some from St. Francois attacked Fort St. George (Thomaston) and New Castle. They set fire to numerous buildings; killed cattle and took one villager captive. They also killed a person at Saco. 2086: 1557:

Native people saw no reason to accept British pretensions to rule Nova Scotia. There was an attempt by the British after the war to settle outside of Mi'kmaq accommodation of the British trading posts at Canso and Annapolis. On 14 May 1715, New England naval commander

3221:. The tribes ranged from present-day northern and eastern New England in the United States to the Maritime Provinces of Canada. At the time of contact with the French (late 16th century), they were expanding from their maritime base westward along the Gaspé Peninsula/ 3044:, arrived in the area and battled with the Mi'kmaq. One Mi'kmaq was killed and 16 were taken prisoner to Quebec. The prisoners were eventually brought to Halifax, where they were later released upon signing the Oath of Allegiance to the British Crown on 28 July 1779. 1510:, the Mi'kmaq militias participated again in defending Mi'kmaki against the migration of the British into the region. Again, they made numerous raids along the Acadia/ New England border. They made numerous raids on New England settlements along the border in the 2736:(500 rangers) were at Dartmouth from 8 April to 28 May, awaiting the siege of Louisbourg. While there they scoured the woods to stop raids on the capital. Despite the presence of the Rangers, in April the Miꞌkmaq returned 7 prisoners and 16 scalps to Louisbourg. 1752:. Lacking heavy weapons, the Indians withdrew after a few days. Then, in mid-August, a larger French force arrived before Fort Anne, but was also unable to mount an effective attack or siege against the garrison, which was relieved by the New England company of 2760:

Mi'kmaq militia. On 2 June, The British vessels arrived and the militias went to their defensive positions on the shore. The 200 British vessels waited for six days, until the weather conditions were right, before they attacked on June 8. Four companies of

1360:. Over a period of seventy-five years, during six wars in Mi'kma'ki (Acadia and Nova Scotia), the Mi'kmaq fought to keep the British from taking over the region. The first war where there is evidence of widespread participation of the Mi'kmaq militias was 1661:

During their return to Norridgewock the natives attacked Fort Richmond. Fort Richmond was attacked in a three-hour siege. Houses were burned and cattle slain, but the fort held. Brunswick and other settlements near the mouth of the Kennebec were burned.

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was sent to relieve the fort. When he arrived, the militia had already departed with the prisoners. The prisoners spent several years in captivity before being ransomed. There was no fighting over the winter months, which was common in frontier warfare.

2634:). While the former siege was unsuccessful, in the latter raid on Munduncook, they wounded eight British settlers and killed others. This was Boishébert's last Acadian expedition. From there, Boishebert and the Acadians went to Quebec and fought in the 2371:

Within Acadia, the British also wanted to interrupt the vital supply lines Acadians provided to Louisbourg by deporting Acadians from Acadia. Defeating Louisbourg, would also mean defeating the ally which provided the Mi'kmaq ammunition to fight.

1290:(1614–1615) (Tarrantine being the New England term for Mi'kmaq) happened in current day Maine, in which the Pawtucket Tribe supported the former. This led later to retaliatory raids by the Tarrantines on the Pawtucket and Agawam (Ipswich) Tribes. 2724:

in 1757. In each raid, Gautier took prisoners or scalps or both. The last raid happened in September and Gautier went with four Mi'kmaq and killed and scalped two British men at the foot of Citadel Hill. (Pierre went on to participate in the

4975:

A genuine narrative of the transactions in Nova Scotia since the settlement, June 1749, till August the 5th, 1751: in which the nature, soil, and produce of the country are related, with the particular attempts of the Indians to disturb the

3014:, Colonel Allan's untiring effort to gain the friendship and support of the Maliseet and Mi'kmaq for the Revolution was somewhat successful. There was a significant exodus of Maliseet from the St John River to join the American forces at 3064:

charity or, the word most often used by government officials, "relief". The British said the Mi'kmaq must give up their way of life and begin to settle on farms. Also, they were told they had to send their children to British schools (

1756:. Gorham led his native rangers in a surprise raid on a nearby Mi'kmaq encampment. They killed and mutilated the bodies of women and children. The Mi'kmaq withdrew and Duvivier was forced to retreat back to Grand Pre on October 5. 2109:

went out "to take their diversion; and as they were fowling, they were attacked by the Indians, who took the whole prisoners; scalped ... with a large knife, which they wear for that purpose, and threw him into the sea ..."

2474:). This Samuel Rogers was never connected to Rogers' Rangers and he died in 1831. Had he lived until he was age 90, he would have only been age 18 when he reached George Scott's stature and led the charge on the village. 2398:

against the British. According to Louisbourg account books, by late 1756, the French had regularly dispensed supplies to 700 Natives. From 1756 to the fall of Louisbourg in 1758, the French made regular payments to Chief

1177:, the militias were dormant throughout the nineteenth century, while the Mi'kmaq people used diplomatic efforts to have the local authorities honour the treaties. After confederation, Mi'kmaq warriors eventually joined 7063: 3094:. On 11 March 1916, James Glode of Liverpool River became first Mi'kmaq to join the war. In 1939, World War II began and over 250 Miꞌkmaq volunteered. In 1950, over 60 Miꞌkmaq enlisted to serve in the Korean War. 1861:

in 1710, Nova Scotia remained primarily occupied by Catholic Acadians and Mi'kmaq. To prevent the establishment of Protestant settlements in the region, Mi'kmaq raided the early British settlements of present-day

2844:

The militias retreated and re-grouped with the French frigate Machault. They sunk more schooners to create another blockade. They created two new batteries, one on the South shore at Pointe de la Mission (today

3419:

Parmenter, John; Robison, Mark Power (April 2007). "The Perils and Possibilities of Wartime Neutrality on the Edges of Empire: Iroquois and Acadians between the French and British in North America, 1744–1760".

3384:

Historian William Wicken notes that there is controversy about this assertion. While there are claims that Cope made the treaty on behalf of all the Miꞌkmaq, there is no written documentation to support this

7081:

Annals of Yarmouth and Barrington (Nova Scotia) in the Revolutionary War; compiled from original manuscripts, etc., contained in the office of the secretary of the Commonwealth, State House, Boston, Mass

2195:

officials did not believe the Mi'kmaq account of events. The Mi'kmaq account of this attack was that the two English died of natural causes and the other two killed six of the Mi'kmaq for their scalps.

6540: 1882:

with 13 transports on June 21, 1749. By unilaterally establishing Halifax, historian William Wicken asserts the British were violating earlier treaties with the Mi'kmaq (1726), which were signed after

1522:, Pisiquid and Chignecto. In the summer of 1705, Mi'kmaq killed a fisherman gathering "wood off Cape Sables." A few years later, defeated in the siege of Pemaquid, Captain March made an unsuccessful 2032:'s and Captain St. Loe's Regiments, equipped with two field guns, to join Gorham at Piziquid. The additional troops and artillery turned the tide for Gorham and forced the Mi'kmaq to withdraw. 2455:

The story is said to have originated from someone who participated in the raid under the leadership of Samuel Rogers. The oral history indicates that Rogers was an active member of the famous

1886:. The British quickly began to build other settlements. To guard against Mi'kmaq, Acadian, and French attacks on the new Protestant settlements, British fortifications were erected in Halifax 1236:

arrive at the site. They killed ten and wounded five of the Iroquois warriors before the second company of Iroquois arrived and the Mi'kmaq/Maliseet militia retreated to the woods unharmed.

1909:

Within 18 months of establishing Halifax, the British also took firm control of peninsula Nova Scotia by building fortifications in all the major Acadian communities: present-day Windsor (

2269:

soldiers. By August, as the raids continued, the residents and soldiers were withdrawn to Halifax. By June 1757, the settlers had to be withdrawn completely again from the settlement of

3022:(8 miles (13 km) below Woodstock) for Machias. The party arrived at a very opportune moment for the Americans, and afforded material assistance in the defence of that post during 1391:, the Mi'kmaq militia participated in defending against the British migration toward Mi'kmaki. They fought, with the support of their Wabanaki and French allies, the British along the 2672:

put a bounty on Mi'kmaq scalps. Following the raid of 1756, in 1757, there was a raid on Lunenburg in which six people from the Brissang family were killed. The following year, the

1736:

on 23 May. In response, Governor Shirley of Massachusetts declared war against the Mi'kmaq and put a bounty out for their scalps. The Mi'kmaq and French then organized an attack on

2470:

The Samuel Rogers of the oral tradition could not be the same Samuel Rogers who was later a member of the House of Assembly in 1775 (who was famous for becoming a leader in the

3254:

wrote that the French were the cause of the epidemic. In contrast, Father Malliard claims that the epidemic was the result of the Mi'kmaq purchasing infected trade goods from

3030:

on 13–15 August. The British did only minimal damage to the place, and the services of the Indians on the occasion earned for them the thanks of the council of Massachusetts.

1482:. They destroyed almost every English settlement in Newfoundland, over 100 English were killed, many times that number captured, and almost 500 deported to England or France. 2888:(1725). The nation historically consisted of seven districts, which was later expanded to eight with the ceremonial addition of Great Britain at the time of the 1749 treaty. 4079:

Acadia at the End of the Seventeenth Century: Letters, Journals and Memoirs of Joseph Robineau de Villebon, Commandant in Acadia, 1690-1700, and Other Contemporary Documents

1834: 486: 5554:

Plank, Geoffrey (1998). "The Changing Country of Anthony Casteel: Language, Religion, Geography, Political Loyalty, and Nationality in Mid-Eighteenth Century Nova Scotia".

1395:

in southern Maine which was the natural boundary between Acadia and New England. Toward this end, the Mi'kmaq militia and the Maliseet operated from their headquarters at

2486:, killing thirteen British soldiers. After loading with what provisions they could carry, they set fire to the building. A few days later, the same partisans also raided 2463:. This Samuel Rogers is also said to be the same one who was later a member of the House of Assembly of Nova Scotia for Sackville (present-day Sackville, New Brunswick). 1164:

were signed (1760–1761). In the nineteenth century, the Mi'kmaq "boasted" that, in their contest with the British, the Mi'kmaq "killed more men than they lost". In 1753,

3329:

None of the oral accounts give the exact date of the battle. Awalt is left to speculate about the date of the battle, which he asserts might be in May 1758 just before

2996:. (These Mi'kmaq delegates did not officially represent the Miꞌkmaw government, although many individual Mi'kmaq did privately join the Continental army as a result.) 17: 1680:

As a result of the raid, three blockhouses were built to protect the town. The Acadian church was moved closer to the fort so that it could be more easily monitored.

1554:

possess it. They were only then informed that the French had claimed legal possession of their country for a century, on account of laws decreed by kings in Europe.

1116: 7029: 2356:.) The British saw the Acadians' allegiance to the French and the Wabanaki Confederacy as a military threat. Father Le Loutre's War had created the conditions for 3353:

erroneously asserts that "the record shows Cope was still alive in the 1760s, which indicates he may have lived to a ripe old age", The last record of Cope is by

2035:

Gorham proceeded to present-day Windsor and forced Acadians to dismantle their church—Notre Dame de l'Assomption—so that Fort Edward could be built in its place.

1518:), Major Benjamin Church went on his fifth and final expedition to Acadia. He raided present-day Castine, Maine and then continued on by conducting raids against 2433:

rebelled against the British crew. After fighting off an attack by another British vessel on 9 February 1756, the Acadians took 8 British prisoners to Quebec.

2411: 6547: 2747:

Acadian militias participated in the defense of Louisbourg in 1757 and 1758. In preparation of a British assault on Louisbourg in 1757, all the tribes of the

2576:(established 1754) because the number of Indian raids eventually prevented settlers from leaving their houses. On 30 July 1757, Mi'kmaq fighters killed three 7013:

Johnston, John. The Acadian Deportation in a Comparative Context: An Introduction. Royal Nova Scotia Historical Society: The Journal. 2007. pp. 114–131

1837:, it returned to France in tatters without reaching its objective. The disease of the crew, in turn, spread throughout the Mi'kmaq tribes killing hundreds. 7411: 3611:

A short statement of facts relating to the history, manners, customs, language and literature of the Micmac tribe of Indians in Nova-Scotia and P.E. Island

3316:

Awalt bases his account on stories from 17 separate Miꞌkmaq accounts from 11 different locations in Nova Scotia. This oral tradition was also recorded by

7406: 7109: 3333:. The evidence contradicts this assertion and suggests that the date was more likely March 1760. The two main players of the conflict - Paul Laurent and 6866: 1803:(and had earlier killed the Mi'kmaq chief of Cape Breton). In 1745, British colonial forces conducted the siege of Port Toulouse (St. Peter's) and then 5921: 7506: 3098: 479: 2415: 2387: 7166: 935: 895: 7531: 7511: 7501: 5606:

The Foreign Protestants and the Settlement of Nova Scotia: The History of a Piece of Arrested British Colonial Policy in the Eighteenth Century

3825: 985: 3097:

The Treaties, which the Mi'kmaq militias fought for during the colonial period, did not gain legal status until they were enshrined into the

2716:

On 2 April 1756, Mi'kmaq received payment from the Governor of Quebec for 12 British scalps taken at Halifax. Acadian Pierre Gautier, son of

2105:

There were six raids on Dartmouth during this time period. In July 1750, the Mi'kmaq killed and scalped 7 men who were at work in Dartmouth.

1109: 1084: 855: 7309: 4402: 1550:

to guard the sea approaches to Quebec. In 1712, the Mi'kmaq captured over twenty New England fishing vessels off the coast of Nova Scotia.

472: 3903:

Bourque, Bruce J.; Whitehead, Ruth Holmes (Autumn 1985). "Tarrentines and the introduction of European trade goods in the Gulf of Maine".

2329: 3748:

A Memoir of Jacques Cartier, Sieur de Limoilou, his Voyages to the St. Lawrence, a Bibliography and a Facsimile of the Manuscript of 1534

2961: 7496: 7481: 3366:

Paul Laurent's biographer Michael Johnston notes that another chief from La Heve signed another treaty with the English on 9 Nov. 1761.

2288: 835: 7491: 7486: 7391: 3065: 2573: 2270: 2121: 1899: 2368:

saw it, Acadian civilians had provided intelligence, sanctuary, and logistical support while others had fought against the British.

2116:

Two months later, on 13 May 1751, Broussard led sixty Mi'kmaq and Acadians to attack Dartmouth again, in what would be known as the

7516: 7476: 7466: 4562:

An Account Of The Customs And Manners Of The Micmakis And Maricheets Savage Nations, Now Dependent On The Government Of Cape-Breton

1102: 1079: 1005: 503: 2124:. Douglas William Trider list the 34 people who were buried in Halifax between 13 May – 15 June 1751; four of whom were soldiers. 7132: 7102: 3019: 2669: 2361: 1776: 1396: 7401: 4775: 4484: 4344: 4172: 3887: 3869: 1748:

in early July. Annapolis had received news of the war declaration, and was somewhat prepared when the Indians began besieging

6978: 6724: 6690: 6400: 5762: 5450: 5415: 5382: 5312: 5050: 5001: 4956: 4917: 4810: 4518: 4475: 4271: 4220: 4112: 4077: 4058: 3949: 3692: 3553: 3470: 3080: 2328:

on the northern New England border. (There was a long history of these attacks from Acadia—see the Northeast Coast Campaigns

1631: 657: 3627:

Judge Morris' account of the Acadians, drawn up in 1753, with causes of the failure of the British settlement in Nova Scotia

3375:

Chief Joseph Labrador of Lunenburg supported Chief Cope. He survived the battle and continued his raids on British settlers.

3086:

In 1914, over 150 Mi'kmaq men signed up during World War I. During the war, thirty-four out of sixty-four male Mi'kmaq from

3037:

attacked and plundered some of the British in the area. The following month, British Captain Augustus Harvey, in command of

7396: 6901:

Thomas Akins Papers related to the French encroachment on Nova Scotia (1749–1754), and the War in North America (1754–1761)

4871: 4626:

The Journal of Captain William Pote, Jr., during his Captivity in the French and Indian War from May, 1745, to August, 1747

2341: 2304: 915: 153: 6665: 1274:

and his wife in 1619 at Mystic Fort. The remaining family had been sent off to safe haven. Nanapashemet's death ended the

7526: 7521: 7430: 6569: 1957:

and cut off the heads of two Mi'kmaq and scalped one. This raid was the first of eight against Dartmouth during the war.

6161: 2249:. Throughout 1753, French authorities on Cape Breton Island were paying Mi'kmaq warriors for the scalps of the British. 7156: 7095: 6188:

History of Thomaston, Rockland, and South Thomaston, Maine, from their First Exploration, 1605; with Family Genealogies

5170: 4659: 2907:

between the British and the Miꞌkmaq (1760-1761). (In commemoration of these treaties, Nova Scotians annually celebrate

1775:. On July 10, Pote witnessed another act of revenge when the Mi'kmaq tortured a Mohawk ranger from Gorham's company at 1424: 3997: 7360: 7072: 7056: 5732: 4852: 4688: 4438: 3769: 4784: 3018:. On Sunday, 13 July 1777, a party of between 400 and 500 men, women, and children, embarked in 128 canoes from the 1717:

first, on 3 May 1744, and the forces there wasted little time in beginning hostilities, which would become known as

173: 7365: 7334: 7214: 7176: 6778: 6166: 5631: 4540: 3168: 3163: 2869: 2495: 1683:

In 1725, sixty Abenaki and Mi'kmaq launched another attack on Canso, destroying two houses and killing six people.

1153: 905: 845: 422: 4163: 1643: 1610:, with the intent of starving the capital. The natives captured 18 fishing vessels and prisoners from present-day 7536: 7183: 6952: 3158: 2353: 2349: 2345: 2337: 2333: 1812: 1772: 1760: 1511: 764: 577: 513: 427: 193: 103: 6121: 3514: 2695:

During the summer of 1758, there were four raids on the Lunenburg Peninsula. On 13 July 1758, one person on the

1744:. However, French forces were delayed in departing Louisbourg, and their Mi'kmaq and Maliseet allies decided to 1059: 412: 6969:

A Great and Noble Scheme: The Tragic Story of the Expulsion of the French Acadians from Their American Homeland

4043:

The History of the State of Maine: from its First Discovery, A.D. 1602, to the Separation, A.D. 1820, Inclusive

3146: 2873: 1973: 1768: 1478:. After the siege of Pemaquid, d'Iberville led a force of 124 Canadians, Acadians, Mi'kmaq, and Abenaki in the 1443: 63: 6524: 6516: 6508: 6500: 6492: 6484: 6350: 4759: 2973: 2422: 2099: 2022: 1879: 1800: 1722: 1531: 1475: 1322: 975: 724: 627: 335: 221: 3341:

indicated that he saw Cope at Miramichi after the Siege of Louisbourg when Johnstone was en route to Quebec.

1925:. Cobequid remained without a fort.) There were numerous Mi'kmaq and Acadian raids on these fortifications. 7137: 2603:, the Mi'kmaq and the Maliseet raided numerous New England villages. At the end of April 1755, they raided 2500: 2426: 2380: 2239: 2178: 1922: 1891: 1846: 1737: 1015: 607: 6646: 6005: 313: 7279: 6783: 6171: 5636: 4545: 3717: 3138: 2765: 2623: 2588: 2565: 2460: 2133: 1830: 1602:

took 22 Miꞌkmaq hostage at Annapolis Royal to prevent the capital from being attacked. In July 1722, the

1455: 1420: 1302: 1035: 547: 397: 6882:

Scott, Tod (2016). "Miꞌkmaw Armed Resistance to British Expansion in Northern New England (1676–1761)".

4143:

Scott, Tod (2016). "Miꞌkmaw Armed Resistance to British Expansion in Northern New England (1676–1761)".

3814: 2911:

on October 1.) Despite the treaties, the British continued to build fortifications in the province (see

2043: 2002:

The following spring, on 18 March 1750, John Gorham and his Rangers left Fort Sackville (at present day

1372: 7370: 7259: 7147: 7118: 6900: 6897:

Morrison, Alvin H.. Membertou's Raid on the Chouacoet "Almouchiquois" – The Micmac Sack of Saco in 1607

5651: 3746: 3625: 3330: 3087: 3000: 2993: 2850: 2703:

was killed and another seriously wounded by a member of the Labrador family. The next raid happened at

2550: 2440:

About 50 or 60 Acadians who escaped the initial deportation are reported to have made their way to the

2320: 1887: 1858: 1804: 1703: 1527: 1523: 1454:

again. In the lead up to this battle in Fundy Bay, on 5 July, 140 natives (Mi'kmaq and Maliseet), with

1174: 1064: 945: 787: 617: 557: 526: 345: 211: 143: 4577: 4494: 3578: 3462:

We Were not the Savages: Micmac Perspectives on the Collision of European and Aboriginal Civilizations

2976:. The treaty established a military alliance between the United States and the St. John's and Mi'kmaq 2903:

Mi'kmaq. After agreeing to several peace treaties, the seventy-five year period of war ended with the

2444:

region (which included south western Nova Scotia). From there, they participated in numerous raids on

7249: 5611: 3011: 3004: 2801: 2793: 2681: 2673: 2483: 2376: 2308: 2129: 2011: 1910: 1871: 1823: 1479: 1025: 965: 690: 677: 667: 647: 355: 93: 7007: 6619: 5894: 5673: 3647: 3609: 7324: 3102: 3090:, Prince Edward Island enlisted in the armed forces, distinguishing themselves particularly in the 3034: 3023: 2969: 2957: 2912: 2908: 2665: 2650: 2619: 2611:) and through the neighbouring towns destroying the plantations. On 13 May, they raided Frankfort ( 2487: 2471: 2117: 2081: 1944: 1934: 1903: 1658:

fort. Viewing further attacks on the fort as useless, the Indians eventually retired up the river.

1471: 1467: 1463: 1451: 1404: 1146: 925: 597: 417: 291: 251: 83: 5059: 4710: 3970: 2788: 7375: 7264: 6192: 6116: 5024: 4246: 3091: 2977: 2940: 2777: 2704: 2677: 2635: 2546: 2535: 2292: 2174: 2095: 1833:

to recover Acadia in 1746. Beset by storms, disease, and finally the death of its commander, the

1796: 1562:

attempted to create a permanent fishing station at a place he named "Cape Roseway" (now known as

1165: 995: 754: 133: 6218: 3052: 7319: 7314: 7219: 7171: 7161: 6849: 6007:

An Historical Journal of the Campaigns in North-America for the Years 1757, 1758, 1759 and 1760

5442: 5436: 3338: 3242:

The Nova Scotia theatre of the Dummer War is named the "Miꞌkmaq–Maliseet War" by John Grenier.

2717: 2700: 2661: 2584: 2445: 2300: 1996: 1895: 1863: 1563: 1447: 1157: 797: 774: 231: 123: 7077:

Webster, John Clarence. The career of the Abbé Le Loutre in Nova Scotia (Shediac, N.B., 1933),

5370: 5115: 4842: 4412: 4324: 4297: 3849: 3672: 2511: 1799:

were thwarted from helping to protect Louisbourg by Captain Donahew, who defeated them in the

587: 241: 7304: 7254: 7229: 7224: 7193: 6988: 6597: 5944: 5872: 5432: 4752: 4678: 4508: 4236: 4210: 4100: 4041: 4037: 3939: 3537: 2948:, many Mi'kmaq and Maliseet tribes were supportive of the Americans against the British. The 2838: 2826: 2739:

In July 1759, Mi'kmaq and Acadians kill five British in Dartmouth, opposite McNabb's Island.

2726: 2527: 2316: 2052: 2048: 1677:

the same spot the sergeant was killed. They also burned three Acadian houses in retaliation.

1611: 1591: 1436: 1388: 1361: 1298: 955: 365: 325: 7020:

Ships of war lost on the coast of Nova Scotia and Sable Island during the eighteenth century

5604: 5230: 4535: 4002:. The Atlantic Policy Congress of First Nations Chiefs. Amherst, Nova Scotia. Archived from 3460: 2664:

settlement nine times over a three-year period during the war. Boishebert ordered the first

2526:

The Acadians and Mi'kmaq also resisted in the Chignecto region. They were victorious in the

2273:

because the number of Native raids eventually prevented settlers from leaving their houses.

7294: 7244: 5626: 5038: 4991: 4560: 3835: 3795: 3255: 2985: 2936: 2885: 2809: 2748: 2215: 2007: 2003: 1953: 1883: 1718: 1587: 1432: 1428: 1416: 1412: 1408: 1334: 1330: 1318: 744: 530: 73: 7471: 1499: 113: 8: 7289: 7234: 7080: 6910: 4973: 4704: 4240: 3515:"26 August 1726: A Case Study in Miꞌkmaq-New England Relations in the Early 18th Century" 3124: 2949: 2945: 2900: 2805: 2365: 2152: 1986: 1819: 1753: 1714: 1538: 1507: 1198: 875: 865: 567: 407: 281: 271: 163: 7299: 6186: 5018: 3702: 2687: 2561: 2257: 7329: 6993: 6962: 6941: 6760: 6607: 5959: 5882: 5661: 5571: 5388: 4118: 3920: 3698: 3635: 3590: 3559: 3334: 3222: 3114: 3057: 2965: 2892: 2817: 2761: 2733: 2577: 2456: 2400: 2211: 2182: 2168: 2156: 2028:

Responding to the call for assistance on 22 March, Governor Cornwallis ordered Captain

2015: 1966: 1867: 1745: 1666: 1615: 1595: 1567: 1287: 1194: 1173:

non-combatants (e.g., families). After some engagements against the British during the

1142: 734: 301: 261: 4780:. Vol. II. Halifax, Nova Scotia: James Barnes, Printer and Publisher. p. 95. 2752:

appearing in much less numbers for the second assault after the first one had failed.

1495: 7068: 7052: 6974: 6967: 6957:. Collections of the Nova Scotia Historical Society. Vol. 17 (1913). pp. 63–110. 6945: 6773: 6720: 6686: 6396: 6048: 5938: 5758: 5728: 5575: 5446: 5411: 5378: 5308: 5046: 4997: 4952: 4913: 4848: 4806: 4746: 4684: 4624: 4514: 4471: 4434: 4267: 4216: 4108: 3945: 3688: 3549: 3466: 3440: 3433: 3142: 2631: 2441: 2421:

The Acadians and Mi'kmaq fought in the Annapolis region. They were victorious in the

2277: 2261: 2205: 1875: 1542: 1519: 1515: 1314: 1219: 885: 5392: 4709:. Vol. III. Salem, Massachusetts: G.M. Whipple & A.A. Smith. 1861. p. 3971:"Indian Raids in New England and Essex County & Colonial Militia in Indian Wars" 3357:. The Chief of the Shebenacadie was replaced in 1760, indicating that Cope was dead. 2646: 2021:

Arriving at about noon on 20 March at the Acadian village of Five Houses beside the

1902:(1754). There were numerous Miꞌkmaw and Acadian raids on these villages such as the 7344: 7339: 7142: 6933: 5563: 3912: 3884: 3866: 3680: 3429: 3076: 3038: 2904: 2654: 2627: 2280:

was captured by a Mi'kmaq raiding party in 1754 and held captive for three months.

2148: 1914: 1559: 1399:

on the Saint John River. They joined the New France expedition against present-day

1342: 1294: 1161: 700: 637: 375: 5861:(1 & 2). Translated by Reader, Karen Theriot. La Société historique acadienne. 5433:"Indian-White Relations in Nova Scotia, 1749-61: A Study in Political Interaction" 2829:

despite losing the support of the French priests who were encouraging surrender.)

1642:

On 10 September 1722, in conjunction with Father Rale at Norridgewock, 400 or 500

7239: 7030:"Eighteenth-Century Treaties:The Miꞌkmaq, Maliseet, and Passamaquoddy Experience" 6392:

Endgame 1758: The Promise, the Glory, and the Despair of Louisbourg's Last Decade

6390: 4996:. Trafford. Part 5, "The Intermission": Chapter. 7, The Indian Threat (1749-58). 4946: 4800: 4261: 3891: 3873: 3773: 3540:. In Sylvie Depatie; Catherine Desbarats; Danielle Gauvreau; et al. (eds.). 3251: 2865: 2837:

An Acadian militia and Mi'kmaq militia, totalling 1500 militia, organized in the

2822: 2721: 2676:

began with a raid on the Lunenburg Peninsula at the Northwest Range (present-day

2668:. In response to the raid, a week later, on 14 May 1756, Governor of Nova Scotia 2572:

By June 1757, the settlers had to be withdrawn completely from the settlement of

2531: 2530:(1755). In the spring of 1756, a wood-gathering party from Fort Monckton (former 2516: 2491: 2060: 2029: 1651: 1607: 1215: 710: 4879: 4288: 3999:

Storm Clouds over Wabanakiak: Confederacy Diplomacy until Dummer's Treaty (1727)

3767:Île du Massacre, Rimouski, QC : Battle between Mi'kmaq and Iroquois c. 1534 1313:

The first documented warfare between the Mi'kmaq and the British was during the

1160:. The Mi'kmaq militias remained an effective force for over 75 years before the 7064:

The 'Conquest' of Acadia, 1710: Imperial, Colonial, an Aboriginal Constructions

7003:

Michael L. Hadley. U-Boats Against Canada: German Submarines in Canadian Waters

6906: 5850: 3350: 3275:. He outlines his rational for naming these conflicts as Father Le Loutre's War 3267:

The framework Father Le Loutre's War is developed by John Grenier in his books

3027: 3015: 2896: 2612: 2094:

along Dartmouth in response to the Raid, opposite side of the harbour from the

1947:

and the blockhouse that was built in response (1750), Dartmouth Heritage Museum

1787: 1732:

and seeking revenge for the death of their chief, the Mi'kmaq and French first

1647: 1603: 1400: 1392: 459: 402: 5284: 3479: 1991: 1699: 1415:. Mi'kmaq tortured the British prisoners taken during these conflicts and the 7460: 7444: 7087: 5175:. Halifax: Public Archives of Nova Scotia. p. 6. Pub. #7. Archived from 3668: 2989: 2881: 2604: 2395: 2246: 2069: 1918: 1733: 1346: 1089: 447: 183: 6894:

B. A. Balcom, "Defending Unamaꞌki: Miꞌkmaw Resistance in Cape Breton, 1745,"

6338:

Lockerby, Earle (June 2011). "Pre-Deportation Letters from Ile Saint Jean".

5176: 4663: 4579:

Documentary History of the State of Maine, Containing the Baxter Manuscripts

4122: 3630:. Vol. II. Halifax, Nova Scotia: The Morning Herald. 1881. p. 154. 3180: 2010:). Gorham's mission was to establish a blockhouse at Piziquid, which became 2006:), under orders from Governor Cornwallis, to march to Piziquid (present day 1939: 7284: 7274: 6811:

The Maritime Provinces of British North America and the American Revolution

5755:

Acadian Refugees in France (1758-1785) : The Reintegration Impossible?

4620: 4096: 4003: 3664: 3119: 2923: 2813: 2696: 2503:

and Lunenburg "could not be reputed in any other light than as prisoners."

1764: 1707: 1688: 1626: 1619: 1599: 1271: 1186: 810: 6937: 6921: 5877:. Vol. 2. Halifax, Nova Scotia: The Morning Herald. 1881. p. 31. 5567: 3766: 3684: 3677:

Essays on Northeastern North America, Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries

3563: 2234:

In late September 1752, Mi'kmaq scalped a man they had caught outside the

1952:

attacked six men, who were under the command of Major Gilman, who were in

7269: 7209: 7018: 5725:

Du Grand Dérangement à la Déportation: Nouvelles Perspectives Historiques

4582:. Vol. XXIII. Portland, Maine: Main Historical Society. p. 296. 4293:. Halifax, Nova Scotia: James Barnes, Printer and Publisher. p. 399. 4212:

An Unsettled Conquest: The British Campaign Against the Peoples of Acadia

3317: 2981: 2861: 2769: 2608: 2482:

In the April 1757, a band of Acadian and Mi'kmaq raided a warehouse near

2214:

and the Mi'kmaq attacked another British schooner in a battle at sea off

2144:

from New England—along with 21 prisoners who were captured and ransomed.

1741: 1729: 1182: 5751:

Les Réfugiés acadiens en France (1758–1785): L'Impossible Réintégration?

3594: 1921:). (A British fort already existed at the other major Acadian centre of 6117:

A History of the Cutter Family of New England By Benjamin Cutter, p. 68

4046:. Vol. II. Hallowell, Maine: Glazier, Master & Co. p. 27. 3134: 3129: 1811:

In response to the siege of Louisbourg, Mi'kmaq warriors engage in the

1547: 1267: 1134: 6922:"The Sea Militia of Nova Scotia, 1749–1755: A Comment on Naval Policy" 3924: 1325:. In the wake of King Philip's War, the Mi'kmaq became members of the 3548:] (in French). McGill-Queen's University Press. pp. 93–114. 3500:

Maritime frontiers: The Evolution of Empire in Nova Scotia, 1713–1758

3226: 2691:

Mi'kmaq take Marie Anne Payzant (far right) captive with her children

2357: 2210:

In response, on the night of 21 April, under the leadership of Chief

1749: 1275: 1189:. The most well-known colonial leaders of these militias were Chief ( 4847:. Montreal, Kingston: McGill-Queen's University Press. p. 390. 4802:

The First Way of War: American War Making on the Frontier, 1607–1814

4468:

The Forgotten Battle: A History of the Acadians of Canso/Chedabuctou

3273:

The First Way of War: American War Making on the Frontier, 1607–1814

2849:, Quebec), and one on the North shore at Pointe aux Sauvages (today 2014:, and to seize the property of Acadians who had participated in the 5307:. Vol. 1. Dartmouth, Nova Scotia: Self Published. p. 69. 4748:

Documents Relative to the Colonial History of the State of New York

4510:

Miꞌkmaq Treaties on Trial: History, Land and Donald Marshall Junior

4495:

https://archive.org/stream/historyofwarsofn00penh#page/108/mode/2up

4082:. Saint John, New Brunswick: The New Brunswick Museum. p. 149. 3916: 2846: 2539: 2391: 2235: 2091: 1350: 1170: 1150: 6043: 6041: 5780:

Les Exilés Acadiens en France et leur établissement dans le Poitou

4844:

From Migrant to Acadian: A North American border people, 1604–1755

4215:. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. pp. 76–77. 3944:. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Company. p. 12. 3205: 2880:

The Mi'kmaq signed a series of peace and friendship treaties with

2607:, killing two men and a family. Next they appeared in New Boston ( 2173:

On 21 February 1753, nine Mi'kmaq from Nartigouneche (present-day

6685:(2nd ed.). Ottawa, Ontario: Canadian Heritage/Parks Canada. 4751:. Vol. X. Albany, New York: Weed, Parsons & Co. p. 3731: 3729: 3284:

For the primary sources that document the Raids on Dartmouth see:

2732:

Arriving on the provincial vessel King George, four companies of

1578: 1526:, Port Royal (1707). The New Englanders were successful with the 1338: 6358: 6010:. Vol. II. London: W. Johnston and J. Dodsley. p. 443. 5023:. Halifax, Nova Scotia: Nova Scotia Historical Society. p. 3217:

The allied tribes occupied the territory which the French named

1598:(1720). Under potential siege, in May 1722, Lieutenant Governor 6995:

The Acadian Deportation: Deliberate Perfidy Or Cruel Necessity?

6038: 4948:

Expeditions of Honour: The Journal of John Salusbury in Halifax

4165:

The History of the Wars of New-England with the Eastern Indians

3673:"Amerindian Power in the Early Modern Northeast: A Reappraisal" 3218: 2953: 2520: 2226:

of New England and took 21 prisoners who they held for ransom.

1625:

As a result of the escalating conflict, Massachusetts Governor

1530:, while the Wabanaki Confederacy were successful in the nearby 1357: 1178: 521: 6817: 6141: 5784:

Acadian Exiles in France and their establishment in the Poitou

4910:

In the Wake of the Alderney: Dartmouth, Nova Scotia, 1750–2000

3726: 2720:, led Mi'kmaq warriors from Louisbourg on three raids against 1725:, after which Donahue was tortured and killed by the Mi'kmaq. 1427:. In 1692, Mi'kmaq from across the region participated in the 1149:

after 1707) independently as well as in coordination with the

5692: 3941:

The Indian Heritage of New Hampshire and Northern New England

2872:, Nova Scotia (He is reported to be buried on the grounds of 2600: 2587:, in the spring of 1759, there was another Mi'kmaq attack on 1266:

A subgroup of Mi'kmaq who lived in New England were known as

6234: 6232: 5464: 5462: 5408:

The Old Man Told Us: Excerpts from Micmac History, 1500-1950

4359: 4357: 4355: 4065:. Fredericton, New Brunswick: Brundswick Press. p. 306. 4025:

The Mi'kmaq: Resistance, Accommodation and Cultural Survival

2297:

A View of the Plundering and Burning of the City of Grimross

2113:

on March 28, 1751, Mi'kmaq abducted another three settlers.

6450: 6448: 6086: 6076: 6074: 5975: 5973: 5971: 5832: 5830: 5438:

The Acadiensis Reader: Atlantic Canada Before Confederation

5043:

New England's Outpost: Acadia before the Conquest of Canada

4601: 3502:(Ph.D.). University of Colorado at Boulder. pp. 53–84. 6799:, Volume 5 By Canada Parliament 2 July – 22 September 1779 6199: 5340: 5338: 5336: 5244: 5242: 5212: 5210: 5103: 4138: 4136: 4134: 4132: 3303:

Isaiah W. Wilson (1900) recorded this account in his book

2999:

Months after signing the treaty, they participated in the

2437:

Plains of Abraham, when General Wolfe's forces prevailed.

1570:(1718) and encouraged Governor Phillips to fortify Canso. 1419:. In response, the New Englanders retaliated by attacking 6912:

The Acadian Exiles: A Chronicle of the Land of Evangeline

6557: 6256: 6229: 5815: 5810:

The Far Reaches of Empire: War In Nova Scotia (1710–1760)

5704: 5680: 5459: 5435:. In P.A. Buckner; Gail G. Campbell; David Frank (eds.). 5259: 5257: 4891: 4889: 4717: 4390: 4352: 4091: 4089: 3796:"Chapter LI: The History of the Celebrated Chief Ulgimoo" 3614:. Halifax, Nova Scotia: James Bowes & Son. p. 8. 3229:-speaking tribes. The Míkmaq name for this peninsula was 2452:

committed by the English against Nova Scotia's Mi'kmaq".

2360:; British civilians had not been spared and, as Governor 1356:

The Wabanaki Confederacy allied with French colonists in

43: 7010:

The Nova Scotia Veteran Publishing Company Limited. 1920

6670:(second ed.). Toronto: William Briggs. p. 343. 6472: 6460: 6445: 6433: 6421: 6409: 6319: 6071: 5968: 5827: 5079: 4263:

The Far Reaches of Empire: War in Nova Scotia, 1710–1760

4185: 4183: 3269:

The Far Reaches of Empire. War in Nova Scotia, 1710–1760

2622:

with 400 soldiers, including Acadians which he led from

1514:. In retaliation for the Mi'kmaq militia raids (and the 6626: 6370: 6285: 6283: 6059: 6026: 5535: 5523: 5486: 5474: 5350: 5333: 5239: 5207: 5140: 5138: 5067: 4591: 4589: 4447: 4190:

Reid, John G. (Oct–Nov 1990). "Mission to the Micmac".

4129: 4027:, Fort Worth (Texas): Harcourt Brace, 1996, pp.123-129. 2776:

Mi'kmaq. (From here the Rangers went on to conduct the

2519:(1756) - oldest known British military gravestones in 2506: 2307:

in 1758. This is the only contemporaneous image of the

2162: 6129: 6014: 5274: 5272: 5254: 5183: 5150: 5091: 4926: 4886: 4314: 4312: 4310: 4308: 4086: 2796:(Chain Rock Battery, Point Pleasant Park, Nova Scotia) 6733: 6191:. Hallowell, Maine: Masters, Smith & Co. p. 5790: 5511: 4819: 4683:. Westminster, Maryland: Heritage Books. p. 94. 4470:. Victoria, British Columbia: Trafford. p. 159. 4378: 4242:

Louisbourg from Its Foundation to Its Fall, 1713-1758

4180: 3320:

from elders who heard the story in the 19th century.

2245:

In May 1753, Natives scalped two British soldiers at

1541:, the Conquest of Acadia (1710) was confirmed by the 6307: 6295: 6280: 6268: 6244: 6098: 5985: 5901: 5321: 5195: 5135: 5123: 4787: 3465:(1st ed.). Nimbus. pp. 38–67, 86, 97–104. 2825:

made the rare decisions to continue to fight in the

6884:

Journal of the Royal Nova Scotia Historical Society

6829: 5305:

History of Halifax and Dartmouth Harbour: 1415–1800

5269: 4866: 4864: 4332: 4305: 4145:

Journal of the Royal Nova Scotia Historical Society

3659: 3657: 3538:"Re-examining Miꞌkmaq–Acadian Relations, 1635–1755" 2783: 1243: 6992: 6966: 5656:. Halifax, N.S., C. Annand. pp. 382–385, 394. 5653:Papers on Forced Removal of the French Inhabitants 5603: 5062: 1618:. They also seized prisoners and vessels from the 1376:Maliseet and Mi'kmaq "attack on the settlement" ( 6577: 6162:"Deschamps de Boishébert et de Raffetot, Charles" 5940:Genesis of Rogers Rangers: The First Green Berets 5727:. Moncton, New Brunswick: Université de Moncton. 5371:"1744–1763: Colonial Wars and Aboriginal Peoples" 4431:A History of Port-Royal/Annapolis Royal 1605–1800 4266:. Norman: Oklahoma University Press. p. 56. 3965: 3963: 3961: 3679:. University of Toronto Press. pp. 129–152. 2816:and a party of eleven invited Shubenacadie Chief 2406: 1630:natives. One of these operations resulted in the 7458: 5812:. University of Oklahoma Press. 2008. p. 177–206 5172:The Evolution of the Halifax Fortress, 1749-1928 4912:. Dartmouth Historical Association. p. 23. 4861: 4836: 4834: 4662:(Report). Fortress of Louisbourg. Archived from 4059:"Chapter XXXIII: The Indians Again Attack Wells" 3902: 3856:. Montreal: John Dougall & Son. p. 262. 3654: 3418: 3137:(born April 20, 1878), World War I, awarded the 3056:Mi'kmaq Veteran's Legacy Project, Headquarters, 1782: 1650:) and Miꞌkmaq fell upon Georgetown (present-day 1230: 6124: 6680: 6572: 3762: 3760: 3758: 3449:, pp. 35–48, 146–67, 179–81, 203, 271–77. 2416:Charles Deschamps de Boishébert et de Raffetot 2188:An History of Nova-Scotia, or Acadie, Volume 1 2068:stream flowing out of Chocolate Lake into the 1818:In 1745, Mi'kmaq killed seven English crew at 7103: 6782:. Vol. V (1801–1820) (online ed.). 6346:(2). La Société historique acadienne: 99–100. 5235:. McClelland & Stewart. pp. 173–174. 4831: 4706:Historical Collections of the Essex Institute 4433:. Halifax, Nova Scotia: Nimbus. p. 123. 3815:"The History of the Celebrated Chief Ulgimoo" 3751:. New York: Dodd, Mead & Co. p. 174. 3546:Twenty Years After: Inhabitants and Merchants 3204:Many of the Acadians and Miꞌkmaq people were 2742: 2515:British Gravestones from the Miꞌkmaw Raid on 1110: 480: 5377:. University of Toronto Press. p. 138. 2768:were the first to come ashore in advance of 1713:News of war declarations reached the French 1431:. In 1694, the Maliseet participated in the 1270:. The Tarrantines sent 300 warriors to kill 6647:"Miꞌkmaq remember Chief Kopit as true hero" 5373:. In Phillip Buckner; John G. Reid (eds.). 4513:. University of Toronto Press. p. 72. 4107:. University of Toronto Press. p. 84. 4103:. In Phillip Buckner; John G. Reid (eds.). 3755: 1459:(missionary to the Micmacs at Chignectou). 1281: 7110: 7096: 6681:Beattie, Judith; Pothier, Bernard (1996). 6205: 6147: 5964:. Sackville, New Brunswick: Tribune Press. 5926:. London: Forgotten Books. pp. 25–26. 5441:(3rd ed.). Acadiensis Press. p. 4723: 4396: 4363: 4036: 3488:, pp. 23–39, 70–98, 111–114, 122–138. 2780:, in part, hoping to capture Boishebert.) 1466:that followed, the New Englanders, led by 1169:standard colonial warfare, which included 1117: 1103: 487: 473: 7027: 7016: 6987: 6663: 6595: 6563: 6395:. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. 6238: 5821: 5710: 5698: 5686: 5468: 5430: 5405: 5368: 5228: 5085: 4979:. London: A. Henderson et al. p. 13. 4840: 4490: 4161: 3937: 3663: 3354: 2177:) in canoes attacked a British vessel at 1852: 1795:Many Mi'kmaq warriors and French Officer 1763:, the Mi'kmaq and Maliseet took prisoner 7507:Military history of Prince Edward Island 6961: 6915:. Toronto: Glasgow, Brook & Company. 6754: 6478: 6466: 6454: 6439: 6427: 6415: 6388: 6364: 6337: 6325: 6080: 5979: 5936: 5836: 5796: 5757:] (in French). Quebec: Septentrion. 5073: 4744: 4677:DeForest, Louis Effingham, ed. (2008) . 4676: 4607: 4595: 4558: 4408: 4235: 3977:. South Essex District Registry of Deeds 3446: 3208:. For information on Métis Acadians see: 3075: 3051: 2860: 2832: 2787: 2686: 2645: 2560: 2556: 2510: 2410: 2287: 2283: 2256: 2085: 2042: 1990: 1938: 1786: 1734:raided the British fishing port of Canso 1698: 1577: 1494: 1371: 1293:In 1633, Tarrantines raided the camp of 6919: 6905: 6632: 6376: 6159: 6135: 6092: 6065: 6032: 5851:"Pembroke Passenger List reconstructed" 5848: 5722: 5624: 5610:. University of Toronto Press. p. 5541: 5529: 5492: 5480: 5344: 5293:, p. 30, Anonymous private letter. 5290: 5263: 5216: 5156: 5109: 5097: 5037: 4944: 4932: 4907: 4895: 4798: 4773: 4533: 4416: 4384: 4318: 4286: 4259: 4075: 3802:. Longmans, Green, and Co. p. 294. 3542:Vingt Ans Apres: Habitants et Marchands 3497: 2252: 1209: 1141:) who participated in wars against the 14: 7532:Native American history of New England 7502:First Nations history in New Brunswick 7459: 6020: 5957: 5919: 5777: 5748: 5302: 5278: 5189: 5129: 4989: 4983: 4971: 4825: 4660:Louisbourg: A Focus of Conflict H E 13 4575: 4506: 4465: 4063:Too Small a World: The Story of Acadia 4056: 3744: 3535: 3512: 3386: 3105:" is now celebrated by Nova Scotians. 2964:, was signed on July 19, 1776, in the 2930: 2868:, Negotiator for the Miꞌkmaq, Plaque, 2591:, in which five soldiers were killed. 2403:and other natives for British scalps. 2155:negotiated the 1752 Peace Treaty with 1980: 1252: 18:Military history of the Mi’kmaq People 7091: 6955:The Militia of Nova Scotia, 1749–1867 6881: 6823: 6771: 6739: 6541:"The Miꞌkmaq and Point Pleasant Park" 6538: 6184: 5923:Geography and History of Digby County 5649: 5556:Studies in Eighteenth-Century Culture 5553: 5517: 5410:(2nd ed.). Nimbus. p. 137. 5356: 5327: 5248: 5201: 5168: 5144: 5016: 4657: 4629:. New York: Dodd, Mead & Company. 4338: 4208: 4142: 3715: 3576: 3485: 3305:Geography and History of Digby County 3081:National Aboriginal Veterans Monument 2711: 2641: 2494:and Mi'kmaq militia, British officer 2386:During the expulsion, French Officer 2075: 1960: 1637: 1546:the French established a fortress at 1367: 6835: 6813:. Russell & Russell. p. 96. 6808: 6714: 6644: 6583: 6313: 6301: 6289: 6274: 6262: 6250: 6104: 6003: 5991: 5907: 5601: 4777:An History of Nova Scotia, or Acadie 4619: 4453: 4428: 4189: 4095: 3847: 3831: 3812: 3793: 3607: 3458: 3294:carried away and never seen again". 2660:The Acadians and Mi'kmaq raided the 2507:Raids on Chignecto (Fort Cumberland) 2199: 2163:Attack at Mocodome (Country Harbour) 1928: 1694: 1586:During the escalation that preceded 1573: 1442:Two years later, New France, led by 1308: 7008:Nova Scotia's Part in the Great War 6850:"In our Words, Stories of Veterans" 6683:The Battle of the Restigouche, 1760 5961:History of Sackville, New Brunswick 5786:] (in French). Paris: Hachette. 4951:. McGill-Queen's University Press. 3836:Chapter XXVII: Kwendech War Renewed 3108: 2856: 2618:On 13 August 1758, Boishebert left 2136:, Mi'kmaq seized two schooners—the 2038: 1490: 24: 7067:University of Toronto Press. 2004 6219:"British Scalp Proclamation: 1756" 4565:. London: S. Hooper and A. Morley. 4290:A History of Nova Scotia or Acadia 2626:. They marched to Fort St George ( 2276:Prominent Halifax business person 2229: 1606:and Mi'kmaq created a blockade of 25: 7548: 7497:Military history of New Brunswick 7482:Military history of North America 7361:Canada and the American Civil War 7023:. Nova Scotia Historical Society. 6776:. In Halpenny, Francess G (ed.). 6599:Campaigns of Louisburg, 1750-1758 6164:. In Halpenny, Francess G (ed.). 5629:. In Halpenny, Francess G (ed.). 4876:Northeast Archaeological Research 4538:. In Halpenny, Francess G (ed.). 4057:Clarke, George Frederick (1958). 3995: 3813:Rand, Silas Tertius (June 1981). 2594: 2490:. Because of the strength of the 2098:(Lower left corner), present-day 1590:(1722–1725), some Mi'kmaq raided 7492:Native American history of Maine 7487:Native American history by tribe 7438: 7426: 7425: 6860: 6847: 6841: 6802: 6790: 6779:Dictionary of Canadian Biography 6765: 6745: 6708: 6699: 6674: 6664:Desbrisay, Mather Byles (1895). 6657: 6638: 6596:Johnstone, Chevalier de (1758). 6589: 6532: 6382: 6331: 6211: 6178: 6167:Dictionary of Canadian Biography 6153: 6110: 6049:"New Brunswick Military Project" 5997: 5958:Milner, William Cochran (1934). 5951: 5937:Loescher, Burt Garfield (1969). 5930: 5913: 5865: 5842: 5802: 5771: 5742: 5716: 5643: 5632:Dictionary of Canadian Biography 5618: 5595: 5590:Heroes of the Acadian Resistance 5582: 5547: 5498: 5424: 5399: 5362: 5303:Trider, Douglas William (1999). 5296: 5222: 4559:Malliard, Antoine Simon (1758). 4541:Dictionary of Canadian Biography 4101:"1686–1720: Imperial Intrusions" 3938:Piotrowski, Tadeusz, ed. (202). 3784:(Cartier, second voyage, CL, IX) 3722:. Toronto: Publishers Syndicate. 3434:10.1111/j.1467-7709.2007.00611.x 3392: 3378: 3369: 3360: 3344: 3323: 3310: 3297: 3287: 3169:Military history of the Acadians 3164:Military history of the Maliseet 2784:Battle at St. Aspinquid's Chapel 1448:naval battle in the Bay of Fundy 1244:Battle at Riviere Trois Pistoles 520: 453: 441: 423:Military history of the Acadians 413:Nova Scotia Captivity Narratives 42: 7517:First Nations history in Quebec 7477:First Nations history in Canada 7467:Military history of Nova Scotia 6645:Paul, Daniel (April 19, 1996). 5723:LeBlanc, Ronnie-Gilles (2005). 5602:Bell, Winthrop Pickard (1961). 5162: 5031: 5010: 4965: 4938: 4901: 4792: 4767: 4738: 4729: 4697: 4670: 4651: 4642: 4633: 4613: 4569: 4552: 4527: 4500: 4459: 4422: 4369: 4280: 4253: 4229: 4202: 4155: 4076:Webster, John Clarence (1934). 4069: 4050: 4030: 4017: 3989: 3931: 3896: 3878: 3860: 3841: 3806: 3787: 3778: 3738: 3709: 3618: 3601: 3579:"The Aborigines of Nova Scotia" 3577:Elder, William (January 1871). 3513:Wicken, William (Autumn 1993). 3278: 3261: 3245: 3236: 3211: 3159:Military history of Nova Scotia 3071: 3047: 2478:Raids on Piziquid (Fort Edward) 2425:. Acadians being deported from 2388:Charles Deschamps de Boishébert 2315:The final colonial war was the 2264:taken captive by Miꞌkmaq (1754) 2147:On 14 September 1752, Governor 1840: 1773:Siege of Annapolis Royal (1744) 1485: 1333:), an alliance with four other 1261: 1204: 1131:military history of the Mi'kmaq 514:Military history of Nova Scotia 428:Military history of Nova Scotia 6926:The Canadian Historical Review 6920:Douglas, W.A.B. (March 1966). 6809:Kerr, Wilfred Brenton (1941). 6055:. University of New Brunswick. 5749:Mouhot, Jean-François (2009). 5431:Patterson, Stephen E. (1998). 5369:Patterson, Stephen E. (1994). 5017:Akins, Thomas Beamish (1895). 4945:Rompkey, Ronald, ed. (2011) . 4805:. Cambridge University Press. 4745:Brodhead, John Romeyn (1858). 4576:Baxter, James Phinney (1916). 4534:Johnson, Micheline D. (1974). 3745:Baxter, James Phinney (1906). 3735:Cartier, second voyage, CL, IX 3716:Woods, William Carson (1901). 3624: 3570: 3529: 3506: 3491: 3452: 3412: 3198: 2568:Plaque, Dartmouth, Nova Scotia 2407:Raids on Annapolis (Fort Anne) 1524:siege on the Capital of Acadia 725:‪Halifax Provisional Battalion 13: 1: 7512:Gaspésie–Îles-de-la-Madeleine 7051:, Toronto: Grolier. 96 pages 6854:Miꞌkmaq Maliseet Nations News 6717:Nova Scotia: A Pocket History 5229:MacMechan, Archibald (1931). 3186: 3181:Mi'kmaq Veterans WWI and WWII 3033:In June 1779, Mi'kmaq in the 2870:St. Mary's Basilica (Halifax) 1801:naval battle off Tatamagouche 1791:Naval Battle off Tatamagouche 1783:Naval battle off Tatamagouche 1723:Naval battle off Tatamagouche 1377: 1323:Battle of Port La Tour (1677) 1317:(the Maine/Acadia theatre of 1231:Battle at Bouabouscache River 628:Royal Naval Dockyard, Halifax 222:Naval battle off Tatamagouche 7366:Mackenzie–Papineau Battalion 7017:MacDonald, Simon D. (1884). 6973:. W.W Norton & Company. 6160:Leblanc, Phyllis E. (1979). 5739:(book in French and English) 5045:. B. Franklin. p. 174. 4245:. Macmillan and Co. p. 3850:"The Legends of the Micmacs" 3794:Rand, Silas Tertius (1894). 3608:Rand, Silus Tertius (1850). 3498:Robison, Mark Power (2000). 3406: 2800:Tradition indicates that at 2427:Annapolis Royal, Nova Scotia 2381:Bay of Fundy Campaign (1755) 2179:Country Harbour, Nova Scotia 1923:Annapolis Royal, Nova Scotia 1894:) (1749), Dartmouth (1750), 1870:(1720). A generation later, 1822:and brought their scalps to 1805:captured Fortress Louisbourg 1016:No. 2 Construction Battalion 916:Royal Nova Scotia Volunteers 755:Imprisonment of Leon Trotsky 668:Establishment of New Ireland 7: 7028:Patterson, Stephen (2009). 6784:University of Toronto Press 6667:History of Lunenburg County 6172:University of Toronto Press 5920:Wilson, Isaiah W. (2013) . 5874:Journal of John Witherspoon 5637:University of Toronto Press 4658:Bower, Peter (March 1970). 4546:University of Toronto Press 3890:September 30, 2011, at the 3872:September 30, 2011, at the 3191: 3152: 3139:Distinguished Conduct Medal 3101:in 1982. Every 1 October, " 2984:—two of the peoples of the 2962:Declaration of Independence 2874:St. Paul's Church (Halifax) 2682:number of raids intensified 2545:Others resisted during the 1456:Jacques Testard de Montigny 1444:Pierre Le Moyne d'Iberville 398:Treaty of Portsmouth (1713) 174:Blockade of Annapolis Royal 10: 7553: 7527:Military history of Acadia 7522:Military history of Quebec 7371:Canada and the Vietnam War 7260:American Revolutionary War 7119:Military history of Canada 6874: 6539:Awalt, Don (Byrd) (2004). 5592:. Formac. 2011. p. 110–111 4841:Griffiths, N.E.S. (2005). 4162:Penhallow, Samuel (1859). 3233:(meaning "last-acquired"). 3088:Lennox Island First Nation 2994:American Revolutionary War 2960:after the adoption of the 2851:Campbellton, New Brunswick 2743:Siege of Louisbourg (1758) 2551:Petitcodiac River Campaign 2203: 2166: 2079: 1984: 1964: 1932: 1704:Siege of Louisbourg (1745) 1175:American Revolutionary War 788:Battle of the St. Lawrence 691:‪Battle of the Great Redan 7420: 7384: 7353: 7345:Intervention against ISIL 7265:French Revolutionary Wars 7202: 7125: 6826:, p. 218, , Note 94. 6389:Johnston, A.J.B. (2007). 4774:Murdoch, Beamish (1866). 4680:Louisbourg Journals, 1745 4287:Murdoch, Beamish (1865). 3772:January 19, 2012, at the 3012:St. John River expedition 3005:Battle of Fort Cumberland 2674:Lunenburg Campaign (1758) 2377:Expulsion of the Acadians 2309:Expulsion of the Acadians 2130:Port La Tour, Nova Scotia 2128:the coast of Cape Sable ( 2059:There were four raids on 1480:Avalon Peninsula Campaign 1450:before moving on to raid 1034: 1024: 1014: 1004: 994: 984: 976:Princess Louise Fusiliers 974: 964: 954: 944: 934: 924: 914: 904: 894: 884: 874: 864: 854: 844: 834: 809: 796: 786: 773: 763: 753: 743: 733: 723: 709: 699: 689: 676: 666: 656: 648:Battle of Fort Cumberland 646: 636: 626: 616: 606: 596: 586: 576: 566: 556: 546: 314:Battle of Fort Beauséjour 94:Avalon Peninsula Campaign 6772:Upton, L. F. S. (1983). 6719:. Fernwood. p. 23. 6367:, p. 246, , note 1. 5406:Whitehead, Ruth (1991). 4507:Wicken, William (2002). 4209:Plank, Geoffrey (2001). 3854:The New Dominion Monthly 3719:The Isle of the Massacre 3703:10.3138/9781442688032.12 3536:Wicken, William (1998). 3174: 2958:United States of America 2651:Raid on Lunenburg (1756) 2620:Miramichi, New Brunswick 2472:siege of Fort Cumberland 2459:and of equal stature to 2390:led the Mi'kmaq and the 2134:St. Peter's, Nova Scotia 2082:Raid on Dartmouth (1751) 1945:Raid on Dartmouth (1749) 1935:Raid on Dartmouth (1749) 1904:Raid on Dartmouth (1751) 1813:Northeast Coast campaign 1761:siege of Annapolis Royal 1687:recently as 1999 in the 1512:Northeast Coast Campaign 1446:, returned and fought a 1288:Penobscot-Tarrantine War 1282:Penobscot–Tarrantine War 1276:Massachusetts Federation 578:Northeast Coast Campaign 418:Treaty Day (Nova Scotia) 194:Siege of Annapolis Royal 104:Northeast Coast Campaign 34:Military history of the 7376:Canada and the Iraq War 7280:Rebellions of 1837–1838 5778:Martin, Ernest (1936). 5625:Fischer, L. R. (1979). 5020:History of Halifax City 4908:Chapman, Harry (2000). 4375:Benjamin Church, p. 289 2941:United Empire Loyalists 2778:St. John River campaign 2705:Mahone Bay, Nova Scotia 2678:Blockhouse, Nova Scotia 2636:Battle of Quebec (1759) 2547:St. John River Campaign 2536:Jolicure, New Brunswick 2293:St. John River Campaign 2175:Antigonish, Nova Scotia 2090:British erect a wooden 2072:. They killed two men. 2047:British Soldier of the 1797:Paul Marin de la Malgue 1665:The next was a raid on 1462:In retaliation for the 1337:-language nations: the 1133:consisted primarily of 1036:Nova Scotia Highlanders 996:Cape Breton Highlanders 906:Royal Fencible American 232:‪Battle at Port-la-Joye 7537:History of Nova Scotia 7250:Father Le Loutre's War 7220:Second Anglo-Dutch War 6715:Reid, John G. (2009). 5849:Delaney, Paul (2004). 5650:Akins, Thomas (1869). 4990:Landry, Peter (2007). 4878:. 2003. Archived from 4799:Grenier, John (2005). 4260:Grenier, John (2008). 4038:Williamson, William D. 3819:Cape Breton's Magazine 3800:Legends of the Micmacs 3339:Chevalier de Johnstone 3083: 3060: 2884:. The first was after 2877: 2802:St. Aspinquid's Chapel 2797: 2794:St. Aspinquid's Chapel 2792:Site of the battle at 2718:Joseph-Nicolas Gautier 2692: 2657: 2585:Dartmouth, Nova Scotia 2569: 2523: 2446:Lunenburg, Nova Scotia 2423:Battle of Bloody Creek 2418: 2375:The British began the 2312: 2301:Arcadia, New Brunswick 2265: 2181:. The vessel was from 2102: 2056: 1999: 1997:St. Croix, Nova Scotia 1954:Dartmouth, Nova Scotia 1948: 1872:Father Le Loutre's War 1853:Father Le Loutre's War 1792: 1740:, then the capital of 1715:fortress at Louisbourg 1710: 1583: 1532:Battle of Bloody Creek 1503: 1384: 336:Battle of Bloody Creek 203:Siege of Port Toulouse 64:Battle of Port La Tour 7412:Internment Camps WWII 7340:Intervention in Libya 7255:French and Indian War 7225:Third Anglo-Dutch War 7047:Moody, Barry (1981). 7037:Native Studies Review 6938:10.3138/CHR-047-01-02 6185:Eaton, Cyrus (1865). 5568:10.1353/sec.2010.0277 5232:Red Snow on Grand Pre 5169:Piers, Harry (1947). 5039:Brebner, John Bartlet 4993:The Lion and the Lily 4972:Wilson, John (1751). 4536:"Padanuques, Jacques" 4466:Haynes, Mark (2004). 4429:Dunn, Brenda (2004). 3975:Native American Deeds 3685:10.3138/9781442688032 3583:North American Review 3459:Paul, Daniel (1993). 3256:New England colonists 3099:Canadian Constitution 3079: 3055: 3001:Maugerville Rebellion 2864: 2839:Battle of Restigouche 2833:Battle of Restigouche 2827:Battle of Restigouche 2791: 2764:under the command of 2727:Battle of Restigouche 2690: 2649: 2564: 2557:Raids on Lawrencetown 2528:Battle of Petitcodiac 2514: 2414: 2317:French and Indian War 2291: 2284:French and Indian War 2260: 2140:from Halifax and the 2089: 2055:against Miꞌkmaw raids 2049:29th Regiment of Foot 2046: 1994: 1942: 1878:arrived to establish 1847:Newfoundland campaign 1790: 1702: 1592:Fort William Augustus 1581: 1498: 1437:Durham, New Hampshire 1375: 956:Nova Scotia Fencibles 926:King's Orange Rangers 896:84th Regiment of Foot 856:40th Regiment of Foot 745:‪Battle of Paardeberg 608:Bay of Fundy Campaign 366:Battle of Restigouche 326:Battle of Petitcodiac 134:‪Battle of St. John's 7407:Internment Camps WWI 7295:North-West Rebellion 6265:, pp. 510, 513. 5627:"Francklin, Michael" 5393:10.3138/j.ctt15jjfrm 3996:Prins, Harald E. L. 2986:Wabanaki Confederacy 2952:, the first foreign 2937:New England Planters 2749:Wabanaki Confederacy 2253:Raid on Lawrencetown 2216:Jeddore, Nova Scotia 2118:"Dartmouth Massacre" 2053:Halifax, Nova Scotia 2008:Windsor, Nova Scotia 2004:Bedford, Nova Scotia 1857:Despite the British 1689:Donald Marshall case 1433:Raid on Oyster River 1417:Battle of Fort Loyal 1331:Wabanaki Confederacy 1210:Battle at Bae de Bic 1060:Captivity narratives 765:Jewish Legion formed 548:Battle of Port Royal 272:‪Battle at St. Croix 154:Raid on Port Roseway 74:Raid on Salmon Falls 7290:Red River Rebellion 6963:Faragher, John Mack 6150:, pp. 111–112. 6095:, pp. 199–200. 6004:Knox, John (1769). 5701:, pp. 105–106. 5112:, pp. 154–155. 4610:, pp. 219–220. 4456:, pp. 124–125. 4419:, pp. 408–409. 4023:Prins, Harald E.L. 3848:Rand, S.T. (1871). 3331:siege of Louisbourg 3066:Residential Schools 2950:Treaty of Watertown 2946:American Revolution 2931:American Revolution 2915:and Fort Belcher). 2806:Point Pleasant Park 2366:Nova Scotia Council 2153:Nova Scotia Council 2100:Historic Properties 1987:Battle at St. Croix 1981:Battle at St. Croix 1845:In response to the 1820:LaHave, Nova Scotia 1746:attack on their own 1528:siege of Port Royal 1253:Kwedech–Mi'kmaq War 1158:French royal forces 936:1st Field Artillery 866:Louisbourg Garrison 811:Halifax VE-Day riot 800:Point Pleasant Park 735:‪Battle of Witpoort 618:Siege of Louisbourg 588:Battle of Grand Pré 568:Battle of Winnepang 558:Siege of Port Royal 408:Treaty of Watertown 346:Siege of Louisbourg 282:Battle at Chignecto 242:Battle of Grand Pré 212:Siege of Louisbourg 164:Battle of Winnepang 144:Siege of Port Royal 124:Siege of St. John's 27:Militias of Mi'kmaq 7230:King William's War 6907:Doughty, Arthur G. 6761:William O. Raymond 5508:30 September 1752) 4872:"Fort Vieux Logis" 4666:on March 13, 2012. 3422:Diplomatic History 3335:Jean-Baptiste Cope 3225:at the expense of 3223:St. Lawrence River 3115:Jean-Baptiste Cope 3084: 3061: 3058:Nova Scotia Museum 3007:in November 1776. 2966:Edmund Fowle House 2893:Jean-Baptiste Cope 2878: 2818:Jean-Baptiste Cope 2798: 2693: 2658: 2642:Raids on Lunenburg 2630:) and Munduncook ( 2570: 2524: 2419: 2401:Jean-Baptiste Cope 2321:conquest of Acadia 2313: 2266: 2212:Jean-Baptiste Cope 2183:Canso, Nova Scotia 2169:Attack at Mocodome 2157:Jean-Baptiste Cope 2122:Old Burying Ground 2103: 2076:Raids on Dartmouth 2057: 2016:Siege of Grand Pre 2000: 1967:Siege of Grand Pre 1961:Siege of Grand Pre 1949: 1859:Conquest of Acadia 1831:a major expedition 1793: 1711: 1673:Thomaston, Maine. 1638:Raid on Georgetown 1596:Canso, Nova Scotia 1584: 1568:Canso, Nova Scotia 1504: 1389:King William's War 1385: 1368:King William's War 1362:King William's War 1195:Jean-Baptiste Cope 1181:'s war efforts in 1006:Nova Scotia Rifles 598:Dartmouth Massacre 460:History portal 356:Lunenburg Campaign 302:Attack at Mocodome 262:Siege of Grand Pre 252:Raid on Dartmouth 7454: 7453: 7445:Canada portal 7310:Russian Civil War 7245:King George's War 6989:Griffiths, N.E.S. 6980:978-0-393-05135-3 6953:Joseph Plimsoll. 6726:978-1-5526-6325-7 6692:978-0-6601-6384-0 6402:978-0-8032-0986-2 6206:Williamson (1832) 6148:Williamson (1832) 5764:978-2-89448-513-2 5452:978-0-919107-44-1 5417:978-0-9210-5483-2 5384:978-1-4875-1676-5 5359:, pp. 33–34. 5314:978-0-9686-3510-0 5251:, pp. 27–28. 5052:978-0-8337-5107-2 5003:978-1-4251-5450-9 4958:978-0-7735-9089-2 4919:978-1-5510-9374-1 4812:978-1-1394-4470-5 4724:Williamson (1832) 4639:Raymond, p. 42–43 4520:978-0-8020-7665-6 4477:978-1-4120-3235-3 4397:Williamson (1832) 4364:Williamson (1832) 4273:978-0-8061-3876-3 4222:978-0-8122-1869-5 4114:978-1-4875-1676-5 3951:978-0-7864-1098-9 3694:978-0-8020-9137-6 3669:Baker, Emerson W. 3555:978-0-7735-6702-3 3472:978-1-5510-9056-6 3143:British War Medal 3068:) for education. 3020:Old Fort Meduetic 2974:Massachusetts Bay 2956:concluded by the 2899:on behalf of the 2886:Father Rale's War 2666:Raid on Lunenburg 2632:Friendship, Maine 2580:at Lawrencetown. 2278:Michael Francklin 2262:Michael Francklin 2206:Attack at Jeddore 2200:Attack at Jeddore 2132:). In August, at 2051:(right) guarding 1929:Raid on Dartmouth 1917:) and Chignecto ( 1890:(1749), Bedford ( 1884:Father Rale's War 1876:Edward Cornwallis 1719:King George's War 1695:King George's War 1632:Battle at Jeddore 1588:Father Rale's War 1574:Father Rale's War 1543:Treaty of Utrecht 1516:Raid on Deerfield 1500:Raid on Grand Pré 1472:Raid on Chignecto 1464:siege of Pemaquid 1405:siege of Pemaquid 1321:), which was the 1319:King Philip's War 1315:First Abenaki War 1309:King Philip's War 1286:Before 1620, the 1127: 1126: 1044: 1043: 946:Royal Nova Scotia 828:Notable regiments 819: 818: 777:Llandovery Castle 701:‪Siege of Lucknow 658:Raid on Lunenburg 497: 496: 448:Canada portal 384: 383: 292:Raid on Dartmouth 114:Raid on Grand Pré 84:Raid on Chignecto 16:(Redirected from 7544: 7443: 7442: 7441: 7429: 7428: 7315:Second World War 7235:Queen Anne's War 7167:Crown and Forces 7148:Colonial militia 7143:Canadian Militia 7112: 7105: 7098: 7089: 7088: 7044: 7034: 7024: 7000: 6998: 6984: 6972: 6949: 6916: 6891: 6869: 6864: 6858: 6857: 6848:Sark, John Joe. 6845: 6839: 6833: 6827: 6821: 6815: 6814: 6806: 6800: 6797:Sessional papers 6794: 6788: 6787: 6769: 6763: 6758: 6752: 6749: 6743: 6737: 6731: 6730: 6712: 6706: 6705:Patterson, p. 51 6703: 6697: 6696: 6678: 6672: 6671: 6661: 6655: 6654: 6642: 6636: 6630: 6624: 6623: 6617: 6613: 6611: 6603: 6593: 6587: 6581: 6575: 6567: 6564:Whitehead (1991) 6561: 6555: 6554: 6552: 6546:. 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Mackay 2628:Thomaston, Maine 2540:frontier warfare 2362:Charles Lawrence 2149:Peregrine Hopson 2039:Raids on Halifax 1974:Gorham's Rangers 1915:Fort Vieux Logis 1829:France launched 1769:Gorham's Rangers 1754:Gorham's Rangers 1560:Cyprian Southack 1539:Queen Anne's War 1508:Queen Anne's War 1491:Queen Anne's War 1423:and present-day 1411:and present-day 1382: 1379: 1295:Chief Masconomet 1218:, the Battle at 1162:Halifax Treaties 1119: 1112: 1105: 1026:West Nova Scotia 876:Gorham's Rangers 846:Acadian militias 836:Mi'kmaq militias 832: 831: 638:Halifax Treaties 544: 543: 524: 499: 498: 489: 482: 475: 458: 457: 456: 446: 445: 444: 376:Halifax Treaties 320: 308: 60: 59: 46: 30: 29: 21: 7552: 7551: 7547: 7546: 7545: 7543: 7542: 7541: 7457: 7456: 7455: 7450: 7439: 7437: 7416: 7380: 7349: 7335:Afghanistan War 7305:First World War 7215:Ango-French War 7198: 7121: 7116: 7086: 7032: 6981: 6877: 6872: 6865: 6861: 6846: 6842: 6834: 6830: 6822: 6818: 6807: 6803: 6795: 6791: 6770: 6766: 6759: 6755: 6750: 6746: 6738: 6734: 6727: 6713: 6709: 6704: 6700: 6693: 6679: 6675: 6662: 6658: 6643: 6639: 6631: 6627: 6615: 6614: 6605: 6604: 6594: 6590: 6582: 6578: 6570: 6562: 6558: 6550: 6543: 6537: 6533: 6525: 6517: 6509: 6501: 6493: 6485: 6479:Johnston (2007) 6477: 6473: 6467:Johnston (2007) 6465: 6461: 6455:Johnston (2007) 6453: 6446: 6440:Johnston (2007) 6438: 6434: 6428:Johnston (2007) 6426: 6422: 6416:Johnston (2007) 6414: 6410: 6403: 6387: 6383: 6375: 6371: 6365:McLennan (1918) 6363: 6359: 6351: 6336: 6332: 6326:McLennan (1918) 6324: 6320: 6312: 6308: 6300: 6296: 6288: 6281: 6273: 6269: 6261: 6257: 6249: 6245: 6237: 6230: 6223:DanielNPaul.com 6217: 6216: 6212: 6204: 6200: 6183: 6179: 6158: 6154: 6146: 6142: 6134: 6130: 6122: 6115: 6111: 6103: 6099: 6091: 6087: 6081:Faragher (2005) 6079: 6072: 6064: 6060: 6047: 6046: 6039: 6031: 6027: 6019: 6015: 6002: 5998: 5990: 5986: 5980:Faragher (2005) 5978: 5969: 5956: 5952: 5935: 5931: 5918: 5914: 5906: 5902: 5890: 5889: 5880: 5879: 5871: 5870: 5866: 5847: 5843: 5837:Faragher (2005) 5835: 5828: 5820: 5816: 5807: 5803: 5797:Faragher (2005) 5795: 5791: 5776: 5772: 5765: 5747: 5743: 5735: 5721: 5717: 5709: 5705: 5697: 5693: 5685: 5681: 5669: 5668: 5659: 5658: 5648: 5644: 5623: 5619: 5600: 5596: 5587: 5583: 5552: 5548: 5540: 5536: 5528: 5524: 5516: 5512: 5506:Halifax Gazette 5503: 5499: 5491: 5487: 5479: 5475: 5467: 5460: 5453: 5429: 5425: 5418: 5404: 5400: 5385: 5367: 5363: 5355: 5351: 5343: 5334: 5326: 5322: 5315: 5301: 5297: 5289: 5285: 5277: 5270: 5262: 5255: 5247: 5240: 5227: 5223: 5215: 5208: 5200: 5196: 5188: 5184: 5167: 5163: 5155: 5151: 5143: 5136: 5128: 5124: 5116: 5108: 5104: 5096: 5092: 5084: 5080: 5074:Faragher (2005) 5072: 5068: 5060: 5053: 5036: 5032: 5015: 5011: 5004: 4988: 4984: 4970: 4966: 4959: 4943: 4939: 4931: 4927: 4920: 4906: 4902: 4894: 4887: 4870: 4869: 4862: 4855: 4839: 4832: 4824: 4820: 4813: 4797: 4793: 4785: 4772: 4768: 4760: 4743: 4739: 4734: 4730: 4722: 4718: 4703: 4702: 4698: 4691: 4675: 4671: 4656: 4652: 4647: 4643: 4638: 4634: 4618: 4614: 4608:Faragher (2005) 4606: 4602: 4596:Malliard (1758) 4594: 4587: 4574: 4570: 4557: 4553: 4532: 4528: 4521: 4505: 4501: 4493:, p. 109, 4489: 4485: 4478: 4464: 4460: 4452: 4448: 4441: 4427: 4423: 4409:Faragher (2005) 4407: 4403: 4395: 4391: 4383: 4379: 4374: 4370: 4362: 4353: 4345: 4337: 4333: 4325: 4317: 4306: 4298: 4285: 4281: 4274: 4258: 4254: 4237:McLennan, J. S. 4234: 4230: 4223: 4207: 4203: 4188: 4181: 4173: 4160: 4156: 4141: 4130: 4115: 4094: 4087: 4074: 4070: 4055: 4051: 4035: 4031: 4022: 4018: 4009: 4007: 3994: 3990: 3980: 3978: 3969: 3968: 3959: 3952: 3936: 3932: 3901: 3897: 3892:Wayback Machine 3883: 3879: 3874:Wayback Machine 3865: 3861: 3846: 3842: 3834:, p. 207, 3830: 3826: 3811: 3807: 3792: 3788: 3783: 3779: 3774:Wayback Machine 3765: 3756: 3743: 3739: 3734: 3727: 3714: 3710: 3695: 3662: 3655: 3643: 3642: 3633: 3632: 3623: 3619: 3606: 3602: 3575: 3571: 3556: 3534: 3530: 3511: 3507: 3496: 3492: 3484: 3480: 3473: 3457: 3453: 3447:Faragher (2005) 3445: 3441: 3417: 3413: 3409: 3404: 3403: 3397: 3393: 3389:, p. 184) 3383: 3379: 3374: 3370: 3365: 3361: 3349: 3345: 3328: 3324: 3315: 3311: 3302: 3298: 3292: 3288: 3283: 3279: 3266: 3262: 3252:Beamish Murdoch 3250: 3246: 3241: 3237: 3216: 3212: 3203: 3199: 3194: 3189: 3177: 3155: 3111: 3074: 3050: 2968:in the town of 2933: 2866:Pierre Maillard 2859: 2835: 2812:, Lahave Chief 2786: 2762:Rogers' Rangers 2745: 2734:Rogers' Rangers 2714: 2644: 2599:In present-day 2597: 2589:Eastern Battery 2578:Roger's Rangers 2566:Eastern Battery 2559: 2532:Fort Gaspareaux 2509: 2492:Acadian militia 2488:Fort Cumberland 2480: 2457:Rogers' Rangers 2409: 2286: 2255: 2232: 2230:Raid on Halifax 2222:of Halifax and 2208: 2202: 2171: 2165: 2084: 2078: 2041: 2030:William Clapham 2023:St. Croix River 1995:"Battle Hill", 1989: 1983: 1969: 1963: 1937: 1931: 1855: 1843: 1785: 1738:Annapolis Royal 1697: 1652:Arrowsic, Maine 1640: 1608:Annapolis Royal 1582:A Mi'kmaq chief 1576: 1493: 1488: 1470:, engaged in a 1468:Benjamin Church 1435:at present-day 1413:Portland, Maine 1380: 1370: 1311: 1284: 1264: 1255: 1246: 1233: 1216:Jacques Cartier 1212: 1207: 1123: 1094: 1071: 1070: 1069: 1054: 1046: 1045: 829: 821: 820: 678:Capture of USS 541: 533: 493: 464: 454: 452: 442: 440: 432: 318: 306: 49: 48:Miꞌkmaw warrior 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 7550: 7540: 7539: 7534: 7529: 7524: 7519: 7514: 7509: 7504: 7499: 7494: 7489: 7484: 7479: 7474: 7469: 7452: 7451: 7449: 7448: 7434: 7421: 7418: 7417: 7415: 7414: 7409: 7404: 7399: 7394: 7388: 7386: 7382: 7381: 7379: 7378: 7373: 7368: 7363: 7357: 7355: 7351: 7350: 7348: 7347: 7342: 7337: 7332: 7327: 7322: 7317: 7312: 7307: 7302: 7297: 7292: 7287: 7282: 7277: 7272: 7267: 7262: 7257: 7252: 7247: 7242: 7237: 7232: 7227: 7222: 7217: 7212: 7206: 7204: 7200: 7199: 7197: 7196: 7191: 7186: 7181: 7180: 7179: 7169: 7164: 7159: 7154: 7153: 7152: 7151: 7150: 7135: 7129: 7127: 7126:History of ... 7123: 7122: 7115: 7114: 7107: 7100: 7092: 7085: 7084: 7078: 7075: 7061:Reid, John G. 7059: 7045: 7025: 7014: 7011: 7004: 7001: 6985: 6979: 6959: 6950: 6917: 6903: 6898: 6895: 6892: 6878: 6876: 6873: 6871: 6870: 6859: 6840: 6828: 6816: 6801: 6789: 6774:"Julien, John" 6764: 6753: 6751:Hannay, p. 119 6744: 6742:, p. 163. 6732: 6725: 6707: 6698: 6691: 6673: 6656: 6651:Halifax Herald 6637: 6635:, p. 385. 6633:Murdoch (1866) 6625: 6588: 6576: 6568: 6566:, p. 140. 6556: 6553:on 2014-03-20. 6531: 6523: 6515: 6507: 6499: 6491: 6483: 6481:, p. 196. 6471: 6469:, p. 189. 6459: 6457:, p. 179. 6444: 6442:, p. 128. 6432: 6430:, p. 161. 6420: 6418:, p. 126. 6408: 6401: 6381: 6379:, p. 366. 6377:Murdoch (1866) 6369: 6357: 6349: 6330: 6328:, p. 190. 6318: 6316:, p. 513. 6306: 6304:, p. 512. 6294: 6292:, p. 511. 6279: 6277:, p. 510. 6267: 6255: 6253:, p. 509. 6243: 6241:, p. 192. 6228: 6210: 6208:, p. 333. 6198: 6177: 6152: 6140: 6136:Chapman (2000) 6128: 6120: 6109: 6107:, p. 508. 6097: 6093:Grenier (2008) 6085: 6083:, p. 410. 6070: 6068:, p. 195. 6066:Grenier (2008) 6058: 6037: 6035:, p. 190. 6033:Grenier (2008) 6025: 6023:, p. 371. 6013: 5996: 5994:, p. 514. 5984: 5982:, p. 398. 5967: 5950: 5929: 5912: 5910:, p. 503. 5900: 5864: 5841: 5839:, p. 110. 5826: 5824:, p. 148. 5814: 5801: 5789: 5770: 5763: 5741: 5733: 5715: 5713:, p. 144. 5703: 5691: 5689:, p. 146. 5679: 5642: 5617: 5594: 5581: 5546: 5544:, p. 219. 5542:Murdoch (1866) 5534: 5532:, p. 224. 5530:Murdoch (1866) 5522: 5520:, p. 209. 5510: 5497: 5495:, p. 222. 5493:Murdoch (1866) 5485: 5483:, p. 410. 5481:Murdoch (1865) 5473: 5471:, p. 137. 5458: 5451: 5423: 5416: 5398: 5383: 5361: 5349: 5347:, p. 209. 5345:Murdoch (1866) 5332: 5320: 5313: 5295: 5291:Chapman (2000) 5283: 5268: 5264:Chapman (2000) 5253: 5238: 5221: 5219:, p. 159. 5217:Grenier (2008) 5206: 5194: 5192:, p. 370. 5182: 5179:on 2012-11-02. 5161: 5159:, p. 183. 5157:Murdoch (1866) 5149: 5147:, p. 334. 5134: 5122: 5114: 5110:Grenier (2008) 5102: 5100:, p. 153. 5098:Grenier (2008) 5090: 5088:, p. 392. 5078: 5076:, p. 262. 5066: 5058: 5051: 5030: 5009: 5002: 4982: 4964: 4957: 4937: 4935:, p. 150. 4933:Grenier (2008) 4925: 4918: 4900: 4898:, p. 160. 4896:Grenier (2008) 4885: 4882:on 2013-05-14. 4860: 4853: 4830: 4828:, p. 181. 4818: 4811: 4791: 4783: 4766: 4758: 4737: 4735:Folsom, p. 243 4728: 4726:, p. 236. 4716: 4696: 4689: 4669: 4650: 4648:Raymond, p. 45 4641: 4632: 4612: 4600: 4585: 4568: 4551: 4526: 4519: 4499: 4483: 4476: 4458: 4446: 4439: 4421: 4417:Murdoch (1865) 4401: 4399:, p. 127. 4389: 4385:Grenier (2008) 4377: 4368: 4366:, p. 119. 4351: 4343: 4331: 4323: 4319:Grenier (2008) 4304: 4296: 4279: 4272: 4252: 4228: 4221: 4201: 4198:(5). 00057517. 4179: 4171: 4154: 4128: 4113: 4085: 4068: 4049: 4029: 4016: 3988: 3957: 3950: 3930: 3917:10.2307/481893 3911:(4): 327–341. 3895: 3877: 3859: 3840: 3824: 3805: 3786: 3777: 3754: 3737: 3725: 3708: 3693: 3653: 3617: 3600: 3569: 3554: 3528: 3505: 3490: 3478: 3471: 3451: 3439: 3410: 3408: 3405: 3402: 3401: 3391: 3377: 3368: 3359: 3351:Daniel N. Paul 3343: 3322: 3309: 3296: 3286: 3277: 3260: 3244: 3235: 3210: 3196: 3195: 3193: 3190: 3188: 3185: 3184: 3183: 3176: 3173: 3172: 3171: 3166: 3161: 3154: 3151: 3150: 3149: 3132: 3127: 3125:Étienne Bâtard 3122: 3117: 3110: 3107: 3073: 3070: 3049: 3046: 3028:George Collier 3016:Machias, Maine 2932: 2929: 2897:Treaty of 1752 2858: 2855: 2834: 2831: 2785: 2782: 2744: 2741: 2713: 2710: 2643: 2640: 2596: 2595:Raids on Maine 2593: 2558: 2555: 2508: 2505: 2501:Fort Sackville 2479: 2476: 2408: 2405: 2319:. The British 2285: 2282: 2254: 2251: 2240:Fort Sackville 2231: 2228: 2204:Main article: 2201: 2198: 2167:Main article: 2164: 2161: 2080:Main article: 2077: 2074: 2040: 2037: 1985:Main article: 1982: 1979: 1965:Main article: 1962: 1959: 1933:Main article: 1930: 1927: 1913:); Grand Pre ( 1892:Fort Sackville 1888:(Citadel Hill) 1854: 1851: 1842: 1839: 1784: 1781: 1696: 1693: 1648:Odanak, Quebec 1639: 1636: 1575: 1572: 1492: 1489: 1487: 1484: 1452:Bristol, Maine 1401:Bristol, Maine 1393:Kennebec River 1369: 1366: 1310: 1307: 1283: 1280: 1263: 1260: 1254: 1251: 1245: 1242: 1232: 1229: 1211: 1208: 1206: 1203: 1199:Étienne Bâtard 1166:Charles Morris 1125: 1124: 1122: 1121: 1114: 1107: 1099: 1096: 1095: 1093: 1092: 1087: 1082: 1076: 1073: 1072: 1068: 1067: 1062: 1056: 1055: 1053:Related topics 1052: 1051: 1048: 1047: 1042: 1041: 1038: 1032: 1031: 1028: 1022: 1021: 1018: 1012: 1011: 1008: 1002: 1001: 998: 992: 991: 988: 982: 981: 978: 972: 971: 968: 966:Halifax Rifles 962: 961: 958: 952: 951: 948: 942: 941: 938: 932: 931: 928: 922: 921: 918: 912: 911: 908: 902: 901: 898: 892: 891: 888: 886:Danks' Rangers 882: 881: 878: 872: 871: 868: 862: 861: 858: 852: 851: 848: 842: 841: 838: 830: 827: 826: 823: 822: 817: 816: 813: 807: 806: 803: 794: 793: 790: 784: 783: 780: 771: 770: 767: 761: 760: 757: 751: 750: 747: 741: 740: 737: 731: 730: 727: 721: 720: 717: 707: 706: 703: 697: 696: 693: 687: 686: 683: 674: 673: 670: 664: 663: 660: 654: 653: 650: 644: 643: 640: 634: 633: 630: 624: 623: 620: 614: 613: 610: 604: 603: 600: 594: 593: 590: 584: 583: 580: 574: 573: 570: 564: 563: 560: 554: 553: 550: 542: 540:Notable events 539: 538: 535: 534: 525: 517: 516: 510: 509: 495: 494: 492: 491: 484: 477: 469: 466: 465: 463: 462: 450: 437: 434: 433: 431: 430: 425: 420: 415: 410: 405: 403:Treaty of 1752 400: 394: 391: 390: 386: 385: 382: 381: 378: 372: 371: 368: 362: 361: 358: 352: 351: 348: 342: 341: 338: 332: 331: 328: 322: 321: 316: 310: 309: 304: 298: 297: 294: 288: 287: 284: 278: 277: 274: 268: 267: 264: 258: 257: 254: 248: 247: 244: 238: 237: 234: 228: 227: 224: 218: 217: 214: 208: 207: 204: 200: 199: 196: 190: 189: 186: 180: 179: 176: 170: 169: 166: 160: 159: 156: 150: 149: 146: 140: 139: 136: 130: 129: 126: 120: 119: 116: 110: 109: 106: 100: 99: 96: 90: 89: 86: 80: 79: 76: 70: 69: 66: 56: 55: 51: 50: 47: 39: 38: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7549: 7538: 7535: 7533: 7530: 7528: 7525: 7523: 7520: 7518: 7515: 7513: 7510: 7508: 7505: 7503: 7500: 7498: 7495: 7493: 7490: 7488: 7485: 7483: 7480: 7478: 7475: 7473: 7470: 7468: 7465: 7464: 7462: 7447: 7446: 7435: 7433: 7432: 7423: 7422: 7419: 7413: 7410: 7408: 7405: 7403: 7400: 7398: 7395: 7393: 7390: 7389: 7387: 7383: 7377: 7374: 7372: 7369: 7367: 7364: 7362: 7359: 7358: 7356: 7352: 7346: 7343: 7341: 7338: 7336: 7333: 7331: 7328: 7326: 7323: 7321: 7318: 7316: 7313: 7311: 7308: 7306: 7303: 7301: 7298: 7296: 7293: 7291: 7288: 7286: 7283: 7281: 7278: 7276: 7273: 7271: 7268: 7266: 7263: 7261: 7258: 7256: 7253: 7251: 7248: 7246: 7243: 7241: 7238: 7236: 7233: 7231: 7228: 7226: 7223: 7221: 7218: 7216: 7213: 7211: 7208: 7207: 7205: 7201: 7195: 7192: 7190: 7187: 7185: 7182: 7178: 7175: 7174: 7173: 7170: 7168: 7165: 7163: 7160: 7158: 7155: 7149: 7146: 7145: 7144: 7141: 7140: 7139: 7136: 7134: 7131: 7130: 7128: 7124: 7120: 7113: 7108: 7106: 7101: 7099: 7094: 7093: 7090: 7083: 7079: 7076: 7074: 7073:0-8020-3755-0 7070: 7066: 7065: 7060: 7058: 7057:0-7172-1810-4 7054: 7050: 7046: 7042: 7038: 7031: 7026: 7022: 7021: 7015: 7012: 7009: 7005: 7002: 6999:. Copp Clark. 6997: 6996: 6990: 6986: 6982: 6976: 6971: 6970: 6964: 6960: 6958: 6956: 6951: 6947: 6943: 6939: 6935: 6931: 6927: 6923: 6918: 6914: 6913: 6908: 6904: 6902: 6899: 6896: 6893: 6889: 6885: 6880: 6879: 6868: 6863: 6855: 6851: 6844: 6838:, p. 26. 6837: 6832: 6825: 6820: 6812: 6805: 6798: 6793: 6785: 6781: 6780: 6775: 6768: 6762: 6757: 6748: 6741: 6736: 6728: 6722: 6718: 6711: 6702: 6694: 6688: 6684: 6677: 6669: 6668: 6660: 6652: 6648: 6641: 6634: 6629: 6621: 6609: 6602:. p. 46. 6601: 6600: 6592: 6585: 6580: 6573: 6565: 6560: 6549: 6542: 6535: 6528: 6520: 6512: 6504: 6496: 6488: 6480: 6475: 6468: 6463: 6456: 6451: 6449: 6441: 6436: 6429: 6424: 6417: 6412: 6404: 6398: 6394: 6393: 6385: 6378: 6373: 6366: 6361: 6354: 6345: 6341: 6334: 6327: 6322: 6315: 6310: 6303: 6298: 6291: 6286: 6284: 6276: 6271: 6264: 6259: 6252: 6247: 6240: 6235: 6233: 6224: 6220: 6214: 6207: 6202: 6194: 6190: 6189: 6181: 6173: 6169: 6168: 6163: 6156: 6149: 6144: 6138:, p. 32. 6137: 6132: 6125: 6118: 6113: 6106: 6101: 6094: 6089: 6082: 6077: 6075: 6067: 6062: 6054: 6050: 6044: 6042: 6034: 6029: 6022: 6021:Landry (2007) 6017: 6009: 6008: 6000: 5993: 5988: 5981: 5976: 5974: 5972: 5963: 5962: 5954: 5946: 5942: 5941: 5933: 5925: 5924: 5916: 5909: 5904: 5896: 5884: 5876: 5875: 5868: 5860: 5856: 5852: 5845: 5838: 5833: 5831: 5823: 5818: 5811: 5808:John Gorham. 5805: 5798: 5793: 5785: 5781: 5774: 5766: 5760: 5756: 5752: 5745: 5736: 5734:1-897214-02-2 5730: 5726: 5719: 5712: 5707: 5700: 5695: 5688: 5683: 5675: 5663: 5655: 5654: 5646: 5638: 5634: 5633: 5628: 5621: 5613: 5608: 5607: 5598: 5591: 5585: 5577: 5573: 5569: 5565: 5561: 5557: 5550: 5543: 5538: 5531: 5526: 5519: 5514: 5507: 5501: 5494: 5489: 5482: 5477: 5470: 5465: 5463: 5454: 5448: 5444: 5440: 5439: 5434: 5427: 5419: 5413: 5409: 5402: 5394: 5390: 5386: 5380: 5376: 5372: 5365: 5358: 5353: 5346: 5341: 5339: 5337: 5330:, p. 34. 5329: 5324: 5316: 5310: 5306: 5299: 5292: 5287: 5280: 5279:Wilson (1751) 5275: 5273: 5266:, p. 29. 5265: 5260: 5258: 5250: 5245: 5243: 5234: 5233: 5225: 5218: 5213: 5211: 5204:, p. 27. 5203: 5198: 5191: 5190:Landry (2007) 5186: 5178: 5174: 5173: 5165: 5158: 5153: 5146: 5141: 5139: 5132:, p. 13. 5131: 5130:Wilson (1751) 5126: 5119: 5111: 5106: 5099: 5094: 5087: 5082: 5075: 5070: 5063: 5054: 5048: 5044: 5040: 5034: 5026: 5022: 5021: 5013: 5005: 4999: 4995: 4994: 4986: 4978: 4977: 4968: 4960: 4954: 4950: 4949: 4941: 4934: 4929: 4921: 4915: 4911: 4904: 4897: 4892: 4890: 4881: 4877: 4873: 4867: 4865: 4856: 4854:0-7735-2699-4 4850: 4846: 4845: 4837: 4835: 4827: 4826:Wicken (2002) 4822: 4814: 4808: 4804: 4803: 4795: 4788: 4779: 4778: 4770: 4763: 4754: 4750: 4749: 4741: 4732: 4725: 4720: 4712: 4708: 4707: 4700: 4692: 4690:9780788410154 4686: 4682: 4681: 4673: 4665: 4661: 4654: 4645: 4636: 4628: 4627: 4622: 4621:Pote, William 4616: 4609: 4604: 4597: 4592: 4590: 4581: 4580: 4572: 4564: 4563: 4555: 4547: 4543: 4542: 4537: 4530: 4522: 4516: 4512: 4511: 4503: 4496: 4492: 4487: 4479: 4473: 4469: 4462: 4455: 4450: 4442: 4440:1-55109-740-0 4436: 4432: 4425: 4418: 4414: 4410: 4405: 4398: 4393: 4387:, p. 62. 4386: 4381: 4372: 4365: 4360: 4358: 4356: 4348: 4341:, p. 78. 4340: 4335: 4328: 4320: 4315: 4313: 4311: 4309: 4301: 4292: 4291: 4283: 4275: 4269: 4265: 4264: 4256: 4248: 4244: 4243: 4238: 4232: 4224: 4218: 4214: 4213: 4205: 4197: 4193: 4186: 4184: 4176: 4167: 4166: 4158: 4150: 4146: 4139: 4137: 4135: 4133: 4124: 4120: 4116: 4110: 4106: 4102: 4098: 4097:Reid, John G. 4092: 4090: 4081: 4080: 4072: 4064: 4060: 4053: 4045: 4044: 4039: 4033: 4026: 4020: 4006:on 2011-07-19 4005: 4001: 4000: 3992: 3976: 3972: 3966: 3964: 3962: 3953: 3947: 3943: 3942: 3934: 3926: 3922: 3918: 3914: 3910: 3906: 3899: 3893: 3889: 3886: 3881: 3875: 3871: 3868: 3863: 3855: 3851: 3844: 3837: 3833: 3828: 3820: 3816: 3809: 3801: 3797: 3790: 3781: 3775: 3771: 3768: 3763: 3761: 3759: 3750: 3749: 3741: 3732: 3730: 3721: 3720: 3712: 3704: 3700: 3696: 3690: 3686: 3682: 3678: 3674: 3670: 3666: 3665:Reid, John G. 3660: 3658: 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Knowledge

Military history of the Mi'kmaq

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