70:
53:
2133:
2128:
37:
670:/L (9 July). No activity could be detected in the free-water samples. Due to dilution, there is no threat to the environment. The Norwegian limit on caesium-137 in food products is 600 Bq/kg. The background activity of caesium-137 in the water body is as low as 0.001 Bq/L. More sensitive measurements of the samples were reported to be in progress.
556:
system. At 15:15, several hours after surfacing, the boat sank in 1,680 metres (5,510 ft) of water, about 250 kilometres (135 nmi) SSW off Bear Island. The commanding officer and four others who were still on board entered the escape capsule and ejected it. Only one of the five to reach the
1092:
Komsomolets. Edited by K. J. Moore. Washington, DC: Potomac Books, Inc., 2006. (Note: Romanov was the Soviet submarine's deputy designer at the Rubin Design Bureau and he defends his agency's design against the Soviet Navy's initial claims that "numerous technical imperfections" caused the
425:
in response to a challenge to develop an advanced submarine that could carry a mix of torpedoes and cruise missiles with conventional or nuclear warheads. The order to design the submarine was issued in 1966 and design was completed in 1974. The keel was laid down on 22 April 1978 at
631:, a charity to support the widows and orphans of his former command. Since then, the Society's charter has expanded to provide assistance to the families of all Soviet and Russian submariners lost at sea, and 7 April has become a day of commemoration for all submariners lost at sea.
452:, which gave her an operating depth far greater than that of the best American submarines. The pressure hull was composed of seven compartments with the second and third protected by stronger forward and aft bulkheads creating a "safety zone" in case of an emergency. An
650:
to seal the hull fractures in
Compartment 1 and cover the nuclear warheads, and declared success at the end of a subsequent expedition in July 1996. A jelly-like sealant was projected to make the wreck radiation safe for 20 to 30 years, that is, until 2015 to 2025.
492:
and
Kenneth J. Moore, two Western experts on Soviet submarine design and operations, the Project 685's advanced design included many automated systems which allowed for fewer crew members than usual for a submarine of her size. The manning table approved by the
586:
Of the 69 crewmen, 27 survived the incident and 42 died: nine during the accident and the subsequent sinking, 30 in the water of hypothermia or injuries, and three aboard the rescue boat. The crew were awarded the
657:
In July 2019, a joint
Norwegian-Russian expedition found "clouds" emitted from a ventilation pipe and a nearby grille. They took water samples from the pipe and from several metres above, and analysed them for
1076:
818:
497:
in 1982 called for a crew of 57 men. This was later increased to 64: 30 officers, 22 warrant officers, and 12 petty officers and seamen. At the time of the boat's sinking, 69 were aboard.
533:
On 7 April 1989, while under the command of
Captain 1st Rank Evgeny Vanin and running submerged at a depth of 335 metres (1,099 ft) about 180 kilometres (100 nmi) southwest of
395:, she was capable of combat maneuvering and deployment. During her third operational patrol in the Arctic Ocean in 1989, a serious fire in the aft compartments led to her sinking in the
1384:
617:. In June 1989, two months after the sinking, the wreck was located. Soviet officials stated that any possible leaks were insignificant and posed no threat to the environment.
406:
was able to surface and remained afloat for approximately five hours before sinking. Many of the crew perished before rescue, leading to 42 total dead (and 27 survivors).
1064:
The Sunken
Nuclear Submarine Komsomolets and its effects on the Environment (by Steinar Høibråten, Per E. Thoresen and Are Haugan. Published by Elsevier Science. 1997)
654:
Norwegian authorities from the Marine
Environmental Agency and Radiation Agency take water and ground samples from the vicinity of the wreck on a yearly basis.
1377:
1019:
388:
777:
2148:
537:, a fire broke out in an engineering compartment due to a short circuit, and even though watertight doors were shut, the resulting fire spread through
155:
1370:
1003:
723:
549:
blow was performed and the submarine surfaced eleven minutes after the fire began. Distress calls were made, and most of the crew abandoned ship.
2187:
625:
460:
above these compartments to enable the crew to abandon ship in the event of an underwater emergency. Initial
Western intelligence estimates of
1318:
2212:
964:
1171:
2227:
1444:
1429:
1802:
1424:
69:
2192:
545:
and propulsion was lost. Electrical problems spread as cables burned through, and control of the boat was threatened. An emergency
1144:
52:
2207:
1069:
866:
882:
563:
arrived quickly and dropped small rafts, but winds and sea conditions precluded their use. Many men had already died from
17:
1050:
Institute of Marine
Research, 10 July 2019, updates 11 July and 29 August 2019, and personal communication 29 August 2019.
2237:
2202:
1293:
2217:
1045:
702:
was also installed on
Project 971 (Akula), Project 945 (Sierra), and in pairs on the Project 941 (Typhoon) submarines.
557:
surface was able to leave the capsule and survive before it sank in the rough seas. Captain Vanin was among the dead.
2222:
845:
679:
1245:
1165:
1023:
413:, about 1.7 km (1 mile) deep, with her nuclear reactor and two nuclear warhead-armed torpedoes still on board.
1156:
1339:
2232:
1131:
1755:
748:
270:
14 knots (26 km/h; 16 mph) surfaced, 26 to 30 knots (48 to 56 km/h; 30 to 35 mph) submerged
1795:
915:
Barnaby, Frank (1989). "The
Release of Radioactivity into the Sea from the Sunken Soviet "MIKE" Submarine".
159:
603:
was carrying two torpedoes armed with nuclear warheads. Under pressure from Norway, the Soviet Union used
2086:
1583:
1406:
465:
1920:
1269:
1203:
2136:
2132:
2127:
2123:
1817:
1750:
1571:
494:
1063:
2037:
1434:
609:
477:
435:
360:
342:
248:
666:
missions up to 1998 and 2007. The activity levels in the six samples out of the pipe were up to 800
1788:
1740:
1607:
1526:
1518:
1459:
1362:
2004:
1664:
1644:
1620:
1615:
1482:
1477:
1439:
1322:
1182:
1081:
588:
368:
252:
2056:
2021:
1848:
1730:
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1649:
1556:
1551:
1541:
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1531:
1487:
1419:
959:
1136:
944:
1993:
1986:
1745:
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1669:
1659:
1654:
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1507:
1502:
1497:
1492:
1449:
1414:
1780:
2108:
1910:
1735:
1689:
1684:
1679:
1674:
1639:
1596:
1591:
1546:
1472:
1467:
1224:
538:
534:
8:
2197:
422:
353:
334:
194:
2097:
2076:
1951:
1141:
926:
800:
439:
380:
984:
1113:
862:
841:
663:
604:
392:
791:
Pope, Brian (May 1989). "Soviet Nuclear-Powered Attack Submarine Sinks Off Norway".
2030:
1858:
1631:
643:
522:
457:
345:
256:
2066:
2046:
1160:
1148:
968:
1098:
Rising Tide: The untold story of the Russian submarines that fought the Cold War
859:
Rising tide: the untold story of the Russian submarines that fought the Cold War
1940:
1712:
1701:
890:
699:
560:
553:
453:
245:
838:
Cold War Submarines: The Design and Construction of U.S. and Soviet Submarines
2181:
2163:
2150:
1301:
1117:
620:
In 1993, Vice Admiral Chernov, commander of the submarine group of which the
489:
372:
307:
303:
259:
464:
s speed were based on the assumption that the boat was powered by a pair of
2016:
1837:
1397:
546:
469:
427:
1964:
1890:
1878:
1393:
1253:
659:
568:
564:
525:
Yuriy Zelenskiy was honoured for diving to 1,020 metres (3,350 ft).
410:
396:
384:
349:
178:
1175:
1153:
804:
1899:
1347:
930:
638:
leakage from one of the two nuclear-armed torpedoes. On 24 June 1995,
1930:
1316:
971:
635:
473:
286:
64 (30 officers, 22 warrant officers, 12 petty officers and enlisted)
198:
1827:
1392:
1201:
752:
518:
449:
1104:
INRO Staff (1991). "New Historic Information on the Soviet Navy".
296:
105:
36:
1959:
1222:
1810:
1277:
1176:
TED Case Studies: Komsomolets Submarine and Radiation Leakage
917:
542:
371:, having reached a depth of 1,020 metres (3,350 feet) in the
778:"Ход развития аварии и борьбы за живучесть ПЛА "КОМСОМОЛЕЦ""
509:
became one of the few Soviet submarines to be given a name:
1020:"Sjekker atomubåten "Komsomolets" for radioaktiv lekkasje"
1005:
Soviet Nuclear Submarine Wrecks at Bottom of Arctic Ocean.
990:
943:
Fishing Fleet of Communist and Post-Communist Countries:
840:; 2004, Brassey's, Inc. (Dulles, Virginia); pp. 286–287;
824:
330:
209:
667:
946:"Pionersk" type multi-purpose mother ship project B-64
1270:"Обследование затонувшей АПЛ "Комсомолец" силами ВМФ"
662:. That pipe had been identified as a leak in several
1243:
1180:
448:had a double hull, the inner one being composed of
402:Despite the fire in the engineering compartment,
2179:
1090:Fire at Sea: The Tragedy of the Soviet Submarine
952:
772:
770:
607:operated from the oceanographic research ship
1796:
1378:
1047:Researchers discovered leak from Komsomolets.
409:The wrecked submarine is on the floor of the
1202:А. С. Николаев, И. С. Курганов (2002–2008).
977:
767:
751:. Военно-промышленный курьер. Archived from
169:Sank due to fire on 7 April 1989, killing 42
1317:МГТУ им. Баумана, отдел Подводные системы.
567:in the 2 °C (36 °F) water of the
278:1,000 m safe, 1,250 m design, 1,500 m crush
57:K-278 upon deployment on 1 January in 1986.
1803:
1789:
1385:
1371:
1103:
1070:Komsomolets: A Disaster Waiting to Happen?
1022:. Havforskningsinstituttet. Archived from
472:revealed that the submarine used a single
1811:Shipwrecks and maritime incidents in 1989
1170:Mizokami, Kyle, "Russia Has Destroyed..."
1017:
856:
811:
1072:", CIS Environmental Watch, Spring 1992.
910:
908:
875:
857:Weir, Gary E.; Boyne, Walter J. (2003).
634:An expedition in mid-1994 revealed some
181:in 1,700 m (5,600 ft) of water
1223:А. С. Николаев, И. С. Курганов (2007).
914:
552:The fire continued to burn, fed by the
329:(Russian: проект-685 плавник, meaning "
302:6 x 533 mm (21-inch) torpedo tubes for
14:
2180:
1337:
1183:"Проект 685 "Плавник" (NATO – "Mike")"
1018:Michalsen, Kathrine (22 August 2008).
480:, these speed estimates were lowered.
2188:Nuclear submarines of the Soviet Navy
1784:
1366:
1319:"Проект локализации АПЛ "Комсомолец""
905:
836:Norman Polmar, and Kenneth J. Moore;
599:As well as eight standard torpedoes,
67:
1407:Ballistic missile nuclear submarines
1044:Hilde Elise Heldal, Stine Hommedal:
986:On the Trail of Submarine Disasters.
790:
571:. The floating fish factory B-64/10
421:The Project 685 was designed by the
212:surfaced, 6,400–8,000 tons submerged
2213:Lost submarines of the Soviet Union
1340:"Возможен ли подъём "Комсомольца"?"
1008:The Moscow Times, 14 November 2014.
387:to evaluate the technology for the
24:
1321:. aqua.sm.bmstu.ru. Archived from
1225:"604 экипаж проекта 685 "Плавник""
1132:Project 685 (Plavnik) – Mike Class
784:
724:"Marine Nuclear Power:1939 – 2018"
629:Nuclear Submarine Memorial Society
25:
2249:
1460:Cruise missile nuclear submarines
1346:. submarine.id.ru. Archived from
1298:Центральный Военно-Морской Портал
1274:Центральный Военно-Морской Портал
1252:. submarine.id.ru. Archived from
1142:Federation of American Scientists
1125:
680:List of sunken nuclear submarines
583:sank, and took aboard survivors.
2131:
2126:
1204:"К-278, "Комсомолец" проект 685"
541:cable penetrations. The reactor
521:"), and her commanding officer,
361:inventory of the Soviet military
299:Starfish anti-submarine missiles
236:8 to 9 m (26 to 30 ft)
68:
51:
35:
27:Nuclear-powered attack submarine
2193:Ships built in the Soviet Union
1057:
1038:
1011:
996:
993:translation, 15 September 1992.
937:
889:. 15 April 1989. Archived from
1100:, New York: Basic Books,(2003)
850:
830:
741:
716:
692:
13:
1:
2228:Norway–Soviet Union relations
2208:Shipwrecks in the Barents Sea
1300:. grinda.info. Archived from
1276:. grinda.info. Archived from
709:
1584:ballistic missile submarines
1400:submarine classes after 1945
1244:Н. А. Черкашин (1997–2001).
1181:А. С. Николаев (2002–2003).
1096:Gary Weir and Walter Boyne,
594:
466:liquid metal cooled reactors
352:; the only submarine of her
7:
1344:«Российский подводный флот»
1250:«Российский подводный флот»
673:
579:) arrived 81 minutes after
517:, meaning "a member of the
375:on 4 August 1984. Although
10:
2254:
2238:Soviet submarine accidents
2203:Maritime incidents in 1989
958:Timothy Bancroft-Hinchey:
528:
495:Soviet Ministry of Defense
220:117.5 m (385 ft)
2218:Sunken nuclear submarines
2121:
1977:
1816:
1764:
1711:
1629:
1616:644/665 Whiskey (missile)
1608:cruise missile submarines
1605:
1581:
1519:Nuclear attack submarines
1517:
1458:
1405:
961:In Memory of Komsomolets.
861:. New York: Basic Books.
820:The Komsomolets Disaster.
749:"Хождение за три глубины"
478:pressurized-water reactor
416:
399:off the coast of Norway.
185:
62:
50:
34:
2223:1989 in the Soviet Union
2096:October (unknown date):
1159:8 September 2006 at the
1147:26 November 2015 at the
1077:The Komsomolets Disaster
983:Sergey Petrovich Bukan:
967:2 September 2019 at the
685:
228:10.7 m (35 ft)
131:9 May 1983 (3 June 1983)
1698:(development suspended)
1085:, Vol. 38, No. 5 (1995)
1082:Studies in Intelligence
589:Order of the Red Banner
500:
483:
186:General characteristics
2233:Ships built by Sevmash
1229:сайт «Русский Подплав»
1137:GlobalSecurity article
624:was part, founded the
369:submarine depth rating
255:<= 45%), two 45000
1898:June (unknown date):
1231:. submarines.narod.ru
1154:Энциклопедия кораблей
1106:Warship International
1075:Montgomery, George, "
827:Report 14 April 2007.
605:deep sea submersibles
442:on 28 December 1983.
333:", also known by her
1771:Single ship of class
1713:Auxiliary submarines
1574:(under construction)
1350:on 27 September 2011
1325:on 12 September 2011
1256:on 27 September 2011
1166:Книга памяти – K-278
591:after the incident.
535:Bear Island (Norway)
18:Mike-class submarine
2164:73.7238°N 13.2662°E
2160: /
883:"A lot lost at sea"
817:George Montgomery:
642:set out again from
438:on 3 June 1983 and
423:Rubin Design Bureau
367:was unique for her
335:NATO reporting name
327:Project-685 Plavnik
195:NATO reporting name
1294:"Вахтенный журнал"
793:Arms Control Today
573:Aleksey Khlobystov
456:was fitted in the
393:nuclear submarines
2143:
2142:
1870:K-278 Komsomolets
1778:
1777:
1680:636 Improved Kilo
1632:attack submarines
1542:671RTM Victor III
1304:on 17 August 2011
1246:"Пламя в отсеках"
1068:Wallace, Wendy, "
868:978-0-465-09112-6
577:Алексей Хлобыстов
505:In October 1988,
389:fourth-generation
316:
315:
16:(Redirected from
2245:
2175:
2174:
2172:
2171:
2170:
2169:73.7238; 13.2662
2165:
2161:
2158:
2157:
2156:
2153:
2135:
2130:
2114:
2103:
2092:
2081:
2071:
2061:
2051:
2041:
2038:turret explosion
2025:
2010:
1999:
1970:
1946:
1935:
1925:
1915:
1905:
1894:
1884:
1873:
1863:
1853:
1843:
1832:
1805:
1798:
1791:
1782:
1781:
1572:09851 Khabarovsk
1445:667BDRM Delta IV
1435:667BDR Delta III
1387:
1380:
1373:
1364:
1363:
1359:
1357:
1355:
1334:
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1289:
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1280:on 26 April 2011
1265:
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1238:
1236:
1219:
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1198:
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1121:
1088:Romanov, D. A.,
1051:
1042:
1036:
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1033:
1031:
1015:
1009:
1002:Matthew Bodner:
1000:
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912:
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823:1994, posted as
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764:
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760:
755:on 30 April 2021
745:
739:
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728:
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703:
696:
644:Saint Petersburg
523:Captain 1st rank
346:attack submarine
156:Bolshaya Lopatka
139:28 December 1983
75:
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32:
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21:
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2106:
2095:
2084:
2074:
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2054:
2044:
2028:
2013:
2002:
1984:
1978:Other incidents
1973:
1949:
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1887:
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1835:
1825:
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1537:671RT Victor II
1513:
1483:670M Charlie II
1454:
1401:
1391:
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1307:
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1211:
1208:«Штурм Глубины»
1192:
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1187:«Штурм Глубины»
1161:Wayback Machine
1149:Wayback Machine
1128:
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978:
974:, 7 April 2013.
969:Wayback Machine
957:
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894:
893:on 9 April 2016
881:
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780:. 26 July 2006.
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561:Rescue aircraft
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343:nuclear-powered
177:Located in the
160:Zapadnaya Litsa
73:
58:
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28:
23:
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1950:Unknown date:
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1557:945A Sierra II
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1456:
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1453:
1452:
1447:
1442:
1437:
1432:
1430:667BD Delta II
1427:
1422:
1417:
1411:
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1403:
1402:
1390:
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1367:
1361:
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1241:
1220:
1210:. deepstorm.ru
1199:
1189:. deepstorm.ru
1178:
1173:
1168:
1163:
1151:
1139:
1134:
1127:
1126:External links
1124:
1123:
1122:
1112:(3): 240–271.
1101:
1094:
1086:
1073:
1066:
1059:
1056:
1053:
1052:
1037:
1026:on 9 July 2019
1010:
995:
976:
951:
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925:(5): 296–297.
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1630:Conventional
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1606:Conventional
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1598:
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1592:AV611 Zulu IV
1590:
1589:
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1585:
1582:Conventional
1580:
1573:
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1568:
1565:
1563:
1560:
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1548:
1547:705/705K Alfa
1545:
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1528:
1527:627A November
1525:
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1498:949A Oscar II
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1478:670 Charlie I
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887:The Economist
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846:1-57488-594-4
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490:Norman Polmar
488:According to
481:
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476:conventional
475:
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373:Norwegian Sea
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309:
308:VA-111 Shkval
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304:53-65 torpedo
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197:"Mike"-class
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123:22 April 1978
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2089:Pennsylvania
2088:
2077:
2068:Ross Revenge
2067:
2057:
2048:Maxim Gorkiy
2047:
2032:
2017:Exxon Valdez
2015:
2006:
1995:
1988:
1966:
1958:
1953:
1942:
1931:
1921:
1911:
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1889:
1880:
1869:
1868:
1859:
1849:
1839:
1828:
1751:210 Losharik
1741:1910 Uniform
1561:
1552:945 Sierra I
1532:671 Victor I
1425:667B Delta I
1352:. Retrieved
1348:the original
1343:
1338:Н. Мормуль.
1327:. Retrieved
1323:the original
1306:. Retrieved
1302:the original
1297:
1282:. Retrieved
1278:the original
1273:
1258:. Retrieved
1254:the original
1249:
1233:. Retrieved
1228:
1212:. Retrieved
1207:
1191:. Retrieved
1186:
1109:
1105:
1097:
1089:
1080:
1058:Bibliography
1046:
1040:
1028:. Retrieved
1024:the original
1013:
1004:
998:
985:
979:
960:
954:
945:
939:
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916:
895:. Retrieved
891:the original
886:
877:
858:
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819:
813:
796:
792:
786:
757:. Retrieved
753:the original
743:
731:. Retrieved
718:
694:
656:
653:
647:
639:
633:
626:
621:
619:
614:
608:
600:
598:
585:
580:
576:
572:
559:
551:
547:ballast tank
532:
514:
510:
506:
504:
487:
470:Soviet Union
461:
445:
444:
440:commissioned
431:
428:Severodvinsk
420:
408:
403:
401:
381:commissioned
376:
364:
358:
354:design class
339:"Mike"-class
338:
326:
321:
319:
317:
208:4,400–5,750
205:Displacement
136:Commissioned
92:
85:
74:Soviet Union
42:
29:
2167: /
2113:(oil spill)
1941:USCGC
1912:Marchioness
1756:20120 Sarov
1731:1710 Beluga
1665:641 Foxtrot
1645:613 Whiskey
1621:651 Juliett
1493:949 Oscar I
1473:675 Echo II
1440:941 Typhoon
1420:667A Yankee
989:pp 130-163
733:30 December
729:. July 2018
660:caesium-137
648:Komsomolets
627:Komsomolets
622:Komsomolets
569:Barents Sea
565:hypothermia
511:Komsomolets
468:. When the
411:Barents Sea
397:Barents Sea
391:of Russian
385:Soviet Navy
350:Soviet Navy
322:Komsomolets
262:, one shaft
244:One 190 MW
179:Barents Sea
147:6 June 1990
112:Yard number
95:(1988–1989)
93:Komsomolets
88:(1983–1988)
43:Komsomolets
2198:1983 ships
2182:Categories
2155:13°15′58″E
2152:73°43′26″N
1818:Shipwrecks
1704:(proposed)
1692:(proposed)
1670:641B Tango
1650:615 Quebec
1510:(proposed)
1468:659 Echo I
1093:accident.)
1030:16 January
710:References
515:Комсомолец
283:Complement
275:Test depth
246:OK-650 b-3
241:Propulsion
2098:HMS
2087:USS
2031:USS
2022:oil spill
2007:Oregon II
1996:San Diego
1994:USS
1987:USS
1952:HMS
1922:Mogoșoaia
1900:USS
1891:Moby Dick
1879:USS
1860:Maassluis
1838:USS
1746:865 Losos
1736:1840 Lima
1726:940 India
1721:690 Bravo
1660:633 Romeo
1655:617 Whale
1567:971 Akula
1508:545 Laika
1503:885 Yasen
1450:955 Borei
1415:658 Hotel
1118:0043-0374
972:Pravda.ru
799:(4): 24.
636:plutonium
595:Aftermath
474:OK-650b-3
310:torpedoes
199:submarine
120:Laid down
2107:19 Dec:
2085:29 Sep:
2078:Bowbelle
2075:20 Aug:
2065:19 Aug:
2055:25 Jun:
2045:19 Jun:
2029:19 Apr:
2014:24 Mar:
2003:16 Mar:
1985:17 Jan:
1967:Tze Yang
1943:Mesquite
1929:29 Oct:
1919:10 Sep:
1909:20 Aug:
1888:24 May:
1877:25 Apr:
1857:15 Feb:
1847:28 Jan:
1840:Muliphen
1836:21 Jan:
1685:677 Lada
1675:877 Kilo
1640:611 Zulu
1597:629 Golf
1562:685 Mike
1488:661 Papa
1157:Archived
1145:Archived
965:Archived
805:23624029
674:See also
543:scrammed
539:bulkhead
519:Komsomol
450:titanium
436:launched
325:was the
291:Armament
152:Homeport
128:Launched
2110:Khark 5
2100:Spartan
1989:Norfolk
1954:Leander
1939:4 Dec:
1881:Parsons
1867:8 Apr:
1826:7 Jan:
1398:Russian
1354:6 April
1329:6 April
1308:6 April
1284:6 April
1260:6 April
1235:6 April
1214:6 April
1193:6 April
931:4313590
646:to the
640:Keldysh
610:Keldysh
529:Sinking
383:in the
359:In the
348:of the
297:SS-N-15
106:Sevmash
102:Builder
63:History
45:profile
2005:NOAAS
1960:YO-257
1932:Murree
1902:Blenny
1702:Kalina
1394:Soviet
1116:
1110:XXVIII
929:
865:
844:
803:
462:K-278'
417:Design
320:K-278
217:Length
91:K-278
41:K-278
2058:K-131
1965:ROCS
1829:Lavia
1696:S1000
927:JSTOR
918:Ambio
897:3 May
801:JSTOR
759:9 May
727:(PDF)
686:Notes
615:K-278
601:K-278
581:K-278
507:K-278
446:K-278
432:K-278
404:K-278
377:K-278
365:K-278
267:Speed
233:Draft
174:Notes
86:K-278
2137:1990
2124:1988
2033:Iowa
1690:Amur
1396:and
1356:2011
1331:2011
1310:2011
1286:2011
1262:2011
1237:2011
1216:2011
1195:2011
1114:ISSN
1032:2019
899:2015
863:ISBN
842:ISBN
761:2013
735:2022
698:The
501:Name
484:Crew
434:was
379:was
318:The
306:and
225:Beam
210:tons
166:Fate
80:Name
1079:",
991:CIA
825:CIA
664:Mir
458:fin
341:),
337:of
331:fin
257:shp
253:HEU
249:PWR
158:at
115:510
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1963:,
1957:,
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