451:, and 839 others suffered from the effects of carbon monoxide poisoning, which can cause brain damage. In total, 1,197 of the 1,403 workers died or were injured as a result of the incident. Workers were told by the Mitsui Coal Mining company that a coal-dust explosion in the mine was impossible and were not educated on the potential for gas poisoning. The company had no provisions in place for isolating poisonous gas, in fact, at the time of the explosion, ventilation fans worked to actively spread the gas throughout the mine, leading to more deaths. Only around 200 of the workers knew of the explosion, mostly by hearing it firsthand. Despite making it to the lift, they were told by their officers not to leave and died due to carbon monoxide poisoning. The majority of the workers knew nothing of the explosion. Electricity and telephone communication were lost after the explosion, and initially, no attempts to rescue the workers were made by the company, which stated that it was too risky due to unclear conditions within the mine. As a result, workers remained trapped in the mine for three hours after the company was notified. The inexperienced, ill-advised rescue crews exacerbated the severity of the event by not following the protocols for rescuing victims of carbon monoxide poisoning. Over 200 of the workers who were already suffering from poisoning were sent back into the mines to attempt to rescue others. Of the 939 workers that survived, 839 suffered from serious carbon monoxide poisoning, which resulted in severe, permanent brain damage.
229:
169:
52:
59:
391:, an official of the Mines Bureau of the Ministry of Industry who had studied mining and metallurgy in the United States, was assigned to oversee the Miike Coal Mine, and eventually rose to become Director-General of Mitsui. The mine operations were greatly expanded and gradually modernized. The use of convict labor was abolished in 1930, long after it had ceased to be used in other mines in Japan.
31:
508:." The award was dependent upon Japan's promise to tell the "full history" of these sites that included a history of its forced labor for Koreans, Chinese, convicts, and POWs. On July 22, 2021, UNESCO's World Heritage Committee found that Japan had not fulfilled its pledge and they were asked to come up with a new plan by December 2021.
415:
In 1958 Nippon Steel Mining began development of the Ariake Coal Mine in neighboring Takada Town; however, development was suspended due to ingress of spring water. The mine was acquired by Mitsu in 1972, and coal production was resumed in 1976, with a shaft connecting the Ariake Mine with the Miike
466:
The mine closed on March 30, 1997. with devastating effects on the local economy. In the 1960s and 1970s, Japan's primary energy source switched from coal to oil, and demand for coal shifted from high-cost domestic coal to low-cost imported coal. Due to currency exchange rates, compensation claims
503:
In 2015, the Miike Coal Mine, Miike Coal Mine
Railway (some sections of which are currently used as the Mitsui Chemicals Railway) and Miike Port (opened in 1908, lock facilities, Daikongo Maru, a steam-powered crane ship that was used during port construction, former Nagasaki Customs Miike Branch
434:
that evolved into the largest management-labor dispute in Japan's history. When the Mitsui corporation attempted to lay off nearly 1,500 workers at the mine, the powerful miners union responded with massive protests and work stoppages that led to Mitsui locking out the miners for 312 days. The
994:
987:
435:
resultant clashes between miners, police, and right-wing gangsters escalated into violence. Ultimately, the protesting miners were defeated, and returned to work without achieving their demands, dealing a significant blow to the
Japanese labor movement as a whole.
240:. The hoisting machine room (brick building) of the second shaft constructed in 1901 (Meiji 34) and the vertical shaft turret (made of total steel) are left in perfect condition and designated as an important cultural property and historic site of the country.
980:
454:
In July 1967, 66 housewives from the Carbon
Monoxide Poisoning Patients Family Association staged a sit-in at the bottom of the Mikawa mine from the 14th to the 20th of the same month to protest failure of the company to provide compensation.
1003:
522:
505:
319:
407:. Approximately 1,735 American and Allied prisoners were used as slave labor to mine coal and work in a Mitsui zinc foundry. It was the largest POW camp in the Japanese Empire. 138 prisoners died, of disease, accidents, and abuse.
467:
for mining accidents, rising labor costs, etc., it was no longer possible to compete without government subsidies, which were scheduled to be discontinued from 2001. Mitsui there decided to terminate operations.
1131:
1121:
1116:
378:
was established to exclusively handle the transportation and sales of coal from the mine. In 188, when the mine was privatized, Mitsui won a fierce bidding competition against the
1126:
1232:
1111:
1280:
1275:
479:
1237:
1096:
1182:
1091:
1215:
1041:
972:
1320:
104:
1310:
51:
1203:
1056:
527:
1260:
944:
338:
Coal was discovered in this area by a farmer in 1469; however, commercial scale exploitation did not begin until 1721, when the
1305:
653:
553:
611:
1177:
1012:
894:
668:
478:
in 2000. The chimney of the
Miyaura Pit Ruins and the former Mikawa Electric Railway substation were registered as National
348:
received permission to open a mine. In pre-industrial Japan, the main market for coal was for use in salt production in the
967:
Japan's World
Heritage Miike Coal Mine - Where prisoners-of-war worked 'like slaves' http://apjjf.org/2021/13/Palmer.html
471:
498:
1002:
1187:
777:
746:
715:
676:
619:
592:
561:
1315:
228:
688:
179:
1290:
1172:
954:
191:
1285:
1061:
1036:
1295:
1026:
158:
1265:
448:
769:
738:
707:
584:
215:
168:
1270:
1046:
950:
929:
356:, the importance of coal as a fuel for steam engines became increasing evident, and in 1872 the
871:
849:
960:
640:
470:
After the mine closed, the
Miyahara Pit ruins and the Manda Pit were designated as National
1081:
1076:
1071:
1031:
793:
400:
1004:
Sites of Japan's Meiji
Industrial Revolution: Iron and Steel, Shipbuilding and Coal Mining
827:
523:
Sites of Japan's Meiji
Industrial Revolution: Iron and Steel, Shipbuilding and Coal Mining
320:
Sites of Japan's Meiji
Industrial Revolution: Iron and Steel, Shipbuilding and Coal Mining
8:
1151:
1143:
443:
On
November 9, 1963, 458 people were killed by an explosion and the resulting buildup of
322:
609:
Japan's emergence as a modern state: political and economic problems of the Meiji period
1227:
1220:
1208:
475:
290:
773:
742:
711:
672:
615:
588:
557:
811:
286:
82:
1106:
357:
353:
232:
Miyahara Pit is one of the main mines in the Mitsui Miike Coal Mine from the late
1300:
919:
Japan's Meiji Industrial Revolution: Iron and Steel, Shipbuilding and Coal Mining
763:
732:
701:
578:
506:
Japan's Meiji Industrial Revolution: Iron and Steel, Shipbuilding and Coal Mining
504:
Office), were designated as part of the UNESCO World Industrial Heritage series "
444:
349:
1156:
517:
458:
On January 18, 1984, an explosion at the mine claimed the lives of 83 workers.
425:
309:
294:
689:
http://www.powresearch.jp/en/pdf_e/powlist/fukuoka/fukuoka_17b_omuta_e_001.pdf
1254:
1194:
431:
119:
106:
404:
371:
360:
345:
237:
233:
798:
966:
918:
388:
379:
312:," which was the largest management-labor dispute in Japanese history.
204:
282:
374:
began to be employed both inside and outside the mine. In 1876, the
383:
367:
298:
340:
375:
364:
316:
499:
Hashima Island § World Heritage Site approval controversy
30:
930:
http://whc.unesco.org/archive/2021/whc21-44com-7B.Add2-en.pdf
302:
184:
92:
765:
Japan at the Crossroads: Conflict and Compromise after Anpo
734:
Japan at the Crossroads: Conflict and Compromise after Anpo
703:
Japan at the Crossroads: Conflict and Compromise after Anpo
580:
Japan at the Crossroads: Conflict and Compromise after Anpo
144:
485:
The Miike mine was the subject of a Japanese documentary,
315:
In 2015, it was registered as one of the assets of the
430:
In 1960, the mine became the center of a protracted
812:Workers get the shaft in Mitsui coal mine closure
1252:
636:
634:
632:
630:
628:
1281:Buildings and structures in Kumamoto Prefecture
274:
255:
1276:Buildings and structures in Fukuoka Prefecture
268:
249:
988:
625:
285:in Japan, located in the area of the city of
58:
399:During World War II the mine was used as a
995:
981:
951:WWII Japanese POW Camp Fukuoka #17 - Omuta
874:(in Japanese). Agency for Cultural Affairs
852:(in Japanese). Agency for Cultural Affairs
830:(in Japanese). Agency for Cultural Affairs
572:
570:
167:
29:
828:"三井三池炭鉱跡-宮原坑跡, 万田坑跡, 専用鉄道敷跡, 旧長崎税関三池税関支署"
664:Karan, P.P. & Stapleton, K.E. (1997)
643:Chapter - 5 The Miike coal-mine explosion
549:Karan, P.P. & Stapleton, K.E. (1997)
528:List of Historic Sites of Japan (Fukuoka)
370:took control in 1899.Almost immediately,
755:
227:
1321:Registered Tangible Cultural Properties
567:
545:
543:
480:Registered Tangible Cultural Properties
1311:Important Cultural Properties of Japan
1253:
955:Fukuoka POW Camp #17 - Omuta (Mansell)
892:
886:
864:
842:
820:
607:Norman, E.H. & Woods, L.T. (2000)
492:
1178:Hashino iron mining and smelting site
1082:Sekiyoshi Sluice gate of Yoshino leat
976:
761:
730:
699:
576:
308:In 1960, it was the setting for the "
963:, official Japanese government site.
693:
540:
489:(2006), directed by Hiroko Kumagai.
961:Japan's Meiji Industrial Revolution
945:Former Miike Coal Mine Miyahara Pit
893:Tomoda, Yoshiyuki (November 2010).
13:
410:
16:Defunct coal mine in Kyushu, Japan
14:
1332:
1122:Mitsubishi Giant Cantilever Crane
1117:Mitsubishi Senshokaku Guest House
947:, from Kyushu Tourism Information
938:
895:"Nihon no tankō eigashi to Miike"
419:
333:
173:Miyanohara Pit of Miike Coal Mine
969:, from Japan Focus, July 1, 2021
794:Film mines rich seams of history
447:. 438 of the deaths were due to
57:
50:
1261:1997 disestablishments in Japan
923:
912:
805:
786:
1173:Nirayama Reverberatory Furnace
1127:Mitsubishi Former Pattern Shop
1020:Hagi Proto-industrial Heritage
724:
682:
658:
646:
601:
1:
1306:World Heritage Sites in Japan
671:University Press of Kentucky
641:Industrial pollution in Japan
556:University Press of Kentucky
533:
472:Important Cultural Properties
1013:World Heritage Site in Japan
768:. Cambridge, Massachusetts:
737:. Cambridge, Massachusetts:
706:. Cambridge, Massachusetts:
583:. Cambridge, Massachusetts:
438:
7:
1037:Ohitayama Tatara Iron Works
511:
394:
275:
256:
10:
1337:
1233:Onga river Pumping Station
1027:Hagi Reverberatory Furnace
850:"旧三池炭鉱三川電鉄変電所（信号電材株式会社本社）"
652:Norman & Woods (2000)
496:
487:Echoes from the Miike Mine
423:
328:
160:UNESCO World Heritage Site
1165:
1142:
1090:
1055:
1019:
1010:
461:
449:carbon monoxide poisoning
269:
250:
210:
200:
196:Cultural: (ii), (iv)
190:
178:
166:
157:
150:
140:
135:
98:
88:
78:
45:
40:
28:
1228:The Imperial Steel Works
1112:Mitsubishi No.3 Dry Dock
770:Harvard University Press
739:Harvard University Press
708:Harvard University Press
585:Harvard University Press
416:Mine completed in 1977.
1316:Historic Sites of Japan
1195:Glover House and Office
957:(access August 2, 2021)
802:, 14 August 2011, p. 8.
679:Retrieved January 2012.
622:Retrieved January 2012.
564:Retrieved January 2012.
476:National Historic Sites
1077:Terayama Charcoal Kiln
376:Mitsui & Co., Ltd.
264:Mitsui Miike Coal Mine
241:
120:33.01361°N 130.45611°E
1291:Former mines in Japan
231:
1047:Shōkasonjuku Academy
1032:Ebisugahana Shipyard
762:Kapur, Nick (2018).
741:. pp. 136–137.
731:Kapur, Nick (2018).
710:. pp. 135–137.
700:Kapur, Nick (2018).
577:Kapur, Nick (2018).
401:prisoner of war camp
262:, also known as the
1286:Coal mines in Japan
1152:Takashima Coal Mine
1144:Takashima Coal Mine
493:World Heritage Site
323:World Heritage Site
154:
125:33.01361; 130.45611
116: /
25:
902:Gengo bunka kenkyū
817:, 18 February 1997
405:Fukuoka#17 - Omuta
352:; however, in the
281:, was the largest
276:Mitsui Miike Tankō
242:
152:
21:
1296:Former coal mines
1248:
1247:
1183:Mietsu Naval Dock
1157:Hashima Coal Mine
1092:Nagasaki Shipyard
666:The Japanese city
551:The Japanese city
403:, referred to as
226:
225:
222:
221:
1328:
1241:
1224:
1216:Misumi West Port
1212:
1191:
1135:
1107:Kosuge Slip Dock
1100:
1065:
1042:Hagi Castle Town
997:
990:
983:
974:
973:
932:
927:
921:
916:
910:
909:
899:
890:
884:
883:
881:
879:
868:
862:
861:
859:
857:
846:
840:
839:
837:
835:
824:
818:
809:
803:
792:Kawabata, Tai, "
790:
784:
783:
759:
753:
752:
728:
722:
721:
697:
691:
686:
680:
662:
656:
650:
644:
638:
623:
605:
599:
598:
574:
565:
547:
358:Meiji government
354:Bakumatsu period
280:
278:
272:
271:
261:
259:
253:
252:
171:
161:
155:
151:
131:
130:
128:
127:
126:
121:
117:
114:
113:
112:
109:
61:
60:
54:
33:
26:
20:
1336:
1335:
1331:
1330:
1329:
1327:
1326:
1325:
1251:
1250:
1249:
1244:
1235:
1218:
1206:
1200:Miike coal mine
1185:
1161:
1138:
1129:
1094:
1086:
1072:Shōko Shūseikan
1059:
1051:
1015:
1006:
1001:
941:
936:
935:
928:
924:
917:
913:
904:(in Japanese).
897:
891:
887:
877:
875:
870:
869:
865:
855:
853:
848:
847:
843:
833:
831:
826:
825:
821:
810:
806:
791:
787:
780:
772:. p. 137.
760:
756:
749:
729:
725:
718:
698:
694:
687:
683:
663:
659:
651:
647:
639:
626:
606:
602:
595:
587:. p. 135.
575:
568:
548:
541:
536:
514:
501:
495:
474:in 1998 and as
464:
445:carbon monoxide
441:
428:
422:
413:
411:Postwar history
397:
387:for ownership.
350:Seto Inland Sea
336:
331:
266:
247:
245:Miike coal mine
174:
159:
153:Miike coal mine
124:
122:
118:
115:
110:
107:
105:
103:
102:
74:
73:
72:
71:
70:
69:
68:
66:
65:Miike Coal Mine
62:
36:
35:Miike Coal Mine
23:
22:Miike Coal Mine
17:
12:
11:
5:
1334:
1324:
1323:
1318:
1313:
1308:
1303:
1298:
1293:
1288:
1283:
1278:
1273:
1271:Arao, Kumamoto
1268:
1266:Ōmuta, Fukuoka
1263:
1246:
1245:
1243:
1242:
1230:
1225:
1213:
1197:
1192:
1180:
1175:
1169:
1167:
1163:
1162:
1160:
1159:
1154:
1148:
1146:
1140:
1139:
1137:
1136:
1124:
1119:
1114:
1109:
1103:
1101:
1088:
1087:
1085:
1084:
1079:
1074:
1068:
1066:
1053:
1052:
1050:
1049:
1044:
1039:
1034:
1029:
1023:
1021:
1017:
1016:
1011:
1008:
1007:
1000:
999:
992:
985:
977:
971:
970:
964:
958:
948:
940:
939:External links
937:
934:
933:
922:
911:
885:
863:
841:
819:
804:
785:
778:
754:
747:
723:
716:
692:
681:
657:
645:
624:
600:
593:
566:
538:
537:
535:
532:
531:
530:
525:
520:
518:Miike Struggle
513:
510:
494:
491:
463:
460:
440:
437:
426:Miike Struggle
424:Main article:
421:
420:Labor disputes
418:
412:
409:
396:
393:
363:the mine. The
335:
334:Prewar history
332:
330:
327:
310:Miike Struggle
224:
223:
220:
219:
212:
208:
207:
202:
198:
197:
194:
188:
187:
182:
176:
175:
172:
164:
163:
148:
147:
142:
138:
137:
133:
132:
100:
96:
95:
90:
86:
85:
83:Ōmuta, Fukuoka
80:
76:
75:
64:
63:
56:
55:
49:
48:
47:
46:
43:
42:
38:
37:
34:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1333:
1322:
1319:
1317:
1314:
1312:
1309:
1307:
1304:
1302:
1299:
1297:
1294:
1292:
1289:
1287:
1284:
1282:
1279:
1277:
1274:
1272:
1269:
1267:
1264:
1262:
1259:
1258:
1256:
1239:
1234:
1231:
1229:
1226:
1222:
1217:
1214:
1210:
1205:
1201:
1198:
1196:
1193:
1189:
1184:
1181:
1179:
1176:
1174:
1171:
1170:
1168:
1164:
1158:
1155:
1153:
1150:
1149:
1147:
1145:
1141:
1133:
1128:
1125:
1123:
1120:
1118:
1115:
1113:
1110:
1108:
1105:
1104:
1102:
1098:
1093:
1089:
1083:
1080:
1078:
1075:
1073:
1070:
1069:
1067:
1063:
1058:
1054:
1048:
1045:
1043:
1040:
1038:
1035:
1033:
1030:
1028:
1025:
1024:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1009:
1005:
998:
993:
991:
986:
984:
979:
978:
975:
968:
965:
962:
959:
956:
952:
949:
946:
943:
942:
931:
926:
920:
915:
907:
903:
896:
889:
873:
867:
851:
845:
829:
823:
816:
815:Asahi Shimbun
813:
808:
801:
800:
795:
789:
781:
779:9780674988484
775:
771:
767:
766:
758:
750:
748:9780674988484
744:
740:
736:
735:
727:
719:
717:9780674988484
713:
709:
705:
704:
696:
690:
685:
678:
677:0-8131-2035-7
674:
670:
667:
661:
655:
649:
642:
637:
635:
633:
631:
629:
621:
620:0-7748-0822-5
617:
613:
610:
604:
596:
594:9780674988484
590:
586:
582:
581:
573:
571:
563:
562:0-8131-2035-7
559:
555:
552:
546:
544:
539:
529:
526:
524:
521:
519:
516:
515:
509:
507:
500:
490:
488:
483:
481:
477:
473:
468:
459:
456:
452:
450:
446:
436:
433:
432:labor dispute
427:
417:
408:
406:
402:
392:
390:
386:
385:
381:
377:
373:
369:
366:
362:
359:
355:
351:
347:
343:
342:
326:
324:
321:
318:
313:
311:
306:
304:
300:
296:
292:
288:
284:
277:
265:
258:
246:
239:
236:to the early
235:
230:
217:
213:
209:
206:
203:
199:
195:
193:
189:
186:
183:
181:
177:
170:
165:
162:
156:
149:
146:
143:
139:
134:
129:
101:
97:
94:
91:
87:
84:
81:
77:
53:
44:
39:
32:
27:
19:
1199:
925:
914:
905:
901:
888:
876:. Retrieved
872:"旧三池炭鉱宮浦坑煙突"
866:
854:. Retrieved
844:
832:. Retrieved
822:
814:
807:
797:
788:
764:
757:
733:
726:
702:
695:
684:
665:
660:
648:
608:
603:
579:
550:
502:
486:
484:
469:
465:
457:
453:
442:
429:
414:
398:
382:
372:prison labor
361:nationalised
346:Miike Domain
339:
337:
314:
307:
263:
244:
243:
238:Showa period
234:Meiji period
18:
1236: [
1219: [
1207: [
1186: [
1130: [
1095: [
1060: [
908:(2): 21–37.
878:20 December
856:20 December
834:20 December
799:Japan Times
482:in 2000.
257:Miike Tankō
214:2015 (39th
211:Inscription
123: /
111:130°27′22″E
99:Coordinates
1255:Categories
1204:Miike port
614:UBC Press
534:References
497:See also:
389:Dan Takuma
380:Mitsubishi
136:Production
108:33°00′49″N
1057:Shuseikan
439:Incidents
283:coal mine
201:Reference
512:See also
395:POW camp
384:zaibatsu
368:zaibatsu
299:Kumamoto
192:Criteria
180:Location
141:Products
79:Location
41:Location
329:History
291:Fukuoka
216:Session
89:Country
1301:Mitsui
776:
745:
714:
675:
654:p.121.
618:
591:
560:
462:Legacy
365:Mitsui
317:UNESCO
270:三井三池炭鉱
1240:]
1223:]
1211:]
1190:]
1166:Other
1134:]
1099:]
1064:]
898:(PDF)
612:p.59.
554:p.181
303:Japan
287:Ōmuta
185:Japan
93:Japan
1202:and
953:and
880:2023
858:2023
836:2023
774:ISBN
743:ISBN
712:ISBN
673:ISBN
669:p.9.
616:ISBN
589:ISBN
558:ISBN
341:karō
295:Arao
293:and
251:三池炭鉱
205:1484
145:Coal
67:三池炭鉱
24:三池炭鉱
796:",
344:of
305:.
1257::
1238:ja
1221:ja
1209:ja
1188:ja
1132:ja
1097:ja
1062:ja
906:22
900:.
627:^
569:^
542:^
325:.
301:,
297:,
289:,
273:,
254:,
996:e
989:t
982:v
882:.
860:.
838:.
782:.
751:.
720:.
597:.
279:)
267:(
260:)
248:(
218:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
_2.jpg)
