861:
1495:
1507:
2541:
1484:
228:, there was an intense growth of partisan politics, the political party of the executive branch of government changed for the first time, and there was an unprecedented peaceful transition of the political orientation of the country's leadership. The main issues in this election were taxes, the military, peace negotiations with France, and the
259:
without the presence of Adams. Jefferson's inaugural address attempted to appease the
Federalists by promising to maintain the strength of the federal government and to pay off the national debt. Jefferson spoke of dangerous "entangling alliances" with foreign countries as President George Washington
54:
Opponents of the act argued that there was no need to expand the federal judiciary; that the judicial appointments were intended to cement
Federalist Party control of the judiciary; and that appointments were rushed (hence they were stigmatized as "midnight appointments"). The act was repealed by the
303:
declared that the
Supreme Court did not have the authority to force Madison to make the appointment official. This statement actually challenged the Judiciary Act of 1789, which stated that the Supreme Court did, in fact, have the right to issue those writs. Marshall, therefore, ruled that part of
203:
Attempts to solve this situation before and throughout the presidency of John Adams were overshadowed by more pressing foreign and domestic issues that occupied
Congress during the early years of the nation's development. None of those attempts to fix the situation facing the Supreme Court were
78:
The Act became law on
February 13, 1801 and reduced the number of seats on the Supreme Court from 6 to 5, effective upon the next vacancy in the Court. No such vacancy occurred during the brief period the Act was in effect, so the size of the Court remained unchanged. The Act also created 16 new
102:, doubling them in number from three to six, and created three new circuit judgeships for each circuit (except the sixth, which received only one circuit judge). In addition to creating new lifetime posts for Federal judges, the circuit judgeships were intended to relieve the Justices of the
251:
over Adams, but both
Jefferson and Burr got 73 electoral votes. Presented with a tie, the House of Representatives, which was dominated by Federalists and led by Alexander Hamilton, eventually decided the election in favor of Thomas Jefferson. Democratic-Republicans also won control of the
346:: "The late alteration of the federal judiciary ... will take away all security for property and personal liberty, and our Republican constitution will sink into a mobocracy, the worst of all popular governments." Jefferson responded to the attack by suggesting to his supporters in the
106:
from the hardships of riding circuit (that is, sitting as judges on the circuit courts). The circuit judge-ships were abolished in 1802, and the
Justices continued to ride circuit until 1879. One of the judges on the Supreme Court appointed by Adams was Chief Justice
260:
had done before him, and made a plea for national unity claiming that "we are all republicans and we are all federalists." Once in office, Jefferson set out to rescind the
Judiciary Act of 1801 and remove newly appointed Federalists.
350:
that Chase be impeached, asking, "Ought the seditious and official attack on the principles of our
Constitution . . .to go unpunished?" The House took Jefferson's suggestion, impeaching Chase in 1804. He was acquitted by the
282:
solidified the United States' system of checks and balances and gave the judicial branch equal power with the executive and legislative branches. This controversial case began with Adams' appointment of
Federalist
199:
involved one of these "midnight" appointments, although it was an appointment of a justice of the peace for the District of Columbia—which was authorized under a different Act of Congress, not the Judiciary Act.
188:
quickly filled as many of the newly created circuit judgeships as possible. The new judges were known as the Midnight Judges because Adams was said to be signing their appointments at midnight prior to President
1162:
165:
to hear "all cases in law or equity, arising under the constitution and laws of the United States, and treaties made, or which shall be made, under their authority." This form of jurisdiction, now known as
87:
SEC. 3. And be it further enacted, That from and after the next vacancy that shall happen in the said court, it shall consist of five justices only; that is to say, of one chief justice, and four associate
208:, a watershed moment in American history that represented not only the struggle to correctly organize the foundation of the United States government but also the culmination of struggle between the waning
1975:
1301:
1201:
1152:
1196:
1415:
1341:
1336:
1331:
1326:
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70:. The Supreme Court justices had often expressed concern and suggested that the judges of the Supreme and circuit courts be divided. The Act was repealed by Congress on January 22, 1802.
66:
during the early 19th century. There was concern, beginning in 1789, about the system that required the justices of the Supreme Court to "ride circuit" and reiterate decisions made in the
1167:
118:, creating ten. These courts were to be presided over by the existing district judges in most cases. In addition to subdividing several of the existing district courts, it created the
1189:
1172:
1438:
276:
The implications of Adams's actions in appointing Federalists to the Supreme Court and the federal courts, led to one of the most important decisions in American judicial history.
240:
and the extreme Federalists attacked Adams for his persistence for peace with France, his opposition to building an army, and his failure to enforce the Alien and Sedition Acts.
1403:
1287:
1587:
1177:
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unconstitutional because the Constitution did not expressly grant this power to the judiciary. In deciding the constitutionality of an act of Congress, Marshall established
2178:
1297:
1184:
845:
532:
Turner, Katheryn. "Republican Policy and the Judiciary Act of." William and Mary Quarterly, 3rd ser., 22. January 1965. New York: Columbia University Press, 1992. Page 5.
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1821:
1595:
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1024:
1768:
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1398:
1270:
1946:
179:
1147:
1982:
1615:
1603:
1443:
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1936:
812:
996:
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1448:
741:"The Thomas Jefferson Administrations". Presidential Administration Profiles for Students. Online Edition. Gale Group, 2002. Page 3.
1882:
1783:
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40:
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719:"The John Adams Administration". Presidential Administration Profiles for Students. Online Edition. Gale Group. Pages 1, 3.
543:
783:
James M. O'Fallon, "The Case of Benjamin Moore: A Lost Episode in the Struggle over Repeal of the 1801 Judiciary Act", 11
763:
Jerry W. Knudson, "The Jeffersonian Assault on the Federalist Judiciary, 1802–1805: Political Forces and Press Reaction,"
2571:
2050:
1579:
236:. The campaign leading up to this election and the election itself revealed sharp divisions within the Federalist Party.
630:
2330:
933:
897:
821:
63:
326:
Among the repercussions of the repeal of the Judiciary Act was the first and, to date, only impeachment of a sitting
233:
1487:
83:
rapidly began to fill in the last weeks of his presidency. These judges came to be known as the "Midnight Judges".
618:
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28:
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2018:
1967:
1730:
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56:
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51:. Passage of the act has been described as "the last major policy achievement of the Federalists."
44:
1941:
2434:
2394:
2255:
1887:
1877:
1860:
1843:
1752:
1651:
229:
2102:
2013:
216:, John Adams successfully reorganized the nation's court system with the Judiciary Act of 1801.
2378:
2305:
2260:
1867:
1747:
1666:
1641:
752:
Grand Inquests: The Historic Impeachments of Justice Samuel Chase and President Andrew Johnson.
607:
2276:
2129:
2023:
1838:
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288:
135:
8:
2544:
2401:
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An act to provide for the more convenient organization of the Courts of the United States
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335:
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In the 19 days between passage of this Act and the conclusion of his administration,
127:
1679:
673:
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2138:
2120:
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48:
1988:
1661:
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387:
309:
284:
67:
2470:
2320:
2210:
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1050:
1038:
1014:
299:, which would force Madison to make his appointment official. Chief Justice
2560:
2446:
2386:
2310:
1994:
1128:
909:
567:
516:
477:
438:
367:
The repeal of the Judiciary Act also ended the brief period of comprehensive
338:, had publicly attacked the repeal in May 1803 while issuing his charge to a
300:
292:
108:
1976:
A Defence of the Constitutions of Government of the United States of America
2494:
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1713:
1696:
1116:
1110:
1104:
1092:
1074:
1009:
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956:
938:
371:. The federal courts would not receive such jurisdiction again until 1875.
331:
291:
in the District of Columbia. When the newly appointed Secretary of State
2482:
2458:
2218:
1425:
1098:
1068:
1062:
1056:
966:
705:
Campaigns and The Court: The U.S. Supreme Court in Presidential Elections
767:
1970 14(1): 55–75; Richard Ellis, "The Impeachment of Samuel Chase," in
312:, the most significant development in the history of the Supreme Court.
2033:
1811:
1553:
1511:
1086:
575:
453:
414:
356:
339:
248:
185:
80:
2056:
Co-founder and second president, American Academy of Arts and Sciences
492:
1806:
1032:
155:
32:
1506:
559:
469:
430:
295:
refused to process Marbury's selection, Marbury requested a writ of
252:
legislative branch of government after the congressional elections.
2231:
508:
296:
158:
were abolished, and their judges reassigned to the circuit courts.
151:
143:
139:
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successful until John Adams took control in 1797. Faced with the
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2179:
Memorial to the 56 Signers of the Declaration of Independence
1522:
722:
710:
73:
771:
ed. by Michael R. Belknap (1994) pp 57–76, quote on p. 64.
170:, had not previously been granted to the federal courts.
679:. New York, New York: Oxford University Press. pp.
334:. Chase, a Federalist appointed to the Supreme Court by
707:; New York: Columbia University Press, c1999. Page 48.
820:
150:
crossed state lines. However, the district courts for
597:
Repeal of the Judiciary Act of 1801, January 22, 1802
672:
355:of all charges in March 1805, with Vice President
193:'s inauguration. The famous Supreme Court case of
62:It represented an effort to solve an issue in the
2577:History of the Supreme Court of the United States
454:"Federalist Policy and the Judiciary Act of 1801"
2558:
362:
670:
623:
315:
180:List of federal judges appointed by John Adams
1983:Letters of Mrs. Adams, the Wife of John Adams
1769:United States presidential election 1788–1789
1538:
806:
666:
664:
662:
631:"Landmark Legislation: Judiciary Act of 1801"
2029:Family home and John Quincy Adams birthplace
1439:Presidential Commission on the Supreme Court
671:Elkins, Stanley M.; McKitrick, Eric (1993).
2582:United States federal judiciary legislation
1937:Presidential transition of Thomas Jefferson
1719:Chairman of the Marine Committee, 1775-1779
633:. Washington, D.C.: Federal Judicial Center
619:Landmark Legislation: Judiciary Act of 1801
1545:
1531:
813:
799:
697:
659:
74:Effect on judicial divisions and authority
1963:Massachusetts Historical Society holdings
541:
2061:United First Parish Church and gravesite
1883:District of Columbia Organic Act of 1801
898:Cert. dismissed as improvidently granted
528:
526:
490:
161:In addition, it gave the circuit courts
1421:Judicial Procedures Reform Bill of 1937
1378:Old Supreme Court Chamber, U.S. Capitol
412:
16:1801–2 US federal law, quickly repealed
2559:
2046:Massachusetts Hall, Harvard University
451:
173:
41:federal judiciary of the United States
1526:
1240:Eighth and Ninth Circuits Act of 1837
794:
544:"Repeal of the Judiciary Act of 1801"
523:
497:The American Journal of Legal History
263:
243:The results of this election favored
219:
1817:United States Department of the Navy
1743:Constitution of Massachusetts (1780)
408:
406:
404:
1856:Sick and Disabled Seamen Relief Act
1588:U.S. Minister to the United Kingdom
1580:Vice President of the United States
13:
822:Supreme Court of the United States
777:
14:
2593:
2296:"Adams and Liberty" campaign song
2166:Adams House at Harvard University
765:American Journal of Legal History
548:American Political Science Review
401:
234:Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions
2540:
2539:
1917:State of the Union Address (1797
1596:U.S. Minister to the Netherlands
1505:
1493:
1483:
1482:
1383:Old Senate Chamber, U.S. Capitol
859:
608:The Federalist System, 1789–1801
1470:United States Solicitor General
1197:Justices who served in Congress
757:
744:
656:, 5 U.S. (1 Cranch) 137 (1803).
645:
57:Thomas Jefferson administration
43:. The act was supported by the
2338:American Philosophical Society
2051:Presidents House, Philadelphia
2019:Adams National Historical Park
1968:Adams Papers Editorial Project
1947:Federal judiciary appointments
1731:Staten Island Peace Conference
1569:President of the United States
1552:
1399:Article III, U.S. Constitution
612:
601:
590:
542:Carpenter, William S. (1915).
535:
484:
458:The William and Mary Quarterly
445:
419:The American Historical Review
1:
1642:Braintree Instructions (1765)
1368:Royal Exchange, New York City
1250:Judicial Circuits Act of 1866
395:
369:federal-question jurisdiction
363:Federal question jurisdiction
348:U.S. House of Representatives
168:federal question jurisdiction
146:, which was the first time a
114:The Act also reorganized the
2344:Gazette of the United States
1702:Treaty of Amity and Commerce
1416:Code of Conduct for Justices
257:inaugurated on March 4, 1801
7:
2171:Mount Adams (New Hampshire,
2103:Jefferson Memorial pediment
1680:Declaration of Independence
1608:Second Continental Congress
1434:Impeachment of Samuel Chase
1373:Old City Hall, Philadelphia
1235:Seventh Circuit Act of 1807
851:Nomination and confirmation
493:"The Judiciary Act of 1801"
491:Surrency, Erwin C. (1958).
415:"The Judiciary Act of 1801"
374:
322:Impeachment of Samuel Chase
316:Impeachment of Samuel Chase
214:Democratic-Republican Party
10:
2598:
2572:6th United States Congress
1849:Naturalization Act of 1798
1827:United States Marine Corps
1620:First Continental Congress
857:
769:American Political Trials,
319:
269:
177:
2513:
2377:
2288:
2235:(1997 documentary series)
2187:
2069:
2004:
1955:
1792:
1761:
1675:Lee Resolution (seconded)
1630:
1560:
1478:
1391:
1352:
1263:
1245:Tenth Circuit Act of 1863
1210:
1202:Burial places of justices
1138:
1023:
995:
925:
868:
828:
148:federal judicial district
45:John Adams administration
2014:Early life and education
1500:United States portal
1444:Supreme Court in fiction
452:Turner, Kathryn (1965).
98:The Act reorganized the
2301:Adams' personal library
2264:(2006 documentary film)
1888:Navy Department Library
1878:Slave Trade Act of 1800
1861:Marine Hospital Service
1844:Alien and Sedition Acts
1839:Mississippi Organic Act
1822:Commerce Protection Act
1652:Continental Association
1647:Boston Massacre defense
230:Alien and Sedition Acts
2306:American Enlightenment
2262:John and Abigail Adams
2243:(2002 animated series)
1868:Bankruptcy Act of 1800
1668:Thoughts on Government
1360:Supreme Court Building
750:Rehnquist, William H.
703:Stephenson, D. Grier;
96:
2429:Thomas Boylston Adams
2098:John Adams Courthouse
2024:John Adams Birthplace
1807:Quasi War with France
1748:Treaty of Paris, 1783
1455:United States Reports
1404:original jurisdiction
1288:Reporter of Decisions
1255:Judiciary Act of 1869
1230:Judiciary Act of 1802
1225:Judiciary Act of 1801
1220:Judiciary Act of 1789
987:Ketanji Brown Jackson
903:Grant, vacate, remand
893:Cert. before judgment
675:The Age of Federalism
413:Farrand, Max (1900).
328:Supreme Court Justice
306:Judiciary Act of 1789
178:Further information:
130:Territories, and the
85:
25:Judiciary Act of 1801
2567:1801 in American law
2225:The Adams Chronicles
1657:Petition to the King
1281:Supreme Court Police
846:Ideological leanings
785:Law & Hist. Rev.
381:Midnight regulations
289:justice of the peace
136:District of Columbia
2519:← George Washington
2402:Abigail Adams Smith
2357:American Revolution
2351:The American Museum
2196:Profiles in Courage
2108:U.S. Postage stamps
2093:John Adams Building
1903:Midnight Judges Act
1873:Indiana Organic Act
1449:Supreme Court leaks
915:In-chambers opinion
344:Baltimore, Maryland
174:The Midnight Judges
132:District of Potomac
93:Midnight Judges Act
23:(also known as the
21:Midnight Judges Act
2533:Thomas Jefferson →
2526:Thomas Jefferson →
2326:First Party System
2204:American Primitive
1909:Marbury v. Madison
1832:Convention of 1800
1707:Treaty of Alliance
1211:Statutes affecting
1153:Associate justices
947:Associate justices
841:Court demographics
653:Marbury v. Madison
279:Marbury v. Madison
272:Marbury v. Madison
265:Marbury v. Madison
238:Alexander Hamilton
220:The 1800 elections
196:Marbury v. Madison
122:which covered the
64:U.S. Supreme Court
2554:
2553:
2441:Charles Adams Sr.
2408:John Quincy Adams
2280:(2024 miniseries)
2272:(2015 miniseries)
2227:(1976 miniseries)
2082:List of memorials
1898:Treaty of Tripoli
1893:Treaty of Tellico
1690:Committee of Five
1520:
1519:
1139:Lists of justices
982:Amy Coney Barrett
754:Quill: 1992, p.52
690:978-0-19-506890-0
336:George Washington
35:, and officially
2589:
2543:
2542:
2477:Susanna Boylston
2467:(great-grandson)
2461:(great-grandson)
2455:(great-grandson)
2367:Founding Fathers
2316:Federalist Party
2256:2008 miniseries)
1736:Conference House
1724:Continental Navy
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1611:
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1462:Lawyers' Edition
997:Retired justices
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245:Thomas Jefferson
210:Federalist Party
206:Election of 1800
191:Thomas Jefferson
120:District of Ohio
94:
79:judgeships that
68:appellate courts
49:Federalist Party
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2586:
2557:
2556:
2555:
2550:
2509:
2499:daughter-in-law
2491:(second cousin)
2435:George W. Adams
2373:
2284:
2270:Sons of Liberty
2188:Popular culture
2183:
2150:President Adams
2117:(1783 painting)
2114:Treaty of Paris
2065:
2006:
2000:
1989:Founders Online
1951:
1788:
1757:
1685:May 15 preamble
1662:United Colonies
1633:
1632:Founding of the
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1488:Other countries
1474:
1387:
1348:
1259:
1212:
1206:
1185:All nominations
1140:
1134:
1123:Rehnquist Court
1045:Ellsworth Court
1019:
1005:Anthony Kennedy
991:
977:Brett Kavanaugh
962:Sonia Sotomayor
952:Clarence Thomas
926:Current members
921:
864:
860:
855:
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778:Further reading
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470:10.2307/1920766
450:
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431:10.2307/1832774
411:
402:
398:
388:Stuart v. Laird
377:
365:
324:
318:
310:judicial review
285:William Marbury
274:
268:
222:
212:and the rising
186:President Adams
182:
176:
116:district courts
95:
92:
76:
39:) expanded the
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2471:John Adams Sr.
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2241:Liberty's Kids
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2087:Adams Memorial
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1178:time in office
1175:
1170:
1165:
1155:
1150:
1148:Chief justices
1144:
1142:
1136:
1135:
1133:
1132:
1131:(2005–present)
1126:
1120:
1114:
1108:
1102:
1096:
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1072:
1066:
1060:
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1051:Marshall Court
1048:
1042:
1039:Rutledge Court
1036:
1029:
1027:
1021:
1020:
1018:
1017:
1015:Stephen Breyer
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509:10.2307/844302
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425:(4): 682–686.
399:
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384:
383:, related term
376:
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320:Main article:
317:
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270:Main article:
267:
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255:Jefferson was
226:1800 elections
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138:and pieces of
100:circuit courts
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2453:John Q. Adams
2451:
2448:
2447:John Adams II
2445:
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2430:
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2423:Charles Adams
2421:
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2214:(1969 musical
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2198:(1964 series)
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1995:Gray v. Pitts
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1129:Roberts Court
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934:Chief justice
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910:Shadow docket
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637:September 26,
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313:
311:
307:
302:
301:John Marshall
298:
294:
293:James Madison
290:
286:
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273:
266:
261:
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110:
109:John Marshall
105:
104:Supreme Court
101:
89:
84:
82:
71:
69:
65:
60:
58:
52:
50:
46:
42:
38:
34:
30:
26:
22:
2538:
2524:
2517:
2495:Louisa Adams
2489:Samuel Adams
2465:Brooks Adams
2379:Adams family
2349:
2342:
2277:
2269:
2261:
2248:
2240:
2232:
2224:
2211:
2203:
2195:
2158:
2149:
2140:
2131:
2122:
2112:
2077:Bibliography
1993:
1981:
1974:
1907:
1902:
1802:Inauguration
1714:Board of War
1697:Model Treaty
1667:
1460:
1453:
1426:
1224:
1190:unsuccessful
1158:All justices
1141:and nominees
1117:Burger Court
1111:Warren Court
1105:Vinson Court
1093:Hughes Court
1075:Fuller Court
1010:David Souter
972:Neil Gorsuch
957:Samuel Alito
945:
939:John Roberts
932:
886:
878:
768:
764:
759:
751:
746:
704:
699:
674:
651:
647:
635:. Retrieved
625:
614:
603:
592:
551:
547:
537:
503:(1): 53–65.
500:
496:
486:
461:
457:
447:
422:
418:
386:
366:
332:Samuel Chase
325:
277:
275:
264:
254:
242:
223:
202:
194:
183:
163:jurisdiction
160:
113:
97:
86:
77:
61:
53:
36:
24:
20:
18:
2483:Elihu Adams
2459:Henry Adams
2206:(1969 play)
2174:Washington)
1610:(1775–1778)
1598:(1782–1788)
1590:(1785–1788)
1582:(1789–1797)
1571:(1797–1801)
1125:(1986–2005)
1119:(1969–1986)
1113:(1953–1969)
1107:(1946–1953)
1101:(1941–1946)
1099:Stone Court
1095:(1930–1941)
1089:(1921–1930)
1083:(1910–1921)
1081:White Court
1077:(1888–1910)
1071:(1874–1888)
1069:Waite Court
1065:(1864–1873)
1063:Chase Court
1059:(1836–1864)
1057:Taney Court
1053:(1801–1835)
1047:(1796–1800)
1035:(1789–1795)
967:Elena Kagan
464:(1): 4–32.
359:presiding.
224:During the
2561:Categories
2503:first lady
2449:(grandson)
2443:(grandson)
2437:(grandson)
2416:presidency
2404:(daughter)
2251:(2001 book
2249:John Adams
2219:1972 film)
2159:John Adams
2132:John Adams
2089:(proposed)
2034:Peacefield
1812:XYZ Affair
1794:Presidency
1554:John Adams
1213:court size
1087:Taft Court
887:Certiorari
870:Procedures
787:43 (1993).
396:References
357:Aaron Burr
340:grand jury
249:Aaron Burr
81:John Adams
2485:(brother)
1762:Elections
1753:Diplomacy
1293:Law clerk
1168:education
1033:Jay Court
829:The court
584:147391974
568:0003-0554
517:0002-9319
478:0043-5597
439:0002-8762
156:Tennessee
134:from the
124:Northwest
88:justices.
55:incoming
27:; 2
2545:Category
2479:(mother)
2473:(father)
2362:patriots
2278:Franklin
2233:Liberty!
2005:Life and
1616:Delegate
1604:Delegate
1366:Former:
1353:Location
375:See also
297:mandamus
152:Kentucky
144:Virginia
140:Maryland
91:—
47:and the
2289:Related
1942:Cabinet
1618:to the
1606:to the
1427:Lochner
1392:Related
1342:Seat 10
1276:Marshal
1025:History
576:1946064
128:Indiana
2162:(1963)
2153:(1941)
2144:(1874)
2135:(1799)
2126:(1799)
2070:Legacy
1670:(1776)
1622:(1774)
1337:Seat 9
1332:Seat 8
1327:Seat 6
1322:Seat 4
1317:Seat 3
1312:Seat 2
1307:Seat 1
1041:(1795)
687:
683:–732.
582:
574:
566:
515:
476:
437:
391:(1803)
353:Senate
31:
2431:(son)
2425:(son)
2141:Adams
2123:Adams
2007:homes
1932:1800)
1298:lists
1271:Clerk
1163:court
881:brief
580:S2CID
572:JSTOR
287:as a
29:Stat.
2391:wife
2212:1776
2157:USS
2148:USS
2139:USS
2130:USS
2121:USS
1927:1799
1922:1798
1784:1800
1779:1796
1774:1792
1173:seat
685:ISBN
639:2018
564:ISSN
513:ISSN
474:ISSN
435:ISSN
304:the
247:and
232:and
154:and
142:and
126:and
19:The
2412:son
1577:1st
1566:2nd
1429:era
681:731
556:doi
505:doi
466:doi
427:doi
342:in
2563::
1300::
724:^
712:^
661:^
578:.
570:.
562:.
550:.
546:.
525:^
511:.
499:.
495:.
472:.
462:22
460:.
456:.
433:.
421:.
417:.
403:^
330:,
111:.
59:.
33:89
1546:e
1539:t
1532:v
949::
936::
814:e
807:t
800:v
693:.
641:.
586:.
558::
552:9
519:.
507::
501:2
480:.
468::
441:.
429::
423:5
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