257:
49:
281:
269:
221:
Recent research has shed light on the mechanism of working memory and the role of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. Studies using transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) observe changes in cortical activity due to either depolarization or hyperpolarization of underlying areas. The effect of
217:
The high connectivity of this area within the frontal lobe as well as other parts of the brain means that damage can have a wide variety of effects. Lesions impair short-term memory, cause difficulty inhibiting responses, impair the ability to judge the relevance of stimuli, and cause problems in
40:
499:
Andrews, Sophie C.; Hoy, Kate E.; Enticott, Peter G.; Daskalakis, Zafiris J.; Fitzgerald, Paul B. (April 2011). "Improving working memory: the effect of combining cognitive activity and anodal transcranial direct current stimulation to the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex".
365:
Andrews, Sophie C.; Hoy, Kate E.; Enticott, Peter G.; Daskalakis, Zafiris J.; Fitzgerald, Paul B. (April 2011). "Improving working memory: the effect of combining cognitive activity and anodal transcranial direct current stimulation to the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex".
229:
Due to the lack of coherent resources and data of the experiment, more WM experiments using tDCS need to be evaluated. Some applications being discussed involve using tDCS adjunctively with cognitive remediation to enhance WM in neurologic and psychiatric conditions.
225:
In a limited research study, participants tested their baseline working memory with digit span exercises, then underwent tDCS for ten minutes before being retested with the exercises. Contrary to expectations, tDCS showed only minimal effects on working memory.
222:
these voltage shifts on activity in other structures is then measured. The goal of the studies is to identify the role of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in memory circuit modulation and learning.
462:
Petrides, M.; Pandya, D. N. (March 1999). "Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex: comparative cytoarchitectonic analysis in the human and the macaque brain and corticocortical connection patterns".
322:
Petrides, M.; Pandya, D. N. (March 1999). "Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex: comparative cytoarchitectonic analysis in the human and the macaque brain and corticocortical connection patterns".
1690:
96:
841:
836:
411:"Efficacy of Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Targets for Depression Is Related to Intrinsic Functional Connectivity with the Subgenual Cingulate"
214:, and has recently been shown to regulate self-control. It is one of the few cortical areas whose activity diminishes during REM sleep.
1007:
879:
998:
571:
984:
17:
302:
234:
409:
Fox, Michael D.; Buckner, Randy L.; White, Matthew P.; Greicius, Michael D.; Pascual-Leone, Alvaro (October 2012).
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1016:
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2007:
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2125:
1994:
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1967:
1815:
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1384:
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1141:
1090:
947:
154:
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2002:
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631:
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191:
131:
84:
48:
2065:
2057:
1789:
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1695:
1524:
1504:
1194:
1125:
211:
513:
379:
2114:
2099:
2017:
2012:
1605:
1584:
1567:
1546:
1363:
1313:
580:
297:
1137:
901:
521:
483:
444:
387:
343:
128:
1844:
893:
135:
109:
153:. In the human brain it occupies approximately the middle third of the
206:
The dorsolateral prefrontal cortex plays a central role in sustaining
1427:
887:
207:
2043:
78:
39:
549:
190:(Brodmann-1909). There is some discrepancy between the extent of
1579:
241:, as its functionally is connected (negatively correlated) to
2038:
66:
498:
364:
237:
to
Brodmann area 46 has better clinical efficacy treating
175:, directly adjacent on the dorsal surface of the cortex.
171:
rather than function. The DLPFC also encompasses part of
408:
167:(DLPFC), although the borders of area 46 are based on
178:
Cytoarchitecturally, BA46 is bounded dorsally by the
2098:Some categorizations are approximations, and some
194:(Brodmann-1905) and the same area as described by
161:. Brodmann area 46 roughly corresponds with the
2112:
461:
321:
873:
565:
880:
866:
572:
558:
434:
14:
2113:
861:
553:
233:A recent study found that targeting
157:and the most rostral portion of the
1790:Lateral (frontal+parietal+temporal)
543:For Neuroanatomy of the area visit
24:
579:
303:List of regions in the human brain
25:
2137:
537:
235:transcranial magnetic stimulation
476:10.1046/j.1460-9568.1999.00518.x
464:European Journal of Neuroscience
336:10.1046/j.1460-9568.1999.00518.x
324:European Journal of Neuroscience
279:
267:
255:
104:Anatomical terms of neuroanatomy
47:
38:
1884:Posterior parahippocampal gyrus
1826:Collateral (temporal+occipital)
1472:Secondary somatosensory cortex
1164:Ventromedial prefrontal cortex
427:10.1016/j.biopsych.2012.04.028
402:
358:
315:
164:dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
13:
1:
2087:Poles of cerebral hemispheres
1821:Cingulate (frontal+cingulate)
308:
1460:Primary somatosensory cortex
7:
1552:Transverse occipital sulcus
291:
201:
10:
2142:
1964:Isthmus of cingulate gyrus
1785:Central (frontal+parietal)
1520:Occipital pole of cerebrum
455:
2095:
2074:
2056:
2026:
1993:
1897:
1852:
1843:
1808:
1777:
1766:
1683:
1621:Transverse temporal gyrus
1613:
1604:
1560:
1512:
1503:
1484:Posterior parietal cortex
1448:
1393:
1321:
1312:
1237:
1203:
1064:
1057:
1030:
916:
909:
900:
587:
514:10.1016/j.brs.2010.06.004
380:10.1016/j.brs.2010.06.004
182:, rostroventrally by the
102:
90:
77:
65:
60:
55:
46:
37:
32:
1742:Inferior temporal sulcus
1663:Superior temporal sulcus
1346:Inferior parietal lobule
1329:Superior parietal lobule
1269:Supplementary motor area
248:
1747:Inferior temporal gyrus
1691:Occipitotemporal sulcus
1637:Superior temporal gyrus
1530:Lateral occipital gyrus
1281:Supplementary eye field
1022:Inferior frontal sulcus
1017:Superior frontal sulcus
180:granular frontal area 9
173:granular frontal area 9
2008:Fimbria of hippocampus
1074:Superior frontal gyrus
972:Inferior frontal gyrus
926:Superior frontal gyrus
159:inferior frontal gyrus
151:middle frontal area 46
18:Middle frontal area 46
1995:Hippocampal formation
1854:Parahippocampal gyrus
1668:Middle temporal gyrus
415:Biological Psychiatry
1968:Retrosplenial cortex
1816:Longitudinal fissure
1708:Medial temporal lobe
1385:Intraparietal sulcus
1245:Primary motor cortex
1142:Orbitofrontal cortex
1091:Medial frontal gyrus
948:Middle frontal gyrus
186:and caudally by the
155:middle frontal gyrus
72:area frontalis media
1945:Posterior cingulate
1355:Supramarginal gyrus
184:frontopolar area 10
2003:Hippocampal sulcus
1923:Anterior cingulate
1800:Preoccipital notch
1401:Paracentral lobule
1371:Parietal operculum
1293:Frontal eye fields
1225:Paracentral sulcus
1213:Paracentral lobule
1114:Paraolfactory area
1110:Paraterminal gyrus
188:triangular area 45
2108:
2107:
2052:
2051:
1877:Postrhinal cortex
1872:Perirhinal cortex
1867:Entorhinal cortex
1839:
1838:
1795:Parieto-occipital
1762:
1761:
1600:
1599:
1499:
1498:
1456:Postcentral gyrus
1308:
1307:
1233:
1232:
1053:
1052:
1045:Precentral sulcus
1008:Pars triangularis
855:
854:
502:Brain Stimulation
368:Brain Stimulation
149:BA46 is known as
127:, is part of the
118:
117:
113:
16:(Redirected from
2133:
2034:Indusium griseum
1899:Cingulate cortex
1889:Prepyriform area
1850:
1849:
1775:
1774:
1655:Planum temporale
1611:
1610:
1592:Calcarine sulcus
1510:
1509:
1319:
1318:
1190:Olfactory sulcus
1176:Subcallosal area
1062:
1061:
1040:Precentral gyrus
999:Pars opercularis
914:
913:
907:
906:
882:
875:
868:
859:
858:
574:
567:
560:
551:
550:
533:
495:
470:(3): 1011–1036.
449:
448:
438:
406:
400:
399:
362:
356:
355:
330:(3): 1011–1036.
319:
283:
271:
259:
243:Brodmann area 25
169:cytoarchitecture
138:. It is between
121:Brodmann area 46
110:edit on Wikidata
107:
51:
42:
33:Brodmann area 46
30:
29:
21:
2141:
2140:
2136:
2135:
2134:
2132:
2131:
2130:
2111:
2110:
2109:
2104:
2091:
2070:
2048:
2022:
1989:
1893:
1835:
1831:Callosal sulcus
1809:Medial/inferior
1804:
1769:
1758:
1684:Medial/inferior
1679:
1651:Wernicke's area
1625:Auditory cortex
1596:
1561:Medial/inferior
1556:
1495:
1444:
1440:Marginal sulcus
1394:Medial/inferior
1389:
1304:
1257:Premotor cortex
1229:
1199:
1058:Medial/inferior
1049:
1026:
896:
890:cerebral cortex
888:Anatomy of the
886:
856:
851:
583:
578:
540:
458:
453:
452:
407:
403:
363:
359:
320:
316:
311:
294:
287:
284:
275:
272:
263:
260:
251:
204:
114:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2139:
2129:
2128:
2123:
2121:Brodmann areas
2106:
2105:
2100:Brodmann areas
2096:
2093:
2092:
2090:
2089:
2084:
2078:
2076:
2072:
2071:
2069:
2068:
2066:Insular cortex
2062:
2060:
2058:Insular cortex
2054:
2053:
2050:
2049:
2047:
2046:
2041:
2036:
2030:
2028:
2024:
2023:
2021:
2020:
2015:
2010:
2005:
1999:
1997:
1991:
1990:
1988:
1987:
1986:
1985:
1980:
1975:
1960:
1959:
1958:
1957:
1952:
1942:
1941:
1940:
1935:
1930:
1920:
1919:
1918:
1911:Subgenual area
1907:
1905:
1895:
1894:
1892:
1891:
1886:
1881:
1880:
1879:
1874:
1869:
1858:
1856:
1847:
1841:
1840:
1837:
1836:
1834:
1833:
1828:
1823:
1818:
1812:
1810:
1806:
1805:
1803:
1802:
1797:
1792:
1787:
1781:
1779:
1772:
1770:sulci/fissures
1764:
1763:
1760:
1759:
1757:
1756:
1755:
1754:
1744:
1738:
1737:
1736:
1735:
1730:
1725:
1720:
1715:
1705:
1704:
1703:
1696:Fusiform gyrus
1693:
1687:
1685:
1681:
1680:
1678:
1677:
1676:
1675:
1665:
1660:
1659:
1658:
1644:
1634:
1633:
1632:
1617:
1615:
1608:
1602:
1601:
1598:
1597:
1595:
1594:
1588:
1587:
1582:
1577:
1576:
1575:
1564:
1562:
1558:
1557:
1555:
1554:
1549:
1544:
1543:
1542:
1537:
1527:
1525:Occipital gyri
1522:
1516:
1514:
1507:
1505:Occipital lobe
1501:
1500:
1497:
1496:
1494:
1493:
1492:
1491:
1481:
1480:
1479:
1469:
1468:
1467:
1452:
1450:
1446:
1445:
1443:
1442:
1437:
1436:
1435:
1425:
1424:
1423:
1418:
1413:
1408:
1397:
1395:
1391:
1390:
1388:
1387:
1381:
1380:
1379:
1378:
1368:
1367:
1366:
1357:
1343:
1342:
1341:
1336:
1325:
1323:
1316:
1310:
1309:
1306:
1305:
1303:
1302:
1301:
1300:
1290:
1289:
1288:
1278:
1277:
1276:
1266:
1265:
1264:
1254:
1253:
1252:
1241:
1239:
1235:
1234:
1231:
1230:
1228:
1227:
1222:
1221:
1220:
1209:
1207:
1201:
1200:
1198:
1197:
1195:Orbital sulcus
1192:
1186:
1185:
1184:
1183:
1173:
1172:
1171:
1161:
1160:
1159:
1154:
1149:
1135:
1134:
1133:
1126:Straight gyrus
1123:
1122:
1121:
1106:
1105:
1104:
1103:
1098:
1088:
1087:
1086:
1081:
1070:
1068:
1059:
1055:
1054:
1051:
1050:
1048:
1047:
1042:
1036:
1034:
1028:
1027:
1025:
1024:
1019:
1013:
1012:
1011:
1010:
1001:
987:
985:Pars orbitalis
978:
968:
967:
966:
965:
960:
955:
945:
944:
943:
938:
933:
922:
920:
911:
904:
898:
897:
885:
884:
877:
870:
862:
853:
852:
850:
849:
844:
839:
834:
829:
824:
819:
814:
809:
804:
799:
794:
789:
784:
779:
774:
769:
764:
759:
754:
749:
744:
739:
734:
729:
724:
719:
714:
709:
704:
699:
694:
689:
684:
679:
674:
669:
664:
659:
654:
649:
644:
639:
634:
629:
624:
619:
614:
609:
604:
599:
594:
588:
585:
584:
581:Brodmann areas
577:
576:
569:
562:
554:
548:
547:
539:
538:External links
536:
535:
534:
496:
457:
454:
451:
450:
421:(7): 595–603.
401:
357:
313:
312:
310:
307:
306:
305:
300:
293:
290:
289:
288:
285:
278:
276:
273:
266:
264:
261:
254:
250:
247:
218:organization.
212:working memory
203:
200:
116:
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100:
99:
94:
88:
87:
82:
75:
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69:
63:
62:
58:
57:
53:
52:
44:
43:
35:
34:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2138:
2127:
2124:
2122:
2119:
2118:
2116:
2103:
2101:
2094:
2088:
2085:
2083:
2080:
2079:
2077:
2073:
2067:
2064:
2063:
2061:
2059:
2055:
2045:
2042:
2040:
2037:
2035:
2032:
2031:
2029:
2025:
2019:
2018:Rhinal sulcus
2016:
2014:
2013:Dentate gyrus
2011:
2009:
2006:
2004:
2001:
2000:
1998:
1996:
1992:
1984:
1981:
1979:
1976:
1974:
1971:
1970:
1969:
1965:
1962:
1961:
1956:
1953:
1951:
1948:
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1934:
1931:
1929:
1926:
1925:
1924:
1921:
1917:
1914:
1913:
1912:
1909:
1908:
1906:
1904:
1900:
1896:
1890:
1887:
1885:
1882:
1878:
1875:
1873:
1870:
1868:
1865:
1864:
1863:
1860:
1859:
1857:
1855:
1851:
1848:
1846:
1842:
1832:
1829:
1827:
1824:
1822:
1819:
1817:
1814:
1813:
1811:
1807:
1801:
1798:
1796:
1793:
1791:
1788:
1786:
1783:
1782:
1780:
1778:Superolateral
1776:
1773:
1771:
1765:
1753:
1750:
1749:
1748:
1745:
1743:
1740:
1739:
1734:
1731:
1729:
1726:
1724:
1721:
1719:
1716:
1714:
1711:
1710:
1709:
1706:
1702:
1699:
1698:
1697:
1694:
1692:
1689:
1688:
1686:
1682:
1674:
1671:
1670:
1669:
1666:
1664:
1661:
1656:
1652:
1648:
1645:
1643:
1640:
1639:
1638:
1635:
1631:
1628:
1627:
1626:
1622:
1619:
1618:
1616:
1614:Superolateral
1612:
1609:
1607:
1606:Temporal lobe
1603:
1593:
1590:
1589:
1586:
1585:Lingual gyrus
1583:
1581:
1578:
1574:
1571:
1570:
1569:
1568:Visual cortex
1566:
1565:
1563:
1559:
1553:
1550:
1548:
1547:Lunate sulcus
1545:
1541:
1538:
1536:
1533:
1532:
1531:
1528:
1526:
1523:
1521:
1518:
1517:
1515:
1513:Superolateral
1511:
1508:
1506:
1502:
1490:
1487:
1486:
1485:
1482:
1478:
1475:
1474:
1473:
1470:
1466:
1463:
1462:
1461:
1457:
1454:
1453:
1451:
1447:
1441:
1438:
1434:
1431:
1430:
1429:
1426:
1422:
1419:
1417:
1414:
1412:
1409:
1407:
1404:
1403:
1402:
1399:
1398:
1396:
1392:
1386:
1383:
1382:
1377:
1374:
1373:
1372:
1369:
1365:
1364:Angular gyrus
1361:
1358:
1356:
1352:
1349:
1348:
1347:
1344:
1340:
1337:
1335:
1332:
1331:
1330:
1327:
1326:
1324:
1322:Superolateral
1320:
1317:
1315:
1314:Parietal lobe
1311:
1299:
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910:Superolateral
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299:
298:Brodmann area
296:
295:
286:Lateral view.
282:
277:
274:Frontal view.
270:
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210:and managing
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36:
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19:
2126:Frontal lobe
2097:
1861:
1138:Orbital gyri
990:Broca's area
962:
902:Frontal lobe
816:
508:(2): 84–89.
505:
501:
467:
463:
418:
414:
404:
374:(2): 84–89.
371:
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124:
120:
119:
85:birnlex_1778
71:
1845:Limbic lobe
894:human brain
136:human brain
61:Identifiers
2115:Categories
2102:span gyri.
1768:Interlobar
1465:3, 1 and 2
1205:Precentral
1066:Prefrontal
1032:Precentral
918:Prefrontal
309:References
262:Animation.
239:depression
27:Brain area
2082:Operculum
1630:41 and 42
1428:Precuneus
545:BrainInfo
208:attention
2044:Amygdala
1862:anterior
530:19782638
522:21511208
492:26966267
484:10103094
445:22658708
396:19782638
388:21511208
352:26966267
344:10103094
292:See also
202:Function
198:(1940).
79:NeuroLex
2075:General
892:of the
456:Sources
436:4120275
134:in the
129:frontal
56:Details
1580:Cuneus
528:
520:
490:
482:
443:
433:
394:
386:
350:
342:
196:Walker
132:cortex
2039:Uncus
2027:Other
1903:gyrus
526:S2CID
488:S2CID
392:S2CID
348:S2CID
249:Image
123:, or
108:[
97:68643
67:Latin
1449:Both
1238:Both
518:PMID
480:PMID
441:PMID
384:PMID
340:PMID
144:BA45
142:and
140:BA10
125:BA46
510:doi
472:doi
431:PMC
423:doi
376:doi
332:doi
192:BA8
92:FMA
2117::
1983:30
1978:29
1973:26
1966::
1955:31
1950:23
1938:33
1933:32
1928:24
1916:25
1752:20
1733:36
1728:35
1723:34
1718:28
1713:27
1701:37
1673:21
1647:22
1642:38
1573:17
1540:19
1535:18
1376:43
1360:39
1351:40
1181:25
1169:10
1157:12
1152:11
1147:10
1131:11
1119:12
1004:45
995:44
981:47
976:11
974::
963:46
958:10
847:52
842:51
837:50
832:49
827:48
822:47
817:46
812:45
807:44
802:43
797:42
792:41
787:40
782:39
777:38
772:37
767:36
762:35
757:34
752:33
747:32
742:31
737:30
732:29
727:28
722:27
717:26
712:25
707:24
702:23
697:22
692:21
687:20
682:19
677:18
672:17
667:16
662:15
657:14
652:13
647:12
642:11
637:10
524:.
516:.
504:.
486:.
478:.
468:11
466:.
439:.
429:.
419:72
417:.
413:.
390:.
382:.
370:.
346:.
338:.
328:11
326:.
245:.
146:.
81:ID
1901:/
1657:)
1653:(
1649:/
1623:/
1489:7
1477:5
1458:/
1433:7
1421:5
1416:3
1411:2
1406:1
1362:-
1353:-
1339:7
1334:5
1298:8
1286:6
1274:6
1262:6
1250:4
1218:4
1140:/
1112:/
1101:9
1096:8
1084:6
1079:4
1006:-
997:-
983:-
953:9
941:8
936:6
931:4
881:e
874:t
867:v
632:9
627:8
622:7
617:6
612:5
607:4
602:3
597:2
592:1
573:e
566:t
559:v
532:.
512::
506:4
494:.
474::
447:.
425::
398:.
378::
372:4
354:.
334::
112:]
20:)
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