388:" in CCR (Cluster Continuous Replication) clusters, which are built on MSCS MNS (Microsoft Cluster Service—Majority Node Set) clusters, which do not require shared storage. This type of cluster can be inexpensive and deployed in one, or "stretched" across two data centers for protection against site-wide failures such as natural disasters. The limitation of CCR clusters is the ability to have only two nodes and the third node known as "voter node" or file share witness that prevents "spit in the brain" scenarios, generally hosted as a file share on a Hub Transport Server. The second type of cluster is the traditional clustering that was available in previous versions, and is now being referred to as SCC (Single Copy Cluster). In Exchange Server 2007 deployment of both CCR and SCC clusters has been simplified and improved; the entire cluster install process takes place during Exchange Server installation. LCR or Local Continuous Replication has been referred to as the "poor man's cluster". It is designed to allow for data replication to an alternative drive attached to the same system and is intended to provide protection against local storage failures. It does not protect against the case where the server itself fails.
29:
178:
365:
be active simultaneously. This is opposed to
Exchange's more common active-passive mode in which the failover servers in any cluster node cannot be used at all while their corresponding home servers are active. They must wait, inactive, for the home servers in the node to fail. Subsequent performance issues with active-active mode have led Microsoft to recommend that it should no longer be used. In fact, support for active-active mode clustering has been discontinued with Exchange Server 2007.
412:, or EA, include Exchange Server CALs. It also comes as part of the Core CAL. Just like Windows Server and other server products from Microsoft, there is the choice to use User CALs or Device CALs. Device CALs are assigned to devices (workstation, laptop or PDA), which may be used by one or more users. User CALs, are assigned to users, allowing them to access Exchange from any device. User and Device CALs have the same price, however, they cannot be used interchangeably.
1883:
381:, despite Microsoft's description of this set-up as a "Shared Nothing" model. This void has however been filled by ISVs and storage manufacturers, through "site resilience" solutions, such as geo-clustering and asynchronous data replication. Exchange Server 2007 introduces new cluster terminology and configurations that address the shortcomings of the previous "shared data model".
325:
supported on
Windows Server 2022. One of the key features of the new release is that Exchange Server can be deployed onto Windows Server Core for the first time. Additionally, Microsoft has retired the Unified Messaging feature of Exchange, meaning that Skype for Business on-premises customers will have to use alternative solutions for voicemail, such as Azure cloud voicemail.
364:
Exchange Server
Enterprise Edition supports clustering of up to 4 nodes when using Windows 2000 Server, and up to 8 nodes with Windows Server 2003. Exchange Server 2003 also introduced active-active clustering, but for two-node clusters only. In this setup, both servers in the cluster are allowed to
324:
The current version, Exchange Server 2019, was released in
October 2018. Unlike other Office Server 2019 products such as SharePoint and Skype for Business, Exchange Server 2019 could only be deployed on Windows Server 2019 when it was released. Since Cumulative Update 2022 H1 Exchange 2019 has been
743:
exploits were discovered in
Microsoft Exchange Server. Thousands of organizations have been affected by hackers using these techniques to steal information and install malicious code. Microsoft revealed that these vulnerabilities had existed for around 10 years, but were exploited only from January
613:
This has been possible from a number of providers for more than 10 years, but as of June 2018 is that many providers have been marketing the service as "cloud computing" or "Software-as-a-Service". Exchange hosting allows for
Microsoft Exchange Server to be running in the Internet, also referred to
504:
and later. When
Outlook 97 was released, Exchange Client 5.0 was still in development and to be later released as part of Exchange Server 5.0, primarily because Outlook was only available for Windows. Later, in Exchange Server 5.5, Exchange Client was removed and Outlook was made the only Exchange
391:
In
November 2007, Microsoft released SP1 for Exchange Server 2007. This service pack includes an additional high-availability feature called SCR (Standby Continuous Replication). Unlike CCR, which requires that both servers belong to a Windows cluster typically residing in the same datacenter, SCR
395:
With
Exchange Server 2010, Microsoft introduced the concept of the Database Availability Group (DAG). A DAG contains Mailbox servers that become members of the DAG. Once a Mailbox server is a member of a DAG, the Mailbox Databases on that server can be copied to other members of the DAG. When a
415:
For service providers looking to host
Microsoft Exchange, there is a Service Provider License Agreement (SPLA) available whereby Microsoft receives a monthly service fee instead of traditional CALs. Two types of Exchange CAL are available: Exchange CAL Standard and Exchange CAL Enterprise. The
686:
validation key to decrypt, encrypt, and validate the 'View State' by default on all installations of the software and all versions of it, where the View State is used to temporarily preserve changes to an individual page as information is sent to the server. The default validation key used is
649:
Exchange Online was first provided as a hosted service in dedicated customer environments in 2005 to select pilot customers. Microsoft launched a multi-tenant version of Exchange Online as part of the Business Productivity Online Standard Suite in November 2008. In June 2011, as part of the
744:
2021 onwards. The attack affected the email systems of an estimated 250,000 global customers, including state and local governments, policy think tanks, academic institutions, infectious disease researchers and businesses such as law firms and defense contractors.
629:
Customers can also choose to combine both on-premises and online options in a hybrid deployment. Hybrid implementations are popular for organizations that are unsure of the need or urgency to do a full transition to Exchange Online, and also allows for staggered
674:
vulnerability was discovered and exploited relying on a default setting allowing attackers to run arbitrary code with system privileges, only requiring a connection to the server as well as being logged into any user account which can be done through
368:
Exchange's clustering (active-active or active-passive mode) has been criticized because of its requirement for servers in the cluster nodes to share the same data. The clustering in Exchange Server provides redundancy for Exchange Server as an
1615:
604:
The complexities of managing Exchange Server—namely running both one or more Exchange Servers, plus Active Directory synchronization servers—make it attractive for organisations to purchase it as a hosted service.
714:, and never a GET request. This combination causes the server to decrypt and run this added code with its own privileges, allowing the server to be fully compromised as any command can therefore be run.
721:
published research explaining how hackers can attack Microsoft Exchange Server without exploiting any vulnerabilities. It was voted into Top 10 web hacking techniques of 2020 according to
500:
Microsoft Exchange Server up to version 5.0 came bundled with Microsoft Exchange Client as the email client. After version 5.0, this was replaced by Microsoft Outlook, bundled as part of
552:
to securely synchronize mail, contacts and other data directly with an Exchange server and has become a popular mobile access standard for businesses due to support from companies like
590:
Exchange ActiveSync Policies allow administrators to control which devices can connect to the organization, remotely deactivate features, and remotely wipe lost or stolen devices.
687:
therefore public knowledge, and so when this is used the validation key can be used to decrypt and falsely verify a modified View State containing commands added by an attacker.
1627:
512:"Inbox" client also used MAPI and was called "Microsoft Exchange". A stripped-down version of the Exchange Client that does not have support for Exchange Server was released as
1077:"An update is available that adds a file share witness feature and a configurable cluster heartbeats feature to Windows Server 2003 Service Pack 1-based server clusters"
904:
771:, uses/used publicly known Exchange vulnerabilities, as well as already-obtained account credentials and other methods, to infiltrate networks and steal data.
1442:
285:
Microsoft had sold a number of simpler email products before, but the first release of Exchange (Exchange Server 4.0 in April 1996) was an entirely new
1411:
722:
396:
Mailbox server is added to a DAG, the Failover Clustering Windows role is installed on the server and all required clustering resources are created.
764:
1677:
996:
752:
1649:
1032:
91:
1098:
818:
734:
622:
Exchange Online is Exchange Server delivered as a cloud service hosted by Microsoft itself. It is built on the same technologies as
1723:
710:
along with the session ID to show it is from a logged-in user; in legitimate use, the view state should always be returned in a
1593:
706:
and then be falsely verified by the attacker. This modified View State is then serialised and passed back to the server in a
489:. These protocols must be enabled on the server. Exchange Server mailboxes can also be accessed through a web browser, using
302:
1142:
1384:
792:
280:
1519:
641:, SharePoint, Windows, and Active Directory servers, in addition to using replica data to report cloud user experience.
626:
Exchange Server, and offers essentially the same services as third-party providers which host Exchange Server instances.
1362:
614:
as the Cloud, and managed by a "Hosted Exchange Server provider" instead of building and deploying the system in-house.
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812:
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1970:
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245:
127:
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807:
1441:
Nusbaum, Scott; Response, Christopher Paschen in Incident; Response, Incident; Forensics (February 28, 2020).
1990:
1944:
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1204:
840:
458:-based protocol introduced with Exchange Server 2007. Exchange Web Services is used by the latest version of
253:
2039:
1985:
1909:
1716:
1571:
1493:
1248:
657:
Exchange Server 2010 was developed concurrently as a server product and for the Exchange Online service.
73:
974:
528:. It was discontinued because of the move to email standards such as SMTP, IMAP, and POP3, all of which
2034:
797:
572:
1010:
698:
of the user login and the correct View State directly from the server, this correct View State can be
1468:
802:
384:
Exchange Server 2007 provides built-in support for asynchronous replication modeled on SQL Server's "
1650:"Russian GRU Conducting Global Brute Force Campaign to Compromise Enterprise and Cloud Environments"
1623:
1292:
1190:
952:
768:
756:
703:
1120:
567:
was added to it with Exchange Server 2003 Service Pack 2 and is supported by Windows Phone 7, the
466:
Mac computers running OS X include some support for this technology via Apple's Mail application.
177:
1914:
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378:
209:
The first version was called Exchange Server 4.0, to position it as the successor to the related
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144:
1443:"Detecting CVE-2020-0688 Remote Code Execution Vulnerability on Microsoft Exchange Server"
544:(EAS) was added to Microsoft Exchange Server 2003. It allows a compliant device such as a
8:
1924:
1765:
676:
541:
501:
482:
459:
448:
444:
249:
147:
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directory services. The directory used by Exchange Server eventually became Microsoft's
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1805:
1775:
868:
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638:
115:
2016:
1868:
1795:
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1341:
1001:
513:
478:
436:
290:
226:
28:
1616:"NSA, Partners Release Cybersecurity Advisory on Brute Force Global Cyber Campaign"
779:
In September 2023, Microsoft was notified that Microsoft Exchange is vulnerable to
408:, which are different from Windows CALs. Corporate license agreements, such as the
298:
218:
139:
103:
505:
client. As part of Exchange Server 5.5, Outlook was released for other platforms.
454:
Exchange Web Services (EWS), an alternative to the MAPI protocol, is a documented
1904:
1853:
699:
683:
631:
599:
529:
517:
490:
392:
can replicate data to a non-clustered server, located in a separate datacenter.
343:
supports running Exchange Server with up to 48 processor cores and 256 GB of RAM
1545:
1076:
1054:
545:
439:. Clients capable of using the proprietary features of Exchange Server include
210:
203:
108:
1882:
2054:
1939:
654:, Exchange Online was updated with the capabilities of Exchange Server 2010.
494:
1755:
1572:"Microsoft's big email hack: What happened, who did it, and why it matters"
580:
525:
385:
306:
237:
1848:
1785:
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707:
486:
191:
1412:"Hackers Scanning for Vulnerable Microsoft Exchange Servers, Patch Now!"
1099:"Top 75 Microsoft Licensing Terms – A Glossary From A(ntigen) To Z(une)"
783:
including data theft attacks. Microsoft has not fixed these issues yet.
682:
The exploit relied on all versions of Microsoft Exchange using the same
1760:
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695:
576:
564:
557:
549:
521:
509:
39:
1594:"Here's what we know so far about the massive Microsoft Exchange hack"
221:
later. Until version 5.0, it came bundled with an email client called
1980:
1954:
1919:
1800:
1006:
845:
199:
44:
931:"Considerations when deploying Exchange on an Active/Active cluster"
337:
support for installing Exchange Server 2019 onto Windows Server Core
293:
groupware system with a single database store, which also supported
1815:
271:(CALs); as SaaS, Microsoft charges a monthly service fee instead.
1863:
1858:
1827:
751:
campaign from mid-2019 to the present (July 2021), attributed by
671:
1701:
1440:
1101:. OMTCO, omt-co Operations Management Technology Consulting GmbH
256:
protocol is used to communicate to other Internet mail servers.
1899:
1832:
1315:"Microsoft Exchange Online for Enterprises Service Description"
568:
493:(OWA). Exchange Server 2003 also featured a version of OWA for
469:
E-mail hosted on an Exchange Server can also be accessed using
1678:
New Microsoft Exchange zero-days allow RCE, data theft attacks
1165:
2011:
1820:
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691:
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Hybrid tools can cover the main stack of Microsoft Exchange,
584:
553:
462:
for Mac and Microsoft Outlook for Mac - since the release of
409:
294:
286:
232:
Exchange Server primarily uses a proprietary protocol called
214:
953:"The benefits of Windows 2003 clustering with Exchange 2003"
1995:
1780:
455:
432:
233:
905:"Released: 2022 H1 Cumulative Updates for Exchange Server"
1055:"Frequently asked questions—SQL Server 2000—Log shipping"
416:
Enterprise CAL is an add-on license to the Standard CAL.
120:
1520:"HAFNIUM targeting Exchange Servers with 0-day exploits"
560:
as well as its device security and compliance features.
1546:"Exchange email hack: Hundreds of UK firms compromised"
404:
Like Windows Server products, Exchange Server requires
305:-compliant directory service which was integrated into
78:
2019 CU14 Apr24HU (15.02.1544.011) (April 23, 2024
267:(SaaS). In the on-premises form, customers purchase
359:
377:. In this scenario, the data can be regarded as a
1227:"Exchange ActiveSync: Frequently Asked Questions"
1113:
869:"Exchange Server build numbers and release dates"
835:
833:
2052:
1659:. Joint publication form US/UK security agencies
694:page is then loaded, and by requesting both the
1025:
593:
451:can access Exchange server via the Owl Plugin.
1338:Microsoft Office 365 Administration Inside Out
989:
923:
830:
1717:
1564:
660:
1586:
1466:
1724:
1710:
1263:
1197:
945:
819:2021 Microsoft Exchange Server data breach
735:2021 Microsoft Exchange Server data breach
316:As of 2020, there have been ten releases.
176:
1385:"Microsoft hops into managed PC business"
1377:
1363:"Microsoft hops into managed PC business"
1360:
1307:
1205:"Microsoft Exchange ActiveSync Licensees"
967:
516:to avoid confusion; it was included with
1191:"What is the Microsoft Exchange client?"
1047:
608:
532:supports better than Windows Messaging.
1494:"Top 10 web hacking techniques of 2020"
1183:
997:"Storage Glossary: Basic Storage Terms"
2053:
1469:"Attacking MS Exchange Web Interfaces"
1467:Sharoglazov, Arseniy (July 23, 2020).
1241:
955:. The Exchange Team Blog. June 9, 2004
535:
497:, called Outlook Mobile Access (OMA).
1705:
1436:
1434:
1432:
1406:
1404:
1402:
1340:. Microsoft Press. pp. 459–462.
1219:
1135:
841:"Microsoft Exchange Server Available"
240:, but subsequently added support for
1335:
1285:
1069:
891:"Microsoft kĂĽndigt Exchange 2019 an"
793:History of Microsoft Exchange Server
281:History of Microsoft Exchange Server
259:Exchange Server is licensed both as
225:. This was discontinued in favor of
1354:
1293:"Hosted Exchange Partner Directory"
747:In a separate incident, an ongoing
435:, which was designed to be used by
347:
13:
1429:
1399:
1163:
813:Innovative Communications Alliance
702:and then modified to also include
617:
319:
217:directory service but switched to
14:
2097:
1731:
1685:
477:protocols, using clients such as
424:Microsoft Exchange Server uses a
213:3.5. Exchange initially used the
1881:
690:When logged in as any user, any
360:Clustering and high availability
27:
1671:
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1608:
1538:
1512:
1486:
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1329:
1157:
1091:
1009:. March 8, 2005. Archived from
328:
975:"Exchange Clustering Concepts"
897:
883:
861:
808:List of collaborative software
1:
1945:Mercury Mail Transport System
1930:Internet Information Services
1387:. Microsoft. November 7, 2008
1143:"Evolution/FAQ - GNOME Live!"
1123:. Microsoft. November 7, 2008
824:
1361:Ina Fried (March 10, 2005).
1271:"Apple - iPhone in Business"
644:
594:Hosted Exchange as a service
575:phones, but notably not for
399:
7:
1910:Eudora Internet Mail Server
1121:"Exchange Server Protocols"
977:. TechNet. February 9, 2006
909:TECHCOMMUNITY.MICROSOFT.COM
786:
767:) security agencies to the
16:Calendaring and mail server
10:
2102:
1057:. Microsoft. March 8, 2005
798:Comparison of mail servers
732:
597:
419:
278:
274:
2025:
2004:
1963:
1950:Microsoft Exchange Server
1890:
1879:
1841:
1748:
1739:
1694:Microsoft Exchange Server
803:Extensible Storage Engine
661:Vulnerabilities and hacks
223:Microsoft Exchange Client
202:. It runs exclusively on
188:Microsoft Exchange Server
153:
138:
126:
114:
102:
98:
72:
68:
50:
38:
33:Exchange Server 2019 logo
26:
22:Microsoft Exchange Server
2086:Microsoft Office servers
2071:Microsoft email software
1624:National Security Agency
1035:. TechNet. March 8, 2005
2066:Message transfer agents
1915:Gordano Messaging Suite
774:
728:
665:
447:and Microsoft Outlook.
379:single point of failure
373:, but not for Exchange
1920:IBM/Lotus Notes/Domino
1336:Puca, Anthony (2013).
650:commercial release of
431:(RPC) protocol called
406:client access licenses
311:Windows Server domains
269:client access licenses
133:Collaborative software
80:; 4 months ago
56:; 28 years ago
2076:Windows Server System
1935:Ipswitch IMail Server
1596:. CNN. March 10, 2021
1574:. CNBC. March 9, 2021
1249:"Exchange ActiveSync"
893:. September 26, 2017.
781:remote code execution
719:Positive Technologies
670:In February 2020, an
609:Third-party providers
464:Mac OS X Snow Leopard
429:remote procedure call
309:as the foundation of
265:software as a service
1964:Related technologies
1498:PortSwigger Research
815:(Microsoft - Nortel)
652:Microsoft Office 365
410:Enterprise Agreement
261:on-premises software
198:server developed by
1925:IceWarp Mail Server
1766:Courier Mail Server
1500:. February 24, 2021
1033:"High availability"
677:credential stuffing
542:Exchange ActiveSync
536:Exchange ActiveSync
502:Microsoft Office 97
483:Mozilla Thunderbird
460:Microsoft Entourage
206:operating systems.
148:commercial software
23:
1524:Microsoft Security
1166:"Owl for Exchange"
739:In 2021, critical
54:April 2, 1996
21:
2048:
2047:
2017:Unicode and email
1877:
1876:
1771:Cyrus IMAP server
514:Windows Messaging
479:Windows Live Mail
437:Microsoft Outlook
354:Unified Messaging
227:Microsoft Outlook
185:
184:
2093:
2005:Related articles
1955:Novell GroupWise
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1626:. Archived from
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1552:. March 11, 2021
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1170:Owl for Exchange
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1013:on July 15, 2007
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943:
942:
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911:. April 20, 2022
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348:Removed features
299:Active Directory
219:Active Directory
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104:Operating system
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1905:CommuniGate Pro
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1698:– official site
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1630:on July 2, 2021
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1526:. March 2, 2021
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849:. April 2, 1996
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838:
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827:
789:
777:
737:
731:
723:PortSwigger Ltd
668:
663:
647:
632:email migration
620:
618:Exchange Online
611:
602:
600:Hosted Exchange
596:
538:
530:Outlook Express
518:Windows 95 OSR2
491:Outlook Web App
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1657:Defense.gov
1391:October 28,
1369:October 28,
1365:. CNET News
1321:October 28,
1317:. Microsoft
1299:October 28,
1295:. Microsoft
1277:October 28,
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1207:. Microsoft
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981:October 28,
959:October 28,
937:October 28,
933:. Microsoft
871:. Microsoft
853:February 5,
749:brute-force
708:GET request
624:on-premises
487:Lotus Notes
449:Thunderbird
426:proprietary
371:application
236:to talk to
196:calendaring
192:mail server
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2055:Categories
2035:Comparison
1761:Citadel/UX
1447:TrustedSec
825:References
696:session ID
579:'s native
565:push email
558:Apple Inc.
550:smartphone
548:device or
522:Windows 98
510:Windows 95
161:.microsoft
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2061:Groupware
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1556:March 12,
1530:March 14,
1452:March 20,
1421:March 20,
1273:. TechNet
1229:. TechNet
1105:April 24,
1007:Microsoft
915:April 21,
846:Microsoft
441:Evolution
400:Licensing
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200:Microsoft
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2030:Category
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1550:BBC News
1504:June 18,
1478:June 18,
1473:PT SWARM
1164:Beonex.
787:See also
741:zero-day
433:MAPI/RPC
116:Platform
1864:UW IMAP
1859:qpopper
1828:Zentyal
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1776:Dovecot
1749:Current
1663:July 3,
1634:July 2,
1620:nsa.gov
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1039:July 2,
1002:TechNet
753:British
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420:Clients
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585:macOS
577:Apple
554:Nokia
475:IMAP4
295:X.500
287:X.400
215:X.400
190:is a
2040:List
1996:UUCP
1991:SMTP
1986:SMAP
1971:IMAP
1854:Hula
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