29:
443:
The caribou population of
Michipicoten Island is scientifically significant because it manifests an opportunity to apply A. T. Bergerud's proposed test to assess the viability of the range hypothesis versus the predation hypothesis for providing a credible explanation for caribou population decline.
448:
in the island's Great Lakes/St. Lawrence Forest. This happened, and it indicated that lichen was not a critical requirement in the diet of caribou. Second, after the appearance of wolves, the population of caribou should decline. Should these population trends emerge, it would indicate conclusively
452:
The caribou population of
Michipicoten Island is ecologically significant because it and the Slate Islands caribou population are all that conclusively and verifiably remain of a caribou population which was once found throughout the federally-recognized ON6 Lake Superior caribou range. Ontario
281:
During the spring, summer, and fall, the island is inhabited or regularly visited by the owners of camps located on a small number of private inholdings, commercial fishers, and clients of a commercial outpost camp. It has become a destination for some adventurous
393:, as a result of overhunting, in the mid-1800s. In 1981, a lone male caribou was observed on the island; how it arrived there remains unknown. In 1982, additional caribou - one male, three adult females and three female calves - were moved to the island from the
434:
The 2017/2018 wolf population count is anticipated to reveal approximately 20 wolves present on the island. The decline in the caribou population as resulting from the presence of the wolves has raised the concern that the caribou population is in danger of
312:
and is heavily forested, with over 20 inland lakes. It has a rugged interior, containing east-west aligned ridges with gentle southern slopes and steep northern slopes. The highest point is 298 m (978 ft) above Lake
Superior.
427:
to arrive at approximately 160 animals in 2001. A population determination performed in 2011 concluded that the herd had grown to 680 animals. At times, the rate of population growth was among the fastest ever recorded for caribou.
431:
In the winter of 2014, four wolves transited to
Michipicoten Island. This was facilitated by an ice bridge which had formed between the island and the mainland. The wolf population had more than tripled by the winter of 2016/2017.
453:
Ministry of
Natural Resources and Forestry/Parks Canada 2016 caribou populations surveys failed to conclusively observe any caribou remaining in the lands along the north shore of Lake Superior.
456:
As of March 2019 all of the remaining caribou and wolves had been moved off of the island due to the low remaining population of caribou. A pack of eight of the wolves were translocated to
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607:
425:
270:
Most of the lands of
Michipicoten Island, as well as smaller islands, shoals, and waters which surround it to within 2,500 metres (1.6 mi), were regulated as
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1091:
444:
Adapted to
Michipicoten Island, Bergerud's proposed test was two-part: First, the caribou population on Michipicoten Island should increase despite the lack of
919:
652:
66:
449:
that wolf predation, and not a lack of lichen as forwarded by the range hypothesis, was a key factor in the decline of caribou throughout North
America.
255:. At its closest point to mainland Ontario, the island is located about 16 kilometres (9.9 mi) from the mainland. It falls within the boundaries of
324:
1000:
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592:
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in 1985. Despite attempts to develop a comprehensive park management plan in the early- to mid-2000s, it continues to be administered by
398:
1151:
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1141:
518:
401:. An additional male was translocated in 1989. From the time of these relocations to 2001, the herd population increased at
1126:
951:
653:
https://www.ebr.gov.on.ca/ERS-WEB-External/displaynoticecontent.do?noticeId=MjAzMDM=&statusId=MjAzMDM=&language=en
120:
683:
850:
806:
539:
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267:, Michipicoten Island is 27 kilometres (17 mi) long and 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) wide at its widest point.
286:. In the winter, due mainly to reasons of remoteness and difficulty of access, the island is usually uninhabited.
354:
531:
167:
256:
137:
1030:
Results of the 2016 Lake
Superior Coast Range (LSCR) caribou (Rangifer tarandus caribou) aerial survey
1001:"Recovery Strategy for the Woodland Caribou (Rangifer tarandus caribou), Boreal population, in Canada"
524:
Michipicoten Post and
Michipicoten Island Provincial Parks Management Planning: Background Information
1121:
248:
639:
1101:
1097:
Description of a commercial kayaking trip to Michipicoten Island, with information about the island
1044:"6 wolves on Lake Superior island saved from starvation by Canadian-U.S. Team | Globalnews.ca"
937:
404:
309:
316:
A lighthouse was established in 1912 on the eastern end of the island. It was staffed until 1988.
1043:
751:
522:
394:
294:
965:
Bergerud, Arthur T. (October 1974). "Decline of Caribou in North America Following Settlement".
1057:
Mlot, C. (2019). "Relocated island wolves outlasting mainland wolves in new Isle Royale home".
566:
902:
Bottom-up and Top-down Forces Shaping Caribou Forage Availability on the Lake Superior Coast
1106:
589:"Michipicoten Post and Michipicoten Island Management Plan EBR Registry Number: PB03E2004"
8:
900:
1070:
982:
836:
Conway, Thor (2010). Spirits in Stone. Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario: Heritage Discoveries.
664:
627:
489:
344:
215:
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846:
802:
783:
723:
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Michipicoten Island played host to an indigenous caribou population until the herd's
264:
868:"Woodland caribou persistence and extirpation in relic populations on Lake Superior"
1062:
974:
879:
708:
390:
952:"Last Lake Superior caribou herd could vanish thanks to hungry wolves | CBC News"
28:
866:
Bergerud, Arthur T.; Dalton, W. J.; Butler, H.; Camps, L.; Ferguson, R. (2007).
920:"Conservation and Ecology of Mammals – Carnivores « the Wildlife Society"
1115:
1032:. Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources and Forestry/Parks Canada. p. 2.
378:
275:
252:
244:
207:
171:
81:
68:
54:
1108:
Story of two sea kayakers rescued by the Coast Guard off Michipicoten Island
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684:"Michipicoten Island Provincial Park Management Statement | ontario.ca"
1102:
1910 Log Book of the North Shore Club: Michipicoten / Wawa Region History
457:
436:
358:
260:
845:
Kohl, Johann (1859). Kitchi-Gami: Life Among the Lake Superior Ojibway.
986:
884:
867:
370:
350:
1028:
Shuter, Jennifer; Asselin, Natalie; Rodgers, Art (November 17, 2016).
564:
517:
978:
752:"Michipicoten Post and Michipicoten Island: Background Information"
591:. Environmental Registry of Ontario. August 9, 2004. Archived from
132:
801:. Rochester, NY: University of Rochester Press. pp. 192–195.
240:
125:
33:
381:―is traditionally said to make his home on Michipicoten Island.
301:). It is located in the Great Lakes-St. Lawrence Forest region.
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236:
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283:
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1092:
Ontario government documents regarding Michipicoten Island
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826:. Detroit: Detroit Free Press Printing Co. pp. 24–5.
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under an interim management statement developed in 1986.
565:
Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources (July 2, 2013).
824:
Indian Names and History of the Sault Ste Marie Canal
407:
1027:
861:
859:
343:, and is a reference to the geography of the nearby
289:
Michipicoten Island has plentiful wildlife (notably
938:"The wolves of Isle Royale and Michipicoten Island"
259:. The third largest island in Lake Superior, after
914:
912:
419:
319:On some old maps, Michipicoten Island is shown as
247:, about 175 kilometres (109 mi) northwest of
856:
1113:
665:"Welcome to Michipicoten Island Provincial Park"
909:
898:
744:
678:
676:
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513:
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357:of some Native American tribes―particularly
251:and 65 kilometres (40 mi) southwest of
183:36,740.00 ha (141.8539 sq mi)
325:Jean-Frédéric Phélypeaux, Count of Maurepas
27:
883:
784:"Michipicoten Island East End Lighthouse"
671:
508:
1050:
964:
796:
606:"Michipicoten Island Provincial Park".
1114:
821:
721:
560:
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323:, after the French minister of Marine
243:, Canada, in the northeastern part of
567:"Natural Heritage Information Centre"
519:Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources
1056:
331:is an Anglicization of the original
308:bedrock related to volcanism of the
1147:Protected areas established in 1990
1137:Islands of Lake Superior in Ontario
615:. 1985. p. 260. Archived from
555:
439:as soon as the winter of 2017/2018.
384:
272:Michipicoten Island Provincial Park
161:Michipicoten Island Provincial Park
13:
967:The Journal of Wildlife Management
764:from the original on June 11, 2011
14:
1163:
1085:
905:(MS thesis). Lakehead University.
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304:The island is made up of ancient
101:184 km (71 sq mi)
16:Canadian island in Lake Superior
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1021:
993:
958:
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892:
839:
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373:, of the Great Lakes region of
1152:1990 establishments in Ontario
1132:Uninhabited islands of Ontario
701:
657:
646:
599:
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1:
1142:Parks in Thunder Bay District
797:Schwartz, Seymour I. (2008).
569:. Queen's Printer for Ontario
475:
420:{\displaystyle \lambda =1.18}
399:Ministry of Natural Resources
353:, a powerful creature in the
7:
1127:Provincial parks of Ontario
532:Queen's Printer for Ontario
463:
10:
1168:
822:Kelton, Dwight H. (1889).
724:"Forest regions of Canada"
339:, meaning "big bluffs" in
799:The Mismapping of America
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899:Benjamin Kuchta (2012).
310:Midcontinent Rift System
1067:10.1126/science.aba6490
757:. Ontario Parks. 2004.
421:
926:on September 5, 2017.
622:on September 5, 2017.
595:on September 5, 2017.
490:"Michipicoten Island"
422:
494:www.ontarioparks.com
405:
257:Thunder Bay District
138:Thunder Bay District
711:. October 23, 2021.
609:Ontario Regulations
355:traditional beliefs
233:Michipicoten Island
224:/michipicotenisland
204:Governing body
191:Natural Environment
152:Seasonally variable
78: /
36:view of the island.
23:
22:Michipicoten Island
940:. August 28, 2017.
885:10.7557/2.27.4.321
709:"Michi - Hawk Air"
417:
345:Michipicoten River
21:
470:Henri de Miffonis
265:St. Ignace Island
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82:47.750°N 85.750°W
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1122:IUCN Category II
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1086:External links
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1011:. Retrieved
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924:the original
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768:December 21,
766:. Retrieved
746:
734:. Retrieved
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722:J. S. Rowe.
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703:
691:. Retrieved
687:
659:
648:
617:the original
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571:. Retrieved
545:. Retrieved
523:
500:February 16,
498:. Retrieved
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361:tribes, the
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329:Michipicoten
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144:Demographics
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18:
1013:January 20,
736:January 20,
693:January 20,
636:|work=
458:Isle Royale
437:extirpation
391:extirpation
359:Anishinaabe
327:. The word
261:Isle Royale
196:Established
188:Designation
85: /
61:Coordinates
1116:Categories
476:References
371:Potawatomi
351:Mishipeshu
149:Population
1075:213888663
878:(4): 57.
638:ignored (
628:cite book
573:April 18,
547:April 18,
460:in 2018.
409:λ
46:Geography
872:Rangifer
759:Archived
521:(2004).
464:See also
377:and the
284:kayakers
133:District
121:Province
51:Location
1059:Science
987:3800042
397:by the
241:Ontario
126:Ontario
73:85°45′W
70:47°45′N
34:Landsat
1073:
985:
849:
805:
538:
446:lichen
375:Canada
369:, and
367:Ojibwe
341:Ojibwe
333:Ojibwe
297:, and
291:beaver
237:island
235:is an
113:Canada
1071:S2CID
1008:gc.ca
1004:(PDF)
983:JSTOR
762:(PDF)
755:(PDF)
731:gc.ca
727:(PDF)
620:(PDF)
613:(PDF)
528:(PDF)
363:Odawa
335:word
299:birds
222:/park
1015:2024
847:ISBN
803:ISBN
770:2019
738:2024
695:2024
640:help
575:2014
549:2014
536:ISBN
502:2022
415:1.18
306:lava
263:and
220:.com
199:1985
180:Area
170:II (
98:Area
1063:doi
975:doi
880:doi
239:in
216:www
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
