20:
1519:
cancer for which few effective treatments exist. In most cases, CNS involvement occurs after metastatic dissemination to the bones, liver and/or lungs has already occurred; for that reason, many patients already have refractory, terminal breast cancer by the time they are diagnosed with brain metastases. The diagnosis of brain metastases from breast cancer relies mainly on patient-reported symptoms and neuroimaging. The role of imaging in patients with suspected brain metastases is a very good modality to aid in diagnosis. According to Weil et al., 2005, neuroimaging such as
Computed Tomography (CT) and Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) prove to be very effective in the diagnosis of brain and central nervous system metastases.
1579:
providing similar benefits. Adjuvant radiotherapy follows surgical resection; this combined approach has been shown to prolong median survival up to 12 months, depending on the factors noted above. There is evidence that surgery may be useful in select patients with recurrent brain metastases. Mean survival from diagnosis of a brain metastasis varies between studies, ranging from 2 to 16 months (depending on involvement of the CNS, the extent of the extra-cranial metastatic disease, and the treatment applied). The mean 1-year survival is estimated at 20%. Improvements in the treatment of brain metastases are clearly needed.
1329:
1121:
1081:
798:; it plays an important role in the degradation of the extracellular matrix essential for metastasis. Tumor cells use MMP-2 secreted by bone marrow fibroblasts (BMFs). MMP-2 is stored in an inactive conformation in association with the cell surface (or extracellular matrix) of BMFs. Inactive MMP-2 present on the surface of BMFs is displaced by breast-cancer cells. Cancer cells can then use the proteinase to facilitate tissue invasion, which requires the degradation of
1271:
therapies. For example, patients may find hypnosis, massage, meditation, relaxation techniques, tai chi or yoga to be helpful for issues such as stress, pain, nausea, and difficulty sleeping. Gentle exercise and a healthy diet can contribute to overall well-being and quality of life. Some early research suggests that women who refrain from eating for at least 13 hours overnight are less likely to have a cancer recurrence, possibly due to differences in
1170:. Spinal-cord compression is an oncological emergency, as untreated spinal cord compression may cause permanent paralysis or death. In breast cancer, spinal-cord compression occurs when a bone metastasis or spinal metastasis begins to push on the spinal cord, resulting in inflammation and, if untreated, spinal cord injury. Radiotherapy is an important component of therapy for cord compression secondary to metastatic breast cancer, along with
1462:
945:
1298:"Complementary medicine can be quite useful when used in addition to all physician-prescribed cancer therapies,” says Dr. Park. “However, what is harmful is when patients believe that they can use it to replace surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, hormonal therapy, or immunotherapy, or if it is used without the knowledge of their cancer physicians."
1022:
metastases provides direct feedback on the effectiveness of the treatment and often a number of chemotherapy agents are tried sequentially to determine one that works. Adding one or more chemotherapy drugs to an established regimen in women with metastatic breast cancer gives greater tumour shrinkage on imaging but also increased toxicity.
1042:. In women with metastatic breast cancer, taxane-containing chemotherapy regimens appear to improve survival and tumour shrinkage and decrease time to progression. Taxanes are associated with increased risk of neuro-toxicity and less nausea and vomiting when contrasted to non-taxane containing regimens.
1578:
may provide a nearly equivalent outcome, compared with surgery followed by whole brain-irradiation. Surgery tends to reduce symptoms quickly and prolong life, with an improved quality of life. Multiple metastases (up to three) may be removed surgically with a risk similar to that of a single lesion,
1518:
are reported in 10–15% of patients with metastatic breast cancer; in large autopsy studies, up to 40% of women who died of metastatic breast cancer were reported to have at least one brain metastasis. CNS metastases are often viewed by patients and doctors as a late complication of metastatic breast
1266:
can disrupt the body’s metabolism and cause dangerous weight loss. People should be aware that foods, vitamins, and other treatments may interfere with the effectiveness of surgery, chemotherapy or radiation. It is essential that patients work with their doctors and openly discuss possible effects
1307:
Treatment of metastatic breast cancer is currently an active area of research. Several medications are in development or in phase I/II trials. Typically, new medications and treatments are first tested in metastatic cancer before trials in primary cancer are attempted. Another area of research aims
1009:
and so on. Although the occasional patient with metastatic breast cancer benefits from surgical resection of an isolated metastasis and most patients receive radiotherapy (often for palliation alone) during the course of their disease, the treatment of metastatic breast carcinoma typically involves
1068:
Platinum-containing chemotherapy regimens are known to be effective for treating a variety of different cancer types. In women with metastatic breast cancer who do not have triple negative disease, there is little or no survival benefit and excess toxicity from platinum-based regimens. However, in
1242:
that are claimed to achieve healing effects similar to scientifically-tested medical approaches, but lack scientific evidence to support those claims. Approaches that are considered alternative therapies when applied to cancer treatment include vitamin therapies, homeopathic treatments, extreme
1072:
Antitumour antibiotics are also used in metastatic breast cancer. Antitumour antibiotics work to prevent cancer cells multiplying by damaging them or stop cell growth. A meta-analysis has demonstrated that women taking antitumour antibiotics as part of their regimen had an advantage in time to
49:
Metastatic breast cancer cells frequently differ from the preceding primary breast cancer in properties such as receptor status. The cells have often developed resistance to several lines of previous treatment and have acquired special properties that permit them to metastasize to distant sites.
1293:
compared the survival of those who used complementary cancer treatments and those who used only the medical cancer treatments recommended by their doctors. They found that those who used complementary treatments during cancer treatment were more likely to refuse some of the conventional cancer
1021:
is one of the most important components of therapy for metastatic breast cancer. Therapy of choice is based on three variables; 1. the extent, pattern and aggressiveness at first presentation. 2. what stage of menopause the patient is at. 3. What receptor hormone the tumour has. Observation of
1225:
considered in patients who have three or more sites of painful bone metastases who cannot be treated with external-beam radiotherapy. In some patients with estrogen-receptor-positive breast carcinoma metastatic to the bone only, external-beam radiotherapy followed by tamoxifen or another anti-
1224:
which is injected into the bloodstream, is under investigation for the treatment of bone metastases from breast cancer; there is evidence that it can relieve pain for up to three months after its administration. It is unknown whether or not it can prevent pathologic fracture, but it should be
1270:
While there is no evidence that any alternative treatments will cure cancer, there are treatments that may alleviate symptoms and improve quality of life for patients. When integrated into a broader medical treatment plan, these are sometimes referred to as "complementary" or "integrative"
1025:
Combination chemotherapy is often used in patients with metastatic breast cancer. Research suggests no difference in overall survival time between sequential single agent chemotherapy and combination chemotherapy. Sequential single agent chemotherapy may have a more positive effect on
1192:
Brain metastases. Brain metastases occur in up to 10–15% of breast-cancer patients, and often (but not always) occur late in the disease. They require urgent treatment; brain metastases may progress rapidly, and can suddenly produce life-threatening complications such as
1294:
treatments their doctors recommended, resulting in a higher risk of dying as compared to those who used no complementary treatments at all. Those most likely to choose complementary treatments were young, affluent, well-educated women with private insurance.
1558:≥70) fare best; older patients with a Karnofsky performance status below 70 do poorly. Effective treatments for brain metastases from breast cancer exist, although symptomatic therapy alone may be chosen for those with poor performance status.
96:
cells to certain tissues. The targeting by cancer cells of specific organs is probably regulated by chemo-attractant factors and adhesion molecules produced by the target organ, along with cell-surface receptors expressed by the tumor cells.
1185:. Typically, pain from liver metastases responds to chemotherapy and analgesia. However, in cases when chemotherapy is contraindicated or the liver metastases are refractory to chemotherapy (and pain medication fails to provide appropriate
2246:
Costelloe CM, Rohren EM, Madewell JE, Hamaoka T, Theriault RL, Yu TK, Lewis VO, Ma J, Stafford RJ, Tari AM, Hortobagyi GN, Ueno NT (June 2009). "Imaging bone metastases in breast cancer: techniques and recommendations for diagnosis".
1286:
Patients have been shown to face a greater risk of mortality if they refuse or delay scientifically-proven treatments in favor of alternative therapies. This is also true in the case of complementary therapies. A study published in
1064:
targets only cancerous cells. It works by only releasing its toxic payload when triggered by a protein found in the cancerous cells in HER2+ breast cancer. It has extremely low side effects using this target therapy method.
1033:
is approved for patients with metastatic breast cancer who either relapsed within six months of adjuvant chemotherapy or failed to respond to combination chemotherapy. This has a higher response rate than solvent-based
45:
Metastases can occur several years after the primary breast cancer, although it is sometimes diagnosed at the same time as the primary breast cancer or, rarely, before the primary breast cancer has been diagnosed.
902:
by stimulating their growth better than other types of cancer. This interaction is dynamic and reciprocal, since cancer cells modify the environment they encounter. Tumor embolus = seed and Target organ = soil.
806:
and interstitial connective tissue. MMP-2 is unlike other MMP's as its activity is modulated by metalloproteases called tissue inhibitor of metalloproteases (TIMP) and membrane type 1 MMP (Korhmann et at. 2009)
1229:
may be sufficient to control disease, at least temporarily. In most cases, however, the combination of radiotherapy and hormonal therapy is not enough to maintain disease control, and chemotherapy is needed.
73:, with the most common site being the bone. Treatment of metastatic breast cancer depends on location of the metastatic tumors and includes surgery, radiation, chemotherapy, biological, and hormonal therapy.
2043:
Vlodavsky I, Goldshmidt O, Zcharia E, Atzmon R, Rangini-Guatta Z, Elkin M, Peretz T, Friedmann Y (April 2002). "Mammalian heparanase: involvement in cancer metastasis, angiogenesis and normal development".
1189:
of liver metastasis-related pain), radiotherapy should be considered; it may relieve pain and shrink the metastases, and perhaps extend survival in a subset of patients with a good response to radiotherapy.
333:
Most of these processes require a delicate balance between the functions of matrix metalloproteases (MMPs) or metalloprotease-disintegrins (ADAMs) and natural tissue inhibitors of metalloproteases (
2008:
Shaffrey ME, Mut M, Asher AL, Burri SH, Chahlavi A, Chang SM, Farace E, Fiveash JB, Lang FF, Lopes MB, Markert JM, Schiff D, Siomin V, Tatter SB, Vogelbaum MA (August 2004). "Brain metastases".
1005:. Those steps which have a good clinical window are the best targets for therapy. Each event in metastasis is highly regulated and requires a synergistic activation of different ECM proteins,
1010:
the use of systemic therapy. There is no sufficient evidence on the benefits and risks of breast surgery associated with systemic treatment for women diagnosed with metastatic breast cancer.
1220:
and pathologic fracture. Radiotherapy is indicated to prevent pathologic fracture; it is also part of postoperative treatment following repair of a pathologic fracture. Strontium 89, a
1566:
has not been found to be effective in the treatment of brain metastases from breast cancer, due to the inability of most chemotherapeutic agents to penetrate the blood–brain barrier.
88:
and regulatory extra-cellular matrix (ECM) peptides) components. Organ-specific anatomic considerations also influence metastasis; these include blood-flow patterns from the primary
497:
chains of HSPGs, which have an extensive network with several proteins on the cell surface and ECM. The basic HSPG structure consists of a protein core to which several linear
1163:
Radiotherapy is used in the treatment of metastatic breast cancer. The most common reasons for a patient with metastatic breast carcinoma to be treated with radiotherapy are:
1155:
or another anti-estrogen drug unless there are liver metastases, significant lung involvement, rapidly progressive disease or severe symptoms requiring immediate palliation.
470:. Integrin-mediated tumor cell adhesion to ECM proteins can trigger signal transduction and cause upregulation of gene expression, increased tyrosine phosphorylytion of the
1562:
are crucial to the treatment of brain metastases from any source (including the breast), and are effective in reducing peri-tumoral edema and providing symptomatic relief.
50:
Metastatic breast cancer can be treated, sometimes for many years, but it cannot be cured. Distant metastases are the cause of about 90% of deaths due to breast cancer.
529:(VEGFs) and prevents them from inactivation. HS chains function as low-affinity co-receptors which promote dimerization of FGFs, aids in the sequestration of the
1267:
of any treatment they are considering. Alternative and complementary therapies are not regulated by the U.S. federal government and may lack quality controls.
2644:
Garsa, Adam; Jang, Julie K.; Baxi, Sangita; Chen, Christine; Akinniranye, Olamigoke; Hall, Owen; Larkin, Jody; Motala, Aneesa; Newberry, Sydne (2021-06-09).
687:(a cell-surface adhesion molecule) is important for tumor attachment, cell-to-cell communication between the breast tumor cells and the environment in bone,
760:, potent bone resorptive agents) and stimulating bone resorption. After the breast-cancer cells have left the primary tumor, they interact with the bone
565:
and stimulates tumor-cell proliferation. It is hypothesised that TNC stimulates invasion via up-regulation of MMP-1 expression through activation of the
1038:(15% vs 8%). Abraxane can also deliver a 49% higher dose of medication than solvent-based paclitaxel; however, the side effects are severe and include
915:(bone scan) is very sensitive and is recommended as the first imaging study in asymptomatic individuals with suspected breast-cancer metastases. X-ray
768:
formation and bone resorption. Apart from the breast tumor cells, the resident stromal cells also contribute to tumor survival. Growth factors such as
1664:
1433:
tumors in mice. Such therapies, targeted to specific cell types, is hoped to be useful in the future to develop better treatments to prevent or treat
2714:
1688:"Overall survival differences between patients with inflammatory and noninflammatory breast cancer presenting with distant metastasis at diagnosis"
266:
2874:
1636:
656:
over-expression alters the proteolytic balance of the cells to greater matrix degradation and increased invasive properties of breast cancer.
116:
Metastatic breast cancer to the brain causes the following symptoms: persistent, progressively worsening headache, visual changes, seizures,
2791:
1554:
Of all brain-metastatic patients, those with a controlled extra-cranial tumor, age less than 65 years and a favorable general performance (
1778:
1039:
1001:
is a complex and interconnected multi-step process. Each step in the process is a potential target for therapies to prevent or reduce
230:
The cell must survive the transit into the new environment, until it ultimately arrests in the microvasculature of the secondary site.
1479:
931:
may be considered for cases of abnormal radionuclide uptake on bone scan, when radiography does not give an acceptably clear result.
1383:. Some instances where nanoprobes are used to target specific tumor cells (based on the organ to which they have metastasized) are:
533:(GFs) and causes activation of the signaling tyrosine kinase receptors even under low circulating concentrations of growth factors.
1609:
1283:
metabolism. As yet, the effects of nutrition and exercise on cancers are not well understood and some theories are controversial.
2184:
Bos PD, Zhang XH, Nadal C, Shu W, Gomis RR, Nguyen DX, Minn AJ, van de Vijver MJ, Gerald WL, Foekens JA, Massagué J (June 2009).
1212:
Bone metastases. The bones are a very common site of metastatic disease from breast cancer, and bone metastases can cause severe
2765:
712:
334:
131:
Metastatic disease to the liver causes jaundice, elevated liver enzymes, abdominal pain, loss of appetite, nausea, and vomiting
424:
can contribute to the metastatic process. Some of these proteins are discussed here in relation to breast-cancer metastasis.
1069:
women with metastatic triple negative breast cancer, there may be a moderate survival benefit from platinum-based regimens.
2739:
141:
Other nonspecific systemic symptoms of metastatic breast cancer include fatigue, malaise, weight loss, and poor appetite.
624:
expression in tumor cells contributes to metastasis by upregulating MMP-1 and MMP-19. MMP-19 cleaves components of the
526:
396:
ECM-tumor cell interactions play a critical role in each of the events of the metastatic cascade. Interactions of the
285:(MMPs). Degradation of the extracellular matrix begins the process of metastasis. The cell develops structures called
19:
2819:
1501:
985:
566:
1885:
1194:
1209:
from breast cancer, as it halts tumor progression quickly and can induce a response in the majority of patients.
1073:
progression and tumour shrinkage, but also increased side effect such as cardiotoxicity, leukopenia and nausea.
890:
through non-fenestrated capillaries, complemented by specific enhancers of BBB-crossing and brain colonization.
349:
systems in cancer cells, to equip them with the tools necessary to degrade the extracellular matrix and release
1483:
1340:
1132:
1092:
967:
1555:
1364:
Scheduling of drug treatments and combination treatment can have substantial impact on treatment efficacy.
109:
Metastatic disease to the bone causes severe, progressive pain, and, less commonly, pathological fracture,
2099:"Cancer cell-associated fibronectin induces release of matrix metalloproteinase-2 from normal fibroblasts"
878:
Cell-surface sialylation has been implicated in cell–to-cell interactions, and over-expression of a brain
2566:"Impact of Vitamin B12 on outcome of Early Stage Luminal A and B Breast Cancer, single center experience"
2485:
919:
is recommended if there is abnormal radionuclide uptake from the bone scan and in assessing the risk of
850:
at the secondary site with the help of a hyaluronate matrix ligand or by its cytoplasmic attachments to
105:
The symptoms produced by metastatic breast cancer vary by the location of the metastases. For instance:
924:
886:
in organ-specific metastatic interactions. Breast-cancer metastasis to the brain involves mediators of
777:
761:
254:
1801:
557:(TNC) is up-regulated in metastatic breast cancer. TNC is an adhesion-modulating extracellular matrix
2081:
475:
1308:
to find combination treatments that provide higher efficacy with reduced toxicity and side effects.
963:
773:
570:
522:
501:(HS) chains are covalently O-linked; this acts as an assembly of different ECM proteins, including
2098:
794:
MMP-2 is the main metalloprotease secreted by breast-cancer cells or induced in the adjacent bone
2686:
1472:
1198:
1167:
1061:
842:
by binding to specific extracellular matrix components. A proposed mechanism for the function of
816:
769:
745:
357:
184:
34:, advanced breast cancer, secondary tumors, secondaries or stage IV breast cancer, is a stage of
2943:
795:
562:
323:
282:
188:
1151:
For estrogen-receptor-positive metastatic breast carcinoma the first line of therapy is often
898:
The "seed and soil" hypothesis states that specific organs harbor metastases from one type of
2813:
1570:
may provide a median survival of 4 to 5 months, which can be further extended by months with
1567:
1391:
1057:
920:
912:
741:
471:
157:
have bone metastases Very often bone metastases can be successfully managed for a long time.
125:
322:
Degradation of the ECM is facilitated by MMPs, so cells can move across tissues into nearby
2565:
2197:
1575:
1571:
1239:
144:
Sometimes people with metastatic breast cancer do not have any notable changes or symptoms.
39:
815:
The brain is a unique organ for metastasis, since the breast-tumor cells have to pass the
545:
scaffold of the endothelial BM, thereby releasing angiogenic growth factors from the ECM.
8:
1221:
955:
2201:
2914:
2889:
2621:
2596:
2541:
2516:
2515:
Egger SJ, Willson ML, Morgan J, Walker HS, Carrick S, Ghersi D, Wilcken N (June 2017).
2461:
2436:
2409:
2384:
2383:
Dear RF, McGeechan K, Jenkins MC, Barratt A, Tattersall MH, Wilcken N (December 2013).
2357:
2332:
2308:
2283:
2218:
2185:
2161:
2136:
1985:
1960:
1936:
1911:
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1712:
1687:
1426:
1380:
385:
2905:
2385:"Combination versus sequential single agent chemotherapy for metastatic breast cancer"
2260:
1910:
Macedo F, Ladeira K, Pinho F, Saraiva N, Bonito N, Pinto L, Goncalves F (March 2017).
2919:
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2414:
2362:
2313:
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2110:
2061:
2025:
1990:
1941:
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1717:
879:
803:
799:
257:, or “niche” interactions with local factors promoting tumor-cell growth, survival,
214:
81:
77:
1764:
664:
The primary extracellular matrix components and cell-surface receptors which aid in
2909:
2901:
2846:
2799:
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2616:
2612:
2608:
2536:
2532:
2528:
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2400:
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2348:
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2295:
2256:
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2205:
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2148:
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2017:
1980:
1972:
1931:
1923:
1825:
1817:
1744:
1707:
1699:
1614:
1451:
1414:
cells. It was found that nanoprobes reduced brain-metastatic tumors in mice by 98%.
1263:
1206:
1053:
873:
855:
629:
1686:
Fouad TM, Kogawa T, Liu DD, Shen Y, Masuda H, El-Zein R, et al. (July 2015).
1233:
372:. This in turn, upregulates the signaling pathways necessary to provide increased
2564:
Shaaban, Saeed M.; Gaber, Zeinab; Semary, Samah; Dewidar, Ahmad M. (2023-03-31).
2085:
2021:
1860:
1559:
1542:
1399:
1171:
835:
784:) are implicated in the development and progression of metastatic breast cancer.
708:
574:
498:
494:
304:
243:
53:
Breast cancer can metastasize anywhere in body but primarily metastasizes to the
1375:
is being studied, and there are several developments involving the targeting of
236:
to a distant site : The cell then invades into the BM of the target tissue.
1813:
1006:
542:
459:
381:
2804:
2595:
Lord S, Ghersi D, Gattellari M, Wortley S, Wilcken N, Simes J (October 2004).
1703:
923:, and is recommended as the initial imaging study in patients with bone pain.
42:. There is no cure for metastatic breast cancer; there is no stage after IV.
2937:
2581:
1976:
1589:
1438:
1403:
1289:
1217:
887:
883:
839:
757:
753:
530:
436:
397:
377:
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354:
350:
316:
308:
233:
227:
of the circulatory system: the cell enters the bloodstream or lymph channels.
224:
176:
172:
154:
35:
2152:
882:
in breast-cancer cells is a mechanism highlighting the role of cell-surface
846:
is to regulate the adhesion of circulating cancer cells in the brain to the
2923:
2860:
2653:
2630:
2550:
2470:
2435:
Ghersi D, Willson ML, Chan MM, Simes J, Donoghue E, Wilcken N (June 2015).
2418:
2366:
2333:"Addition of drug/s to a chemotherapy regimen for metastatic breast cancer"
2317:
2268:
2227:
2170:
2114:
2065:
2057:
2029:
1994:
1945:
1927:
1839:
1748:
1721:
1604:
1563:
1372:
1018:
831:
692:
625:
597:
558:
538:
439:
421:
297:
258:
2851:
2834:
2097:
Saad S, Gottlieb DJ, Bradstock KF, Overall CM, Bendall LJ (January 2002).
1756:
1735:
Lee YT (July 1983). "Breast carcinoma: pattern of metastasis at autopsy".
2833:
Johnson, Skyler B.; Park, Henry S.; Gross, Cary P.; Yu, James B. (2018).
2645:
1407:
1395:
1387:
1259:
1175:
1045:
916:
847:
716:
649:
518:
502:
455:
432:
405:
342:
338:
286:
278:
76:
Typical environmental barriers in a metastatic event include physical (a
2597:"Antitumour antibiotic containing regimens for metastatic breast cancer"
2209:
1821:
1328:
1120:
1080:
585:
in the ECM and influence tumor cell migration in cartilaginous tissues.
1594:
1515:
1486: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1434:
1418:
1186:
1182:
1035:
1002:
998:
765:
720:
704:
700:
688:
665:
578:
554:
534:
490:
463:
417:
319:, so they are readily available to cells not in direct physical contact
262:
180:
168:
62:
31:
1359:
450:, fibrin and heparan sulphate proteoglycans(HSPGs). Several different
38:
where the breast cancer cells have spread to distant sites beyond the
2888:
Weil RJ, Palmieri DC, Bronder JL, Stark AM, Steeg PS (October 2005).
2331:
Butters DJ, Ghersi D, Wilcken N, Kirk SJ, Mallon PT (November 2010).
1422:
1317:
1255:
1247:
1152:
749:
684:
633:
601:
514:
290:
134:
Metastatic breast cancer to the lung or pleura causes chronic cough,
1461:
521:. HSPGs are prominent components of blood vessels. to HS stabilizes
2835:"Use of Alternative Medicine for Cancer and Its Impact on Survival"
1599:
1538:
1226:
1202:
1049:
1030:
731:
681:
672:
653:
645:
641:
621:
617:
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605:
593:
582:
510:
467:
451:
447:
443:
413:
401:
346:
110:
85:
1250:, an extract derived from apricot kernels, exposes the patient to
1246:
Some alternative treatments are harmful or even life-threatening.
781:
1280:
1272:
1251:
863:
637:
506:
409:
135:
121:
2282:
Tosello G, Torloni MR, Mota BS, Neeman T, Riera R (March 2018).
2042:
874:
Sialyl transferase (glycosylation modifications of gangliosides)
277:
Cell-cell and cell-ECM matrix adhesion, motility, and localised
1532:
1430:
1411:
1376:
1276:
928:
899:
867:
727:
696:
479:
249:
Progressive colonization, forming a life-threatening metastasis
200:
117:
93:
2245:
2648:(Report). Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ).
859:
851:
369:
365:
294:
272:
218:
208:
165:
89:
70:
66:
2096:
616:-overexpressing cells develop large numbers of invadopodia;
253:
The potential of a tumor cell to metastasize depends on its
84:
and low pH) and biological (immune surveillance, inhibitory
2740:"Complementary and Alternative Therapies for Breast Cancer"
2594:
2517:"Platinum-containing regimens for metastatic breast cancer"
2382:
1402:, thus reducing its activity. Chemically bonded iron-oxide
1213:
843:
827:
748:
on tumor cells, inducing cell proliferation and release of
458:. Fibronectin-integrin interactions are important in tumor
361:
329:
Regulated receptor cleavage to modulate migratory signaling
58:
54:
2875:"News: Loyola University Chicago Health Sciences Division"
2186:"Genes that mediate breast cancer metastasis to the brain"
2563:
2486:"Kadcyla - Chemotherapy Drug Information - Chemocare.com"
2437:"Taxane-containing regimens for metastatic breast cancer"
2134:
2078:
1909:
1029:
Taxanes are very active in metastatic breast cancer, and
2890:"Breast cancer metastasis to the central nervous system"
2887:
2514:
2330:
2281:
2135:
Nathoo N, Chahlavi A, Barnett GH, Toms SA (March 2005).
1429:) has slowed down the growth and invasion of aggressive
2766:"Alternative cancer treatments: 10 options to consider"
1238:
Some patients with metastatic breast cancer opt to try
239:
Proliferation of the cancer cell at the metastatic site
199:
The main steps involved in the metastatic cascade of a
2434:
2109:(1). American Association for Cancer Research: 283–9.
2007:
1574:. Several non-randomized studies have suggested that
1522:
Symptoms of brain metastases from breast cancer are:
1111:
1445:
124:, behavioral and personality changes, and increased
1360:
Scheduling of drug treatments and impact on results
2832:
2792:"Could fasting or ketone diets help quash cancer?"
1799:
1685:
391:
2643:
1886:"Breast Cancer - Metastatic - Symptoms and Signs"
1800:Suva LJ, Griffin RJ, Makhoul I (September 2009).
1550:deficits in sensation, motor function, and speech
1367:
153:Roughly 70% of all patients living with advanced
2935:
2241:
2239:
2237:
2183:
1958:
1802:"Mechanisms of bone metastases of breast cancer"
1529:changes in mental status, cognition and behavior
1243:diets, chiropractic treatment and acupuncture.
1205:. Radiotherapy is essential in the treatment of
810:
659:
175:patients with metastatic properties Many of the
1320:, a combined tyrosine protein kinase inhibitor.
604:and other RGD ligands and is a co-receptor for
596:is a cell-surface disulfide-linked homodimeric
2839:JNCI: Journal of the National Cancer Institute
1965:Therapeutic Advances in Neurological Disorders
608:. Brain-metastatic breast-tumor cells express
474:, and activation and nuclear translocation of
2687:"Natural Cancer 'Cures': What Are the Risks?"
2284:"Breast surgery for metastatic breast cancer"
2234:
187:, hence allowing for tumor recurrence in the
80:), chemical (reactive oxygen species or ROS,
2177:
2128:
2036:
1048:is also active in metastatic breast cancer.
966:. There might be a discussion about this on
466:and cell proliferation by signaling through
207:Cell division and growth within the primary
23:Common sites of metastasis for breast cancer
2789:
2783:
2680:
2678:
2676:
2674:
2672:
2601:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
2521:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
2441:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
2389:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
2337:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
2288:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
1679:
1659:
1657:
1234:"Alternative" and "complementary" therapies
893:
289:, which are highly concentrated in several
1634:
1040:chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy
764:and secrete osteolytic factors capable of
640:(entactin) and other ECM proteins such as
537:expressed by cancer cells participates in
273:Extracellular matrix degradation in cancer
2913:
2850:
2803:
2790:von Bubnoff, Andreas (January 29, 2021).
2715:"Complementary and Integrative Therapies"
2620:
2540:
2460:
2408:
2356:
2307:
2217:
2160:
1984:
1935:
1829:
1711:
1502:Learn how and when to remove this message
1302:
986:Learn how and when to remove this message
2881:
2709:
2707:
2684:
2669:
1654:
1610:Mouse models of breast cancer metastasis
581:over-expression can significantly alter
541:and neovascularization by degrading the
217:, or BM) and the tissue surrounding the
18:
1406:were coated with about 20 molecules of
1060:, was approved in February 2013. This
740:Metastatic breast-cancer cells excrete
138:, abnormal chest X-ray, and chest pain.
2936:
1961:"New developments in brain metastases"
1665:"Secondary (metastatic) breast cancer"
1262:. Severe dietary restrictions such as
1052:was approved in the US in Nov 2010. A
713:extracellular signal-regulated kinases
427:
341:is an important mechanism to maintain
213:Invasion of the primary tumor border (
2704:
2646:Radiation Therapy for Brain Metasases
2510:
2508:
2506:
2430:
2428:
2378:
2376:
911:In the detection of bone metastases,
695:. Integrin-mediated adhesion between
113:over the affected bone, and swelling.
2758:
1692:Breast Cancer Research and Treatment
1537:cranial neuropathy, which may cause
1484:adding citations to reliable sources
1455:
1323:
1115:
1075:
938:
1734:
527:vascular endothelial growth factors
345:. There is increased expression of
13:
2826:
2685:Moriarty, Colleen (July 1, 2019).
2570:Medical and Pharmaceutical Journal
2503:
2483:
2425:
2373:
2137:"Pathobiology of brain metastases"
1260:life-threatening allergic reaction
1112:Tamoxifen and other anti-estrogens
620:is localized in these structures.
561:. It is highly expressed in tumor
513:, heparin-binding growth factors,
194:
14:
2955:
2894:The American Journal of Pathology
1446:Central nervous system metastases
1410:and targeted to brain-metastatic
577:, II, III, VII and X. Therefore,
1959:Berghoff AS, Preusser M (2018).
1460:
1327:
1119:
1079:
943:
788:Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs)
2867:
2732:
2660:
2637:
2588:
2557:
2477:
2324:
2275:
2090:
2072:
2001:
1952:
1471:needs additional citations for
1195:increased intracranial pressure
1158:
1013:
819:(BBB) to form micrometastases.
392:Extracellular matrix components
368:and MMP-19 are observed in the
2613:10.1002/14651858.cd003367.pub2
2533:10.1002/14651858.cd003374.pub4
2453:10.1002/14651858.cd003366.pub3
2401:10.1002/14651858.cd008792.pub2
2349:10.1002/14651858.cd003368.pub3
2300:10.1002/14651858.CD011276.pub2
1912:"Bone Metastases: An Overview"
1903:
1878:
1853:
1793:
1771:
1728:
1628:
1368:Nanotherapies using nanoprobes
830:(a cell-surface transmembrane
723:differentiation and survival.
446:and other ECM components like
360:. MMP-2 is upregulated in the
1:
2906:10.1016/S0002-9440(10)61180-7
2818:: CS1 maint: date and year (
2261:10.1016/S1470-2045(09)70088-9
2141:Journal of Clinical Pathology
1621:
1390:(a chemical derived from the
811:Mechanism in brain metastasis
660:Mechanisms in bone metastases
485:
2022:10.1067/j.cpsurg.2004.06.001
1779:"Metastatic cancer overview"
1737:Journal of Surgical Oncology
1556:Karnofsky performance status
934:
854:-associated proteins of the
7:
2010:Current Problems in Surgery
1582:
1514:Clinically symptomatic CNS
1026:progression-free survival.
588:
548:
364:, and increased levels of
265:. This is explained by the
100:
10:
2960:
2666:http url www.emedicine.net
2484:Cancer, Cleveland Clinic.
2046:Seminars in Cancer Biology
1637:"Metastatic Breast Cancer"
1449:
1394:) binds to MMP-2 to cause
778:transforming growth factor
293:and have a highly dynamic
92:and the homing ability of
2805:10.1146/knowable-012821-2
2719:Susan G. Komen Foundation
1865:National Cancer Institute
1781:. Canadian Cancer Society
1704:10.1007/s10549-015-3436-x
1312:Experimental medications:
906:
802:associated with vascular
523:fibroblast growth factors
476:mitogen-activated protein
246:inside the secondary site
179:therapies (like targeted
2084:January 6, 2008, at the
1977:10.1177/1756286418785502
1806:Endocrine-Related Cancer
894:Seed and soil hypothesis
774:fibroblast growth factor
719:, which in turn induces
571:interstitial collagenase
315:Proteolytic cleavage of
183:) fail to penetrate the
160:
28:Metastatic breast cancer
2153:10.1136/jcp.2003.013623
1199:herniation of the brain
1168:Spinal cord compression
1062:antibody-drug conjugate
822:
770:epidermal growth factor
283:matrix metalloproteases
281:are mediated mainly by
148:
2654:10.23970/ahrqepccer242
2058:10.1006/scbi.2001.0420
1928:10.4081/oncol.2017.321
1749:10.1002/jso.2930230311
1303:Experimental therapies
1300:
921:pathological fractures
189:central nervous system
171:is observed in 10% of
30:, also referred to as
24:
1568:Whole-brain radiation
1392:deathstalker scorpion
1296:
1240:alternative therapies
913:skeletal scintigraphy
744:(LPA) which binds to
742:lysophosphatidic acid
472:focal adhesion kinase
126:intracranial pressure
22:
2249:The Lancet. Oncology
1971:: 1756286418785502.
1667:. Breast Cancer Care
1576:stereotactic surgery
1572:stereotactic surgery
1480:improve this article
956:confusing or unclear
834:) is a receptor for
691:bone resorption and
384:, invasion, cancer-
40:axillary lymph nodes
2852:10.1093/jnci/djx145
2210:10.1038/nature08021
2202:2009Natur.459.1005B
1861:"Metastatic Cancer"
1822:10.1677/ERC-09-0012
1547:vomiting and nausea
1222:radiopharmaceutical
964:clarify the section
927:or the combination
817:blood–brain barrier
428:Fibrinogen-Integrin
185:blood–brain barrier
1526:new-onset headache
1427:gold nanoparticles
1417:Nanotherapy using
1339:. You can help by
1131:. You can help by
1091:. You can help by
804:basement membranes
612:in large amounts.
386:cell proliferation
25:
2796:Knowable Magazine
1512:
1511:
1504:
1357:
1356:
1264:macrobiotic diets
1149:
1148:
1109:
1108:
996:
995:
988:
880:sialyltransferase
800:connective tissue
442:that can bind to
215:basement membrane
78:basement membrane
2951:
2928:
2927:
2917:
2885:
2879:
2878:
2871:
2865:
2864:
2854:
2830:
2824:
2823:
2817:
2809:
2807:
2787:
2781:
2780:
2778:
2776:
2762:
2756:
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2730:
2729:
2727:
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2667:
2664:
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2634:
2624:
2592:
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2561:
2555:
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2544:
2512:
2501:
2500:
2498:
2496:
2481:
2475:
2474:
2464:
2432:
2423:
2422:
2412:
2395:(12): CD008792.
2380:
2371:
2370:
2360:
2343:(11): CD003368.
2328:
2322:
2321:
2311:
2279:
2273:
2272:
2243:
2232:
2231:
2221:
2196:(7249): 1005–9.
2181:
2175:
2174:
2164:
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2126:
2125:
2123:
2121:
2094:
2088:
2076:
2070:
2069:
2040:
2034:
2033:
2005:
1999:
1998:
1988:
1956:
1950:
1949:
1939:
1916:Oncology Reviews
1907:
1901:
1900:
1898:
1897:
1882:
1876:
1875:
1873:
1872:
1857:
1851:
1850:
1848:
1846:
1833:
1797:
1791:
1790:
1788:
1786:
1775:
1769:
1768:
1732:
1726:
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1715:
1683:
1677:
1676:
1674:
1672:
1661:
1652:
1651:
1649:
1647:
1641:Hopkins medicine
1635:John’s Hopkins.
1632:
1615:Phyllodes tumour
1507:
1500:
1496:
1493:
1487:
1464:
1456:
1452:Brain metastasis
1352:
1349:
1331:
1324:
1207:brain metastases
1144:
1141:
1123:
1116:
1104:
1101:
1083:
1076:
1054:targeted therapy
991:
984:
980:
977:
971:
947:
946:
939:
762:microenvironment
630:collagen type IV
569:pathway. MMP-1 (
553:The ECM protein
255:microenvironment
2959:
2958:
2954:
2953:
2952:
2950:
2949:
2948:
2934:
2933:
2932:
2931:
2886:
2882:
2873:
2872:
2868:
2831:
2827:
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2788:
2784:
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2772:
2764:
2763:
2759:
2749:
2747:
2746:. July 15, 2020
2738:
2737:
2733:
2723:
2721:
2713:
2712:
2705:
2695:
2693:
2683:
2670:
2665:
2661:
2642:
2638:
2607:(4): CD003367.
2593:
2589:
2562:
2558:
2527:(8): CD003374.
2513:
2504:
2494:
2492:
2482:
2478:
2447:(6): CD003366.
2433:
2426:
2381:
2374:
2329:
2325:
2294:(3): CD011276.
2280:
2276:
2244:
2235:
2182:
2178:
2133:
2129:
2119:
2117:
2103:Cancer Research
2095:
2091:
2086:Wayback Machine
2077:
2073:
2041:
2037:
2006:
2002:
1957:
1953:
1908:
1904:
1895:
1893:
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1879:
1870:
1868:
1859:
1858:
1854:
1844:
1842:
1798:
1794:
1784:
1782:
1777:
1776:
1772:
1733:
1729:
1684:
1680:
1670:
1668:
1663:
1662:
1655:
1645:
1643:
1633:
1629:
1624:
1619:
1585:
1560:Corticosteroids
1508:
1497:
1491:
1488:
1477:
1465:
1454:
1448:
1400:metalloprotease
1370:
1362:
1353:
1347:
1344:
1337:needs expansion
1305:
1236:
1172:corticosteroids
1161:
1145:
1139:
1136:
1129:needs expansion
1114:
1105:
1099:
1096:
1089:needs expansion
1016:
992:
981:
975:
972:
961:
948:
944:
937:
909:
896:
876:
836:hyaluronic acid
825:
813:
709:phosphorylation
662:
600:which binds to
591:
575:collagen type I
551:
509:, interstitial
499:heparin sulfate
495:heparin sulfate
488:
430:
394:
305:metalloprotease
275:
261:, invasion and
244:micrometastasis
242:Formation of a
197:
195:Pathophysiology
163:
151:
103:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2957:
2947:
2946:
2930:
2929:
2880:
2866:
2845:(1): 121–124.
2825:
2782:
2757:
2731:
2703:
2668:
2659:
2636:
2587:
2556:
2502:
2476:
2424:
2372:
2323:
2274:
2233:
2176:
2127:
2089:
2071:
2035:
2016:(8): 665–741.
2000:
1951:
1902:
1877:
1852:
1814:Bioscientifica
1792:
1770:
1727:
1678:
1653:
1626:
1625:
1623:
1620:
1618:
1617:
1612:
1607:
1602:
1597:
1592:
1586:
1584:
1581:
1552:
1551:
1548:
1545:
1535:
1530:
1527:
1510:
1509:
1468:
1466:
1459:
1447:
1444:
1443:
1442:
1415:
1369:
1366:
1361:
1358:
1355:
1354:
1334:
1332:
1322:
1321:
1304:
1301:
1235:
1232:
1231:
1230:
1210:
1190:
1179:
1160:
1157:
1147:
1146:
1126:
1124:
1113:
1110:
1107:
1106:
1100:September 2011
1086:
1084:
1015:
1012:
1007:growth factors
994:
993:
976:September 2011
951:
949:
942:
936:
933:
908:
905:
895:
892:
875:
872:
838:, involved in
824:
821:
812:
809:
792:
791:
789:
738:
737:
735:
679:
678:
676:
661:
658:
590:
587:
550:
547:
543:polysaccharide
531:growth factors
487:
484:
460:cell migration
429:
426:
393:
390:
388:and survival.
382:cell migration
351:growth factors
331:
330:
327:
320:
317:growth factors
303:Mechanisms of
274:
271:
251:
250:
247:
240:
237:
231:
228:
222:
211:
196:
193:
162:
159:
150:
147:
146:
145:
142:
139:
132:
129:
114:
102:
99:
16:Type of cancer
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2956:
2945:
2944:Breast cancer
2942:
2941:
2939:
2925:
2921:
2916:
2911:
2907:
2903:
2900:(4): 913–20.
2899:
2895:
2891:
2884:
2876:
2870:
2862:
2858:
2853:
2848:
2844:
2840:
2836:
2829:
2821:
2815:
2806:
2801:
2797:
2793:
2786:
2771:
2767:
2761:
2745:
2741:
2735:
2720:
2716:
2710:
2708:
2692:
2691:Yale Medicine
2688:
2681:
2679:
2677:
2675:
2673:
2663:
2655:
2651:
2647:
2640:
2632:
2628:
2623:
2618:
2614:
2610:
2606:
2602:
2598:
2591:
2583:
2579:
2575:
2571:
2567:
2560:
2552:
2548:
2543:
2538:
2534:
2530:
2526:
2522:
2518:
2511:
2509:
2507:
2491:
2490:Chemocare.com
2487:
2480:
2472:
2468:
2463:
2458:
2454:
2450:
2446:
2442:
2438:
2431:
2429:
2420:
2416:
2411:
2406:
2402:
2398:
2394:
2390:
2386:
2379:
2377:
2368:
2364:
2359:
2354:
2350:
2346:
2342:
2338:
2334:
2327:
2319:
2315:
2310:
2305:
2301:
2297:
2293:
2289:
2285:
2278:
2270:
2266:
2262:
2258:
2255:(6): 606–14.
2254:
2250:
2242:
2240:
2238:
2229:
2225:
2220:
2215:
2211:
2207:
2203:
2199:
2195:
2191:
2187:
2180:
2172:
2168:
2163:
2158:
2154:
2150:
2147:(3): 237–42.
2146:
2142:
2138:
2131:
2116:
2112:
2108:
2104:
2100:
2093:
2087:
2083:
2080:
2075:
2067:
2063:
2059:
2055:
2051:
2047:
2039:
2031:
2027:
2023:
2019:
2015:
2011:
2004:
1996:
1992:
1987:
1982:
1978:
1974:
1970:
1966:
1962:
1955:
1947:
1943:
1938:
1933:
1929:
1925:
1921:
1917:
1913:
1906:
1891:
1887:
1881:
1866:
1862:
1856:
1841:
1837:
1832:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1815:
1811:
1807:
1803:
1796:
1780:
1774:
1766:
1762:
1758:
1754:
1750:
1746:
1743:(3): 175–80.
1742:
1738:
1731:
1723:
1719:
1714:
1709:
1705:
1701:
1698:(2): 407–16.
1697:
1693:
1689:
1682:
1666:
1660:
1658:
1642:
1638:
1631:
1627:
1616:
1613:
1611:
1608:
1606:
1603:
1601:
1598:
1596:
1593:
1591:
1590:breast cancer
1588:
1587:
1580:
1577:
1573:
1569:
1565:
1561:
1557:
1549:
1546:
1544:
1540:
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1528:
1525:
1524:
1523:
1520:
1517:
1506:
1503:
1495:
1492:December 2015
1485:
1481:
1475:
1474:
1469:This section
1467:
1463:
1458:
1457:
1453:
1440:
1439:breast cancer
1436:
1432:
1428:
1424:
1420:
1416:
1413:
1409:
1405:
1404:nanoparticles
1401:
1397:
1393:
1389:
1386:
1385:
1384:
1382:
1378:
1374:
1365:
1351:
1342:
1338:
1335:This section
1333:
1330:
1326:
1325:
1319:
1316:
1315:
1314:
1313:
1309:
1299:
1295:
1292:
1291:
1290:JAMA Oncology
1284:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1268:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1244:
1241:
1228:
1223:
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1218:hypercalcemia
1215:
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1200:
1196:
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1180:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1166:
1165:
1164:
1156:
1154:
1143:
1134:
1130:
1127:This section
1125:
1122:
1118:
1117:
1103:
1094:
1090:
1087:This section
1085:
1082:
1078:
1077:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1041:
1037:
1032:
1027:
1023:
1020:
1011:
1008:
1004:
1000:
990:
987:
979:
969:
968:the talk page
965:
959:
957:
952:This section
950:
941:
940:
932:
930:
926:
922:
918:
914:
904:
901:
891:
889:
888:extravasation
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1867:. 2015-05-12
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1564:Chemotherapy
1553:
1543:Bell's palsy
1521:
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1478:Please help
1473:verification
1470:
1379:cells using
1373:Nanomedicine
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832:glycoprotein
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693:angiogenesis
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626:basal lamina
598:glycoprotein
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559:glycoprotein
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539:angiogenesis
519:lipoproteins
489:
462:, invasion,
440:glycoprotein
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332:
302:
298:cytoskeleton
276:
269:hypothesis.
259:angiogenesis
252:
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2770:Mayo Clinic
2120:January 15,
1785:8 September
1425:(coated on
1408:chlorotoxin
1396:endocytosis
1388:Chlorotoxin
1176:laminectomy
1046:Vinorelbine
917:radiography
848:endothelium
734:interaction
730:cell-blood
717:osteoclasts
701:osteoclasts
650:fibronectin
525:(FGFs) and
503:fibronectin
456:fibronectin
433:Fibronectin
406:fibronectin
400:cells with
343:homeostasis
339:proteolysis
287:invadopodia
279:proteolysis
221:by the cell
63:lymph nodes
61:, regional
2744:The Bridge
1922:(1): 321.
1896:2019-10-28
1890:Cancer.Net
1871:2019-05-06
1845:15 January
1816:: 703–13.
1671:22 October
1622:References
1595:metastasis
1516:metastases
1450:See also:
1435:metastasis
1419:antibodies
1381:nanoprobes
1187:palliation
1183:metastases
1036:paclitaxel
1003:metastasis
999:Metastasis
958:to readers
776:(FGF) and
766:osteoclast
721:osteoclast
705:metastases
699:cells and
689:osteoclast
675:signalling
666:metastasis
579:tenascin C
573:) cleaves
555:tenascin C
535:Heparanase
515:chemokines
491:Heparanase
486:Heparanase
464:metastasis
418:hyaluronan
307:action in
263:metastasis
203:cell are:
181:antibodies
169:metastasis
32:metastases
2582:2957-6067
1646:6 January
1423:herceptin
1348:June 2016
1318:sorafenib
1256:Bee venom
1248:Amygdalin
1153:tamoxifen
935:Treatment
750:cytokines
746:receptors
634:laminin 5
602:integrins
511:collagens
468:integrins
452:integrins
444:integrins
414:collagens
402:integrins
358:receptors
311:involve:
291:proteases
86:cytokines
2938:Category
2924:16192626
2861:28922780
2631:15495049
2551:28643430
2495:21 March
2471:26058962
2419:24347031
2367:21069675
2318:29542106
2269:19482249
2228:19421193
2171:15735152
2115:11782389
2082:Archived
2066:12027584
2030:15354117
1995:30034538
1946:28584570
1840:19443538
1765:21869121
1722:26017070
1600:neoplasm
1583:See also
1539:diplopia
1227:estrogen
1203:seizures
1050:Eribulin
1031:abraxane
870:family.
732:platelet
707:induces
703:in bone
682:Integrin
673:Integrin
654:endoglin
646:aggrecan
642:tenascin
628:such as
622:Endoglin
618:endoglin
614:Endoglin
610:endoglin
606:TGF-beta
594:Endoglin
589:Endoglin
583:collagen
549:Tenascin
507:laminins
493:cleaves
454:bind to
448:collagen
410:laminins
347:protease
111:erythema
101:Symptoms
2915:1603675
2775:29 June
2750:29 June
2724:29 June
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1937:5444408
1831:2914697
1757:6345937
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1398:of the
1281:glucose
1273:insulin
1252:cyanide
1058:Kadcyla
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864:radixin
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1056:drug,
929:PET-CT
907:Workup
900:cancer
868:moesin
856:merlin
796:stroma
780:beta (
728:Cancer
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563:stroma
478:(MAP)
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324:stroma
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860:ezrin
852:actin
782:TGF-β
668:are:
370:brain
366:MMP-1
335:TIMPs
295:actin
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166:Brain
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2857:PMID
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2726:2021
2698:2021
2627:PMID
2605:2021
2578:ISSN
2547:PMID
2497:2017
2467:PMID
2445:2015
2415:PMID
2393:2021
2363:PMID
2341:2021
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2265:PMID
2224:PMID
2167:PMID
2122:2010
2111:PMID
2062:PMID
2026:PMID
1991:PMID
1942:PMID
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1836:PMID
1787:2014
1753:PMID
1718:PMID
1673:2013
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