834:
1162:
826:
1148:
957:, and reports about the study in the news media which can then in turn be analyzed in metascience or provided and used by related tools. In terms of assessment and findability, altmetrics rate publications' performance or impact by the interactions they receive through social media or other online platforms, which can for example be used for sorting recent studies by measured impact, including before other studies are citing them. The specific procedures of established altmetrics are not transparent and the used algorithms can not be customized or altered by the user as open source software can. A study has described various limitations of altmetrics and points "toward avenues for continued research and development". They are also limited in their use as a primary tool for researchers to find received constructive feedback.
1170:
1296:
320:
1072:
1080:
599:
1660:
to identify aspects of science that need improvement, and develop ways to improve them. If science is accepted as the fundamental engine of economic growth and social progress, this could raise "the question of what we â as a society â can do to accelerate science, and to direct science toward solving society's most important problems." However, one of the authors clarified that a one-size-fits-all approach is not thought to be right answer â for example, in funding, DARPA models, curiosity-driven methods, allowing "a single reviewer to champion a project even if his or her peers do not agree", and various other approaches all have their uses. Nevertheless, evaluation of them can help build knowledge of what works or works best.
999:, and they rely on review papers to provide an overview of a particular topic". He notes that review papers are usually (only)" for topics in which many papers were written already, and they can get outdated quickly" and suggests "wiki-review papers" that get continuously updated with new studies on a topic and summarize many studies' results and suggest future research. A study suggests that if a scientific publication is being cited in a Knowledge article this could potentially be considered as an indicator of some form of impact for this publication, for example as this may, over time, indicate that the reference has contributed to a high-level of summary of the given topic.
1409:
1276:
2085:
Demir et al., the authors surveyed 117 recent research papers to derive best practices for Web-based measurement studies and establish criteria for reproducibility and replicability. They found that experimental setups and other critical information for reproducing and replicating results are often missing. In a large-scale Web measurement study on 4.5 million pages with 24 different measurement setups, the authors demonstrated the impact of slight differences in experimental setups on the overall results, emphasizing the need for accurate and comprehensive documentation.
1099:
1264:
715:
systems â include those of peer-review â may substantially lack mechanisms and criteria that are oriented or well-performingly oriented towards merit, real-world positive impact, progress and public usefulness rather than analytical indicators such as number of citations or altmetrics even when such can be used as partial indicators of such ends. Rethinking of the academic reward structure "to offer more formal recognition for intermediate products, such as data" could have positive impacts and reduce data withholding.
1761:
reporting of research studies in the health sciences literature, and conducting research relating to issues that impact the quality of reporting of health research studies. The
Network acts as an "umbrella" organisation, bringing together developers of reporting guidelines, medical journal editors and peer reviewers, research funding bodies, and other key stakeholders with a mutual interest in improving the quality of research publications and research itself.
11379:
11354:
690:, "The problem that we face is that the incentive system is focused almost entirely on getting research published, rather than on getting research right." Proponents of reform seek to structure the incentive system to favor higher-quality results. For example, by quality being judged on the basis of narrative expert evaluations ("rather than indices"), institutional evaluation criteria, guaranteeing of transparency, and professional standards.
1816:. Medical and academic disputes are as ancient as antiquity and a study calls for research into "constructive and obsessive criticism" and into policies to "help strengthen social media into a vibrant forum for discussion, and not merely an arena for gladiator matches". Feedback to studies can be found via altmetrics which is often integrated at the website of the study â most often as an embedded
438:
1311:
etc) have been described in books and articles, including that science is becoming harder (per dollar or hour spent), that if science "slowing today, it is because science has remained too focused on established fields", that papers and patents are increasingly less likely to be "disruptive" in terms of breaking with the past as measured by the "CD index", and that there is a great
742:
success, such as the number of publications, citation number, and impact factor, have not changed for decades" and have to some degrees "ceased" to be good measures, leading to issues such as "overproduction, unnecessary fragmentations, overselling, predatory journals (pay and publish), clever plagiarism, and deliberate obfuscation of scientific results so as to sell and oversell".
1245:â one study investigating the impact of science awards used such to associate a paper's text (not just keywords) with the linguistic content of Knowledge's scientific topics pages ("pages are created and updated by scientists and users through crowdsourcing"), creating meaningful and plausible classifications of high-fidelity scientific topics for further analysis or navigability.
1307:. A study found segments with different growth rates appear related to phases of "economic (e.g., industrialization)" â money is considered as necessary input to the science system â "and/or political developments (e.g., Second World War)". It also confirmed a recent exponential growth in the volume of scientific literature and calculated an average doubling period of 17.3 years.
706:â who was involved in any way creation of a publication. A study pointed out one of the problems associated with the ongoing neglect of contribution nuanciation â it found that "the number of publications has ceased to be a good metric as a result of longer author lists, shorter papers, and surging publication numbers".
1429:(0.61%), followed by biomedical and health sciences (0.41%), life and earth sciences (0.29%); physical sciences and engineering (0.15%), and mathematics and computer science (0.06%). Such research may also show, where the disagreements are, especially if they cluster, including visually such as with cluster diagrams.
1792:) and standards of science evaluation, incentivation, communication, commissioning, funding, regulation, production, management, use and publication. Such can be called "applied metascience" and may seek to explore ways to increase quantity, quality and positive impact of research. One example for such is the
1964:
Studies have shown that systematic reviews of existing research evidence are sub-optimally used in planning a new research or summarizing the results. Cumulative meta-analyses of studies evaluating the effectiveness of medical interventions have shown that many clinical trials could have been avoided
1926:
exerts substantial influence on the design and execution of medical research. Conflicts of interest are common among authors of medical literature and among editors of medical journals. While almost all medical journals require their authors to disclose conflicts of interest, editors are not required
1659:
A study suggests that improving the way science is done could accelerate the rate of scientific discovery and its applications which could be useful for finding urgent solutions to humanity's problems, improve humanity's conditions, and enhance understanding of nature. Metascientific studies can seek
1359:
Science maps could show main interrelated topics within a certain scientific domain, their change over time, and their key actors (researchers, institutions, journals). They may help find factors determine the emergence of new scientific fields and the development of interdisciplinary areas and could
1310:
However, others have pointed out that is difficult to measure scientific progress in meaningful ways, partly because it's hard to accurately evaluate how important any given scientific discovery is. A variety of perspectives of the trajectories of science overall (impact, number of major discoveries,
338:
of 295 papers published in ten high-profile medical journals. It found that, "in almost 73% of the reports read ... conclusions were drawn when the justification for these conclusions was invalid." A paper in 1976 called for funding for meta-research: "Because the very nature of research on research,
2084:
Web measurement studies are essential for understanding the workings of the modern Web, particularly in the fields of security and privacy. However, these studies often require custom-built or modified crawling setups, leading to a plethora of analysis tools for similar tasks. In a paper by
Nurullah
1113:
publication and prices charged for many conventional journals â even for publicly funded papers â are unwarranted, unnecessary â or suboptimal â and detrimental barriers to scientific progress. Open access can save considerable amounts of financial resources, which could be used otherwise, and level
849:
with only 36/71 having received at least one Nobel prize of the 114/849 domains science could be divided into according to their DC2 and DC3 classification systems. Five of the 114 domains were shown to make up over half of the Nobel prizes awarded 1995â2017 (particle physics , cell biology , atomic
1842:
The Scite
Reference Check bot is an extension of scite.ai that scans new article PDFs "for references to retracted papers, and posts both the citing and retracted papers on Twitter" and also "flags when new studies cite older ones that have issued corrections, errata, withdrawals, or expressions of
939:
and online communication of results by science educators and scientists. A study found that the "main incentive academics are offered for using social media is amplification" and that it should be "moving towards an institutional culture that focuses more on how these platforms can facilitate real
571:
studies, and to identify biases and conflicts of interest in the authors. Solutions include the implementation of reporting standards, and greater transparency in scientific studies (including better requirements for disclosure of conflicts of interest). There is an attempt to standardize reporting
1760:
literature. The EQUATOR Network was established with the goals of raising awareness of the importance of good reporting of research, assisting in the development, dissemination and implementation of reporting guidelines for different types of study designs, monitoring the status of the quality of
1614:
can be explained by their larger pool of available funded laborers. The study found that university prestige was only associated with higher productivity for faculty with group members, not for faculty publishing alone or the group members themselves. This is presented as evidence that the outsize
1384:
in relation to public health and the social science of climate change mitigation where it has been estimated that only 0.12% of all funding for climate-related research is spent on such despite the most urgent puzzle at the current juncture being working out how to mitigate climate change, whereas
1569:
for which they were conferred a prize after the protĂ©gĂ©s' mentorship. Studying original topics rather than these mentors' research-topics was also positively associated with success. Highly productive partnerships are also a topic of research â e.g. "super-ties" of frequent co-authorship of two
1343:
Various ways of measuring "novelty" of studies, novelty metrics, have been proposed to balance a potential anti-novelty bias â such as textual analysis or measuring whether it makes first-time-ever combinations of referenced journals, taking into account the difficulty. Other approaches include
805:
Other incentives to govern science and related processes, including via metascience-based reforms, may include ensuring accountability to the public (in terms of e.g. accessibility of, especially publicly-funded, research or of it addressing various research topics of public interest in serious
741:
in scientific publications. Major research issues include the measurement of the impact of research papers and academic journals, the understanding of scientific citations, and the use of such measurements in policy and management contexts. Studies suggest that "metrics used to measure academic
714:
Factors other than a submission's merits can substantially influence peer reviewers' evaluations. Such factors may however also be important such as the use of track-records about the veracity of a researchers' prior publications and its alignment with public interests. Nevertheless, evaluation
1318:
Better understanding of potential slowdowns according to some measures could be a major opportunity to improve humanity's future. For example, emphasis on citations in the measurement of scientific productivity, information overloads, reliance on a narrower set of existing knowledge (which may
1010:
play an important role in the scientific ecosystem and in science communication to the public and need to "know how to use, relevant information when deciding whether to trust a research finding, and whether and how to report on it", vetting the findings that get transmitted to the public.
1973:. Their cumulative meta-analysis demonstrated that 25 of 33 trials could have been avoided if a systematic review was conducted prior to conducting a new trial. In other words, randomizing 34542 patients was potentially unnecessary. One study analyzed 1523 clinical trials included in 227
926:
It has been argued that "science has two fundamental attributes that underpin its value as a global public good: that knowledge claims and the evidence on which they are based are made openly available to scrutiny, and that the results of scientific research are communicated promptly and
3744:
Chapman, Colin A.; Bicca-Marques, JĂșlio CĂ©sar; Calvignac-Spencer, SĂ©bastien; Fan, Pengfei; Fashing, Peter J.; Gogarten, Jan; Guo, Songtao; Hemingway, Claire A.; Leendertz, Fabian; Li, Baoguo; Matsuda, Ikki; Hou, Rong; Serio-Silva, Juan Carlos; Chr. Stenseth, Nils (4 December 2019).
1981:
Many treatments used in modern medicine have been proven to be ineffective, or even harmful. A 2007 study by John
Ioannidis found that it took an average of ten years for the medical community to stop referencing popular practices after their efficacy was unequivocally disproven.
1906:
According to a study "a simple way to check how often studies have been repeated, and whether or not the original findings are confirmed" is needed due to reproducibility issues in science. A study suggests a tool for screening studies for early warning signs for research fraud.
339:
particularly if it is prospective, requires long periods of time, we recommend that independent, highly competent groups be established with ample, long term support to conduct and support retrospective and prospective research on the nature of scientific discovery". In 2005,
256:... conclusions were drawn when the justification for these conclusions was invalid." Meta-research in the following decades found many methodological flaws, inefficiencies, and poor practices in research across numerous scientific fields. Many scientific studies could not be
981:
Primary studies "without context, comparison or summary are ultimately of limited value" and various types of research syntheses and summaries integrate primary studies. Progress in key social-ecological challenges of the global environmental agenda is "hampered by a lack of
1698:. Pregistration requires the submission of a registered report, which is then accepted for publication or rejected by a journal based on theoretical justification, experimental design, and the proposed statistical analysis. Pre-registration of studies serves to prevent
4692:
Fortunato, Santo; Bergstrom, Carl T.; Börner, Katy; Evans, James A.; Helbing, Dirk; MilojeviÄ, StaĆĄa; Petersen, Alexander M.; Radicchi, Filippo; Sinatra, Roberta; Uzzi, Brian; Vespignani, Alessandro; Waltman, Ludo; Wang, Dashun; BarabĂĄsi, Albert-LĂĄszlĂł (2 March 2018).
2657:
Howick J, Koletsi D, Pandis N, Fleming PS, Loef M, Walach H, Schmidt S, Ioannidis JA. The quality of evidence for medical interventions does not improve or worsen: a metaepidemiological study of
Cochrane reviews. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology 2020;126:154â159
810:
in general, and facilitating that unambiguous societal needs based on solid scientific evidence â such as about human physiology â are adequately prioritized and addressed. Such interventions, incentives and intervention-designs can be subjects of metascience.
566:
Meta-research has identified poor practices in reporting, explaining, disseminating and popularizing research, particularly within the social and health sciences. Poor reporting makes it difficult to accurately interpret the results of scientific studies, to
3843:
McNutt, Marcia K.; Bradford, Monica; Drazen, Jeffrey M.; Hanson, Brooks; Howard, Bob; Jamieson, Kathleen Hall; Kiermer, VĂ©ronique; Marcus, Emilie; Pope, Barbara Kline; Schekman, Randy; Swaminathan, Sowmya; Stang, Peter J.; Verma, Inder M. (13 March 2018).
669:
Metascience seeks to promote better research through better incentive systems. This includes studying the accuracy, effectiveness, costs, and benefits of different approaches to ranking and evaluating research and those who perform it. Critics argue that
620:. While the crisis has its roots in the meta-research of the mid- to late 20th century, the phrase "replication crisis" was not coined until the early 2010s as part of a growing awareness of the problem. The replication crisis has been closely studied in
2008:
more strongly than any other field; as many as two-thirds of highly publicized findings may be impossible to replicate. Meta-research finds that 80-95% of psychological studies support their initial hypotheses, which strongly implies the existence of
889:
Funding information from grant databases and funding acknowledgment sections can be sources of data for scientometrics studies, e.g. for investigating or recognition of the impact of funding entities on the development of science and technology.
1615:
productivity of elite researchers is not from a more rigorous selection of talent by top universities, but from labor advantages accrued through greater access to funding and the attraction of prestige to graduate and postdoctoral researchers.
1057:
attitudes and beliefs are also a subject of research. Hotez suggests antiscience "has emerged as a dominant and highly lethal force, and one that threatens global security", and that there is a need for "new infrastructure" that mitigates it.
635:
Moreover, replication of research (or failure to replicate) is considered less influential than original research, and is less likely to be published in many fields. This discourages the reporting of, and even attempts to replicate, studies.
5395:
Bschir, Karim (July 2021). "How to make sense of science: Mano
Singham: The great paradox of science: why its conclusions can be relied upon even though they cannot be proven. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2019, 332 pp, ÂŁ 22.99 HB".
449:
Metascience can be categorized into five major areas of interest: Methods, Reporting, Reproducibility, Evaluation, and
Incentives. These correspond, respectively, with how to perform, communicate, verify, evaluate, and reward research.
1977:
and concluded that "less than one quarter of relevant prior studies" were cited. They also confirmed earlier findings that most clinical trial reports do not present systematic review to justify the research or summarize the results.
802:, by influencing the sequence in which technologies are developed. Relying only on the established form of legislation and incentives to ensure the right outcomes may not be adequate as these may often be too slow or inappropriate.
8241:
Rasberry, Lane; Tibbs, Sheri; Hoos, William; Westermann, Amy; Keefer, Jeffrey; Baskauf, Steven James; Anderson, Clifford; Walker, Philip; Kwok, Cherrie; Mietchen, Daniel (4 April 2022). "WikiProject
Clinical Trials for Wikidata".
986:
and synthesis of existing scientific evidence", with a "fast-increasing volume of data", compartmentalized information and generally unmet evidence synthesis challenges. According to Khalil, researchers are facing the problem of
428:
was launched. The journal's opening editorial called for "research that will increase our understanding and suggest potential solutions to issues related to peer review, study reporting, and research and publication ethics".
1371:
could guide "the exploration and interpretation of visualized intellectual structures and dynamic patterns". The maps can show the intellectual, social or conceptual structure of a research field. Beyond visual maps, expert
972:
It has been suggested that it may benefit science if "intellectual exchangeâparticularly regarding the societal implications and applications of science and technologyâare better appreciated and incentivized in the future".
857:-makers â a centralized authority-based top-down approach â for knowledge production and appropriate funding to science with science subsequently somehow delivering "reliable and useful knowledge to society" is too simple.
360:
1331:
projects that are more likely to fail". The study that introduced the "CD index" suggests the overall number of papers has risen while the total of "highly disruptive" papers as measured by the index hasn't (notably, the
7994:
Chan, Joel; Lutters, Wayne; Schneider, Jodi; Kirsanow, Karola; Bessa, Silvia; Saunders, Jonny L. (8 November 2022). "Growing New
Scholarly Communication Infrastructures for Sharing, Reusing, and Synthesizing Knowledge".
6292:
Bornmann, Lutz; Haunschild, Robin; Mutz, RĂŒdiger (7 October 2021). "Growth rates of modern science: a latent piecewise growth curve approach to model publication numbers from established and new literature databases".
6136:
Waagmeester, Andra; Willighagen, Egon L.; Su, Andrew I.; Kutmon, Martina; Gayo, Jose Emilio Labra; FernĂĄndez-Ălvarez, Daniel; Groom, Quentin; Schaap, Peter J.; Verhagen, Lisa M.; Koehorst, Jasper J. (22 January 2021).
1724:
Studies showing poor consistency and quality of reporting have demonstrated the need for reporting standards and guidelines in science, which has led to the rise of organisations that produce such standards, such as
1031:. Education can also be a topic more generally such as how to improve the quality of scientific outputs and reduce the time needed before scientific work or how to enlarge and retain various scientific workforces.
10507:
948:
Alternative metrics tools can be used not only for help in assessment (performance and impact) and findability, but also aggregate many of the public discussions about a scientific paper in social media such as
1965:
if a systematic review of existing evidence was done prior to conducting a new trial. For example, Lau et al. analyzed 33 clinical trials (involving 36974 patients) evaluating the effectiveness of intravenous
1668:
Meta-research identifying flaws in scientific practice has inspired reforms in science. These reforms seek to address and fix problems in scientific practice which lead to low-quality or inefficient research.
1376:-based studies and similar approaches could identify understudied or neglected societally important areas, topic-level problems (such as stigma or dogma), or potential misprioritizations. Examples of such are
10028:. There is growing determination to reform statistical analysis... Some suggest changing statistical methods, whereas others would do away with a threshold for defining "significant" results." (p. 63.)
1921:
Clinical research in medicine is often of low quality, and many studies cannot be replicated. An estimated 85% of research funding is wasted. Additionally, the presence of bias affects research quality. The
1420:
or controversies, and may identify currently ongoing major debates (e.g. open questions), and disagreement between scientists or studies. One study suggests the level of disagreement was highest in the
8273:
Moral-Muñoz, José A.; Herrera-Viedma, Enrique; Santisteban-Espejo, Antonio; Cobo, Manuel J. (19 January 2020). "Software tools for conducting bibliometric analysis in science: An up-to-date review".
6891:
Elliott, Julian; Lawrence, Rebecca; Minx, Jan C.; Oladapo, Olufemi T.; Ravaud, Philippe; Tendal
Jeppesen, Britta; Thomas, James; Turner, Tari; Vandvik, Per Olav; Grimshaw, Jeremy M. (December 2021).
1623:
Success in science (as indicated in tenure review processes) is often measured in terms of metrics like citations, not in terms of the eventual or potential impact on lives and society, which awards
1225:
of scientific publications for various visualizations and aggregation features such as providing a simple user interface summarizing literature about a specific feature of the SARS-CoV-2 virus using
9160:
Fergusson, Dean; Glass, Kathleen Cranley; Hutton, Brian; Shapiro, Stan (2016). "Randomized controlled trials of aprotinin in cardiac surgery: Could clinical equipoise have stopped the bleeding?".
4180:
Fecher, Benedikt; Friesike, Sascha; Hebing, Marcel; Linek, Stephanie (20 June 2017). "A reputation economy: how individual reward considerations trump systemic arguments for open access to data".
2123:. There is an annual Metascience Conference hosted by the Association for Interdisciplinary Meta-Research and Open Science (AIMOS) and biannual conference hosted by the Centre for Open Science.
745:
Novel tools in this area include systems to quantify how much the cited-node informs the citing-node. This can be used to convert unweighted citation networks to a weighted one and then for
5946:
8408:
Parker, Lisa; Boughton, Stephanie; Lawrence, Rosa; Bero, Lisa (1 November 2022). "Experts identified warning signs of fraudulent research: a qualitative study to inform a screening tool".
6603:
GutiĂ©rrez-Salcedo, M.; MartĂnez, M. Ăngeles; Moral-Munoz, J. A.; Herrera-Viedma, E.; Cobo, M. J. (1 May 2018). "Some bibliometric procedures for analyzing and evaluating research fields".
702:
for science publication management systems that hones in on contributorship â who has contributed what and how much of the research labor â rather that using traditional concept of plain
9831:
Demir, Nurullah; GroĂe-Kampmann, Matteo; Urban, Tobias; Wressnegger, Christian; Holz, Thorsten; Pohlmann, Norbert (2022). "Reproducibility and Replicability of Web Measurement Studies".
632:, including cancer research. Replication is an essential part of the scientific process, and the widespread failure of replication puts into question the reliability of affected fields.
1526:
It has been hypothesized that a deeper understanding of factors behind successful science could "enhance prospects of science as a whole to more effectively address societal problems".
1453:
are often reviewed in the form of higher-level overviews in which results from various studies are integrated, compared, critically analyzed and interpreted. Examples of such works are
1635:
replace citations to primary studies. There are also proposals for changes to the academic incentives systems that increase the recognition of societal impact in the research process.
7206:
Root-Bernstein, Robert S.; Bernstein, Maurine; Garnier, Helen (1 April 1995). "Correlations Between Avocations, Scientific Style, Work Habits, and Professional Impact of Scientists".
1476:
of new and existing science-based knowledge. Especially setting where there are a large number of loosely related projects and initiatives benefit from a common ground or "commons".
3538:
Binswanger, Mathias (2015). "How Nonsense Became Excellence: Forcing Professors to Publish". In Welpe, Isabell M.; Wollersheim, Jutta; Ringelhan, Stefanie; Osterloh, Margit (eds.).
6465:
841:
Scientific awards are one category of science incentives. Metascience can explore existing and hypothetical systems of science awards. For instance, it found that work honored by
8802:
Bello, S; Moustgaard, H; HrĂłbjartsson, A (October 2014). "The risk of unblinding was infrequently and incompletely reported in 300 randomized clinical trial publications".
1820:
badge â but may often be incomplete, such as only showing social media discussions that link to the study directly but not those that link to news reports about the study.
1218:
8200:
Chang, Joseph Chee; Kim, Yongsung; Miller, Victor; Liu, Michael Xieyang; Myers, Brad A; Kittur, Aniket (12 October 2021). "Tabs.do: Task-Centric Browser Tab Management".
1643:
A proposed field of "Progress Studies" could investigate how scientists (or funders or evaluators of scientists) should be acting, "figuring out interventions" and study
7509:
2076:: results that agreed with existing literature were more likely to be believed, and therefore published. Physicists now implement blinding to prevent this kind of bias.
1756:
esearch) Network is an international initiative aimed at promoting transparent and accurate reporting of health research studies to enhance the value and reliability of
1549:. A study concluded that to enhance impact of truly innovative and highly interdisciplinary novel ideas, they should be placed in the context of established knowledge.
1491:, poverty eradication and so on". It was suggested that a better system would keep summaries of research evidence up to date via living systematic reviews â e.g. as
1083:
Trends of diversity of work cited, mean number of self-citations, and mean age of cited work may indicate papers are using "narrower portions of existing knowledge".
307:
in scientific literature, and to increase the overall quality and efficiency of the scientific process. As such, metascience is a big part of methods underlying the
7340:
Arshad, Alia; Ameen, Kanwal (1 January 2021). "Comparative analysis of academic scientists, social scientists and humanists' scholarly information seeking habits".
1594:" , and not an isolated process. There are also few studies investigating scientists' habits, common modes of thinking, reading habits, use of information sources,
1087:
Metascience can investigate how scientific processes evolve over time. A study found that teams are growing in size, "increasing by an average of 17% per decade". (
10581:
8132:
Fastrez, Pierre; Jacques, Jerry (2015). "Managing References by Filing and Tagging: An Exploratory Study of Personal Information Management by Social Scientists".
3275:
Pashler, Harold; Wagenmakers, Eric Jan (2012). "Editors' Introduction to the Special Section on Replicability in Psychological Science: A Crisis of Confidence?".
867:
A study suggests that "f peer review is maintained as the primary mechanism of arbitration in the competitive selection of research reports and funding, then the
749:
assessment, deriving "impact metrics for the various entities involved, like the publications, authors etc" as well as, among other tools, for search engine- and
2099:
There are several organizations and universities across the globe which work on meta-research â these include the Meta-Research Innovation Center at Berlin, the
9479:
Stokstad, Erik (20 September 2018). "This research group seeks to expose weaknesses in science – and they'll step on some toes if they have to".
347:", which argued that a majority of papers in the medical field produce conclusions that are wrong. The paper went on to become the most downloaded paper in the
1507:, medical and other practices. For example, meta-analyses can quantify what is known and identify what is not yet known and place "truly innovative and highly
833:
419:
9205:"Accumulating Research: A Systematic Account of How Cumulative Meta-Analyses Would Have Provided Knowledge, Improved Health, Reduced Harm and Saved Resources"
5697:
5194:
Balbi, Stefano; Bagstad, Kenneth J.; Magrach, Ainhoa; Sanz, Maria Jose; Aguilar-Amuchastegui, Naikoa; Giupponi, Carlo; Villa, Ferdinando (17 February 2022).
466:, and to find methods to reduce these practices. Meta-research has identified numerous biases in scientific literature. Of particular note is the widespread
11387:
10487:
7922:
Nicholson, Josh M.; Mordaunt, Milo; Lopez, Patrice; Uppala, Ashish; Rosati, Domenic; Rodrigues, Neves P.; Grabitz, Peter; Rife, Sean C. (5 November 2021).
1464:
Various issues with included or available studies such as, for example, heterogeneity of methods used may lead to faulty conclusions of the meta-analysis.
775:
4156:
1315:â possibly as part of a larger trend â whereby e.g. "things haven't changed nearly as much since the 1970s" when excluding the computer and the Internet.
546:, is considered a pivotal moment in the founding of journalology as a distinct field. The field of journalology has been influential in pushing for study
4751:"Funding CRISPR: Understanding the role of government and philanthropic institutions in supporting academic research within the CRISPR innovation system"
3169:
Couzin-Frankel, Jennifer (18 September 2018). "'Journalologists' use scientific methods to study academic publishing. Is their work improving science?".
1941:. Blinding is not well reported in medical literature, and widespread misunderstanding of the subject has resulted in poor implementation of blinding in
1931:
have been linked to higher rates of positive study results. In antidepressant trials, pharmaceutical sponsorship is the best predictor of trial outcome.
1114:
the playing field for researchers in developing countries. There are substantial expenses for subscriptions, gaining access to specific studies, and for
7383:
5547:
1484:
9265:
Robinson, Karen A; Goodman, Steven N (2011). "A Systematic Examination of the Citation of Prior Research in Reports of Randomized, Controlled Trials".
2046:
with practical importance, enthusiastically reporting great certainty in unimportant facts. Some psychologists have responded with an increased use of
193:
10502:
10492:
10173:
7968:
2629:
356:
6856:
Stone, Dianna L.; Rosopa, Patrick J. (1 March 2017). "The Advantages and Limitations of Using Meta-analysis in Human Resource Management Research".
2309:
1161:
11397:
11392:
2039:, in contrast with 5 to 20 percent in earlier research. This analysis shows that result-blind peer review substantially reduces publication bias.
10277:
10252:
8624:
5864:
5813:
Tennant, Jonathan P.; Waldner, François; Jacques, Damien C.; Masuzzo, Paola; Collister, Lauren B.; Hartgerink, Chris. H. J. (21 September 2016).
152:
124:
1340:
has a CD index of 0). Their results also suggest scientists and inventors "may be struggling to keep up with the pace of knowledge expansion".
344:
327:
7657:"Transparent and accurate reporting increases reliability, utility, and impact of your research: reporting guidelines and the EQUATOR Network"
7241:
Ince, Sharon; Hoadley, Christopher; Kirschner, Paul A. (1 January 2022). "A qualitative study of social sciences faculty research workflows".
5135:
Gurevitch, Jessica; Koricheva, Julia; Nakagawa, Shinichi; Stewart, Gavin (March 2018). "Meta-analysis and the science of research synthesis".
6797:
Lamers, Wout S; Boyack, Kevin; LariviĂšre, Vincent; Sugimoto, Cassidy R; van Eck, Nees Jan; Waltman, Ludo; Murray, Dakota (24 December 2021).
1779:
2947:
1139:, new tools to screen studies, and improved matching of submitted manuscripts to reviewers are among the proposals to speed up publication.
940:
engagement with research". Science communication may also involve the communication of societal needs, concerns and requests to scientists.
10574:
825:
6457:
4125:"Making a difference in the real world? A meta-analysis of the quality of use-oriented research using the Research Quality Plus approach"
3250:
2100:
7747:
Simera, I; Altman, DG (October 2009). "Writing a research article that is "fit for purpose": EQUATOR Network and reporting guidelines".
1854:
enables notifications for new studies matching specified search terms. Scholarly communication infrastructure includes search databases.
860:
Measurements show that allocation of bio-medical resources can be more strongly correlated to previous allocations and research than to
10482:
2104:
2035:
and published without regard for their outcome. An analysis of these reforms estimated that 61 percent of result-blind studies produce
1147:
573:
1169:
233:
is done and find where improvements can be made. Metascience concerns itself with all fields of research and has been described as "a
10714:
6350:
6087:
3747:"Games academics play and their consequences: how authorship, h -index and journal impact factors are shaping the future of academia"
1789:
1570:
individuals who can complement skills, likely also the result of other factors such as mutual trust, conviction, commitment and fun.
899:
7631:
1884:
etc) and search software, "mind-machine partnerships" that could be investigated by metascience for how they could improve science.
1578:
The emergence or origin of ideas by successful scientists is also a topic of research, for example reviewing existing ideas on how
382:
Many prominent publishers are interested in meta-research and in improving the quality of their publications. Top journals such as
3601:"Academic Research in the 21st Century: Maintaining Scientific Integrity in a Climate of Perverse Incentives and Hypercompetition"
3356:
11382:
10567:
9720:
6404:
3072:"A systematic review highlights a knowledge gap regarding the effectiveness of health-related training programs in journalology"
3070:
Galipeau, James; Moher, David; Campbell, Craig; Hendry, Paul; Cameron, D. William; Palepu, Anita; HĂ©bert, Paul C. (March 2015).
723:
A commentary noted that academic rankings don't consider where (country and institute) the respective researchers were trained.
5722:
1558:
1337:
791:
186:
17:
7285:
11432:
10497:
10166:
8599:
8149:
5379:
5281:
4076:"Metascience on Peer Review: Testing the Effects of a Study's Originality and Statistical Significance in a Field Experiment"
9119:
Lau, Joseph; Antman, Elliott M; Jimenez-Silva, Jeanette; Kupelnick, Bruce; Mosteller, Frederick; Chalmers, Thomas C (1992).
7561:
1499:, the number of published academic systematic reviews has risen from "around 6,000 in 2011 to more than 45,000 in 2021". An
10528:
7535:
2094:
1120:
6376:
1071:
995:â and to "keep up with the huge amount of literature, researchers use reference manager software, they make summaries and
659:
11075:
10789:
8544:
7130:
1324:
655:
5431:
4319:
Manchanda, Saurav; Karypis, George (November 2021). "Evaluating Scholarly Impact: Towards Content-Aware Bibliometrics".
11339:
10045:
5064:""I updated the <ref>": The evolution of references in the English Knowledge and the implications for altmetrics"
5041:
4842:
4468:
4439:
3555:
1874:
1295:
1185:
is a free online index of over 200 million scientific documents that integrates and provides metadata such as sources,
1127:
Another topic are the established styles of scientific communication (e.g. long text-form studies and reviews) and the
1079:
598:
424:
359:, Ioannidis showed that only a minority of medical interventions are supported by 'high quality' evidence according to
7924:"scite: A smart citation index that displays the context of citations and classifies their intent using deep learning"
5520:
2028:
1839:
The tool scite.ai aims to track and link citations of papers as 'Supporting', 'Mentioning' or 'Contrasting' the study.
1303:
Metascience research is investigating the growth of science overall, using e.g. data on the number of publications in
11778:
10784:
10777:
10760:
10639:
10629:
10611:
9905:
8217:
8012:
7155:
van Dijk, Peter J.; Jessop, Adrienne P.; Ellis, T. H. Noel (July 2022). "How did Mendel arrive at his discoveries?".
2213:
2208:
179:
59:
6949:
4577:
1586:, â or more generally, the process of discovery by scientists. Science is a "multifaceted process of appropriation,
11768:
11011:
10512:
10159:
3319:
954:
806:
manners), increasing the qualified productive scientific workforce, improving the efficiency of science to improve
9989:
9511:
9387:; Simonovits, Gabor (1 January 2016). "Underreporting in Psychology Experiments: Evidence From a Study Registry".
8166:
3410:
Staddon, John (2017) Scientific Method: How science works, fails to work or pretends to work. Taylor and Francis.
319:
11120:
7038:
2116:
1611:
1333:
4973:"Platforms and Institutions in the Post-Pandemic University: a Case Study of Social Media and the Impact Agenda"
4484:
4157:"Bringing Rigor to Relevant Questions: How Social Science Research Can Improve Youth Outcomes in the Real World"
1843:
concern". Studies have suggested as few as 4% of citations to retracted papers clearly recognize the retraction.
1835:
Tools may get developed with metaresearch or can be used or investigated by such. Notable examples may include:
1388:
There are also studies that map a scientific field or a topic such as the study of the use of research evidence
11783:
11773:
10590:
9982:
Bonett, D.G. (2021). Design and analysis of replication studies. Organizational Research Methods, 24, 513-529.
9309:
3649:
2016:
The replication crisis has led to renewed efforts to re-test important findings. In response to concerns about
1996:
Metascience has revealed significant problems in psychological research. The field suffers from high bias, low
1534:
Two metascientists reported that "structures fostering disruptive scholarship and focusing attention on novel
252:
of 295 papers published in ten high-profile medical journals. It found that "in almost 73% of the reports read
10262:
7510:"Academic Incentives and Research Impact: Developing Reward and Recognition Systems to Better People's Lives"
4808:
1866:
1157:
A study can be part of multiple fields and lower numbers of papers is not necessarily detrimental for fields.
109:
10131:
3846:"Transparency in authors' contributions and responsibilities to promote integrity in scientific publication"
1271:
according to Scholia; biomarker-related publications may not follow closely the number of viable biomarkers.
837:
Funding for climate research in the natural and technical sciences versus the social sciences and humanities
11307:
11137:
11065:
10765:
10694:
10392:
10356:
8037:
9667:
8136:. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Vol. 9172. Springer International Publishing. pp. 291â300.
7584:
379:". Metascience has grown as a reaction to the replication crisis and to concerns about waste in research.
10351:
10227:
1685:
1631:
sometimes do. Problems with such metrics are roughly outlined elsewhere in this article and include that
1238:
555:
280:
275:
Measures have been implemented to address the issues revealed by metascience. These measures include the
137:
5973:
4803:
2072:
were closer to published values than would be expected by chance. This was believed to be the result of
645:
11798:
11115:
10287:
10247:
5362:
Norsen, Travis (2016). "Back to the Future: Crowdsourcing Innovation by Refocusing Science Education".
4894:
4860:"Science communication in online media: influence of press releases on coverage of genetics and CRISPR"
4859:
2168:
2107:, the Meta-research & Evidence Synthesis Unit, The George Institute for Global Health at India and
1691:
1681:
1545:
disproportionately consolidate to already well-cited papers, possibly slowing and inhibiting canonical
794:
refers to deliberately developing technologies â e.g. control-, safety- and policy-technologies versus
547:
276:
167:
147:
11425:
11365:
11322:
11317:
11292:
11207:
11197:
11192:
10302:
10297:
10257:
10222:
6435:
5947:"Open peer review: bringing transparency, accountability, and inclusivity to the peer review process"
2203:
1408:
1115:
1028:
932:
766:
348:
129:
96:
86:
76:
9611:
4749:
Fajardo-Ortiz, David; Hornbostel, Stefan; Montenegro de Wit, Maywa; Shattuck, Annie (22 June 2022).
3585:
11470:
11202:
11105:
10752:
10699:
10371:
10242:
10232:
10009:
8961:"Effectiveness of antidepressants: an evidence myth constructed from a thousand randomized trials?"
8318:
3338:
2249:
Ioannidis, John P. A.; Fanelli, Daniele; Dunne, Debbie Drake; Goodman, Steven N. (2 October 2015).
2153:
2043:
1923:
1783:
1488:
799:
521:
471:
445:
generation structured by layers, with the "Institution of Science" being the subject of metascience
142:
104:
8038:"Jumping over the paywall: Strategies and motivations for scholarly piracy and other alternatives"
2659:
11793:
11222:
11050:
11001:
10456:
10282:
10267:
10196:
10182:
7890:"Coronavirus in context: Scite.ai tracks positive and negative citations for COVID-19 literature"
5998:
3390:
2990:
Markowitz, David M.; Hancock, Jeffrey T. (2016). "Linguistic obfuscation in fraudulent science".
2158:
2108:
1809:
1397:
1393:
1373:
1320:
604:
372:
261:
162:
114:
67:
7486:"LibGuides: Promotion & Tenure and Open Scholarship: How is "impact" measured & valued?"
6027:
3111:
Wilson, Mitch; Moher, David (March 2019). "The Changing Landscape of Journalology in Medicine".
1479:
Evidence synthesis can be applied to important and, notably, both relatively urgent and certain
418:
conference held in Edinburgh in 2015; the first international conference on peer review was the
291:
that issue guidelines for methodology and reporting. There are continuing efforts to reduce the
11722:
11556:
11232:
11217:
11177:
10949:
10772:
10466:
10461:
10423:
10272:
5316:
1417:
1304:
1048:
1024:
214:
119:
6271:
1573:
1131:
practices â there are concerns about a "glacial pace" of conventional publishing. The use of
616:
crisis in which it has been found that many scientific studies are difficult or impossible to
516:
Journalology, also known as publication science, is the scholarly study of all aspects of the
11551:
11329:
11297:
11272:
11157:
11110:
11006:
10984:
10974:
10959:
10899:
10886:
10859:
10724:
10689:
10646:
10322:
10292:
10237:
10201:
9598:
8036:
Segado-Boj, Francisco; MartĂn-Quevedo, Juan; Prieto-GutiĂ©rrez, Juan-JosĂ© (12 December 2022).
4832:
4460:
3242:
2198:
2163:
1970:
1928:
1881:
1804:
Various websites or tools also identify inappropriate studies and/or enable feedback such as
1775:
1496:
1480:
1473:
1389:
1275:
1258:
1254:
1128:
983:
928:
750:
651:
650:
Metascience seeks to create a scientific foundation for peer review. Meta-research evaluates
414:
The first international conference in the broad area of meta-research was the Research Waste/
157:
81:
49:
31:
10037:
Rigor Mortis: How Sloppy Science Creates Worthless Cures, Crushes Hopes, and Wastes Billions
9278:
7609:
1438:
11763:
11418:
11244:
11187:
11090:
11070:
11028:
10944:
10939:
10914:
10839:
10606:
9795:
9443:
9216:
9077:"Discussion Sections in Reports of Controlled Trials Published in General Medical Journals"
9020:"CONSORT 2010 Statement: updated guidelines for reporting parallel group randomised trials"
8699:
8356:
7432:
7384:"Why it pays to join a big research group if you want to be more scientifically productive"
7076:
6984:
6904:
6707:
6219:
5902:
5761:
5596:
5466:
5207:
5144:
4615:
4523:
3965:
3857:
3697:
3213:
2892:
2727:
2548:
2335:
2001:
1583:
1328:
1268:
988:
868:
300:
292:
7485:
4923:
1793:
1327:, and risk-avoidant funding structures may have "toward incremental science and away from
303:
process, to systematically collect data about the scholarly publication system, to combat
8:
11237:
11227:
11085:
11055:
10979:
10964:
10924:
10919:
10844:
10729:
10451:
9994:
9716:
8167:"Personal information management practices: how scientists find and organize information"
6489:"Bias against novelty in science: A cautionary tale for users of bibliometric indicators"
4892:
4485:"Technology is changing faster than regulators can keep up - here's how to close the gap"
2133:
1610:
A study theorized that in many disciplines, larger scientific productivity or success by
1542:
1190:
1186:
1152:
703:
671:
572:
of data and methodology through the creation of guidelines by reporting agencies such as
517:
491:
463:
335:
296:
249:
9990:
A Significant Problem: Standard scientific methods are under fire. Will anything change?
9799:
9447:
9220:
8703:
8360:
7436:
7409:
Zhang, Sam; Wapman, K. Hunter; Larremore, Daniel B.; Clauset, Aaron (16 November 2022).
7131:"Science of Science authors hope to spark conversations about the scientific enterprise"
7080:
6988:
6908:
6711:
6223:
6139:"A protocol for adding knowledge to Wikidata: aligning resources on human coronaviruses"
5906:
5765:
5600:
5470:
5211:
5148:
4619:
4527:
3969:
3861:
3701:
3217:
2896:
2731:
2552:
1961:
standards recommend that all clinical trials assess and report the quality of blinding.
1916:
1880:
for future use Such systems could be described as part of, along with e.g. Web browser (
1461:. These and related practices face various challenges and are a subject of metascience.
1444:
1098:
1040:
921:
221:
itself. Metascience seeks to increase the quality of scientific research while reducing
11494:
11282:
11152:
10954:
10854:
10849:
10634:
10508:
Swedish Agency for Health Technology Assessment and Assessment of Social Services (SBU)
10217:
10081:
9764:
9698:
9586:
9552:
9492:
9412:
9290:
9239:
9204:
9185:
9052:
9019:
8995:
8960:
8936:
8903:
8879:
8846:
8730:
8687:
8580:
8479:
8452:
8433:
8385:
8344:
8300:
8255:
8223:
8182:
8107:
8064:
8018:
7945:
7865:
7832:
7772:
7683:
7656:
7461:
7422:
7410:
7365:
7266:
7188:
7107:
7064:
7015:
6972:
6930:
6833:
6798:
6638:
6585:
6328:
6302:
6248:
6209:
6197:
6173:
6138:
5928:
5841:
5814:
5795:
5674:
5649:
5630:
5497:
5454:
5413:
5344:
5243:
5176:
5085:
5033:
5002:
4953:
4875:
4782:
4762:
4719:
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4603:
4559:
4412:
4407:
4374:
4334:
4299:
4250:
4215:
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4048:
4023:
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3845:
3792:
3779:
3746:
3718:
3687:
3675:
3625:
3600:
3573:
3561:
3515:
3480:
3456:
3421:
3300:
3182:
3146:
3052:
3034:
3007:
2965:
2923:
2880:
2856:
2821:
2759:
2564:
2469:
2442:
2412:
2371:
2285:
2250:
2178:
1991:
1934:
1897:
Various software enables common metascientific practices such as bibliometric analysis.
1695:
1546:
1495:. While the number of scientific papers and data (or information and online knowledge)
1007:
936:
589:
487:
467:
376:
269:
234:
10117:
8560:
5815:"The academic, economic and societal impacts of Open Access: an evidence-based review"
4895:"Framing Analysis of News Coverage on Renewable Energy in the Star Online News Portal"
4329:
4321:
Proceedings of the 2021 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing
4024:"Over-optimization of academic publishing metrics: observing Goodhart's Law in action"
520:
process. The field seeks to improve the quality of scholarly research by implementing
361:
The Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) approach
225:. It is also known as "research on research" and "the science of science", as it uses
11788:
11628:
11623:
11370:
11353:
11334:
10969:
10904:
10874:
10376:
10336:
10086:
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10041:
9813:
9690:
9648:
9590:
9556:
9544:
9496:
9461:
9416:
9404:
9365:
9357:
9294:
9282:
9244:
9177:
9142:
9098:
9057:
9039:
9000:
8982:
8941:
8923:
8884:
8866:
8862:
8827:
8819:
8784:
8776:
8735:
8717:
8668:
8660:
8618:
8572:
8564:
8525:
8484:
8437:
8425:
8390:
8372:
8304:
8259:
8227:
8213:
8186:
8145:
8111:
8099:
8083:
8068:
8056:
8022:
8008:
7949:
7889:
7870:
7852:
7764:
7729:
7724:
7707:
7688:
7466:
7448:
7369:
7357:
7270:
7258:
7223:
7192:
7180:
7172:
7112:
7094:
7020:
7002:
6934:
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6838:
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5502:
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4945:
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4724:
4694:
4651:
4633:
4563:
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4234:
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4109:
4097:
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3983:
3912:
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3011:
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2820:
Harriman, Stephanie L.; Kowalczuk, Maria K.; Simera, Iveta; Wager, Elizabeth (2016).
2802:
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2032:
1632:
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1454:
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1020:
846:
675:
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401:
provide ongoing coverage of meta-research and problems with reproducibility. In 2012
10124:
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6589:
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and is considered foundational to the field of metascience. In a related study with
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11460:
11287:
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11023:
11018:
10799:
10076:
10068:
9836:
9803:
9756:
9682:
9638:
9578:
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9526:
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9451:
9396:
9347:
9274:
9234:
9224:
9169:
9132:
9088:
9047:
9031:
8990:
8972:
8931:
8915:
8874:
8858:
8815:
8811:
8766:
8725:
8707:
8650:
8556:
8515:
8474:
8464:
8421:
8417:
8380:
8364:
8290:
8282:
8247:
8205:
8174:
8137:
8134:
Human Interface and the Management of Information. Information and Knowledge Design
8091:
8048:
8000:
7935:
7897:
7860:
7844:
7806:
7756:
7719:
7678:
7668:
7456:
7440:
7349:
7315:
7250:
7215:
7164:
7102:
7084:
7010:
6992:
6912:
6865:
6828:
6810:
6766:
6725:
6715:
6665:
6620:
6612:
6575:
6508:
6500:
6312:
6243:
6227:
6168:
6150:
6062:
5932:
5910:
5836:
5826:
5769:
5698:"Nature Journals To Charge Authors Hefty Fee To Make Scientific Papers Open Access"
5669:
5661:
5604:
5492:
5474:
5405:
5367:
5328:
5269:
5225:
5215:
5180:
5152:
5112:
5075:
5029:
4984:
4935:
4867:
4772:
4714:
4706:
4641:
4623:
4541:
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4402:
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4324:
4274:
4242:
4197:
4189:
4136:
4087:
4043:
4035:
3973:
3924:
3883:
3865:
3823:
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3713:
3705:
3620:
3612:
3543:
3510:
3492:
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3433:
3284:
3221:
3174:
3128:
3120:
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2999:
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2900:
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2735:
2682:
2556:
2501:
2464:
2454:
2402:
2375:
2347:
2280:
2262:
2017:
2010:
1937:
is another focus of meta-research, as error caused by poor blinding is a source of
1870:
1757:
1699:
1595:
1539:
1368:
1242:
1198:
1194:
1136:
663:
499:
396:
384:
226:
9768:
7411:"Labor advantages drive the greater productivity of faculty at elite universities"
6656:
Navarro, V. (31 March 2008). "Politics and health: a neglected area of research".
6602:
5831:
3911:
Brand, Amy; Allen, Liz; Altman, Micah; Hlava, Marjorie; Scott, Jo (1 April 2015).
2739:
1887:
Scholia â efforts to open scholarly publication metadata and use it via Wikidata.
11712:
11687:
11668:
11588:
11302:
11147:
11125:
10894:
10809:
10794:
10559:
10408:
10381:
10346:
10035:
10021:
9725:
9229:
8712:
8469:
8319:"A new replication crisis: Research that is less likely to be true is cited more"
8141:
7353:
6504:
5273:
5268:. The Frontiers Collection. Springer International Publishing. pp. 113â126.
4628:
4039:
2459:
2267:
2065:
1997:
1813:
1730:
1719:
1648:
1557:
Other researchers reported that the most successful â in terms of "likelihood of
1511:
ideas" into the context of established knowledge which may enhance their impact.
1492:
1422:
807:
771:
683:
617:
593:
577:
568:
551:
529:
495:
415:
364:
288:
257:
41:
9760:
9137:
9120:
8919:
8845:
Tuleu, Catherine; Legay, Helene; Orlu-Gul, Mine; Wan, Mandy (1 September 2013).
8251:
7039:"Sharing of tacit knowledge is most important aspect of mentorship, study finds"
6753:
Farley-Ripple, Elizabeth N.; Oliver, Kathryn; Boaz, Annette (7 September 2020).
5371:
4748:
3828:
3811:
3547:
2492:
Schor, Stanley (1966). "Statistical Evaluation of Medical Journal Manuscripts".
2120:
1953:
trials has led some scientists to argue that antidepressants are no better than
1690:
The practice of registering a scientific study before it is conducted is called
910:
11707:
11697:
11692:
11682:
11638:
11608:
11571:
11561:
11360:
11312:
11267:
11060:
10996:
10909:
10869:
10709:
10669:
10428:
10366:
10331:
8504:"Contradicted and initially stronger effects in highly cited clinical research"
8272:
8095:
7901:
7219:
7168:
6917:
6892:
6869:
6771:
6754:
6720:
6695:
6537:
6316:
6231:
6155:
6066:
5665:
5609:
5584:
5409:
5332:
5220:
5195:
5062:
Zagorova, Olga; Ulloa, Roberto; Weller, Katrin; Flöck, Fabian (12 April 2022).
4989:
4972:
4893:
G. Manickam Govindaraju; Kalei Joethi Sahadevan; Tan Poh Ling (February 2019).
4536:
4511:
4390:
4246:
2885:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
2616:
2138:
1950:
1942:
1857:
1847:
1500:
1377:
1214:
1206:
1044:
787:
762:
732:
613:
408:
340:
323:
272:" was coined in the early 2010s as part of a growing awareness of the problem.
238:
9173:
8655:
8638:
8178:
8052:
7790:
7319:
7286:"Researchers reading habits for scientific literature | SciELO in Perspective"
6616:
4940:
4871:
4602:
Ioannidis, John P. A.; Cristea, Ioana-Alina; Boyack, Kevin W. (29 July 2020).
2960:
2838:
2407:
2390:
1647:
itself. The field was explicitly proposed in a 2019 essay and described as an
1312:
11757:
11658:
11633:
11613:
11603:
11583:
11576:
11566:
11546:
11514:
11499:
11482:
11477:
11455:
11441:
11172:
11142:
11080:
10881:
10829:
10824:
10734:
10418:
10413:
10341:
9686:
9643:
9626:
9465:
9408:
9400:
9384:
9361:
9352:
9335:
9043:
8986:
8927:
8870:
8823:
8780:
8721:
8664:
8568:
8376:
8060:
7856:
7452:
7361:
7262:
7227:
7176:
7098:
7006:
6877:
6824:
6780:
6739:
6634:
6522:
6324:
6239:
6164:
5783:
5618:
5488:
5340:
5239:
5164:
5116:
4998:
4949:
4637:
4555:
4398:
4211:
4193:
4141:
4124:
4101:
4092:
3987:
3879:
3770:
3506:
3497:
3481:"Are Psychology Journals Anti-replication? A Snapshot of Editorial Practices"
3447:
3438:
3288:
3003:
2914:
2847:
2798:
2747:
2696:
2513:
2424:
2416:
2359:
2351:
2276:
2251:"Meta-research: Evaluation and Improvement of Research Methods and Practices"
2021:
1974:
1966:
1851:
1703:
1579:
1458:
1027:
and historical discovery process of major scientific conclusions, and common
738:
699:
352:
265:
10072:
9841:
9835:. WWW '22. New York: Association for Computing Machinery. pp. 533â544.
9582:
9530:
9488:
8286:
8209:
8004:
7254:
7089:
6997:
6669:
5548:"The Antiscience Movement Is Escalating, Going Global and Killing Thousands"
5479:
5196:"The global environmental agenda urgently needs a semantic web of knowledge"
4710:
3870:
3178:
2905:
2777:
Rennie, Drummond (1990). "Editorial Peer Review in Biomedical Publication".
1949:
is rarely measured or reported. Research showing the failure of blinding in
874:
Studies indicate there to is a need to "reconsider how we measure success" (
11677:
11598:
11541:
11519:
11132:
10991:
10929:
10664:
10361:
10307:
10090:
9983:
9817:
9694:
9652:
9548:
9369:
9286:
9248:
9181:
9093:
9076:
9061:
9004:
8977:
8945:
8888:
8831:
8788:
8739:
8672:
8576:
8529:
8520:
8503:
8488:
8429:
8394:
8368:
8103:
7874:
7768:
7733:
7692:
7673:
7470:
7444:
7184:
7116:
7024:
6926:
6842:
6677:
6580:
6257:
6182:
5924:
5850:
5791:
5683:
5626:
5506:
5453:
Philipp-Muller, Aviva; Lee, Spike W. S.; Petty, Richard E. (26 July 2022).
5172:
5103:
Williams, Ann E. (12 June 2017). "Altmetrics: an overview and evaluation".
4728:
4655:
4578:"Nobel prize-winning work is concentrated in minority of scientific fields"
4235:"America's top universities reap the benefit of Italian-trained scientists"
4057:
3995:
3897:
3788:
3762:
3727:
3634:
3524:
3465:
3296:
3235:
3142:
3097:
3025:
Ding, Y. (2010). "Applying weighted PageRank to author citation networks".
2932:
2865:
2755:
2704:
2560:
2478:
2389:
Nishikawa-Pacher, Andreas; Heck, Tamara; Schoch, Kerstin (4 October 2022).
2367:
2294:
2193:
2183:
2148:
1574:
Study of successful scientists and processes, general skills and activities
1299:
The CD index may indicate a "decline of disruptive science and technology".
1210:
1173:
Number of PubMed search results for "coronavirus" by year from 1949 to 2020
1054:
679:
525:
511:
483:
308:
222:
10151:
9929:
9146:
9121:"Cumulative Meta-Analysis of Therapeutic Trials for Myocardial Infarction"
9102:
8771:
8754:
4831:
Jamieson, Kathleen Hall; Kahan, Dan; Scheufele, Dietram A. (17 May 2017).
4604:"Work honored by Nobel prizes clusters heavily in a few scientific fields"
4353:
3616:
2806:
2521:
2391:"Open Editors: A dataset of scholarly journals' editorial board positions"
1788:
Metascience is used in the creation and improvement of technical systems (
1412:
Percent of all citances in each field that contain signals of disagreement
1053:
Many students have misconceptions about what science is and how it works.
11732:
11727:
11663:
11618:
11531:
11167:
10834:
10819:
10684:
10679:
10544:
10387:
10110:
9857:
7760:
6730:
5230:
4546:
3913:"Beyond authorship: attribution, contribution, collaboration, and credit"
2576:
2310:"On communicating science and uncertainty: A podcast with John Ioannidis"
2112:
2047:
2036:
1877:
1110:
996:
842:
820:
687:
45:
9539:
8035:
7940:
7923:
6815:
6755:"Mapping the community: use of research evidence in policy and practice"
5156:
5080:
5063:
4928:
Proceedings of the International AAAI Conference on Web and Social Media
4777:
4750:
3743:
3709:
1181:
which can be utilized, complemented and made accessible in useful ways.
11737:
11702:
11648:
11536:
11509:
11487:
11100:
11095:
11040:
10704:
10674:
10656:
10013:
9575:"Open Science challenges, benefits and tips in early career and beyond"
8295:
8202:
The 34th Annual ACM Symposium on User Interface Software and Technology
7655:
Simera, I; Moher, D; Hirst, A; Hoey, J; Schulz, KF; Altman, DG (2010).
6625:
3133:
2948:"Weak statistical standards implicated in scientific irreproducibility"
2568:
2536:
2188:
2005:
1946:
1873:
and task management, such as saving information in organized ways with
1817:
1562:
1426:
900:
Research question § Aggregated research questions and coordination
746:
621:
390:
368:
9018:
Moher, David; Altman, Douglas G.; Schulz, Kenneth F. (24 March 2010).
8686:
Haque, Waqas; Minhajuddin, Abu; Gupta, Arjun; Agrawal, Deepak (2018).
8545:"Avoidable waste in the production and reporting of research evidence"
7848:
7706:
Simera, I.; Moher, D.; Hoey, J.; Schulz, K. F.; Altman, D. G. (2010).
6513:
3812:"Contributorship, Not Authorship: Use CRediT to Indicate Who Did What"
3422:"Do Neuroscience Journals Accept Replications? A Survey of Literature"
3048:
3027:
Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology
829:
Cluster network of scientific publications in relation to Nobel prizes
602:
Barriers to conducting replications of experiment in cancer research,
411:
introduced a minimum-standards-of-reporting checklist to four titles.
11742:
11653:
11593:
11465:
11277:
10744:
10719:
10598:
10017:
9035:
6458:"With fewer disruptive studies, is science becoming an echo chamber?"
6198:"Scientific prizes and the extraordinary growth of scientific topics"
5865:"Paywall: The business of scholarship review â analysis of a scandal"
5264:
Khalil, Mohammed M. (2016). "Improving Science for a Better Future".
4202:
3929:
1591:
795:
442:
9808:
9783:
9456:
9431:
5915:
5890:
5774:
5749:
5723:"Harvard University says it can't afford journal publishers' prices"
3978:
3953:
3226:
3201:
2687:
2670:
1165:
Change of number of scientific papers by field according to OpenAlex
1034:
11524:
11504:
9830:
7792:
Ep. 49: Joel Chan on metascience, creativity, and tools for thought
7427:
6487:
Wang, Jian; Veugelers, Reinhilde; Stephan, Paula (1 October 2017).
6307:
6214:
4767:
4304:
3692:
1644:
1599:
1566:
1385:
the natural science of climate change is already well established.
1226:
1222:
1178:
1132:
1075:
Number of authors of research articles in six journals through time
629:
543:
403:
230:
10055:
Fortunato, Santo; Bergstrom, Carl T.; et al. (2 March 2018).
7997:
Companion Computer Supported Cooperative Work and Social Computing
4278:
3039:
1561:, National Academy of Science (NAS) induction, or superstardom" â
1403:
10621:
10025:
10002:
8847:"Blinding in pharmacological trials: the devil is in the details"
6088:"OpenAlex: The Promising Alternative to Microsoft Academic Graph"
5521:"The 4 bases of anti-science beliefs â and what to do about them"
5134:
4323:. Association for Computational Linguistics. pp. 6041â6053.
2879:
Fanelli, Daniele; Costas, Rodrigo; Ioannidis, John P. A. (2017).
2336:"Is the Replicability Crisis Overblown? Three Arguments Examined"
2173:
2051:
1958:
1954:
1860:
1830:
1805:
1726:
1715:
1587:
1432:
539:
534:
458:
Metascience seeks to identify poor research practices, including
284:
218:
9881:
8345:"Nonreplicable publications are cited more than replicable ones"
2822:"A new forum for research on research integrity and peer review"
1363:
698:
Studies proposed machine-readable standards and (a taxonomy of)
11254:
9118:
5259:
5257:
4922:
MacLaughlin, Ansel; Wihbey, John; Smith, David (15 June 2018).
1514:
1504:
1381:
950:
854:
8600:"Dark Side of Medical Research: Widespread Bias and Omissions"
7205:
6689:
6687:
6135:
5583:
Park, Michael; Leahey, Erin; Funk, Russell J. (January 2023).
5297:
4075:
2634:"Most Science Studies Appear to Be Tainted By Sloppy Analysis"
1769:
1552:
1142:
991:â e.g. in March 2014 more than 8,000 papers were submitted to
524:
in academic publishing. The term "journalology" was coined by
241:, "Science is the best thing that has happened to human beings
9574:
7969:"New bot flags scientific studies that cite retracted papers"
6796:
6131:
6129:
6112:
5578:
5576:
5574:
5572:
5570:
5568:
4691:
4368:
4366:
4017:
4015:
4013:
2382:
1467:
1102:
992:
927:
efficiently". Metascientific research is exploring topics of
798:â at different precautionary paces to decrease risks, mainly
666:. It also seeks to develop better research funding criteria.
437:
10488:
Canadian Agency for Drugs and Technologies in Health (CADTH)
10145:
9954:
9625:
Simmons, Joseph P.; Nelson, Leif D.; Simonsohn, Uri (2011).
9334:
Tatsioni, A; Bonitsis, NG; Ioannidis, JP (5 December 2007).
8685:
7993:
7921:
6950:"New ideas are struggling to emerge from the sea of science"
6893:"Decision makers need constantly updated evidence synthesis"
5812:
5254:
4283:
International Encyclopedia of Social and Behavioral Sciences
2819:
2248:
9721:"Psychology's Replication Crisis Has Made The Field Better"
9310:"When Evidence Says No, but Doctors Say Yes - The Atlantic"
9159:
8801:
8240:
7408:
7063:
Ma, Yifang; Mukherjee, Satyam; Uzzi, Brian (23 June 2020).
6684:
5585:"Papers and patents are becoming less disruptive over time"
4834:
The Oxford Handbook of the Science of Science Communication
4687:
4685:
4233:
La Porta, Caterina AM; Zapperi, Stefano (1 December 2022).
4069:
4067:
3069:
2111:. Organizations that develop tools for metascience include
1938:
1535:
861:
459:
304:
9668:"The Alleged Crisis and the Illusion of Exact Replication"
9509:
8407:
8165:
Chaudhry, Abdus Sattar; Alajmi, Bibi M. (1 January 2022).
6890:
6126:
5565:
5455:"Why are people antiscience, and what can we do about it?"
5298:"How Do Science Journalists Evaluate Psychology Research?"
4683:
4681:
4679:
4677:
4675:
4673:
4671:
4669:
4667:
4665:
4457:
The Precipice: Existential Risk and the Future of Humanity
4363:
4298:
Singh, Navinder (8 October 2021). "Plea to publish less".
4080:
Advances in Methods and Practices in Psychological Science
4010:
3842:
3382:
2596:
2388:
1957:. In light of meta-research showing failures of blinding,
1672:
A 2015 study lists "fragmented" efforts in meta-research.
1248:
1237:
Beyond metadata explicitly assigned to studies by humans,
363:. Later meta-research identified widespread difficulty in
9512:"Estimating the reproducibility of psychological science"
9333:
8204:. Association for Computing Machinery. pp. 663â676.
7999:. Association for Computing Machinery. pp. 278â281.
7708:"A catalogue of reporting guidelines for health research"
6799:"Investigating disagreement in the scientific literature"
4268:
4179:
3739:
3737:
1529:
1202:
1135:-servers to publish study-drafts early is increasing and
967:
678:
environment in academia which promotes the production of
441:
An exemplary visualization of a conception of scientific
11410:
10503:
National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE)
9747:
Cohen, Jacob (1994). "The earth is round (p < .05)".
9382:
6564:"Science Mapping: A Systematic Review of the Literature"
6375:
Collison, Patrick; Nielsen, Michael (16 November 2018).
5061:
4064:
2537:"Scientific Basis for the Support of Biomedical Science"
6792:
6790:
6752:
6694:
Overland, Indra; Sovacool, Benjamin K. (1 April 2020).
5193:
4662:
4510:
Overland, Indra; Sovacool, Benjamin K. (1 April 2020).
4074:
Elson, Malte; Huff, Markus; Utz, Sonja (1 March 2020).
3954:"Digital badges aim to clear up politics of authorship"
3751:
Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
3251:"Why 'Statistical Significance' Is Often Insignificant"
915:
9624:
9618:
9336:"Persistence of contradicted claims in the literature"
8688:"Conflicts of interest of editors of medical journals"
7831:
Prasad, Vinay; Ioannidis, John P. A. (November 2022).
6973:"Slowed canonical progress in large fields of science"
6291:
6196:
Jin, Ching; Ma, Yifang; Uzzi, Brian (5 October 2021).
5650:"Lessons from arXiv's 30 years of information sharing"
5452:
5130:
5128:
5126:
5057:
5055:
5053:
4921:
4830:
4601:
3734:
2878:
1850:
are used to find studies and the notification service
1654:
893:
494:
methods. Research in scientific data science includes
48:, or with the obsolete synonym 'Meta-science' for the
8844:
8536:
7705:
7308:"Scientists may be reaching a peak in reading habits"
6971:
Chu, Johan S. G.; Evans, James A. (12 October 2021).
4434:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 229â237.
3910:
3542:. Springer International Publishing. pp. 19â32.
2813:
2494:
JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association
1729:(Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials) and the
1325:
based on three "use of previous knowledge"-indicators
1205:
and open source website can be used for metascience,
432:
9882:"Home | Meta-research Innovation Center at Stanford"
9782:
MacCoun, Robert; Perlmutter, Saul (8 October 2015).
8598:
June 24, Jeremy Hsu; ET, Jeremy Hsu (24 June 2010).
7654:
7240:
6787:
6486:
6434:
Bhattacharya, Jay; Packalen, Mikko (February 2020).
6433:
3357:"Dozens of major cancer studies can't be replicated"
877:
9573:Allen, Christopher P G.; Mehler, David Marc Anton.
9202:
7154:
5432:"Correcting misconceptions - Understanding Science"
5315:Dunlop, Lynda; Veneu, Fernanda (1 September 2019).
5123:
5050:
3202:"Metascience could rescue the 'replication crisis'"
1241:and AI can be used to assign research publications
853:A study found that delegation of responsibility by
334:In 1966, an early meta-research paper examined the
248:In 1966, an early meta-research paper examined the
10589:
10111:Minerva: A Journal of Science, Learning and Policy
10054:
9998:, vol. 321, no. 4 (October 2019), pp. 62â67.
9203:Clarke, Mike; Brice, Anne; Chalmers, Iain (2014).
8342:
7562:"Do we need a better understanding of 'progress'?"
5750:"Open access: The true cost of science publishing"
3274:
1521:
778:can also be explored and informed by metascience.
538:. The first Peer Review Congress, held in 1989 in
10483:Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ)
9781:
9017:
8199:
7833:"Constructive and obsessive criticism in science"
6055:"Massive open index of scholarly papers launches"
5999:"Speeding up the publication process at PLOS ONE"
5974:"The Pandemic Uncovered Ways to Speed Up Science"
5026:Managing Scientific Information and Research Data
4924:"Predicting News Coverage of Scientific Articles"
3673:
2718:Enserink, Martin (2018). "Research on research".
2027:, more than 140 psychology journals have adopted
1035:Science misconceptions and anti-science attitudes
283:as well as the founding of organizations such as
11755:
9784:"Blind analysis: Hide results to seek the truth"
9260:
9258:
8542:
7746:
7534:Collison, Patrick; Cowen, Tyler (30 July 2019).
6693:
4971:Carrigan, Mark; Jordan, Katy (4 November 2021).
4509:
4318:
3599:Edwards, Marc A.; Roy, Siddhartha (2016-09-22).
2989:
2443:"Why most published research findings are false"
850:physics , neuroscience , molecular chemistry ).
486:to analyse research papers. It encompasses both
10278:Evidence-based pharmacy in developing countries
10253:Evidence-based library and information practice
9264:
9114:
9112:
8343:Serra-Garcia, Marta; Gneezy, Uri (2021-05-01).
7830:
7069:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
7065:"Mentorship and protégé success in STEM fields"
7062:
6977:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
6696:"The misallocation of climate research funding"
6374:
5459:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
4512:"The misallocation of climate research funding"
4232:
4123:McLean, Robert K D; Sen, Kunal (1 April 2019).
4022:Fire, Michael; Guestrin, Carlos (1 June 2019).
3850:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
2628:
2617:Medicine - Stanford Prevention Research Center.
2436:
2434:
2244:
2242:
2240:
2238:
2236:
2234:
2232:
2230:
2088:
1799:
1702:(e.g. not publishing negative results), reduce
1626:
1503:approach is important for progress in science,
1404:Controversies, current debates and disagreement
1347:
790:can be important. For instance, the concept of
407:launched a Reproducibility Initiative. In 2015
10513:WHO Evidence-Informed Policy Network (EVIPNet)
9074:
8965:Philosophy, Ethics, and Humanities in Medicine
8444:
8164:
8131:
6456:Tejada, Patricia Contreras (13 January 2023).
6399:
6397:
6344:
6342:
5582:
4970:
4293:
4291:
3674:Smaldino, Paul E.; McElreath, Richard (2016).
3168:
3164:
3162:
3160:
2334:Pashler, Harold; Harris, Christine R. (2012).
1831:Tools used, modified, extended or investigated
1433:Challenges of interpretation of pooled results
1105:'s yearly submission rate growth over 30 years
737:Scientometrics concerns itself with measuring
345:Why Most Published Research Findings Are False
328:Why Most Published Research Findings Are False
11426:
10575:
10167:
9665:
9255:
9196:
9153:
7533:
6759:Humanities and Social Sciences Communications
6295:Humanities and Social Sciences Communications
4902:Journal of Engineering Science and Technology
4432:Superintelligence: Paths, Dangers, Strategies
4354:"Importance Assessment in Scholarly Networks"
2711:
2333:
2050:statistics, rather than sole reliance on the
1780:List of academic databases and search engines
814:
367:results in many scientific fields, including
187:
10498:German Agency for Quality in Medicine (AEZQ)
9389:Social Psychological and Personality Science
9109:
9068:
8501:
6052:
6022:
6020:
5891:"Does it take too long to publish research?"
5366:. The Frontiers Collection. pp. 85â95.
4351:
4281:(2013), forthcoming in: Lynch, M. (editor),
4073:
4021:
3951:
3478:
3336:
3320:"The Crisis in Social Psychology That Isn't"
2945:
2534:
2431:
2227:
1267:Rough trend of scholarly publications about
1232:
943:
646:Academic journal § Prestige and ranking
639:
10181:
9906:"Meta-research and Evidence Synthesis Unit"
8623:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
7740:
7582:
7339:
7305:
6855:
6394:
6377:"Science Is Getting Less Bang for Its Buck"
6339:
5747:
5314:
5019:
4570:
4288:
3317:
3157:
3110:
2101:Meta-Research Innovation Center at Stanford
1770:Information and communications technologies
1553:Mentorship, partnerships and social factors
1143:Science overall and intrafield developments
11433:
11419:
10582:
10568:
10174:
10160:
10016:results has contributed to an illusion of
9833:Proceedings of the ACM Web Conference 2022
9715:
8453:"Why Most Clinical Research Is Not Useful"
8171:Global Knowledge, Memory and Communication
7963:
7961:
7959:
7837:European Journal of Clinical Investigation
7712:European Journal of Clinical Investigation
7283:
6429:
6427:
6425:
3647:
3598:
3537:
3479:Martin, G. N.; Clarke, Richard M. (2017).
3268:
2770:
2105:Meta-Research Center at Tilburg University
1468:Knowledge integration and living documents
718:
477:
194:
180:
10080:
9856:Berlin, Meta-Research Innovation Center.
9840:
9807:
9666:Stroebe, Wolfgang; Strack, Fritz (2014).
9642:
9538:
9455:
9351:
9238:
9228:
9136:
9092:
9051:
8994:
8976:
8958:
8935:
8878:
8770:
8752:
8729:
8711:
8654:
8597:
8519:
8478:
8468:
8450:
8384:
8294:
7939:
7864:
7723:
7682:
7672:
7460:
7426:
7106:
7088:
7014:
6996:
6916:
6832:
6814:
6770:
6729:
6719:
6624:
6579:
6535:
6512:
6306:
6247:
6213:
6195:
6172:
6154:
6053:Singh Chawla, Dalmeet (24 January 2022).
6017:
5914:
5840:
5830:
5773:
5673:
5608:
5496:
5478:
5229:
5219:
5079:
4988:
4939:
4776:
4766:
4718:
4645:
4627:
4545:
4535:
4406:
4328:
4303:
4201:
4140:
4122:
4091:
4047:
3977:
3928:
3887:
3869:
3827:
3778:
3717:
3691:
3624:
3514:
3496:
3455:
3437:
3383:"Reproducibility Project: Cancer Biology"
3225:
3132:
3087:
3038:
2992:Journal of Language and Social Psychology
2959:
2922:
2904:
2855:
2837:
2686:
2528:
2468:
2458:
2440:
2406:
2284:
2266:
1487:, energy transitions, biodiversity loss,
1360:be relevant for science policy purposes.
1151:A visualization of scientific outputs by
1109:It was found that prevalent forms of non-
871:needs to make sure it is not arbitrary".
9984:https://doi.org/10.1177/1094428120911088
9858:"Meta-Research Innovation Center Berlin"
9478:
9075:Clarke, Michael; Chalmers, Iain (1998).
8904:"Antidepressants and the Placebo Effect"
8081:
7632:"Psychology's 'registration revolution'"
7629:
7306:Van Noorden, Richard (3 February 2014).
6970:
6348:
5647:
5525:SCIENMAG: Latest Science and Health News
5102:
4857:
3809:
3199:
2717:
2485:
1407:
1294:
1274:
1262:
1168:
1160:
1146:
1097:
1078:
1070:
1061:
976:
832:
824:
597:
436:
318:
9572:
9279:10.7326/0003-4819-154-1-201101040-00007
8543:Chalmers, Iain; Glasziou, Paul (2009).
8084:"How to find, read and organize papers"
7956:
7612:. Association for Psychological Science
6655:
6568:Journal of Data and Information Science
6422:
4798:
4796:
4429:
4372:
3648:Brookshire, Bethany (21 October 2016).
2535:Comroe, Julius; Comroe, Robert (1976).
1249:Growth or stagnation of science overall
14:
11756:
10033:
9910:The George Institute for Global Health
9862:Meta-Research Innovation Center Berlin
9568:
9566:
9429:
8901:
7887:
6947:
6455:
6436:"Stagnation and Scientific Incentives"
5888:
5394:
5361:
5263:
3952:Singh Chawla, Dalmeet (October 2015).
3676:"The natural selection of bad science"
3650:"Blame bad incentives for bad science"
2776:
1709:
1530:Novel ideas and disruptive scholarship
1338:accelerating expansion of the universe
1066:
968:Societal implications and applications
792:differential technological development
482:Scientific data science is the use of
11414:
10563:
10155:
9746:
9675:Perspectives on Psychological Science
7342:The Journal of Academic Librarianship
6658:The European Journal of Public Health
6468:from the original on 15 February 2023
6405:"How to escape scientific stagnation"
6092:Singapore Management University (SMU)
5748:Van Noorden, Richard (1 March 2013).
5364:How Should Humanity Steer the Future?
5266:How Should Humanity Steer the Future?
4373:Nielsen, Kristian H. (1 March 2021).
4297:
3419:
3277:Perspectives on Psychological Science
3248:
2491:
2340:Perspectives on Psychological Science
1694:. It arose as a means to address the
1538:" could be important as in a growing
1344:pro-actively funding risky projects.
1279:The CD index for papers published in
1217:. Another project under development,
1049:Misinformation § Countermeasures
1041:Science § Anti-science attitudes
1002:
922:Science § Science and the public
756:
709:
612:The replication crisis is an ongoing
10529:Centre for Reviews and Dissemination
9432:"Metascience: Reproducibility blues"
6700:Energy Research & Social Science
6561:
6443:National Bureau of Economic Research
4858:Grochala, RafaĆ (16 December 2019).
4793:
4516:Energy Research & Social Science
4352:Manchanda, Saurav; Karypis, George.
4277:and Milojevic, S., "Scientometrics"
3810:Holcombe, Alex O. (September 2019).
3024:
2881:"Meta-assessment of bias in science"
2307:
2095:List of metascience research centers
1590:, extending, or combining ideas and
1323:and related contemporary practices)
1121:Paywall: The Business of Scholarship
1014:
916:Science communication and public use
11076:Digital media use and mental health
10790:Sociology of the history of science
10008:for nearly a century to determine
9563:
9510:Open Science Collaboration (2015).
9307:
9011:
8173:. ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print).
7807:"Risk of Bias Tool | Cochrane Bias"
7585:"Developing the science of science"
7536:"We Need a New Science of Progress"
7284:Nassi-CalĂČ, Lilian (3 April 2014).
6349:Thompson, Derek (1 December 2021).
5971:
5889:Powell, Kendall (1 February 2016).
4454:
2079:
1675:
1655:As and for acceleration of progress
1638:
1618:
1451:research question or research topic
1090:
1023:, e.g. the teaching about selected
960:
894:Research questions and coordination
558:is now expected in most countries.
24:
10118:Research Integrity and Peer Review
9976:
9855:
9168:(3): 218â229, discussion 229â232.
8959:Ioannidis, John PA (27 May 2008).
8639:"Confronting conflict of interest"
7559:
6948:Snyder, Alison (14 October 2021).
5034:10.1016/B978-0-08-100195-0.00014-7
3337:Jonah Lehrer (December 13, 2010).
2826:Research Integrity and Peer Review
1794:development of alternative metrics
1605:
1439:Clinical trial § Trial design
904:
693:
583:
433:Fields and topics of meta-research
425:Research Integrity and Peer Review
25:
11810:
10785:Sociology of scientific ignorance
10630:History and philosophy of science
10612:Economics of scientific knowledge
10098:
8759:The British Journal of Psychiatry
5648:Ginsparg, Paul (September 2021).
5545:
4977:Postdigital Science and Education
4804:"Science as a Global Public Good"
3605:Environmental Engineering Science
2214:Self-Organized Funding Allocation
2209:Sociology of scientific knowledge
2004:. The replication crisis affects
1124:is a documentary on such issues.
726:
11378:
11377:
11352:
9947:
9922:
9898:
9874:
9849:
9824:
9775:
9740:
9709:
9659:
9503:
9472:
9430:MunafĂČ, Marcus (29 March 2017).
9423:
9376:
9327:
9301:
8952:
8895:
8863:10.1136/archdischild-2013-304037
8851:Archives of Disease in Childhood
8838:
8804:Journal of Clinical Epidemiology
8795:
8746:
8679:
8631:
8591:
8495:
8410:Journal of Clinical Epidemiology
8401:
8336:
8311:
8275:El Profesional de la InformaciĂłn
8266:
8234:
8193:
8158:
8125:
8075:
8029:
7987:
7915:
7881:
7824:
7799:
7783:
7725:10.1111/j.1365-2362.2009.02234.x
7699:
7648:
7623:
7610:"Registered Replication Reports"
7602:
7583:Niehaus, Paul; Williams, Heidi.
7576:
7553:
7527:
7502:
7483:
7477:
7402:
7376:
7333:
7299:
7277:
7234:
7199:
7148:
7123:
7056:
7031:
6964:
6941:
6884:
6858:Human Resource Management Review
6849:
6746:
6649:
6596:
6555:
6529:
6480:
6449:
6368:
3125:10.1053/j.semnuclmed.2018.11.009
3076:Journal of Clinical Epidemiology
2791:10.1001/jama.1990.03440100011001
2506:10.1001/jama.1966.03100130097026
2042:Psychologists routinely confuse
1354:
1255:Scientific method § History
1209:and novel tools that query this
878:#Factors of success and progress
462:in research, poor study design,
153:Library and information practice
9125:New England Journal of Medicine
6562:Chen, Chaomei (21 March 2017).
6285:
6264:
6189:
6105:
6080:
6046:
5991:
5965:
5939:
5882:
5857:
5806:
5741:
5715:
5690:
5641:
5539:
5513:
5446:
5424:
5388:
5355:
5308:
5290:
5187:
5096:
5013:
4964:
4915:
4886:
4851:
4824:
4742:
4595:
4503:
4477:
4448:
4423:
4345:
4330:10.18653/v1/2021.emnlp-main.488
4312:
4226:
4173:
4149:
4116:
3945:
3904:
3836:
3803:
3667:
3641:
3592:
3531:
3472:
3426:Frontiers in Human Neuroscience
3413:
3404:
3375:
3349:
3330:
3311:
3249:Smith, Noah (2 November 2017).
3193:
3104:
3063:
3018:
2983:
2939:
2872:
2663:
2651:
2622:
2308:Bach, Becky (8 December 2015).
2117:Center for Scientific Integrity
1917:Profit motive § Criticisms
1823:
1764:
1522:Factors of success and progress
1472:Various problems require swift
1445:Meta-analysis § Challenges
1416:Some research is investigating
505:
10591:Science and technology studies
10138:
8816:10.1016/j.jclinepi.2014.05.007
8422:10.1016/j.jclinepi.2022.07.006
8082:Gosztyla, Maya (7 July 2022).
7888:Khamsi, Roxanne (1 May 2020).
7630:Chambers, Chris (2014-05-20).
3089:10.1016/j.jclinepi.2014.09.024
2610:
2589:
2327:
2301:
1901:
1706:, and increase replicability.
1563:protégés studied under mentors
1291:and Nobel-Prize-winning papers
1177:Studies have various kinds of
786:Various interventions such as
299:from academia, to improve the
245:... but we can do it better."
13:
1:
10263:Evidence-based medical ethics
10146:Annual Metascience Conference
8561:10.1016/S0140-6736(09)60329-9
8502:Ioannidis JA (13 July 2005).
6351:"America Is Running on Fumes"
5832:10.12688/f1000research.8460.3
4809:International Science Council
2740:10.1126/science.361.6408.1178
2671:"Researching the researchers"
2441:Ioannidis, JP (August 2005).
2220:
1985:
1867:Personal knowledge management
1369:Theories of scientific change
781:
237:of science". In the words of
11138:Normalization process theory
10695:Philosophy of social science
10393:Policy-based evidence making
10357:Health technology assessment
9230:10.1371/journal.pone.0102670
8713:10.1371/journal.pone.0197141
8470:10.1371/journal.pmed.1002049
8142:10.1007/978-3-319-20612-7_28
7928:Quantitative Science Studies
7354:10.1016/j.acalib.2020.102297
6505:10.1016/j.respol.2017.06.006
5274:10.1007/978-3-319-20717-9_11
5068:Quantitative Science Studies
5020:Baykoucheva, Svetla (2015).
4755:Quantitative Science Studies
4629:10.1371/journal.pone.0234612
3113:Seminars in Nuclear Medicine
2946:Check Hayden, Erika (2013).
2460:10.1371/journal.pmed.0020124
2268:10.1371/journal.pbio.1002264
2089:Organizations and institutes
1890:
1800:Study screening and feedback
1229:'s "main subject" property.
682:, low quality research, and
561:
550:in science, particularly in
7:
10352:Randomized controlled trial
10228:Evidence-based conservation
10103:
9959:Metascience 2023 Conference
9761:10.1037/0003-066X.49.12.997
9627:"False-Positive Psychology"
9267:Annals of Internal Medicine
9138:10.1056/NEJM199207233270406
8908:Zeitschrift fĂŒr Psychologie
8755:"The antidepressant debate"
8753:Moncrieff, J (March 2002).
8649:(11): 1629. November 2018.
8252:10.1101/2022.04.01.22273328
7208:Creativity Research Journal
6536:Petrovich, Eugenio (2020).
5372:10.1007/978-3-319-20717-9_9
4837:. Oxford University Press.
4375:"Science and public policy"
3829:10.3390/publications7030048
3548:10.1007/978-3-319-09785-5_2
3318:Gary Marcus (May 1, 2013).
2126:
1971:acute myocardial infarction
1910:
1888:
1821:
1686:Clinical trial registration
1624:
1512:
1361:
1345:
1239:natural language processing
1088:
958:
875:
605:The Reproducibility Project
556:Clinical-trial registration
375:. This problem was termed "
27:Scientific study of science
10:
11815:
10761:construction of technology
10288:Evidence-based prosecution
10248:Evidence-based legislation
8096:10.1038/d41586-022-01878-7
7902:10.1038/d41586-020-01324-6
7220:10.1207/s15326934crj0802_2
7169:10.1038/s41588-022-01109-9
6918:10.1038/d41586-021-03690-1
6870:10.1016/j.hrmr.2016.09.001
6772:10.1057/s41599-020-00571-2
6721:10.1016/j.erss.2019.101349
6317:10.1057/s41599-021-00903-w
6232:10.1038/s41467-021-25712-2
6156:10.1186/s12915-020-00940-y
6067:10.1038/d41586-022-00138-y
6028:"Open Alex Data Evolution"
5666:10.1038/s42254-021-00360-z
5610:10.1038/s41586-022-05543-x
5410:10.1007/s11016-021-00654-z
5333:10.1007/s11191-019-00048-y
5317:"Controversies in Science"
5221:10.1186/s13750-022-00258-y
4990:10.1007/s42438-021-00269-x
4537:10.1016/j.erss.2019.101349
4391:10.1007/s11016-020-00581-5
4247:10.1038/d43978-022-00163-5
4040:10.1093/gigascience/giz053
3680:Royal Society Open Science
3540:Incentives and Performance
3420:Yeung, Andy W. K. (2017).
2597:"Highly Cited Researchers"
2169:Further research is needed
2092:
2060:
1989:
1914:
1773:
1713:
1682:Pre-registration (science)
1679:
1663:
1442:
1436:
1252:
1116:article processing charges
1038:
919:
908:
897:
818:
815:Science funding and awards
760:
730:
643:
587:
509:
453:
343:published a paper titled "
314:
279:of scientific studies and
39:
29:
11448:
11440:
11348:
11293:Politicization of science
11253:
11039:
10808:
10743:
10655:
10620:
10597:
10537:
10521:
10475:
10444:
10437:
10401:
10321:
10303:Evidence-based toxicology
10298:Evidence-based scheduling
10258:Evidence-based management
10223:Evidence-based assessment
10210:
10189:
10132:Science and Public Policy
9174:10.1191/1740774505cn085oa
8920:10.1027/2151-2604/a000176
8656:10.1038/s41591-018-0256-7
8179:10.1108/GKMC-04-2022-0082
8053:10.1177/02666669221144429
7320:10.1038/nature.2014.14658
6617:10.1007/s10489-017-1105-y
5951:Impact of Social Sciences
5105:Online Information Review
4941:10.1609/icwsm.v12i1.14999
4872:10.1101/2019.12.13.875278
2961:10.1038/nature.2013.14131
2839:10.1186/s41073-016-0010-y
2640:. Dow Jones & Company
2204:Science of science policy
1863:is a topic of metascience
1812:'s Risk of Bias Tool and
1449:Studies about a specific
1233:Subject-level resolutions
1029:scientific misconceptions
1019:Some studies investigate
944:Alternative metrics tools
933:media coverage of science
911:Biosecurity § Future
767:Science of science policy
640:Evaluation and incentives
349:Public Library of Science
11779:Evidence-based practices
10700:Philosophy of technology
10372:Pragmatic clinical trial
10243:Evidence-based education
10233:Evidence-based dentistry
10034:Harris, Richard (2017).
10010:statistical significance
9687:10.1177/1745691613514450
9644:10.1177/0956797611417632
9401:10.1177/1948550615598377
9353:10.1001/jama.298.21.2517
7243:Journal of Documentation
6113:"OpenAlex Documentation"
5117:10.1108/OIR-10-2016-0294
4285:subsection 85030. (2015)
4194:10.1057/palcomms.2017.51
4093:10.1177/2515245919895419
3498:10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00523
3439:10.3389/fnhum.2017.00468
3289:10.1177/1745691612465253
3200:Schooler, J. W. (2014).
3004:10.1177/0261927X15614605
2352:10.1177/1745691612463401
2154:Evidence-based practices
2068:noted that estimates of
2044:statistical significance
2029:result-blind peer review
1784:Scientific communication
1651:that prescribes action.
1489:antimicrobial resistance
1025:scientific controversies
800:global catastrophic risk
522:evidence-based practices
472:statistical significance
68:Evidence-based practices
40:Not to be confused with
11769:Epistemology of science
10283:Evidence-based policing
10268:Evidence-based medicine
10197:Evidence-based practice
10183:Evidence-based practice
10073:10.1126/science.aao0185
9842:10.1145/3485447.3512214
9531:10.1126/science.aac4716
9489:10.1126/science.aav4784
8451:Ioannidis, JPA (2016).
8287:10.3145/epi.2020.ene.03
8210:10.1145/3472749.3474777
8045:Information Development
8005:10.1145/3500868.3559398
7749:Evidence-Based Medicine
7255:10.1108/JD-08-2021-0168
7090:10.1073/pnas.1915516117
6998:10.1073/pnas.2021636118
5480:10.1073/pnas.2120755119
5321:Science & Education
4711:10.1126/science.aao0185
4182:Palgrave Communications
3871:10.1073/pnas.1715374115
3485:Frontiers in Psychology
3391:Center for Open Science
3179:10.1126/science.aav4758
2906:10.1073/pnas.1618569114
2408:10.1093/reseval/rvac037
2184:Metadata § Science
2159:Evidence-based medicine
2109:Center for Open Science
2031:, in which studies are
1924:pharmaceutical industry
1869:systems for research-,
1497:has risen substantially
1305:bibliographic databases
845:clusters in only a few
821:Patent § Criticism
719:Recognition of training
478:Scientific data science
422:held in 1989. In 2016,
10773:Sociology of knowledge
10467:Science-Based Medicine
10462:Campbell Collaboration
10457:Cochrane Collaboration
10273:Evidence-based nursing
10022:reproducibility crises
9606:Cite journal requires
9094:10.1001/jama.280.3.280
8978:10.1186/1747-5341-3-14
8521:10.1001/jama.294.2.218
8369:10.1126/sciadv.abd1705
7674:10.1186/1741-7015-8-24
7445:10.1126/sciadv.abq7056
6581:10.1515/jdis-2017-0006
5654:Nature Reviews Physics
5200:Environmental Evidence
4430:Bostrom, Nick (2014).
4142:10.1093/reseval/rvy026
3763:10.1098/rspb.2019.2047
2632:(September 14, 2007).
2561:10.1126/science.769161
1418:scientific controversy
1413:
1300:
1292:
1272:
1174:
1166:
1158:
1106:
1084:
1076:
955:citations on Knowledge
838:
830:
751:recommendation systems
609:
446:
377:the replication crisis
331:
215:scientific methodology
18:Metascience (research)
11784:Metatheory of science
11774:Ethics and statistics
11340:Transition management
11330:Technology assessment
11298:Regulation of science
11273:Evidence-based policy
11158:Sociotechnical system
11007:Traditional knowledge
10887:Psychology of science
10860:Mapping controversies
10766:shaping of technology
10725:Social constructivism
10690:Philosophy of science
10647:History of technology
10293:Evidence-based policy
10238:Evidence-based design
10202:Hierarchy of evidence
9749:American Psychologist
9631:Psychological Science
9583:10.31234/osf.io/3czyt
8772:10.1192/bjp.180.3.193
6670:10.1093/eurpub/ckn040
6462:Advanced Science News
6272:"Scholia â biomarker"
6202:Nature Communications
5022:"Measuring attention"
4461:Bloomsbury Publishing
3617:10.1089/ees.2016.0223
3339:"The Truth Wears Off"
2199:Philosophy of science
2164:Evidence-based policy
2093:Further information:
1990:Further information:
1929:conflicts of interest
1776:Group decision-making
1714:Further information:
1680:Further information:
1443:Further information:
1411:
1298:
1278:
1266:
1259:Philosophy of science
1253:Further information:
1172:
1164:
1150:
1129:scientific publishing
1101:
1082:
1074:
1062:Evolution of sciences
1039:Further information:
977:Knowledge integration
929:science communication
836:
828:
796:risky biotechnologies
601:
588:Further information:
440:
322:
50:Philosophy of science
30:For the journal, see
11245:Women in engineering
11091:Financial technology
11071:Digital anthropology
10840:Criticism of science
10753:Actorânetwork theory
10715:Religion and science
10607:Economics of science
10057:"Science of science"
9886:metrics.stanford.edu
9717:Aschwanden, Christie
7811:methods.cochrane.org
7761:10.1136/ebm.14.5.132
6605:Applied Intelligence
4695:"Science of science"
4489:World Economic Forum
2121:altmetrics companies
2002:misuse of statistics
1927:to do so. Financial
1846:Search engines like
869:scientific community
420:Peer Review Congress
293:misuse of statistics
11449:Domains and methods
11086:Engineering studies
11056:Cyborg anthropology
10845:Demarcation problem
10730:Social epistemology
10452:James Lind Alliance
9995:Scientific American
9800:2015Natur.526..187M
9719:(6 December 2018).
9448:2017Natur.543..619M
9221:2014PLoSO...9j2670C
8704:2018PLoSO..1397141H
8361:2021SciA....7.1705S
7941:10.1162/qss_a_00146
7437:2022SciA....8.7056Z
7081:2020PNAS..11714077M
7075:(25): 14077â14083.
6989:2021PNAS..11821636C
6983:(41): e2021636118.
6909:2021Natur.600..383E
6816:10.7554/eLife.72737
6712:2020ERSS...6201349O
6224:2021NatCo..12.5619J
5953:. 13 September 2017
5907:2016Natur.530..148P
5766:2013Natur.495..426V
5601:2023Natur.613..138P
5552:Scientific American
5471:2022PNAS..11920755P
5465:(30): e2120755119.
5212:2022EnvEv..11....5B
5157:10.1038/nature25753
5149:2018Natur.555..175G
5081:10.1162/qss_a_00171
4778:10.1162/qss_a_00187
4620:2020PLoSO..1534612I
4528:2020ERSS...6201349O
4129:Research Evaluation
3970:2015Natur.526..145S
3862:2018PNAS..115.2557M
3710:10.1098/rsos.160384
3702:2016RSOS....360384S
3218:2014Natur.515....9S
2897:2017PNAS..114.3714F
2732:2018Sci...361.1178E
2726:(6408): 1178â1179.
2638:Wall Street Journal
2619:John P.A. Ioannidis
2553:1976Sci...192..105C
2395:Research Evaluation
2134:Accelerating change
1947:failure of blinding
1710:Reporting standards
1067:Scientific practice
1008:Science journalists
672:perverse incentives
518:academic publishing
464:abuse of statistics
336:statistical methods
297:perverse incentives
250:statistical methods
11495:Meta-communication
11366:History of science
11283:Funding of science
11153:Skunkworks project
10850:Double hermeneutic
10635:History of science
10218:Effective altruism
10067:(6379): eaao0185.
9955:"Metascience 2023"
8902:Kirsch, I (2014).
7560:Lovely, Garrison.
7390:. 24 November 2022
4705:(6379): eaao0185.
4459:. United Kingdom:
4455:Ord, Toby (2020).
3917:Learned Publishing
3757:(1916): 20192047.
2179:Logology (science)
2070:physical constants
1992:Replication crisis
1696:replication crisis
1612:elite universities
1455:scientific reviews
1414:
1301:
1293:
1273:
1191:author information
1175:
1167:
1159:
1107:
1085:
1077:
1003:Science journalism
937:science journalism
862:burden of diseases
839:
831:
776:science governance
757:Science governance
739:bibliographic data
710:Assessment factors
654:systems including
610:
590:Replication crisis
468:misuse of p-values
447:
332:
270:replication crisis
260:, particularly in
11799:Scientific method
11751:
11750:
11629:Meta-organization
11624:Meta-optimization
11408:
11407:
11335:Technology policy
11066:Dematerialization
10875:black swan events
10557:
10556:
10553:
10552:
10377:Spaced repetition
10337:Systematic review
10026:scientific fields
9988:Lydia Denworth, "
9794:(7572): 187â189.
9637:(11): 1359â1366.
9525:(6251): aac4716.
9442:(7647): 619â620.
9346:(21): 2517â2526.
8810:(10): 1059â1069.
8151:978-3-319-20611-0
7975:. 2 February 2021
7849:10.1111/eci.13839
7589:Works in Progress
7490:libguides.mit.edu
7484:Dunn, Katharine.
6903:(7889): 383â385.
6538:"Science mapping"
6034:. 8 February 2022
5972:Dattani, Saloni.
5901:(7589): 148â151.
5760:(7442): 426â429.
5595:(7942): 138â144.
5381:978-3-319-20716-2
5283:978-3-319-20716-2
5143:(7695): 175â182.
3964:(7571): 145â146.
3856:(11): 2557â2560.
3363:. 7 December 2021
3049:10.1002/asi.21452
2891:(14): 3714â3719.
2785:(10): 1317â1441.
2500:(13): 1123â1128.
2144:Citation analysis
2074:confirmation bias
2000:, and widespread
1939:experimental bias
1509:interdisciplinary
1481:global challenges
1336:discovery of the
1195:scientific fields
1021:science education
1015:Science education
847:scientific fields
676:publish-or-perish
662:peer review, and
626:social psychology
204:
203:
16:(Redirected from
11806:
11644:Metaepistemology
11461:Metabibliography
11435:
11428:
11421:
11412:
11411:
11381:
11380:
11356:
11308:Right to science
11288:Horizon scanning
11263:Academic freedom
11163:Technical change
11024:Women in science
11019:Unity of science
10800:Strong programme
10584:
10577:
10570:
10561:
10560:
10442:
10441:
10176:
10169:
10162:
10153:
10152:
10094:
10084:
10051:
9970:
9969:
9967:
9965:
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9945:
9944:
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9926:
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9893:
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9871:
9869:
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9853:
9847:
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9822:
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9779:
9773:
9772:
9755:(12): 997â1003.
9744:
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9735:
9733:
9713:
9707:
9706:
9672:
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9657:
9656:
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9542:
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9469:
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9427:
9421:
9420:
9380:
9374:
9373:
9355:
9331:
9325:
9324:
9322:
9320:
9308:Epstein, David.
9305:
9299:
9298:
9262:
9253:
9252:
9242:
9232:
9200:
9194:
9193:
9157:
9151:
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9096:
9072:
9066:
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9055:
9036:10.1136/bmj.c332
9015:
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8355:(21): eabd1705.
8349:Science Advances
8340:
8334:
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8329:
8315:
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8308:
8298:
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8264:
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7421:(46): eabq7056.
7415:Science Advances
7406:
7400:
7399:
7397:
7395:
7380:
7374:
7373:
7337:
7331:
7330:
7328:
7326:
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7275:
7274:
7249:(6): 1321â1337.
7238:
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7196:
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7146:
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7143:
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7127:
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6646:
6628:
6611:(5): 1275â1287.
6600:
6594:
6593:
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6548:
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6526:
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6499:(8): 1416â1436.
6484:
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6473:
6453:
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6440:
6431:
6420:
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6098:
6084:
6078:
6077:
6075:
6073:
6050:
6044:
6043:
6041:
6039:
6032:observablehq.com
6024:
6015:
6014:
6012:
6010:
5995:
5989:
5988:
5986:
5984:
5969:
5963:
5962:
5960:
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5937:
5936:
5918:
5886:
5880:
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5877:
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5861:
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5738:
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5687:
5677:
5645:
5639:
5638:
5612:
5580:
5563:
5562:
5560:
5558:
5546:Hotez, Peter J.
5543:
5537:
5536:
5534:
5532:
5517:
5511:
5510:
5500:
5482:
5450:
5444:
5443:
5441:
5439:
5428:
5422:
5421:
5392:
5386:
5385:
5359:
5353:
5352:
5312:
5306:
5305:
5294:
5288:
5287:
5261:
5252:
5251:
5233:
5223:
5191:
5185:
5184:
5132:
5121:
5120:
5100:
5094:
5093:
5083:
5059:
5048:
5047:
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5011:
5010:
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4968:
4962:
4961:
4943:
4919:
4913:
4912:
4910:
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4899:
4890:
4884:
4883:
4855:
4849:
4848:
4828:
4822:
4821:
4819:
4817:
4812:. 8 October 2021
4800:
4791:
4790:
4780:
4770:
4746:
4740:
4739:
4737:
4735:
4722:
4689:
4660:
4659:
4649:
4631:
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4592:
4590:
4588:
4574:
4568:
4567:
4549:
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4507:
4501:
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4498:
4496:
4481:
4475:
4474:
4452:
4446:
4445:
4427:
4421:
4420:
4410:
4370:
4361:
4360:
4358:
4349:
4343:
4342:
4332:
4316:
4310:
4309:
4307:
4295:
4286:
4272:
4266:
4265:
4263:
4261:
4230:
4224:
4223:
4205:
4177:
4171:
4170:
4168:
4166:
4161:
4153:
4147:
4146:
4144:
4120:
4114:
4113:
4095:
4071:
4062:
4061:
4051:
4019:
4008:
4007:
3981:
3949:
3943:
3942:
3932:
3930:10.1087/20150211
3908:
3902:
3901:
3891:
3873:
3840:
3834:
3833:
3831:
3807:
3801:
3800:
3782:
3741:
3732:
3731:
3721:
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3671:
3665:
3664:
3662:
3660:
3645:
3639:
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3628:
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3579:
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3261:
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3229:
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3166:
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3091:
3067:
3061:
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3042:
3022:
3016:
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2987:
2981:
2980:
2978:
2976:
2963:
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2937:
2936:
2926:
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2870:
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2768:
2767:
2715:
2709:
2708:
2690:
2681:(5): 417. 2014.
2667:
2661:
2655:
2649:
2648:
2646:
2645:
2626:
2620:
2614:
2608:
2607:
2605:
2603:
2593:
2587:
2586:
2584:
2583:
2547:(4235): 105â11.
2532:
2526:
2525:
2489:
2483:
2482:
2472:
2462:
2438:
2429:
2428:
2410:
2386:
2380:
2379:
2331:
2325:
2324:
2322:
2320:
2305:
2299:
2298:
2288:
2270:
2261:(10): e1002264.
2246:
2080:Computer Science
2018:publication bias
2011:publication bias
1894:
1827:
1758:medical research
1700:publication bias
1692:pre-registration
1676:Pre-registration
1639:Progress studies
1630:
1619:Ultimate impacts
1596:digital literacy
1540:scientific field
1518:
1493:living documents
1367:
1351:
1326:
1137:open peer review
1094:
964:
880:
664:open peer review
660:post-publication
607:: Cancer Biology
548:pre-registration
500:citation network
277:pre-registration
255:
244:
227:research methods
213:) is the use of
196:
189:
182:
55:
54:
21:
11814:
11813:
11809:
11808:
11807:
11805:
11804:
11803:
11754:
11753:
11752:
11747:
11713:Meta-regulation
11688:Metaprogramming
11669:Metametaphysics
11589:Metamathematics
11444:
11439:
11409:
11404:
11344:
11303:Research ethics
11249:
11148:Reverse salient
11042:
11035:
10811:
10804:
10795:Sociotechnology
10739:
10651:
10616:
10593:
10588:
10558:
10549:
10533:
10517:
10471:
10433:
10409:Archie Cochrane
10397:
10382:Risk assessment
10347:Umbrella review
10317:
10206:
10185:
10180:
10141:
10125:Research Policy
10106:
10101:
10048:
10040:. Basic Books.
9979:
9977:Further reading
9974:
9973:
9963:
9961:
9953:
9952:
9948:
9938:
9936:
9928:
9927:
9923:
9914:
9912:
9904:
9903:
9899:
9890:
9888:
9880:
9879:
9875:
9866:
9864:
9854:
9850:
9829:
9825:
9809:10.1038/526187a
9780:
9776:
9745:
9741:
9731:
9729:
9726:FiveThirtyEight
9714:
9710:
9670:
9664:
9660:
9623:
9619:
9607:
9605:
9596:
9595:
9571:
9564:
9514:
9508:
9504:
9477:
9473:
9457:10.1038/543619a
9428:
9424:
9383:Franco, Annie;
9381:
9377:
9332:
9328:
9318:
9316:
9306:
9302:
9263:
9256:
9201:
9197:
9162:Clinical Trials
9158:
9154:
9117:
9110:
9073:
9069:
9016:
9012:
8957:
8953:
8900:
8896:
8843:
8839:
8800:
8796:
8751:
8747:
8698:(5): e0197141.
8684:
8680:
8643:Nature Medicine
8637:
8636:
8632:
8616:
8615:
8608:
8606:
8596:
8592:
8555:(9683): 86â89.
8541:
8537:
8500:
8496:
8463:(6): e1002049.
8449:
8445:
8406:
8402:
8341:
8337:
8327:
8325:
8317:
8316:
8312:
8271:
8267:
8239:
8235:
8220:
8198:
8194:
8163:
8159:
8152:
8130:
8126:
8116:
8114:
8080:
8076:
8040:
8034:
8030:
8015:
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7988:
7978:
7976:
7967:
7966:
7957:
7920:
7916:
7906:
7904:
7886:
7882:
7829:
7825:
7815:
7813:
7805:
7804:
7800:
7789:
7788:
7784:
7745:
7741:
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7700:
7653:
7649:
7640:
7638:
7628:
7624:
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7613:
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7607:
7603:
7593:
7591:
7581:
7577:
7567:
7565:
7558:
7554:
7544:
7542:
7532:
7528:
7518:
7516:
7508:
7507:
7503:
7494:
7492:
7482:
7478:
7407:
7403:
7393:
7391:
7382:
7381:
7377:
7338:
7334:
7324:
7322:
7304:
7300:
7290:
7288:
7282:
7278:
7239:
7235:
7204:
7200:
7157:Nature Genetics
7153:
7149:
7139:
7137:
7129:
7128:
7124:
7061:
7057:
7047:
7045:
7037:
7036:
7032:
6969:
6965:
6955:
6953:
6946:
6942:
6889:
6885:
6854:
6850:
6795:
6788:
6751:
6747:
6692:
6685:
6654:
6650:
6601:
6597:
6560:
6556:
6546:
6544:
6534:
6530:
6493:Research Policy
6485:
6481:
6471:
6469:
6454:
6450:
6438:
6432:
6423:
6413:
6411:
6403:
6402:
6395:
6385:
6383:
6373:
6369:
6359:
6357:
6347:
6340:
6290:
6286:
6276:
6274:
6270:
6269:
6265:
6194:
6190:
6134:
6127:
6117:
6115:
6111:
6110:
6106:
6096:
6094:
6086:
6085:
6081:
6071:
6069:
6051:
6047:
6037:
6035:
6026:
6025:
6018:
6008:
6006:
5997:
5996:
5992:
5982:
5980:
5970:
5966:
5956:
5954:
5945:
5944:
5940:
5916:10.1038/530148a
5887:
5883:
5873:
5871:
5863:
5862:
5858:
5811:
5807:
5775:10.1038/495426a
5746:
5742:
5732:
5730:
5729:. 24 April 2012
5721:
5720:
5716:
5706:
5704:
5696:
5695:
5691:
5646:
5642:
5581:
5566:
5556:
5554:
5544:
5540:
5530:
5528:
5519:
5518:
5514:
5451:
5447:
5437:
5435:
5434:. 21 April 2022
5430:
5429:
5425:
5393:
5389:
5382:
5360:
5356:
5313:
5309:
5296:
5295:
5291:
5284:
5262:
5255:
5192:
5188:
5133:
5124:
5101:
5097:
5060:
5051:
5044:
5018:
5014:
4969:
4965:
4920:
4916:
4906:
4904:
4897:
4891:
4887:
4856:
4852:
4845:
4829:
4825:
4815:
4813:
4802:
4801:
4794:
4747:
4743:
4733:
4731:
4690:
4663:
4614:(7): e0234612.
4600:
4596:
4586:
4584:
4576:
4575:
4571:
4508:
4504:
4494:
4492:
4483:
4482:
4478:
4471:
4463:. p. 200.
4453:
4449:
4442:
4428:
4424:
4371:
4364:
4356:
4350:
4346:
4317:
4313:
4296:
4289:
4279:arXiv:1208.4566
4275:Leydesdorff, L.
4273:
4269:
4259:
4257:
4231:
4227:
4178:
4174:
4164:
4162:
4159:
4155:
4154:
4150:
4121:
4117:
4072:
4065:
4020:
4011:
3979:10.1038/526145a
3950:
3946:
3909:
3905:
3841:
3837:
3808:
3804:
3742:
3735:
3672:
3668:
3658:
3656:
3646:
3642:
3597:
3593:
3581:
3580:
3571:
3570:
3558:
3536:
3532:
3477:
3473:
3418:
3414:
3409:
3405:
3395:
3393:
3381:
3380:
3376:
3366:
3364:
3355:
3354:
3350:
3335:
3331:
3316:
3312:
3273:
3269:
3259:
3257:
3247:
3243:
3227:10.1038/515009a
3198:
3194:
3167:
3158:
3109:
3105:
3068:
3064:
3023:
3019:
2988:
2984:
2974:
2972:
2944:
2940:
2877:
2873:
2818:
2814:
2775:
2771:
2716:
2712:
2688:10.1038/ng.2972
2675:Nature Genetics
2669:
2668:
2664:
2656:
2652:
2643:
2641:
2630:Robert Lee Hotz
2627:
2623:
2615:
2611:
2601:
2599:
2595:
2594:
2590:
2581:
2579:
2533:
2529:
2490:
2486:
2439:
2432:
2387:
2383:
2332:
2328:
2318:
2316:
2306:
2302:
2247:
2228:
2223:
2218:
2129:
2097:
2091:
2082:
2066:Richard Feynman
2063:
1998:reproducibility
1994:
1988:
1945:. Furthermore,
1943:clinical trials
1919:
1913:
1904:
1833:
1814:RetractionWatch
1802:
1786:
1772:
1767:
1731:EQUATOR Network
1722:
1720:EQUATOR Network
1712:
1688:
1678:
1666:
1657:
1649:applied science
1641:
1621:
1608:
1606:Labor advantage
1576:
1555:
1532:
1524:
1470:
1447:
1441:
1435:
1423:social sciences
1406:
1396:, partly using
1357:
1319:include narrow
1261:
1251:
1235:
1199:research topics
1156:
1145:
1091:labor advantage
1069:
1064:
1051:
1037:
1017:
1005:
989:too many papers
979:
970:
946:
924:
918:
913:
907:
905:Risk governance
902:
896:
823:
817:
808:problem-solving
784:
772:Science funding
769:
759:
735:
729:
721:
712:
696:
694:Contributorship
686:. According to
684:false positives
674:have created a
656:pre-publication
648:
642:
596:
594:Reproducibility
586:
584:Reproducibility
578:EQUATOR Network
576:and the larger
564:
552:clinical trials
530:editor-in-chief
514:
508:
496:fraud detection
480:
456:
435:
357:Despina Koletsi
317:
295:, to eliminate
289:EQUATOR Network
281:clinical trials
253:
242:
235:bird's eye view
209:(also known as
200:
134:
101:
53:
42:Science studies
38:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
11812:
11802:
11801:
11796:
11794:Science policy
11791:
11786:
11781:
11776:
11771:
11766:
11749:
11748:
11746:
11745:
11740:
11735:
11730:
11725:
11720:
11715:
11710:
11708:Meta-reference
11705:
11700:
11698:Metapsychology
11695:
11693:Metapsychiatry
11690:
11685:
11683:Metapopulation
11680:
11675:
11674:
11673:
11672:
11671:
11661:
11656:
11651:
11646:
11639:Metaphilosophy
11636:
11631:
11626:
11621:
11616:
11611:
11609:Metamotivation
11606:
11601:
11596:
11591:
11586:
11581:
11580:
11579:
11574:
11572:Metapragmatics
11564:
11562:Meta-knowledge
11559:
11554:
11549:
11544:
11539:
11534:
11529:
11528:
11527:
11517:
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11507:
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11491:
11490:
11485:
11475:
11474:
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11445:
11438:
11437:
11430:
11423:
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11405:
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11401:
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11390:
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11374:
11373:
11368:
11363:
11349:
11346:
11345:
11343:
11342:
11337:
11332:
11327:
11326:
11325:
11320:
11313:Science policy
11310:
11305:
11300:
11295:
11290:
11285:
11280:
11275:
11270:
11268:Digital divide
11265:
11259:
11257:
11251:
11250:
11248:
11247:
11242:
11241:
11240:
11235:
11230:
11225:
11220:
11212:
11211:
11210:
11205:
11200:
11195:
11190:
11184:Technological
11182:
11181:
11180:
11170:
11165:
11160:
11155:
11150:
11145:
11140:
11135:
11130:
11129:
11128:
11123:
11118:
11113:
11108:
11098:
11093:
11088:
11083:
11078:
11073:
11068:
11063:
11061:Design studies
11058:
11053:
11047:
11045:
11037:
11036:
11034:
11033:
11032:
11031:
11021:
11016:
11015:
11014:
11004:
10999:
10997:Scientometrics
10994:
10989:
10988:
10987:
10982:
10977:
10972:
10967:
10962:
10957:
10952:
10947:
10942:
10934:
10933:
10932:
10927:
10922:
10917:
10912:
10907:
10902:
10897:
10889:
10884:
10879:
10878:
10877:
10870:Paradigm shift
10867:
10862:
10857:
10852:
10847:
10842:
10837:
10832:
10827:
10822:
10816:
10814:
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10805:
10803:
10802:
10797:
10792:
10787:
10782:
10781:
10780:
10770:
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10768:
10763:
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10749:
10747:
10741:
10740:
10738:
10737:
10732:
10727:
10722:
10717:
10712:
10710:Postpositivism
10707:
10702:
10697:
10692:
10687:
10682:
10677:
10672:
10670:Antipositivism
10667:
10661:
10659:
10653:
10652:
10650:
10649:
10644:
10643:
10642:
10640:and technology
10632:
10626:
10624:
10618:
10617:
10615:
10614:
10609:
10603:
10601:
10595:
10594:
10587:
10586:
10579:
10572:
10564:
10555:
10554:
10551:
10550:
10548:
10547:
10541:
10539:
10535:
10534:
10532:
10531:
10525:
10523:
10519:
10518:
10516:
10515:
10510:
10505:
10500:
10495:
10490:
10485:
10479:
10477:
10473:
10472:
10470:
10469:
10464:
10459:
10454:
10448:
10446:
10439:
10435:
10434:
10432:
10431:
10429:John Ioannidis
10426:
10421:
10416:
10411:
10405:
10403:
10399:
10398:
10396:
10395:
10390:
10384:
10379:
10374:
10369:
10367:GRADE approach
10364:
10359:
10354:
10349:
10344:
10339:
10334:
10332:Clinical trial
10328:
10326:
10319:
10318:
10316:
10315:
10310:
10305:
10300:
10295:
10290:
10285:
10280:
10275:
10270:
10265:
10260:
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10250:
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10240:
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10225:
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10214:
10212:
10208:
10207:
10205:
10204:
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10187:
10186:
10179:
10178:
10171:
10164:
10156:
10150:
10149:
10140:
10137:
10136:
10135:
10128:
10121:
10114:
10105:
10102:
10100:
10099:External links
10097:
10096:
10095:
10052:
10047:978-0465097913
10046:
10031:
10030:
10029:
9986:
9978:
9975:
9972:
9971:
9946:
9921:
9897:
9873:
9848:
9823:
9774:
9739:
9708:
9658:
9617:
9608:|journal=
9562:
9502:
9471:
9422:
9385:Malhotra, Neil
9375:
9326:
9300:
9254:
9215:(7): e102670.
9195:
9152:
9131:(4): 248â254.
9108:
9087:(3): 280â282.
9067:
9010:
8951:
8914:(3): 128â134.
8894:
8857:(9): 656â659.
8837:
8794:
8765:(3): 193â194.
8745:
8678:
8630:
8590:
8535:
8514:(2): 218â228.
8494:
8443:
8400:
8335:
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8265:
8233:
8218:
8192:
8157:
8150:
8124:
8074:
8028:
8013:
7986:
7955:
7934:(3): 882â898.
7914:
7880:
7843:(11): e13839.
7823:
7798:
7782:
7755:(5): 132â134.
7739:
7698:
7647:
7622:
7601:
7575:
7552:
7526:
7501:
7476:
7401:
7375:
7332:
7298:
7276:
7233:
7214:(2): 115â137.
7198:
7163:(7): 926â933.
7147:
7122:
7055:
7030:
6963:
6940:
6883:
6848:
6786:
6745:
6683:
6664:(4): 354â355.
6648:
6595:
6554:
6528:
6479:
6448:
6421:
6393:
6367:
6338:
6284:
6263:
6188:
6125:
6104:
6079:
6045:
6016:
5990:
5964:
5938:
5881:
5856:
5805:
5740:
5714:
5689:
5660:(9): 602â603.
5640:
5564:
5538:
5527:. 11 July 2022
5512:
5445:
5423:
5404:(2): 327â330.
5387:
5380:
5354:
5327:(6): 689â710.
5307:
5289:
5282:
5253:
5186:
5122:
5111:(3): 311â317.
5095:
5074:(1): 147â173.
5049:
5043:978-0081001950
5042:
5012:
4983:(2): 354â372.
4963:
4914:
4885:
4850:
4844:978-0190497637
4843:
4823:
4792:
4761:(2): 443â456.
4741:
4661:
4594:
4569:
4502:
4491:. 21 June 2018
4476:
4470:978-1526600219
4469:
4447:
4441:978-0199678112
4440:
4422:
4362:
4344:
4311:
4287:
4267:
4225:
4172:
4148:
4135:(2): 123â135.
4115:
4063:
4009:
3944:
3923:(2): 151â155.
3903:
3835:
3802:
3733:
3666:
3640:
3591:
3557:978-3319097855
3556:
3530:
3471:
3412:
3403:
3374:
3348:
3343:The New Yorker
3329:
3324:The New Yorker
3310:
3283:(6): 528â530.
3267:
3241:
3192:
3156:
3119:(2): 105â114.
3103:
3082:(3): 257â265.
3062:
3033:(2): 236â245.
3017:
2998:(4): 435â445.
2982:
2938:
2871:
2812:
2769:
2710:
2662:
2650:
2621:
2609:
2588:
2527:
2484:
2430:
2401:(2): 228â243.
2381:
2346:(6): 531â536.
2326:
2300:
2225:
2224:
2222:
2219:
2217:
2216:
2211:
2206:
2201:
2196:
2191:
2186:
2181:
2176:
2171:
2166:
2161:
2156:
2151:
2146:
2141:
2139:Basic research
2136:
2130:
2128:
2125:
2090:
2087:
2081:
2078:
2062:
2059:
2033:pre-registered
1987:
1984:
1951:antidepressant
1912:
1909:
1903:
1900:
1899:
1898:
1895:
1885:
1875:multi-document
1864:
1858:Shadow library
1855:
1848:Google Scholar
1844:
1840:
1832:
1829:
1801:
1798:
1771:
1768:
1766:
1763:
1711:
1708:
1677:
1674:
1665:
1662:
1656:
1653:
1640:
1637:
1620:
1617:
1607:
1604:
1575:
1572:
1565:who published
1554:
1551:
1543:citation flows
1531:
1528:
1523:
1520:
1501:evidence-based
1485:climate change
1469:
1466:
1434:
1431:
1405:
1402:
1356:
1353:
1321:specialization
1250:
1247:
1234:
1231:
1207:scientometrics
1144:
1141:
1068:
1065:
1063:
1060:
1045:Media literacy
1036:
1033:
1016:
1013:
1004:
1001:
978:
975:
969:
966:
945:
942:
917:
914:
909:Main article:
906:
903:
898:Main article:
895:
892:
887:
886:
816:
813:
788:prioritization
783:
780:
763:Science policy
758:
755:
733:Scientometrics
731:Main article:
728:
727:Scientometrics
725:
720:
717:
711:
708:
695:
692:
641:
638:
614:methodological
585:
582:
563:
560:
510:Main article:
507:
504:
479:
476:
455:
452:
434:
431:
409:Biomed Central
341:John Ioannidis
324:John Ioannidis
316:
313:
239:John Ioannidis
202:
201:
199:
198:
191:
184:
176:
173:
172:
171:
170:
165:
160:
155:
150:
145:
140:
133:
132:
127:
122:
117:
112:
110:Medical ethics
107:
100:
99:
94:
89:
84:
79:
71:
70:
64:
63:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
11811:
11800:
11797:
11795:
11792:
11790:
11787:
11785:
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11777:
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11770:
11767:
11765:
11762:
11761:
11759:
11744:
11741:
11739:
11736:
11734:
11731:
11729:
11726:
11724:
11723:Metasociology
11721:
11719:
11716:
11714:
11711:
11709:
11706:
11704:
11701:
11699:
11696:
11694:
11691:
11689:
11686:
11684:
11681:
11679:
11676:
11670:
11667:
11666:
11665:
11662:
11660:
11659:Meta-ontology
11657:
11655:
11652:
11650:
11647:
11645:
11642:
11641:
11640:
11637:
11635:
11634:Metaphenomics
11632:
11630:
11627:
11625:
11622:
11620:
11617:
11615:
11614:Metanarrative
11612:
11610:
11607:
11605:
11604:Metamodernism
11602:
11600:
11597:
11595:
11592:
11590:
11587:
11585:
11584:Metamaterials
11582:
11578:
11577:Metasemantics
11575:
11573:
11570:
11569:
11568:
11567:Meta-language
11565:
11563:
11560:
11558:
11555:
11553:
11550:
11548:
11547:Metaheuristic
11545:
11543:
11540:
11538:
11535:
11533:
11530:
11526:
11523:
11522:
11521:
11518:
11516:
11515:Metadiscourse
11513:
11511:
11508:
11506:
11503:
11501:
11500:Metacomputing
11498:
11496:
11493:
11489:
11486:
11484:
11483:Meta-learning
11481:
11480:
11479:
11478:Metacognition
11476:
11472:
11469:
11468:
11467:
11464:
11462:
11459:
11457:
11456:Meta-analysis
11454:
11453:
11451:
11447:
11443:
11436:
11431:
11429:
11424:
11422:
11417:
11416:
11413:
11399:
11396:
11394:
11391:
11389:
11386:
11385:
11384:
11376:
11372:
11369:
11367:
11364:
11362:
11359:
11358:
11355:
11351:
11350:
11347:
11341:
11338:
11336:
11333:
11331:
11328:
11324:
11321:
11319:
11316:
11315:
11314:
11311:
11309:
11306:
11304:
11301:
11299:
11296:
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11289:
11286:
11284:
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11279:
11276:
11274:
11271:
11269:
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11261:
11260:
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11236:
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11231:
11229:
11226:
11224:
11221:
11219:
11216:
11215:
11213:
11209:
11206:
11204:
11201:
11199:
11196:
11194:
11191:
11189:
11186:
11185:
11183:
11179:
11176:
11175:
11174:
11173:Technoscience
11171:
11169:
11166:
11164:
11161:
11159:
11156:
11154:
11151:
11149:
11146:
11144:
11143:Media studies
11141:
11139:
11136:
11134:
11131:
11127:
11124:
11122:
11119:
11117:
11114:
11112:
11109:
11107:
11104:
11103:
11102:
11099:
11097:
11094:
11092:
11089:
11087:
11084:
11082:
11081:Early adopter
11079:
11077:
11074:
11072:
11069:
11067:
11064:
11062:
11059:
11057:
11054:
11052:
11051:Co-production
11049:
11048:
11046:
11044:
11038:
11030:
11027:
11026:
11025:
11022:
11020:
11017:
11013:
11010:
11009:
11008:
11005:
11003:
11000:
10998:
10995:
10993:
10990:
10986:
10983:
10981:
10978:
10976:
10973:
10971:
10968:
10966:
10963:
10961:
10958:
10956:
10953:
10951:
10948:
10946:
10943:
10941:
10938:
10937:
10935:
10931:
10928:
10926:
10923:
10921:
10918:
10916:
10913:
10911:
10908:
10906:
10903:
10901:
10900:communication
10898:
10896:
10893:
10892:
10890:
10888:
10885:
10883:
10882:Pseudoscience
10880:
10876:
10873:
10872:
10871:
10868:
10866:
10863:
10861:
10858:
10856:
10853:
10851:
10848:
10846:
10843:
10841:
10838:
10836:
10833:
10831:
10830:Boundary-work
10828:
10826:
10825:Bibliometrics
10823:
10821:
10818:
10817:
10815:
10813:
10807:
10801:
10798:
10796:
10793:
10791:
10788:
10786:
10783:
10779:
10776:
10775:
10774:
10771:
10767:
10764:
10762:
10759:
10758:
10756:
10754:
10751:
10750:
10748:
10746:
10742:
10736:
10735:Transhumanism
10733:
10731:
10728:
10726:
10723:
10721:
10718:
10716:
10713:
10711:
10708:
10706:
10703:
10701:
10698:
10696:
10693:
10691:
10688:
10686:
10683:
10681:
10678:
10676:
10673:
10671:
10668:
10666:
10663:
10662:
10660:
10658:
10654:
10648:
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10638:
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10633:
10631:
10628:
10627:
10625:
10623:
10619:
10613:
10610:
10608:
10605:
10604:
10602:
10600:
10596:
10592:
10585:
10580:
10578:
10573:
10571:
10566:
10565:
10562:
10546:
10543:
10542:
10540:
10536:
10530:
10527:
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10520:
10514:
10511:
10509:
10506:
10504:
10501:
10499:
10496:
10494:
10491:
10489:
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10480:
10478:
10474:
10468:
10465:
10463:
10460:
10458:
10455:
10453:
10450:
10449:
10447:
10443:
10440:
10436:
10430:
10427:
10425:
10422:
10420:
10419:Iain Chalmers
10417:
10415:
10414:David Sackett
10412:
10410:
10407:
10406:
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10394:
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10389:
10385:
10383:
10380:
10378:
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10368:
10365:
10363:
10360:
10358:
10355:
10353:
10350:
10348:
10345:
10343:
10342:Meta-analysis
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10330:
10329:
10327:
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10311:
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9991:
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9925:
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9877:
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9819:
9815:
9810:
9805:
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9770:
9766:
9762:
9758:
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9712:
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9692:
9688:
9684:
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8219:9781450386357
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7405:
7389:
7388:Physics World
7385:
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7348:(1): 102297.
7347:
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6760:
6756:
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6741:
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6732:
6731:11250/2647605
6727:
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6709:
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6409:The Economist
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6023:
6021:
6005:. 13 May 2019
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5869:New Scientist
5866:
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5819:F1000Research
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4547:11250/2647605
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7540:The Atlantic
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10388:uncertainty
10386:Scientific
10313:Metascience
10139:Conferences
9732:19 December
9395:(1): 8â12.
8296:10481/62406
7907:19 February
7394:13 December
7325:25 February
7291:25 February
6956:15 November
6765:(1): 1â10.
6626:10481/87679
6574:(2): 1â40.
6472:15 February
6301:(1): 1â15.
6208:(1): 5619.
6143:BMC Biology
6118:18 February
6097:14 February
6072:14 February
6038:18 February
5733:22 November
5707:22 November
5398:Metascience
5028:: 127â136.
4907:22 November
4816:22 November
4734:22 November
4379:Metascience
4260:18 December
4188:(1): 1â10.
4165:22 November
4028:GigaScience
3582:|work=
3212:(7525): 9.
3134:10393/38493
2453:(8): e124.
2113:OurResearch
2048:effect size
1902:Development
1882:tabs-addons
1584:discoveries
1474:integration
1329:exploratory
1111:open access
984:integration
688:Brian Nosek
652:peer review
488:qualitative
365:replicating
301:peer review
207:Metascience
168:Prosecution
148:Legislation
46:Scientology
33:Metascience
11758:Categories
11738:Metatheory
11703:Metapuzzle
11649:Metaethics
11537:Metagaming
11510:Metadesign
11488:Metamemory
11371:Technology
11323:science of
11318:history of
11203:revolution
11111:disruptive
11101:Innovation
11096:Hype cycle
11041:Technology
11012:ecological
10985:skepticism
10975:misconduct
10960:enterprise
10778:scientific
10705:Positivism
10675:Empiricism
10657:Philosophy
10445:Non-profit
10424:Ken Harvey
9934:AIMOS 2022
9915:2021-12-19
9891:2021-12-06
9867:2021-12-06
8549:The Lancet
8117:28 January
7979:25 January
7816:25 January
7641:2015-11-13
7616:2015-11-13
7594:25 January
7568:27 January
7545:25 January
7519:28 January
7495:2024-03-14
7428:2204.05989
7140:28 January
6864:(1): 1â7.
6809:: e72737.
6706:: 101349.
6547:27 January
6514:1887/69133
6414:25 January
6386:27 January
6360:27 January
6308:2012.07675
6277:28 January
6215:2012.09269
6009:28 January
5983:28 January
5957:28 January
5874:28 January
5702:IFLScience
5557:25 January
5531:25 January
5438:25 January
4768:2009.11920
4522:: 101349.
4495:27 January
4305:2201.07985
3693:1605.09511
3396:19 January
3387:www.cos.io
3367:19 January
3260:7 November
2644:2016-12-05
2582:2023-12-14
2221:References
2189:Metatheory
2006:psychology
1986:Psychology
1915:See also:
1871:knowledge-
1818:Altmetrics
1774:See also:
1592:inventions
1437:See also:
1427:humanities
1313:stagnation
1269:biomarkers
920:See also:
819:See also:
782:Incentives
761:See also:
747:importance
704:authorship
644:See also:
622:psychology
502:analysis.
391:The Lancet
369:psychology
311:Movement.
258:reproduced
130:Toxicology
97:Scheduling
87:Management
77:Assessment
11743:Metaverse
11654:Metalogic
11594:Metamedia
11557:Metahumor
11466:Metaclass
11278:Factor 10
11106:diffusion
10945:consensus
10940:community
10905:education
10745:Sociology
10720:Scientism
10599:Economics
10190:Key terms
10018:certainty
9591:240061030
9557:218065162
9497:158525979
9466:1476-4687
9417:143182733
9409:1948-5506
9362:1538-3598
9295:207536137
9044:0959-8138
8987:1747-5341
8928:2190-8370
8871:0003-9888
8824:1878-5921
8781:0007-1250
8722:1932-6203
8665:1546-170X
8569:0140-6736
8438:250632662
8377:2375-2548
8305:210926828
8260:247936371
8228:237102658
8187:253363619
8112:250388551
8069:254564205
8061:0266-6669
8023:253385733
7950:232283218
7857:0014-2972
7453:2375-2548
7370:229433047
7362:0099-1333
7271:247078086
7263:0022-0418
7228:1040-0419
7193:250454204
7177:1546-1718
7099:0027-8424
7007:0027-8424
6935:245220047
6878:1053-4822
6825:2050-084X
6781:2662-9992
6740:2214-6296
6643:254227914
6635:1573-7497
6523:0048-7333
6333:229156128
6325:2662-9992
6240:2041-1723
6165:1741-7007
6149:(1): 12.
5784:1476-4687
5635:255466666
5619:1476-4687
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5341:1573-1901
5248:246872765
5240:2047-2382
5165:1476-4687
5090:222177064
5007:243760357
4999:2524-4868
4950:2334-0770
4880:213125031
4787:235266330
4638:1932-6203
4587:17 August
4564:212789228
4556:2214-6296
4417:226237994
4399:1467-9981
4339:243865632
4255:254331807
4212:2055-1045
4203:11108/308
4110:212778011
4102:2515-2459
4004:256770827
3988:1476-4687
3880:0027-8424
3822:(3): 48.
3797:208605640
3771:0962-8452
3584:ignored (
3574:cite book
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3040:1102.1760
3012:146174471
2970:211729036
2915:1091-6490
2848:2058-8615
2799:0098-7484
2764:206626417
2748:0036-8075
2697:1061-4036
2514:0098-7484
2425:0958-2029
2417:1471-5449
2360:1745-6916
2277:1544-9173
1752:f health
1744:lity and
1600:workflows
1582:made his
1390:in policy
1243:to topics
1187:citations
618:replicate
569:replicate
562:Reporting
443:knowledge
326:(2005), "
217:to study
143:Education
105:Dentistry
35:(journal)
11789:Research
11525:Metamood
11505:Metadata
11398:Scholars
11393:Journals
11383:Category
11357:Portals
11238:transfer
11228:dynamics
11178:feminist
10980:priority
10965:literacy
10925:rhetoric
10891:Science
10855:Logology
10522:Academic
10493:EUnetHTA
10104:Journals
10091:29496846
10024:in many
9964:20 March
9939:20 March
9818:26450040
9703:31938129
9695:26173241
9653:22006061
9549:26315443
9370:18056905
9319:10 April
9287:21200038
9249:25068257
9209:PLOS ONE
9190:31375469
9182:16279145
9062:20332509
9030:: c332.
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8946:25279271
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8619:cite web
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8457:PLOS Med
8430:35850426
8416:: 1â17.
8395:34020944
8323:phys.org
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7135:phys.org
7117:32522881
7043:phys.org
7025:34607941
6927:34912079
6843:34951588
6678:18524802
6590:57737772
6466:Archived
6258:34611161
6183:33482803
6003:EveryONE
5925:26863966
5851:27158456
5800:27021567
5792:23538808
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5627:36600070
5507:35858405
5206:(1): 5.
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4958:49412893
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4608:PLOS ONE
4582:phys.org
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3996:26432249
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2832:(1): 5.
2756:30237336
2705:24769715
2479:16060722
2368:26168109
2295:26431313
2127:See also
2025:-hacking
1935:Blinding
1911:Medicine
1810:Cochrane
1645:progress
1567:research
1547:progress
1394:practice
1227:Wikidata
1223:metadata
1211:semantic
1183:OpenAlex
1179:metadata
1133:preprint
931:such as
630:medicine
544:Illinois
404:PLOS ONE
373:medicine
287:and the
264:and the
262:medicine
231:research
163:Policing
125:Pharmacy
115:Medicine
92:Research
60:a series
58:Part of
11361:Science
11043:studies
10955:dissent
10895:citizen
10812:studies
10810:Science
10757:Social
10622:History
10323:Methods
10082:5949209
10061:Science
9796:Bibcode
9519:Science
9481:Science
9444:Bibcode
9240:4113310
9217:Bibcode
9147:1614465
9103:9676682
9053:2844940
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8731:5959187
8700:Bibcode
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8328:14 June
8244:medRxiv
7866:9787955
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7433:Bibcode
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7077:Bibcode
7016:8522281
6985:Bibcode
6952:. Axios
6905:Bibcode
6834:8709576
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4699:Science
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4616:Bibcode
4524:Bibcode
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2541:Science
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2286:4592065
2174:HARKing
2061:Physics
1959:CONSORT
1955:placebo
1861:Sci-hub
1806:PubPeer
1727:CONSORT
1716:CONSORT
1664:Reforms
1633:reviews
1588:copying
1398:surveys
1378:studies
1289:Science
1221:, uses
1219:Scholia
1213:web of
574:CONSORT
540:Chicago
535:The BMJ
454:Methods
416:EQUATOR
385:Science
315:History
285:CONSORT
219:science
120:Nursing
11255:Policy
11188:change
11121:system
10970:method
10910:normal
10438:Groups
10402:People
10089:
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10006:values
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9788:Nature
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1281:Nature
1257:, and
1215:papers
1201:. Its
1047:, and
951:reddit
855:policy
700:badges
628:) and
460:biases
397:Nature
394:, and
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10020:and
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7564:. BBC
7423:arXiv
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6931:S2CID
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6639:S2CID
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6329:S2CID
6303:arXiv
6210:arXiv
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3008:S2CID
2975:9 May
2966:S2CID
2760:S2CID
2565:JSTOR
2413:eISSN
2372:S2CID
2314:Scope
1891:above
1889:(see
1824:above
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1627:above
1625:(see
1536:ideas
1515:above
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1348:above
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1103:ArXiv
1093:below
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993:arXiv
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959:(see
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11029:STEM
10930:wars
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10042:ISBN
9966:2023
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9814:PMID
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2119:and
2020:and
1969:for
1790:ICTs
1718:and
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1457:and
1425:and
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1197:and
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592:and
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