545:
424:
376:
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62:
470:, the number of seeds produced depends on whether CAM has been activated (C3 metabolism is more efficient) and the size the plant has grown to in its juvenile growth phase. Older portions of the plant progressively die off and dry out during seed production. The developing seed capsules continue to sequester salt and produce viable seeds. Seeds at the top of the capsule generally germinate immediately on imbibation, while seeds at the base may remain dormant for longer than four weeks.
33:
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accumulates salt throughout its life, in a gradient from the roots to the shoots, with the highest concentration stored in epidermal bladder cells. The salt is released by leaching once the plant dies, resulting in a detrimental osmotic environment preventing the growth of other,
365:
The species is covered with enlarged epidermal cells, called "bladder cells", the main function of which is to reserve water. The plant can be annual, biennial or perennial, but its life cycle is usually completed within several months, depending on environmental conditions.
524:
in North
America, South America, and Australia. Its ability to grow in poor quality or saline soils and preference for disturbed areas are traits shared by many invasive plants which enable them to outcompete
568:, but failed to gain popularity. In southern Africa, the leaves and stems are gathered from the wild and pickled. In Japan, the plant has become a common vegetable sold in supermarkets after
362:–4 in) long. It flowers from March to October. The many-petalled flowers, 2.5 cm (1 in) across, open in the morning and close at night, and are pollinated by insects.
529:. In addition salt sequestration over the plant's lifetime, and the subsequent leaching into the soil upon its death, create an environment in which other plant's seeds struggle to
505:. It is found on a wide range of soil types, from well-drained sandy soils (including sand dunes), to loamy and clay soils. It can tolerate nutritionally poor or saline soils (
576:
cultivation of a commercial quantity in 2009; the vegetable goes by the names ice plant (アイスプラント), salt leaf (ソルトリーフ) and barafu (バラフ). The seeds are also edible.
1071:
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and have medicinal uses. Ice plants are also used in South Africa as a way of deterring fires, or "firescaping" gardens. It is also cultivated for
1229:
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Tallman, Gary; Zhu, Jianxin; Mawson, Bruce T.; Amodeo, Gabriella; Nouhi, Zepedeh; Levy, Kathleen; Zeiger, Eduardo (1997). "Induction of CAM in
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islands, as well. The plant is covered with large, glistening bladder cells, or water vesicles, hence its many common names such as
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Abolishes the
Stomatal Response to Blue Light and Light-Dependent Zeaxanthin Formation in Guard Cell Chloroplasts".
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820:"Mechanism of Invasion and Dominance of Coastal Grassland by Mesembryanthemum crystallinum"
509:), and grows well in disturbed sites such as roadsides, rubbish dumps and homestead yards.
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Sanderson, Helen; Renfrew, Jane M. (2005). Prance, Ghillean; Nesbitt, Mark (eds.).
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National
Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Wildflowers: Western Region
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277:
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953:. Vol. 14 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 241.
627:. United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service
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446:, but when it becomes water- or salt-stressed, it is able to switch to
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The leaves are edible, as with some other members of the family
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788:"WEED NOTE Mid-West: Ice plant (Mesembryanthemum crystallinum)"
561:
490:
482:
349:
293:
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The plant is rarely, if ever, grazed upon by domestic stock.
256:
73:
818:
Vivrette, Nancy J.; Muller, Cornelius H. (June 1977).
729:
1477:
869:
334:grows creeping stems, from 20–60 centimetres (8–
817:
625:Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN)
899:"Universities bringing research to the plate"
865:
863:
861:
653:
473:
31:
660:(rev ed.). Knopf. pp. 331–332.
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797:. Astron Environmental Services Pty Ltd
762:"Mesembryanthemum crystallinum Profile"
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556:. The plant was once promoted in the
1440:1a3032c1-c68e-428b-9c69-0bf6c10ffdf2
1323:4d96bcca-c8c4-4ff6-a8f5-70f57696e15f
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579:The crushed leaves can be used as a
605:
13:
748:10.1093/oxfordjournals.pcp.a029158
450:. Like many salt-tolerant plants,
14:
1542:
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808:
766:California Invasive Plant Council
638:
1401:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:362764-1
925:
587:. Due to its salt accumulation,
422:
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386:
374:
60:
890:
873:The Cultural History of Plants
779:
754:
723:
654:Spellenberg, Richard (2001) .
326:
1:
1313:Mesembryanthemum~crystallinum
1150:Mesembryanthemum crystallinum
1072:Mesembryanthemum_crystallinum
1046:mesembryanthemum-crystallinum
1002:Mesembryanthemum crystallinum
972:Mesembryanthemum crystallinum
932:Mesembryanthemum crystallinum
897:Desaki, Yutaro (2009-11-28).
795:Shark Bay World Heritage Area
732:Mesembryanthemum crystallinum
705:Mesembryanthemum crystallinum
620:Mesembryanthemum crystallinum
598:
479:Mesembryanthemum crystallinum
332:Mesembryanthemum crystallinum
209:Mesembryanthemum crystallinum
175:Mesembryanthemum crystallinum
25:Mesembryanthemum crystallinum
548:A younger plant in Lanzarote
448:Crassulacean acid metabolism
7:
1531:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
786:Wilson, Nick (2017-04-01).
710:Water for a Healthy Country
10:
1547:
876:. Routledge. p. 120.
564:as a vegetable similar to
512:
437:
970:
736:Plant and Cell Physiology
429:Close-up of bladder cells
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188:
171:
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57:Scientific classification
55:
39:
30:
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1526:Plants described in 1753
474:Distribution and habitat
1496:Drought-tolerant plants
950:Encyclopædia Britannica
539:
459:species while allowing
442:The plant usually uses
348:inches) in length. The
198:Cryophytum crystallinum
549:
824:Ecological Monographs
547:
271:Mediterranean-climate
934:at Wikimedia Commons
589:M. crystallinum
463:seeds to germinate.
461:M. crystallinum
452:M. crystallinum
317:crystalline iceplant
157:M. crystallinum
16:Species of succulent
591:may be useful for
550:
444:C3 carbon fixation
405:Close-up of flower
393:Flowers and leaves
352:are 2–10 cm (
1473:
1472:
1357:Open Tree of Life
964:Taxon identifiers
944:"Ice-Plant"
930:Media related to
667:978-0-375-40233-3
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1486:Mesembryanthemum
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581:soap substitute
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249:flowering plant
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941:, ed. (1911).
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830:(3): 301–318.
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481:is native to
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457:salt-tolerant
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200:(L.) N.E.Br.
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166:Binomial name
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768:. 2017-03-20
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1375:kew-2363096
1269:NatureServe
1194:iNaturalist
996:Wikispecies
327:Description
284:to coastal
278:groundcover
218:crystalline
100:Angiosperms
1480:Categories
1370:Plant List
1033:Calflora:
908:2021-02-21
883:0415927463
801:2022-03-16
772:2022-03-16
716:2014-04-14
631:2017-06-22
599:References
574:hydroponic
1137:220014687
1119:FloraBase
1043:Cal-IPC:
844:0012-9615
554:Aizoaceae
531:germinate
507:halophile
503:Australia
275:prostrate
261:Aizoaceae
246:succulent
242:perennial
151:Species:
133:Aizoaceae
70:Kingdom:
45:Lanzarote
1435:VicFlora
1422:Tropicos
1308:NSWFlora
1274:2.128234
1235:10205920
1222:362764-1
1067:eFloraSA
981:Wikidata
618:"Taxon:
321:iceplant
313:iceplant
251:in the "
232:') is a
230:iceplant
226:iceplant
190:Synonyms
129:Family:
113:Eudicots
1173:3084839
987:Q161473
852:1942519
712:. CSIRO
566:spinach
513:Ecology
438:Biology
357:⁄
343:⁄
269:A true
259:of the
234:species
139:Genus:
119:Order:
74:Plantae
1427:703725
1414:148-18
1383:PLANTS
1349:119820
1320:NZOR:
1261:503818
1248:115578
1160:MESCRY
1157:FoIO:
1111:150869
1085:489525
1013:111990
1010:APDB:
880:
850:
842:
664:
562:Europe
491:Europe
483:Africa
350:leaves
294:Levant
292:, the
282:native
264:family
253:mesemb
238:annual
220:' or '
214:common
1447:WoI:
1409:SANBI
1388:MECR3
1331:NZPCN
1230:IRMNG
1206:IPA:
1199:49319
1186:24132
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