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cDNA was found that was similar to sequences of known polyomaviruses but clearly distinct enough that it could be shown to be a new virus. Genetic sequences from nearly 400,000 mRNAs were analyzed for the study. Once the virus was found, Feng and coworkers quickly determined that infected Merkel cell carcinomas have the virus in an integrated monoclonal pattern and 80% of tissues taken from patients with MCC were positive for the virus. This was quickly confirmed by studies of MCC patients from around the world, including evidence for monoclonal integration of the virus in these tumors.
407:
replicating independently from the host cancer cell. The tumor is therefore a "dead-end host" for MCV. Normally, the virus exists as circular episome (or plasmid) within the cell and its DNA is packaged into viral capsids and transmitted to other cells. In tumors, the viral DNA has broken and become integrated into human DNA within the tumor, so that the virus is no longer transmissible. The integrated virus cannot be excised from the host cell and it must replicate as the host cell is replicated. Examination of infected tumors reveals that the majority have a clear
425:
immunosuppression (e.g., AIDS or organ transplant patients) are at higher risk for this cancer and may benefit from periodic skin examinations. Emergence of a painless lump that expands rapidly, especially among persons over age 50 or persons with immunosuppression, warrants examination by a physician. Biopsy of a Merkel cell tumor should readily provide a diagnosis and when caught early, has a good prognosis through standard treatment. At this time there are no vaccines or medications that can prevent MCV infection or prevent emergence of Merkel cell carcinoma.
517:
also account for some of the negative results. Only a very small proportion of people infected with MCV develop the cancer. At this time no test for the presence of the virus is generally available, nor would patients be advised to change their treatment based on knowledge of MCV infection status. MCC patients can be enrolled in research studies, but these are not likely to directly benefit participants. Reducing risk of UV exposure through sun screens is likely to reduce the risk of Merkel cell carcinoma as well as other skin cancers.
193:. Approximately 80% of Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) tumors have been found to be infected with MCV. MCV appears to be a common—if not universal—infection of older children and adults. It is found in respiratory secretions, suggesting that it might be transmitted via a respiratory route. However, it has also been found elsewhere, such as in shedded healthy skin and gastrointestinal tract tissues, thus its precise mode of transmission remains unknown. In addition, recent studies suggest that this virus may latently infect the human sera and
35:
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indicating that the proto-tumor cell was infected with the virus prior to its cancerous expansion. Mutations in the T antigen render the virus noninfectious, and therefore it is not a passenger virus that infected the tumor after the tumor had already started. Finally, the T antigen oncogene is expressed in all of the tumor cells and when it is inhibited ("knocked down" by
452:
that a promising rational drug target was uncovered within four years of the initial discovery of the virus and that other new treatments might be rapidly developed now that the cause of the cancer is known. MCV is a target for cell-mediated immune responses, and so important research efforts are being focused on immunologic therapies that may benefit MCC patients.
509:), MCV-positive cells die. Thus, the virus is required for MCV-positive tumors to grow. It is likely that additional host cell mutations act in concert with the integrated virus to actually cause the tumor. Merkel cell carcinoma is associated with exposure to ultraviolet (UV) light and to ionizing radiation, and it is likely that these
412:
complete MCV genome (MCV-HF) was designed from multiple tumor-type MCV genomes and examined with successful replication capability in vitro. The identical sequences were found in human normal skins. While the precise prevalence of infection is unknown in humans, it is likely that most infections do not cause cancers.
443:
Treatment guidelines do not differ for Merkel cell carcinoma infected with MCV or without MCV. A recent country-wide study from
Finland suggests that MCV-positive tumors have a better prognosis than uninfected tumors (although this has not been found in other studies). If this is confirmed, routine
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Eight of 10 Merkel cell carcinoma tumors initially tested were found to be infected with MCV. In these tumors, the virus has integrated into the cancer cell genome and can no longer freely replicate. Recent studies from other laboratories have reproduced these findings: in one study 30 of 39 (77%)
516:
The reasons why 20% of Merkel cell carcinoma are negative for the virus remain completely unknown but speculations include the possibility that "Merkel cell carcinoma" is actually two or more closely related cancers, only one of which is infected with MCV. Misdiagnosis of this difficult cancer may
495:
and sequenced to a depth likely to sequence a viral cDNA if it is present. The sequences are then compared with the human genome and all human sequences are "subtracted" to leave a group of sequences that are most likely nonhuman. When this was performed on four cases of Merkel cell carcinoma, one
411:
pattern, indicating that the virus integrated into a single cell before it began its cancerous expansion. For this reason, there is very strong evidence that MCV causes some, but not all, Merkel cell carcinomas. MCV can also be found in healthy tissues from people without Merkel cell carcinoma. A
451:
oncoprotein is activated by MCV large T protein targeting the cellular retinoblastoma protein and that survivin inhibitors can delay tumor progression in animal models. Clinical trials are now being organized to determine whether this has any benefit in humans. The importance of this finding is
420:
Persons who have Merkel cell carcinoma with this virus are not infectious to others and no infectious restrictions are warranted. The reasons for this are: 1) the virus in tumors is already mutated and no longer can be transmitted from tumors, and 2) most persons are already naturally exposed to
340:
known as MCV-miR-M1 from its late strand which bears perfect complementarity to LT and has been shown to negatively regulate LT expression . In addition to its role in regulating MCV LT expression and DNA replication, MCV-miR-M1 has been shown to directly target and downregulate the expression of
211:
from the virus are inhibited. Knockdown of these viral proteins causes cells from MCV-positive MCC tumors to die whereas there is no effect on cells from tumors that are uninfected with the virus. This indicates that MCV is necessary to maintain the virus-positive tumor cells. Further, clonal
225:
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While the original authors conservatively noted that it is "too early to tell" whether MCV is a cause of Merkel cell carcinoma, general scientific opinion now suggests that the virus causes most, but not all Merkel cell tumors. The virus is monoclonally integrated into the tumor when present,
439:
Antibodies have been developed to stain for T antigen in tumor tissues and appear to be specific for MCV-infected tumor cells. Blood tests have also been developed that show the majority of adults have been previously exposed to MCV and may continue to carry it as an asymptomatic infection.
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Based on current data, prevention advice for MCC is similar to other skin cancers, such as avoiding sunburns and unnecessary sun exposure together with use of sun lotion. This may prevent mutations in the virus that increase risk for MCC among those already infected with MCV. Persons with
406:
Sequencing of the virus from Merkel cell cancers reveals that it generally has tumor-specific mutations that truncate the MCV T antigen. These mutations (which are not found in native virus obtained from nontumor sites) eliminate the T antigen helicase, preventing the integrated virus from
436:. Caution is needed in interpreting results from PCR since it is prone to false-positive contamination and a substantial fraction of healthy skin samples may harbor low-level infection. Sequencing of the viral genome may determine whether or not tumor-specific mutations are present.
317:, and is expressed in human tumors. The T antigen is a spliced gene that forms multiple different proteins depending on the splicing pattern. Both large T and small T oncoproteins are probably needed to transform healthy cells into cancer cells, and they act by targeting
2211:
Sastre-Garau X, Peter M, Avril MF, Laude H, Couturier J, Rozenberg F, Almeida A, Boitier F, Carlotti A, Couturaud B, Dupin N (May 2009). "Merkel cell carcinoma of the skin: pathological and molecular evidence for a causative role of MCV in oncogenesis".
545:
Possible associations with cervical carcinoma, cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma, Bowen's disease, basal cell skin carcinoma, extrapulmonary small cell carcinoma, and EGFR mutation-driven non-small cell lung cancer have been reported.
2417:
Murakami M, Imajoh M, Ikawa T, Nakajima H, Kamioka M, Nemoto Y, Ujihara T, Uchiyama J, Matsuzaki S, Sano S, Daibata M (January 2011). "Presence of Merkel cell polyomavirus in
Japanese cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma".
1918:
Shuda M, Arora R, Kwun HJ, Feng H, Sarid R, Fernández-Figueras MT, Tolstov Y, Gjoerup O, Mansukhani MM, Swerdlow SH, Chaudhary PM, Kirkwood JM, Nalesnik MA, Kant JA, Weiss LM, Moore PS, Chang Y (September 2009).
520:
Moore has suggested that if his findings are confirmed, information about the virus could lead to a blood test or a vaccine that could improve the management of the disease or aid in prevention, much as the
2541:
Xu S, Jiang J, Yu X, Sheng D, Zhu T, Jin M (March 2014). "Association of Merkel cell polyomavirus infection with EGFR mutation status in
Chinese non-small cell lung cancer patients".
200:
Most MCV viruses found in MCC tumors, however, have at least two mutations that render the virus nontransmissible: 1) The virus is integrated into the host genome and 2) The viral T
1533:
Bichakjian CK, Lowe L, Lao CD, Sandler HM, Bradford CR, Johnson TM, Wong SL (July 2007). "Merkel cell carcinoma: critical review with guidelines for multidisciplinary management".
1444:"A Comprehensive Analysis of Replicating Merkel Cell Polyomavirus Genomes Delineates the Viral Transcription Program and Suggests a Role for mcv-miR-M1 in Episomal Persistence"
1265:"A Comprehensive Analysis of Replicating Merkel Cell Polyomavirus Genomes Delineates the Viral Transcription Program and Suggests a Role for mcv-miR-M1 in Episomal Persistence"
279:, the earliest virus of the group to be discovered, and does not imply that MCV is transmitted to humans from rodents.) Although it has been confused with the controversial
368:. Although rare compared with other skin cancers, the incidence of Merkel cell carcinoma in the United States tripled between 1986 and 2001, to around 1400 cases per year.
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detection of the virus may provide a future benefit for medical guidance. The virus itself is not known to be susceptible to current antiviral medications.
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motif needed for virus replication that is deleted in MCC tumors. Unlike for other polyomaviruses, MCV sT antigen transforms cells in vitro by activating
212:
pattern of MCV insertions into MCC cell genomes indicates that the virus was present in the Merkel cell before it underwent cancerous transformation. The
1158:
1228:
Pawlita M, Clad A, zur Hausen H (May 1985). "Complete DNA sequence of lymphotropic papovavirus: prototype of a new species of the polyomavirus genus".
2719:
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Arora R, Shuda M, Guastafierro A, Feng H, Toptan T, Tolstov Y, Normolle D, Vollmer LL, Vogt A, Dömling A, Brodsky JL, Chang Y, Moore PS (May 2012).
1363:
Seo GJ, Chen CJ, Sullivan CS (January 2009). "Merkel cell polyomavirus encodes a microRNA with the ability to autoregulate viral gene expression".
1970:"Comparable expression and phosphorylation of the retinoblastoma protein in Merkel cell polyoma virus-positive and negative Merkel cell carcinoma"
798:"Human Merkel cell polyomavirus infection II. MCV is a common human infection that can be detected by conformational capsid epitope immunoassays"
2605:
2017:
Busam KJ, Jungbluth AA, Rekthman N, Coit D, Pulitzer M, Bini J, Arora R, Hanson NC, Tassello JA, Frosina D, Moore P, Chang Y (September 2009).
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Detection of the virus is still at a research phase and is generally not available as a clinical test. Detection of viral DNA is performed by
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that occur at increased frequency in immunosuppressed people. Other factors associated with the development of this cancer include exposure to
287:
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529:. Chang explained that study of the virus may assist in understanding other human cancers. "Once the virus integrates, it could express an
361:
2019:"Merkel cell polyomavirus expression in merkel cell carcinomas and its absence in combined tumors and pulmonary neuroendocrine carcinomas"
686:
Rotondo JC, Bononi I, Puozzo A, Govoni M, Foschi V, Lanza G, Gafà R, Gaboriaud P, Touzé FA, Selvatici R, Martini F, Tognon M (July 2017).
271:. MCV is the fifth polyomavirus that infects humans to be discovered. It belongs to the murine polyomavirus group, one of the three main
213:
1679:"Frequent detection of Merkel cell polyomavirus in human Merkel cell carcinomas and identification of a unique deletion in the VP1 gene"
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468:
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996:"Droplet-digital PCR assay to detect Merkel cell polyomavirus sequences in chorionic villi from spontaneous abortion affected females"
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1921:"Human Merkel cell polyomavirus infection I. MCV T antigen expression in Merkel cell carcinoma, lymphoid tissues and lymphoid tumors"
248:
by expressing MCV structural proteins in cells. The 55–60 nm viral capsids have typical icosahedral symmetry found in polyomaviruses.
513:
increase the rate of mutation in either the virus or the Merkel cell genome, contributing to the risk for cancer after infection.
383:, and this association suggests the possibility that a virus or other infectious agent might be involved in causing the cancer.
290:(formerly known as African green monkey lymphotropic papovavirus), which is consistent with MCV coevolving with human primates.
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310:
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by a physical subtraction method in 1994. A virtual subtraction method was developed by
Huichen Feng in the lab as a novel
2997:
688:"Merkel Cell Carcinomas Arising in Autoimmune Disease Affected Patients Treated with Biologic Drugs, Including Anti-TNF"
480:
3753:
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2368:"Detection of Merkel cell polyomavirus in cervical squamous cell carcinomas and adenocarcinomas from Japanese patients"
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Merkel cell carcinoma is mainly seen in older individuals. It is known to occur at increased frequency in people with
3316:
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476:
194:
178:
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639:"Human transcriptome subtraction by using short sequence tags to search for tumor viruses in conjunctival carcinoma"
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has truncation mutations that leave the T antigen unable to initiate DNA replication needed to propagate the virus.
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3302:
3231:
2705:
943:
Mazzoni E, Rotondo JC, Marracino L, Selvatici R, Bononi I, Torreggiani E, Touzé A, Martini F, Tognon MG (2017).
796:
Tolstov YL, Pastrana DV, Feng H, Becker JC, Jenkins FJ, Moschos S, Chang Y, Buck CB, Moore PS (September 2009).
2901:
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309:(LT and sT, respectively, from early strand) and viral capsid proteins VP1 and VP2/3 genes (from late strand)
34:
3262:
2591:
1316:"Human Merkel cell polyomavirus small T antigen is an oncoprotein targeting the 4E-BP1 translation regulator"
1165:
3339:
403:
of Merkel cell tumors were MCV positive; in another study, 45 of 53 (85%) Merkel cell tumors were positive.
3106:
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522:
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Sloots, Theo P.; Nissen, Michael D.; Whiley, David M.; Lambert, Stephen B.; Bialasiewicz, Seweryn (2009).
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1828:"Merkel cell polyomavirus and two previously unknown polyomaviruses are chronically shed from human skin"
2307:. KSHV laboratory, molecular virology program, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute. Archived from
1400:"MCV-miR-M1 Targets the Host-Cell Immune Response Resulting in the Attenuation of Neutrophil Chemotaxis"
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472:
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A complete MCV genome was designed from multiple Merkel Cell carcinoma tumors and normal human tissues.
174:
1111:"Merkel cell polyomavirus-infected Merkel cell carcinoma cells require expression of viral T antigens"
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and its role in the establishment of long-term persistent infection has been demonstrated in vitro.
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in 1972 as "trabecular tumor of the skin". Based on its origin, the cancer cell type is called a
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Imajoh M, Hashida Y, Nemoto Y, Oguri H, Maeda N, Furihata M, Fukaya T, Daibata M (August 2012).
313:. MCV T antigen has similar features to the T antigens of other polyomaviruses, which are known
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2257:"Getting stronger: the relationship between a newly identified virus and Merkel cell carcinoma"
322:
2068:"Clinical factors associated with Merkel cell polyomavirus infection in Merkel cell carcinoma"
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Feng H, Taylor JL, Benos PV, Newton R, Waddell K, Lucas SB, Chang Y, Moore PS (October 2007).
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Houben R, Shuda M, Weinkam R, Schrama D, Feng H, Chang Y, Moore PS, Becker JC (July 2010).
1063:
590:
29:
2156:
Chang Y, Cesarman E, Pessin MS, Lee F, Culpepper J, Knowles DM, Moore PS (December 1994).
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Kassem A, Schöpflin A, Diaz C, Weyers W, Stickeler E, Werner M, Zur Hausen A (July 2008).
8:
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2813:
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Theiss JM, GĂĽnther T, Alawi M, Neumann F, Tessmer U, Fischer N, Grundhoff A (July 2015).
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Theiss JM, GĂĽnther T, Alawi M, Neumann F, Tessmer U, Fischer N, Grundhoff A (July 2015).
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Evidence that MCV is the cause for most MCC tumors comes from studies in which T antigen
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2018:
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Houben R, Schrama D, Alb M, Pföhler C, Trefzer U, Ugurel S, Becker JC (February 2010).
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1052:"T antigen mutations are a human tumor-specific signature for Merkel cell polyomavirus"
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2158:"Identification of herpesvirus-like DNA sequences in AIDS-associated Kaposi's sarcoma"
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1991:
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1725:"MC polyomavirus is frequently present in Merkel cell carcinoma of European patients"
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945:"Detection of Merkel Cell Polyomavirus DNA in Serum Samples of Healthy Blood Donors"
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Shuda M, Feng H, Kwun HJ, Rosen ST, Gjoerup O, Moore PS, Chang Y (October 2008).
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Tagliapietra A, Rotondo JC, Bononi I, Mazzoni E, Magagnoli F, Maritati M (2020).
758:
526:
233:
95:
1376:
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Allander, Tobias; Tiveljung-Lindell, Annika; Lindau, Cecilia; Goh, Shan (2009).
847:"Merkel Cell Polyomavirus DNA in Respiratory Specimens from Children and Adults"
3738:
2794:
1843:
1723:
Becker JC, Houben R, Ugurel S, Trefzer U, Pföhler C, Schrama D (January 2009).
1506:
1419:
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Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
170:. It was the first example of a human viral pathogen discovered using unbiased
119:
107:
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2789:
2784:
2732:
2352:
433:
264:
83:
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1766:"Cellular and viral factors regulating Merkel cell polyomavirus replication"
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Sihto H, Kukko H, Koljonen V, Sankila R, Böhling T, Joensuu H (July 2009).
2052:
1995:
1954:
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1588:"Merkel cell carcinoma in a renal transplant patient: increased incidence?"
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Electron microphotograph (x50,000) of MCV capsids artificially produced as
229:
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59:
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240:
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Schowalter RM, Pastrana DV, Pumphrey KA, Moyer AL, Buck CB (June 2010).
1398:
Akhbari P, Tobin D, Poterlowicz K, Roberts W, Boyne JR (November 2018).
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this virus as children and young adults by other asymptomatic carriers.
3540:
3324:
3081:
2583:
1764:
Feng H, Kwun HJ, Liu X, Gjoerup O, Stolz DB, Chang Y, Moore PS (2011).
1627:
Engels EA, Frisch M, Goedert JJ, Biggar RJ, Miller RW (February 2002).
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Viscidi RP, Shah KV (February 2008). "Cancer. A skin cancer virus?".
1331:
579:"Clonal integration of a polyomavirus in human Merkel cell carcinoma"
268:
182:
3709:
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Hourdequin KC, Lefferts JA, Brennick JB, Ernstoff MS, Tsongalis GJ,
2353:"newly discovered virus linked to neuroendocrine cancer of the skin"
1628:
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3683:
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3072:
2928:
2157:
510:
448:
392:
337:
326:
314:
224:
2494:"Merkel cell polyomavirus and extrapulmonary small cell carcinoma"
2487:
893:
3436:
2727:
2332:. University of Pittsburgh Medical Center News Bureau. 2007-01-17
740:
Kean JM, Rao S, Wang M, Garcea RL (March 2009). Atwood WJ (ed.).
201:
1203:
993:
942:
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1825:
1397:
1314:
Shuda M, Kwun HJ, Feng H, Chang Y, Moore PS (September 2011).
252:
3696:
3455:
3087:
272:
46:
1493:
Toker C (January 1972). "Trabecular carcinoma of the skin".
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2210:
2109:"Survivin is a therapeutic target in Merkel cell carcinoma"
1672:
1670:
1585:
506:
492:
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380:
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2016:
896:"Merkel Cell Polyomavirus in Respiratory Tract Secretions"
2922:
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1722:
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1586:
Williams RH, Morgan MB, Mathieson IM, Rabb H (May 1998).
1441:
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1532:
537:. Either way, the results are bound to be interesting."
348:
1967:
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has recently classified MCV as a class 2A carcinogen.
2330:"Newly discovered virus linked to deadly skin cancer"
1821:
1819:
1227:
636:
283:
virus in some blog postings, it is a distinct virus.
577:
Feng H, Shuda M, Chang Y, Moore PS (February 2008).
185:. It is suspected to cause the majority of cases of
2305:"New Pathogen Discovery:Frequently Asked Questions"
730:
576:
293:The prototype sequence of MCV has a 5387 base pair
1917:
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1528:
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1041:
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1038:
286:MCV is genetically most closely related to the
2540:
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2350:
288:African green monkey lymphotropic polyomavirus
2713:
2599:
391:are examples of tumors known to have a viral
181:. MCV is one of seven currently known human
2410:
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568:
566:
564:
562:
560:
558:
275:of polyomaviruses. (The group is named for
2977:Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy
2720:
2706:
2606:
2592:
2452:
2359:
2023:The American Journal of Surgical Pathology
742:"Seroepidemiology of human polyomaviruses"
2848:Extranodal NK/T-cell lymphoma, nasal type
2517:
2393:
2383:
2280:
2132:
2083:
2042:
1985:
1944:
1851:
1799:
1789:
1740:
1694:
1629:"Merkel cell carcinoma and HIV infection"
1603:
1554:
1469:
1459:
1418:
1339:
1290:
1280:
1134:
1085:
1075:
1021:
1011:
970:
960:
919:
870:
821:
767:
757:
713:
703:
662:
627:
610:
483:to search for the presence of a virus in
166:) was first described in January 2008 in
2613:
2261:The Journal of Investigative Dermatology
2254:
2072:Journal of the National Cancer Institute
1729:The Journal of Investigative Dermatology
1407:The Journal of Investigative Dermatology
784:
555:
301:genes from opposite strands including a
251:
239:
223:
2579:KSHV Laboratory: New pathogen discovery
2446:
469:Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus
3783:
2662:Trichodysplasia spinulosa polyomavirus
2534:
1188:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
3714:
3713:
2701:
2587:
1492:
1320:The Journal of Clinical Investigation
540:
349:Viral cause for Merkel cell carcinoma
2322:
533:, or it could knock out a gene that
500:As a cause for Merkel cell carcinoma
416:Prevention, diagnosis, and treatment
341:host cell immune related transcript
2998:Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis
13:
2453:Zur Hausen A (December 2009). "".
297:genome and encodes characteristic
195:peripheral blood mononuclear cells
14:
3807:
3317:Severe acute respiratory syndrome
2843:Follicular dendritic cell sarcoma
2572:
2255:Buck CB, Lowy DR (January 2009).
477:digital transcriptome subtraction
219:
179:digital transcriptome subtraction
3303:Middle East respiratory syndrome
1605:10.1097/00007890-199805270-00019
491:from a tumor are converted into
189:, a rare but aggressive form of
33:
2344:
2297:
2204:
2149:
2100:
2059:
2010:
1974:International Journal of Cancer
1961:
1925:International Journal of Cancer
1868:
1757:
1486:
1435:
1391:
1356:
1256:
1196:
1151:
1102:
802:International Journal of Cancer
447:Recent studies reveal that the
356:is a highly aggressive type of
2902:Adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma
2888:Splenic marginal zone lymphoma
2113:Science Translational Medicine
987:
936:
887:
838:
679:
456:Discovery and characterization
325:. The LT antigen possesses a
1:
2555:10.1016/j.lungcan.2014.01.002
2351:Allison Gandey (2008-01-18).
1696:10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-08-0949
1645:10.1016/S0140-6736(02)07668-7
705:10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-16-2899
549:
263:are small (~5400 base pair),
3107:Tropical spastic paraparesis
3012:Lymphocytic choriomeningitis
2420:Journal of Clinical Virology
2125:10.1126/scitranslmed.3003713
2035:10.1097/PAS.0b013e3181aa30a5
1791:10.1371/journal.pone.0022468
1461:10.1371/journal.ppat.1004974
1282:10.1371/journal.ppat.1004974
1242:10.1016/0042-6822(85)90108-4
900:Emerging Infectious Diseases
851:Emerging Infectious Diseases
759:10.1371/journal.ppat.1000363
523:human papillomavirus vaccine
360:that was first described by
7:
3796:Infectious causes of cancer
3470:Cytomegalovirus esophagitis
3390:Human parainfluenza viruses
3063:Ramsay Hunt syndrome type 2
1377:10.1016/j.virol.2008.11.001
295:double-stranded DNA (dsDNA)
10:
3812:
1844:10.1016/j.chom.2010.05.006
1507:10.1001/archderm.105.1.107
1420:10.1016/j.jid.2018.03.1527
473:high-throughput sequencing
175:next-generation sequencing
3722:
3673:
3649:
3557:
3480:
3435:
3424:
3253:
3215:
3194:
3162:
3134:Cytomegalovirus retinitis
3117:
3071:
2950:
2939:
2912:
2739:
2622:
2467:10.1007/s00292-009-1222-4
2432:10.1016/j.jcv.2010.09.013
331:cap-dependent translation
28:
21:
3754:Merkel cell polyomavirus
3724:Merkel cell polyomavirus
3236:Infectious mononucleosis
3053:Chandipura vesiculovirus
2883:Hepatocellular carcinoma
2828:Nasopharyngeal carcinoma
2761:Hepatocellular carcinoma
2647:Merkel cell polyomavirus
2355:. MedScape Medical News.
2214:The Journal of Pathology
692:Clinical Cancer Research
177:with a technique called
168:Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
156:Merkel cell polyomavirus
3032:Encephalitis lethargica
2733:viral systemic diseases
2687:New Jersey polyomavirus
2385:10.1186/1743-422x-9-154
2182:10.1126/science.7997879
1889:10.1126/science.1155048
1832:Cell Host & Microbe
1495:Archives of Dermatology
1077:10.1073/pnas.0806526105
962:10.3389/fonc.2017.00294
603:10.1126/science.1152586
535:suppresses tumor growth
525:can be used to prevent
3404:Human orthopneumovirus
3058:Herpesviral meningitis
3019:Arbovirus encephalitis
912:10.3201/eid1503.081206
863:10.3201/eid1503.081067
487:. In this method, all
481:New Pathogen Discovery
323:retinoblastoma protein
257:
249:
237:
2862:Merkel-cell carcinoma
2682:Human polyomavirus 12
377:transplant recipients
366:neuroectodermal tumor
354:Merkel cell carcinoma
336:MCV also expresses a
255:
243:
227:
187:Merkel cell carcinoma
3507:Adenovirus infection
2971:Human polyomavirus 2
2800:Oropharyngeal cancer
2667:Human polyomavirus 9
2657:Human polyomavirus 7
2652:Human polyomavirus 6
2510:10.3892/ol.2013.1483
2273:10.1038/jid.2008.302
1742:10.1038/jid.2008.198
1127:10.1128/JVI.02400-09
655:10.1128/JVI.00875-07
246:virus-like particles
146:Human polyomavirus 5
30:Virus classification
23:Human polyomavirus 5
3093:Post-polio syndrome
2729:Infectious diseases
2461:(Suppl 2): 217–20.
2174:1994Sci...266.1865C
2085:10.1093/jnci/djp139
1782:2011PLoSO...622468F
1115:Journal of Virology
1068:2008PNAS..10516272S
643:Journal of Virology
595:2008Sci...319.1096F
277:murine polyomavirus
228:Family tree of the
3226:Epstein–Barr virus
3196:Respiratory system
2833:Burkitt's lymphoma
1547:10.1002/cncr.22765
589:(5866): 1096–100.
541:Other associations
485:Merkel cell tumors
389:Burkitt's lymphoma
321:proteins, such as
267:, double-stranded
258:
250:
238:
3791:Alphapolyomavirus
3778:
3777:
3716:Taxon identifiers
3707:
3706:
3669:
3668:
3420:
3419:
3351:Influenza virus A
3268:Human coronavirus
3158:
3157:
3148:Herpes of the eye
2695:
2694:
2226:10.1002/path.2532
1987:10.1002/ijc.24790
1937:10.1002/ijc.24510
1883:(5866): 1049–50.
1413:(11): 2343–2354.
1204:"Addgene: MCV-HF"
1013:10.1002/jcp.29213
814:10.1002/ijc.24509
698:(14): 3929–3934.
397:ultraviolet light
311:Our Viruses - MCV
153:
152:
133:Alphapolyomavirus
3803:
3771:
3770:
3758:
3757:
3756:
3743:
3742:
3741:
3711:
3710:
3433:
3432:
3428:digestive system
3345:Orthomyxoviridae
3311:SARS coronavirus
3297:MERS coronavirus
3213:
3212:
3025:Orthomyxoviridae
2948:
2947:
2914:Immune disorders
2838:Hodgkin lymphoma
2814:Kaposi's sarcoma
2722:
2715:
2708:
2699:
2698:
2677:STL polyomavirus
2608:
2601:
2594:
2585:
2584:
2567:
2566:
2538:
2532:
2531:
2521:
2504:(4): 1049–1052.
2498:Oncology Letters
2492:(October 2013).
2485:
2479:
2478:
2450:
2444:
2443:
2414:
2408:
2407:
2397:
2387:
2372:Virology Journal
2363:
2357:
2356:
2348:
2342:
2341:
2339:
2337:
2326:
2320:
2319:
2317:
2316:
2301:
2295:
2294:
2284:
2252:
2246:
2245:
2208:
2202:
2201:
2168:(5192): 1865–9.
2153:
2147:
2146:
2136:
2119:(133): 133ra56.
2104:
2098:
2097:
2087:
2063:
2057:
2056:
2046:
2014:
2008:
2007:
1989:
1965:
1959:
1958:
1948:
1915:
1909:
1908:
1872:
1866:
1865:
1855:
1823:
1814:
1813:
1803:
1793:
1761:
1755:
1754:
1744:
1720:
1709:
1708:
1698:
1674:
1665:
1664:
1624:
1618:
1617:
1607:
1583:
1577:
1576:
1558:
1530:
1519:
1518:
1490:
1484:
1483:
1473:
1463:
1439:
1433:
1432:
1422:
1404:
1395:
1389:
1388:
1360:
1354:
1353:
1343:
1332:10.1172/JCI46323
1311:
1305:
1304:
1294:
1284:
1260:
1254:
1253:
1225:
1219:
1218:
1216:
1214:
1200:
1194:
1193:
1187:
1179:
1177:
1176:
1170:
1164:. Archived from
1163:
1155:
1149:
1148:
1138:
1106:
1100:
1099:
1089:
1079:
1047:
1036:
1035:
1025:
1015:
1006:(3): 1888–1894.
991:
985:
984:
974:
964:
940:
934:
933:
923:
891:
885:
884:
874:
842:
836:
835:
825:
793:
782:
781:
771:
761:
737:
728:
727:
717:
707:
683:
677:
676:
666:
649:(20): 11332–40.
634:
625:
624:
614:
574:
465:Patrick S. Moore
385:Kaposi's sarcoma
379:and people with
373:immunodeficiency
338:microRNA (miRNA)
319:tumor suppressor
38:
37:
19:
18:
16:Species of virus
3811:
3810:
3806:
3805:
3804:
3802:
3801:
3800:
3781:
3780:
3779:
3774:
3766:
3761:
3752:
3751:
3746:
3737:
3736:
3731:
3718:
3708:
3703:
3665:
3645:
3553:
3527:Gastroenteritis
3485:
3482:Gastroenteritis
3476:
3464:Cytomegalovirus
3427:
3416:
3384:Paramyxoviridae
3373:Avian influenza
3249:
3244:Cytomegalovirus
3208:viral pneumonia
3206:
3203:nasopharyngitis
3202:
3199:
3190:
3154:
3128:Cytomegalovirus
3113:
3067:
2955:
2942:
2935:
2908:
2775:Cervical cancer
2735:
2726:
2696:
2691:
2672:MW polyomavirus
2642:WU polyomavirus
2637:KI polyomavirus
2632:JC polyomavirus
2627:BK polyomavirus
2618:
2612:
2575:
2570:
2539:
2535:
2486:
2482:
2451:
2447:
2415:
2411:
2364:
2360:
2349:
2345:
2335:
2333:
2328:
2327:
2323:
2314:
2312:
2303:
2302:
2298:
2253:
2249:
2209:
2205:
2154:
2150:
2105:
2101:
2064:
2060:
2015:
2011:
1966:
1962:
1916:
1912:
1873:
1869:
1824:
1817:
1762:
1758:
1721:
1712:
1689:(13): 5009–13.
1683:Cancer Research
1675:
1668:
1639:(9305): 497–8.
1625:
1621:
1592:Transplantation
1584:
1580:
1531:
1522:
1491:
1487:
1454:(7): e1004974.
1440:
1436:
1402:
1396:
1392:
1361:
1357:
1312:
1308:
1275:(7): e1004974.
1261:
1257:
1226:
1222:
1212:
1210:
1208:www.addgene.com
1202:
1201:
1197:
1181:
1180:
1174:
1172:
1168:
1161:
1159:"Archived copy"
1157:
1156:
1152:
1121:(14): 7064–72.
1107:
1103:
1062:(42): 16272–7.
1048:
1039:
992:
988:
941:
937:
892:
888:
843:
839:
794:
785:
752:(3): e1000363.
738:
731:
684:
680:
635:
628:
575:
556:
552:
543:
527:cervical cancer
502:
458:
418:
351:
307:small T antigen
303:large T antigen
234:large T antigen
222:
149:
97:Papovaviricetes
32:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3809:
3799:
3798:
3793:
3776:
3775:
3773:
3772:
3759:
3744:
3728:
3726:
3720:
3719:
3705:
3704:
3702:
3701:
3700:
3699:
3687:
3679:
3677:
3671:
3670:
3667:
3666:
3664:
3663:
3655:
3653:
3647:
3646:
3644:
3643:
3631:
3619:
3607:
3595:
3588:
3582:
3581:
3569:
3563:
3561:
3555:
3554:
3552:
3551:
3544:
3537:
3530:
3518:
3512:
3511:
3510:
3509:
3497:
3491:
3489:
3478:
3477:
3475:
3474:
3473:
3472:
3460:
3459:
3458:
3445:
3443:
3430:
3422:
3421:
3418:
3417:
3415:
3414:
3407:
3400:
3399:
3398:
3378:
3377:
3376:
3375:
3336:
3335:
3334:
3333:
3321:
3320:
3319:
3307:
3306:
3305:
3293:
3292:
3291:
3259:
3257:
3251:
3250:
3248:
3247:
3240:
3239:
3238:
3221:
3219:
3210:
3192:
3191:
3189:
3188:
3187:
3186:
3181:
3168:
3166:
3164:Cardiovascular
3160:
3159:
3156:
3155:
3153:
3152:
3151:
3150:
3138:
3137:
3136:
3123:
3121:
3115:
3114:
3112:
3111:
3110:
3109:
3097:
3096:
3095:
3090:
3077:
3075:
3069:
3068:
3066:
3065:
3060:
3055:
3050:
3049:
3048:
3036:
3035:
3034:
3021:
3016:
3015:
3014:
3002:
3001:
3000:
2988:
2982:
2981:
2980:
2979:
2967:
2961:
2959:
2945:
2943:nervous system
2937:
2936:
2934:
2933:
2932:
2931:
2918:
2916:
2910:
2909:
2907:
2906:
2905:
2904:
2892:
2891:
2890:
2885:
2873:
2867:
2866:
2865:
2864:
2852:
2851:
2850:
2845:
2840:
2835:
2830:
2818:
2817:
2816:
2804:
2803:
2802:
2797:
2795:Vaginal cancer
2792:
2787:
2782:
2777:
2765:
2764:
2763:
2751:
2745:
2743:
2737:
2736:
2725:
2724:
2717:
2710:
2702:
2693:
2692:
2690:
2689:
2684:
2679:
2674:
2669:
2664:
2659:
2654:
2649:
2644:
2639:
2634:
2629:
2623:
2620:
2619:
2616:polyomaviruses
2611:
2610:
2603:
2596:
2588:
2582:
2581:
2574:
2573:External links
2571:
2569:
2568:
2533:
2480:
2445:
2409:
2358:
2343:
2321:
2296:
2247:
2203:
2148:
2099:
2078:(13): 938–45.
2058:
2029:(9): 1378–85.
2009:
1960:
1910:
1867:
1815:
1756:
1710:
1666:
1619:
1598:(10): 1396–7.
1578:
1520:
1485:
1448:PLOS Pathogens
1434:
1390:
1355:
1326:(9): 3623–34.
1306:
1269:PLOS Pathogens
1255:
1236:(1): 196–211.
1220:
1195:
1150:
1101:
1037:
1000:J Cell Physiol
986:
935:
886:
837:
783:
746:PLOS Pathogens
729:
678:
626:
553:
551:
548:
542:
539:
501:
498:
457:
454:
417:
414:
350:
347:
261:Polyomaviruses
230:polyomaviruses
221:
220:Classification
218:
151:
150:
143:
141:
137:
136:
129:
125:
124:
121:Polyomaviridae
117:
113:
112:
105:
101:
100:
93:
89:
88:
81:
77:
76:
69:
65:
64:
57:
50:
49:
44:
40:
39:
26:
25:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3808:
3797:
3794:
3792:
3789:
3788:
3786:
3769:
3764:
3760:
3755:
3749:
3745:
3740:
3734:
3730:
3729:
3727:
3725:
3721:
3717:
3712:
3698:
3695:
3694:
3693:
3692:
3688:
3686:
3685:
3681:
3680:
3678:
3676:
3672:
3662:
3661:
3657:
3656:
3654:
3652:
3648:
3641:
3637:
3636:
3632:
3629:
3625:
3624:
3620:
3617:
3613:
3612:
3608:
3605:
3601:
3600:
3596:
3594:
3593:
3589:
3587:
3584:
3583:
3579:
3575:
3574:
3570:
3568:
3565:
3564:
3562:
3560:
3556:
3550:
3549:
3545:
3543:
3542:
3538:
3536:
3535:
3531:
3528:
3524:
3523:
3519:
3517:
3514:
3513:
3508:
3505:
3504:
3503:
3502:
3498:
3496:
3493:
3492:
3490:
3488:
3483:
3479:
3471:
3468:
3467:
3466:
3465:
3461:
3457:
3454:
3453:
3452:
3451:
3447:
3446:
3444:
3442:
3438:
3434:
3431:
3429:
3423:
3413:
3412:
3408:
3406:
3405:
3401:
3397:
3396:Parainfluenza
3394:
3393:
3392:
3391:
3386:
3385:
3380:
3379:
3374:
3370:
3367:
3366:
3365:
3364:
3360:
3356:
3352:
3347:
3346:
3341:
3338:
3337:
3332:
3329:
3328:
3327:
3326:
3322:
3318:
3315:
3314:
3313:
3312:
3308:
3304:
3301:
3300:
3299:
3298:
3294:
3290:
3287:
3286:
3285:
3284:
3280:
3276:
3272:
3269:
3264:
3261:
3260:
3258:
3256:
3252:
3246:
3245:
3241:
3237:
3233:
3232:EBV infection
3230:
3229:
3228:
3227:
3223:
3222:
3220:
3218:
3214:
3211:
3209:
3204:
3197:
3193:
3185:
3182:
3180:
3177:
3176:
3175:
3174:
3170:
3169:
3167:
3165:
3161:
3149:
3146:
3145:
3144:
3143:
3139:
3135:
3132:
3131:
3130:
3129:
3125:
3124:
3122:
3120:
3116:
3108:
3105:
3104:
3103:
3102:
3098:
3094:
3091:
3089:
3088:Poliomyelitis
3086:
3085:
3084:
3083:
3079:
3078:
3076:
3074:
3070:
3064:
3061:
3059:
3056:
3054:
3051:
3047:
3044:
3043:
3042:
3041:
3037:
3033:
3030:
3029:
3027:
3026:
3022:
3020:
3017:
3013:
3010:
3009:
3008:
3007:
3003:
2999:
2996:
2995:
2994:
2993:
2989:
2987:
2984:
2983:
2978:
2975:
2974:
2973:
2972:
2968:
2966:
2963:
2962:
2960:
2958:
2953:
2949:
2946:
2944:
2938:
2930:
2927:
2926:
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2924:
2920:
2919:
2917:
2915:
2911:
2903:
2900:
2899:
2898:
2897:
2893:
2889:
2886:
2884:
2881:
2880:
2879:
2878:
2874:
2872:
2869:
2868:
2863:
2860:
2859:
2858:
2857:
2853:
2849:
2846:
2844:
2841:
2839:
2836:
2834:
2831:
2829:
2826:
2825:
2824:
2823:
2819:
2815:
2812:
2811:
2810:
2809:
2805:
2801:
2798:
2796:
2793:
2791:
2790:Vulvar cancer
2788:
2786:
2785:Penile cancer
2783:
2781:
2778:
2776:
2773:
2772:
2771:
2770:
2766:
2762:
2759:
2758:
2757:
2756:
2752:
2750:
2747:
2746:
2744:
2742:
2738:
2734:
2730:
2723:
2718:
2716:
2711:
2709:
2704:
2703:
2700:
2688:
2685:
2683:
2680:
2678:
2675:
2673:
2670:
2668:
2665:
2663:
2660:
2658:
2655:
2653:
2650:
2648:
2645:
2643:
2640:
2638:
2635:
2633:
2630:
2628:
2625:
2624:
2621:
2617:
2609:
2604:
2602:
2597:
2595:
2590:
2589:
2586:
2580:
2577:
2576:
2564:
2560:
2556:
2552:
2548:
2544:
2537:
2529:
2525:
2520:
2515:
2511:
2507:
2503:
2499:
2495:
2491:
2484:
2476:
2472:
2468:
2464:
2460:
2456:
2455:Der Pathologe
2449:
2441:
2437:
2433:
2429:
2425:
2421:
2413:
2405:
2401:
2396:
2391:
2386:
2381:
2377:
2373:
2369:
2362:
2354:
2347:
2331:
2325:
2311:on 2008-04-22
2310:
2306:
2300:
2292:
2288:
2283:
2278:
2274:
2270:
2266:
2262:
2258:
2251:
2243:
2239:
2235:
2231:
2227:
2223:
2219:
2215:
2207:
2199:
2195:
2191:
2187:
2183:
2179:
2175:
2171:
2167:
2163:
2159:
2152:
2144:
2140:
2135:
2130:
2126:
2122:
2118:
2114:
2110:
2103:
2095:
2091:
2086:
2081:
2077:
2073:
2069:
2062:
2054:
2050:
2045:
2040:
2036:
2032:
2028:
2024:
2020:
2013:
2005:
2001:
1997:
1993:
1988:
1983:
1979:
1975:
1971:
1964:
1956:
1952:
1947:
1942:
1938:
1934:
1931:(6): 1243–9.
1930:
1926:
1922:
1914:
1906:
1902:
1898:
1894:
1890:
1886:
1882:
1878:
1871:
1863:
1859:
1854:
1849:
1845:
1841:
1838:(6): 509–15.
1837:
1833:
1829:
1822:
1820:
1811:
1807:
1802:
1797:
1792:
1787:
1783:
1779:
1776:(7): e22468.
1775:
1771:
1767:
1760:
1752:
1748:
1743:
1738:
1735:(1): 248–50.
1734:
1730:
1726:
1719:
1717:
1715:
1706:
1702:
1697:
1692:
1688:
1684:
1680:
1673:
1671:
1662:
1658:
1654:
1650:
1646:
1642:
1638:
1634:
1630:
1623:
1615:
1611:
1606:
1601:
1597:
1593:
1589:
1582:
1574:
1570:
1566:
1562:
1557:
1556:2027.42/56047
1552:
1548:
1544:
1540:
1536:
1529:
1527:
1525:
1516:
1512:
1508:
1504:
1501:(1): 107–10.
1500:
1496:
1489:
1481:
1477:
1472:
1467:
1462:
1457:
1453:
1449:
1445:
1438:
1430:
1426:
1421:
1416:
1412:
1408:
1401:
1394:
1386:
1382:
1378:
1374:
1370:
1366:
1359:
1351:
1347:
1342:
1337:
1333:
1329:
1325:
1321:
1317:
1310:
1302:
1298:
1293:
1288:
1283:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1266:
1259:
1251:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1224:
1209:
1205:
1199:
1191:
1185:
1171:on 2011-10-25
1167:
1160:
1154:
1146:
1142:
1137:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1105:
1097:
1093:
1088:
1083:
1078:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1046:
1044:
1042:
1033:
1029:
1024:
1023:11392/2409453
1019:
1014:
1009:
1005:
1001:
997:
990:
982:
978:
973:
968:
963:
958:
954:
950:
946:
939:
931:
927:
922:
917:
913:
909:
906:(3): 489–91.
905:
901:
897:
890:
882:
878:
873:
868:
864:
860:
856:
852:
848:
841:
833:
829:
824:
819:
815:
811:
808:(6): 1250–6.
807:
803:
799:
792:
790:
788:
779:
775:
770:
765:
760:
755:
751:
747:
743:
736:
734:
725:
721:
716:
715:11392/2378829
711:
706:
701:
697:
693:
689:
682:
674:
670:
665:
660:
656:
652:
648:
644:
640:
633:
631:
622:
618:
613:
608:
604:
600:
596:
592:
588:
584:
580:
573:
571:
569:
567:
565:
563:
561:
559:
554:
547:
538:
536:
532:
528:
524:
518:
514:
512:
508:
497:
494:
490:
486:
482:
478:
475:technique of
474:
470:
466:
462:
453:
450:
445:
441:
437:
435:
434:Southern blot
431:
426:
422:
413:
410:
404:
400:
398:
394:
390:
386:
382:
378:
374:
369:
367:
363:
359:
355:
346:
344:
339:
334:
332:
328:
324:
320:
316:
312:
308:
304:
300:
296:
291:
289:
284:
282:
278:
274:
270:
266:
265:non-enveloped
262:
254:
247:
242:
235:
231:
226:
217:
215:
210:
205:
203:
198:
196:
192:
188:
184:
180:
176:
173:
169:
165:
161:
157:
148:
147:
142:
139:
138:
135:
134:
130:
127:
126:
123:
122:
118:
115:
114:
111:
110:
109:Sepolyvirales
106:
103:
102:
99:
98:
94:
91:
90:
87:
86:
85:Cossaviricota
82:
79:
78:
75:
74:
70:
67:
66:
63:
62:
58:
55:
52:
51:
48:
45:
42:
41:
36:
31:
27:
24:
20:
3723:
3689:
3682:
3658:
3651:Pancreatitis
3633:
3621:
3609:
3597:
3590:
3571:
3546:
3539:
3532:
3520:
3499:
3462:
3448:
3409:
3402:
3388:
3382:
3349:
3343:
3323:
3309:
3295:
3266:
3242:
3224:
3179:Pericarditis
3171:
3140:
3126:
3099:
3080:
3038:
3023:
3004:
2990:
2969:
2952:Encephalitis
2921:
2894:
2875:
2855:
2854:
2820:
2806:
2767:
2753:
2646:
2549:(3): 341–6.
2546:
2542:
2536:
2501:
2497:
2483:
2458:
2454:
2448:
2426:(1): 37–41.
2423:
2419:
2412:
2375:
2371:
2361:
2346:
2334:. Retrieved
2324:
2313:. Retrieved
2309:the original
2299:
2264:
2260:
2250:
2220:(1): 48–56.
2217:
2213:
2206:
2165:
2161:
2151:
2116:
2112:
2102:
2075:
2071:
2061:
2026:
2022:
2012:
1980:(3): 796–8.
1977:
1973:
1963:
1928:
1924:
1913:
1880:
1876:
1870:
1835:
1831:
1773:
1769:
1759:
1732:
1728:
1686:
1682:
1636:
1632:
1622:
1595:
1591:
1581:
1538:
1534:
1498:
1494:
1488:
1451:
1447:
1437:
1410:
1406:
1393:
1371:(2): 183–7.
1368:
1364:
1358:
1323:
1319:
1309:
1272:
1268:
1258:
1233:
1229:
1223:
1211:. Retrieved
1207:
1198:
1173:. Retrieved
1166:the original
1153:
1118:
1114:
1104:
1059:
1055:
1003:
999:
989:
952:
948:
938:
903:
899:
889:
857:(3): 492–4.
854:
850:
840:
805:
801:
749:
745:
695:
691:
681:
646:
642:
586:
582:
544:
519:
515:
503:
459:
446:
442:
438:
427:
423:
419:
405:
401:
375:, including
370:
352:
335:
315:oncoproteins
299:polyomavirus
292:
285:
259:
209:oncoproteins
206:
199:
163:
159:
155:
154:
145:
144:
132:
120:
108:
96:
84:
73:Shotokuvirae
72:
61:Monodnaviria
60:
53:
43:(unranked):
22:
3748:Wikispecies
3548:Coronavirus
3289:Common cold
3201:acute viral
3184:Myocarditis
3028:(probable)
2780:Anal cancer
2543:Lung Cancer
2267:(1): 9–11.
1541:(1): 1–12.
949:Front Oncol
531:oncoprotein
467:discovered
362:Cyril Toker
358:skin cancer
269:DNA viruses
232:, based on
191:skin cancer
183:oncoviruses
172:metagenomic
3785:Categories
3675:Urogenital
3541:Astrovirus
3501:Adenovirus
3325:SARS-CoV-2
3082:Poliovirus
2957:meningitis
2378:(1): 154.
2315:2008-04-13
1175:2012-07-17
550:References
461:Yuan Chang
409:monoclonal
3586:RNA virus
3567:DNA virus
3559:Hepatitis
3534:Norovirus
3522:Rotavirus
3516:RNA virus
3495:DNA virus
3441:Esophagus
3369:Influenza
3255:RNA virus
3217:DNA virus
2986:RNA virus
2965:DNA virus
2871:RNA virus
2749:DNA virus
2741:Oncovirus
140:Species:
68:Kingdom:
3739:Q1921796
3733:Wikidata
3684:BK virus
3487:diarrhea
3331:COVID-19
3073:Myelitis
2563:24485957
2528:24137462
2490:Pipas JM
2475:19921198
2440:20965777
2404:22876976
2291:19078983
2242:19709025
2234:19291712
2198:29977325
2143:22572880
2094:19535775
2053:19609205
1996:19637243
1955:19499546
1905:35809601
1897:18292327
1862:20542254
1810:21799863
1770:PLOS ONE
1751:18633441
1705:18593898
1661:11934339
1653:11853800
1573:23833150
1565:17520670
1480:26218535
1429:29777657
1385:19046593
1365:Virology
1350:21841310
1301:26218535
1230:Virology
1213:20 April
1184:cite web
1145:20444890
1096:18812503
1032:31549405
981:29238698
930:19239773
881:19239774
832:19499548
778:19325891
724:28174236
673:17686852
621:18202256
511:mutagens
449:survivin
393:etiology
327:helicase
236:sequence
116:Family:
80:Phylum:
3437:Pharynx
2941:Central
2519:3796380
2395:3545865
2336:10 July
2282:3401601
2190:7997879
2170:Bibcode
2162:Science
2134:3726222
2044:2932664
2004:9819423
1946:6388400
1877:Science
1853:2919322
1801:3142164
1778:Bibcode
1614:9625025
1515:5009611
1471:4517807
1341:3163959
1292:4517807
1250:2998001
1136:2898224
1087:2551627
1064:Bibcode
972:5712532
955:: 294.
921:2681127
872:2681122
823:2747737
769:2655709
664:2045575
612:2740911
591:Bibcode
583:Science
202:antigen
128:Genus:
104:Order:
92:Class:
3768:493803
3101:HTLV-I
3046:Rabies
2896:HTLV-I
2614:Human
2561:
2526:
2516:
2473:
2438:
2402:
2392:
2289:
2279:
2240:
2232:
2196:
2188:
2141:
2131:
2092:
2051:
2041:
2002:
1994:
1953:
1943:
1903:
1895:
1860:
1850:
1808:
1798:
1749:
1703:
1659:
1651:
1633:Lancet
1612:
1571:
1563:
1535:Cancer
1513:
1478:
1468:
1427:
1383:
1348:
1338:
1299:
1289:
1248:
1143:
1133:
1094:
1084:
1030:
979:
969:
928:
918:
879:
869:
830:
820:
776:
766:
722:
671:
661:
619:
609:
432:or by
273:clades
3697:Mumps
3456:Mumps
3426:Human
2856:MCPyV
2238:S2CID
2194:S2CID
2000:S2CID
1901:S2CID
1657:S2CID
1569:S2CID
1403:(PDF)
1169:(PDF)
1162:(PDF)
493:cDNAs
489:mRNAs
479:(DTS)
343:SP100
164:MCPyV
54:Realm
47:Virus
3763:NCBI
3411:hMPV
3283:OC43
3279:HKU1
3275:NL63
3271:229E
2929:AIDS
2808:KSHV
2559:PMID
2524:PMID
2471:PMID
2436:PMID
2400:PMID
2338:2020
2287:PMID
2230:PMID
2186:PMID
2139:PMID
2090:PMID
2049:PMID
1992:PMID
1951:PMID
1893:PMID
1858:PMID
1806:PMID
1747:PMID
1701:PMID
1649:PMID
1610:PMID
1561:PMID
1511:PMID
1476:PMID
1425:PMID
1381:PMID
1346:PMID
1297:PMID
1246:PMID
1215:2018
1190:link
1141:PMID
1092:PMID
1028:PMID
977:PMID
926:PMID
877:PMID
828:PMID
774:PMID
720:PMID
669:PMID
617:PMID
507:RNAi
463:and
387:and
381:AIDS
305:, a
281:SV40
214:IARC
3691:MuV
3660:CBV
3635:HEV
3623:HDV
3611:HCV
3599:HAV
3592:CBV
3573:HBV
3450:MuV
3381:V,
3173:CBV
3142:HSV
3119:Eye
3006:LCV
2992:MeV
2923:HIV
2877:HCV
2822:EBV
2769:HPV
2755:HBV
2551:doi
2514:PMC
2506:doi
2463:doi
2428:doi
2390:PMC
2380:doi
2277:PMC
2269:doi
2265:129
2222:doi
2218:218
2178:doi
2166:266
2129:PMC
2121:doi
2080:doi
2076:101
2039:PMC
2031:doi
1982:doi
1978:126
1941:PMC
1933:doi
1929:125
1885:doi
1881:319
1848:PMC
1840:doi
1796:PMC
1786:doi
1737:doi
1733:129
1691:doi
1641:doi
1637:359
1600:doi
1551:hdl
1543:doi
1539:110
1503:doi
1499:105
1466:PMC
1456:doi
1415:doi
1411:138
1373:doi
1369:383
1336:PMC
1328:doi
1324:121
1287:PMC
1277:doi
1238:doi
1234:143
1131:PMC
1123:doi
1082:PMC
1072:doi
1060:105
1018:hdl
1008:doi
1004:235
967:PMC
957:doi
916:PMC
908:doi
867:PMC
859:doi
818:PMC
810:doi
806:125
764:PMC
754:doi
710:hdl
700:doi
659:PMC
651:doi
607:PMC
599:doi
587:319
430:PCR
162:or
160:MCV
3787::
3765::
3750::
3735::
3387::
3348::
3342:,
3265::
3263:IV
3040:RV
2731:–
2557:.
2547:83
2545:.
2522:.
2512:.
2500:.
2496:.
2469:.
2459:30
2457:.
2434:.
2424:50
2422:.
2398:.
2388:.
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2370:.
2285:.
2275:.
2263:.
2259:.
2236:.
2228:.
2216:.
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2184:.
2176:.
2164:.
2160:.
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2127:.
2115:.
2111:.
2088:.
2074:.
2070:.
2047:.
2037:.
2027:33
2025:.
2021:.
1998:.
1990:.
1976:.
1972:.
1949:.
1939:.
1927:.
1923:.
1899:.
1891:.
1879:.
1856:.
1846:.
1834:.
1830:.
1818:^
1804:.
1794:.
1784:.
1772:.
1768:.
1745:.
1731:.
1727:.
1713:^
1699:.
1687:68
1685:.
1681:.
1669:^
1655:.
1647:.
1635:.
1631:.
1608:.
1596:65
1594:.
1590:.
1567:.
1559:.
1549:.
1537:.
1523:^
1509:.
1497:.
1474:.
1464:.
1452:11
1450:.
1446:.
1423:.
1409:.
1405:.
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1367:.
1344:.
1334:.
1322:.
1318:.
1295:.
1285:.
1273:11
1271:.
1267:.
1244:.
1232:.
1206:.
1186:}}
1182:{{
1139:.
1129:.
1119:84
1117:.
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