25:
1223:). If the cache can grow so large as to cause problems, this may be a programming or design error, but is not a memory leak as the information remains nominally in use. In other cases, programs may require an unreasonably large amount of memory because the programmer has assumed memory is always sufficient for a particular task; for example, a graphics file processor might start by reading the entire contents of an image file and storing it all into memory, something that is not viable where a very large image exceeds available memory.
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949:, where an object is responsible for keeping track of how many references are pointing to it. If the number goes down to zero, the object is expected to release itself and allow its memory to be reclaimed. The flaw with this model is that it does not cope with cyclic references, and this is why nowadays most programmers are prepared to accept the burden of the more costly
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limit, to prevent any one program from hogging all of the memory on the system. The disadvantage to this arrangement is that the operating system sometimes must be re-configured to allow proper operation of programs that legitimately require large amounts of memory, such as those dealing with graphics, video, or scientific calculations.
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operating systems have special mechanisms to deal with an out-of-memory condition, such as killing processes at random (which may affect "innocent" processes), or killing the largest process in memory (which presumably is the one causing the problem). Some operating systems have a per-process memory
1128:
If a program has a memory leak and its memory usage is steadily increasing, there will not usually be an immediate symptom. Every physical system has a finite amount of memory, and if the memory leak is not contained (for example, by restarting the leaking program) it will eventually cause problems.
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The memory leak lasts until the system is reset. For example: if the elevator's power were turned off or in a power outage, the program would stop running. When power was turned on again, the program would restart and all the memory would be available again, but the slow process of memory leak would
688:
In general, automatic memory management is more robust and convenient for developers, as they do not need to implement freeing routines or worry about the sequence in which cleanup is performed or be concerned about whether or not an object is still referenced. It is easier for a programmer to know
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The consequences would be unpleasant; at the very least, the elevator would stop responding to requests to move to another floor (such as when an attempt is made to call the elevator or when someone is inside and presses the floor buttons). If other parts of the program need memory (a part assigned
652:
for C and C++ programs. "Conservative" garbage collection capabilities can be added to any programming language that lacks it as a built-in feature, and libraries for doing this are available for C and C++ programs. A conservative collector finds and reclaims most, but not all, unreachable memory.
544:
Cases like this would not usually have any immediate effects. People do not often press the button for the floor they are already on, and in any case, the elevator might have enough spare memory that this could happen hundreds or thousands of times. However, the elevator will eventually run out of
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When a button is pressed: Get some memory, which will be used to remember the floor number Put the floor number into the memory Are we already on the target floor? If so, we have nothing to do: finished
Otherwise: Wait until the lift is idle Go to the required floor
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When a button is pressed: Get some memory, which will be used to remember the floor number Put the floor number into the memory Are we already on the target floor? If not: Wait until the lift is idle Go to the required floor
Release the memory we used to remember the floor
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are transferred into main memory for fast access; inactive pages are pushed out to secondary storage to make room, as needed. When a single process starts consuming a large amount of memory, it usually occupies more and more of main memory, pushing other programs out to secondary storage –
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Memory leaks may not be serious or even detectable by normal means. In modern operating systems, normal memory used by an application is released when the application terminates. This means that a memory leak in a program that only runs for a short time may not be noticed and is rarely serious.
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by reducing the amount of available memory. A memory leak can cause an increase in memory usage, performance run-time and can negatively impact the user experience. Eventually, in the worst case, too much of the available memory may become allocated and all or part of the system or device stops
718:. It involves associating scoped objects with the acquired resources, and automatically releasing the resources once the objects are out of scope. Unlike garbage collection, RAII has the advantage of knowing when objects exist and when they do not. Compare the following C and C++ examples:
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can recover unreachable memory, it cannot free memory that is still reachable and therefore potentially still useful. Modern memory managers therefore provide techniques for programmers to semantically mark memory with varying levels of usefulness, which correspond to varying levels of
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When all the memory on a system is exhausted (whether there is virtual memory or only main memory, such as on an embedded system) any attempt to allocate more memory will fail. This usually causes the program attempting to allocate the memory to terminate itself, or to generate a
916:, which mark-and-sweep garbage collection does not handle gracefully. These include open files, open windows, user notifications, objects in a graphics drawing library, thread synchronisation primitives such as critical sections, network connections, and connections to the
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when a reference is no longer needed than to know when an object is no longer referenced. However, automatic memory management can impose a performance overhead, and it does not eliminate all of the programming errors that cause memory leaks.
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A "sawtooth" pattern of memory utilization may be an indicator of a memory leak within an application, particularly if the vertical drops coincide with reboots or restarts of that application. Care should be taken though because
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element with an event handler, and failed to remove the reference before exiting, would leak memory (AJAX web pages keep a given DOM alive for a lot longer than traditional web pages, so this leak was much more apparent).
1161:. Some programs are designed to recover from this situation (possibly by falling back on pre-reserved memory). The first program to experience the out-of-memory may or may not be the program that has the memory leak.
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usually significantly slowing performance of the system. Even if the leaking program is terminated, it may take some time for other programs to swap back into main memory, and for performance to return to normal.
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The memory leak would occur if the floor number requested is the same floor that the elevator is on; the condition for releasing the memory would be skipped. Each time this case occurs, more memory is leaked.
529:, is intended to show how a memory leak can come about, and its effects, without needing any programming knowledge. The program in this case is part of some very simple software designed to control an
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uses a combination of RAII and garbage collection, employing automatic destruction when it is clear that an object cannot be accessed outside its original scope, and garbage collection otherwise.
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schemes are often based on a notion of reachability – if you do not have a usable reference to the memory in question, it can be collected. Other garbage collection schemes can be based on
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to open and close the door, for example), then no one would be able to enter, and if someone happens to be inside, they will become trapped (assuming the doors cannot be opened manually).
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In practice, this trivial example would be spotted straight away and fixed. In most real examples, the cycle of references spans more than two objects, and is more difficult to detect.
1439:
Rudafshani, Masoomeh, and Paul A. S. Ward. "LeakSpot: Detection and
Diagnosis of Memory Leaks in JavaScript Applications." Software, practice & experience 47.1 (2017): 97–123. Web.
1184:, the operating system itself will likely fail. Computers without sophisticated memory management, such as embedded systems, may also completely fail from a persistent memory leak.
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Note that constantly increasing memory usage is not necessarily evidence of a memory leak. Some applications will store ever increasing amounts of information in memory (e.g. as a
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To put it another way, a memory leak arises from a particular kind of programming error, and without access to the program code, someone seeing symptoms can only guess that there
677:, prevents an object from being garbage collected.) To prevent this, the developer is responsible for cleaning up references after use, typically by setting the reference to
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However, using RAII correctly is not always easy and has its own pitfalls. For instance, if one is not careful, it is possible to create
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Because they can exhaust available system memory as an application runs, memory leaks are often the cause of or a contributing factor to
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be a memory leak. It would be better to use terms such as "constantly increasing memory use" where no such inside knowledge exists.
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where new memory is allocated frequently for one-time tasks, such as when rendering the frames of a computer game or animated video
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where a program runs for a long time and consumes added memory over time, such as background tasks on servers, and especially in
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or portable device, or where the program requires a very large amount of memory to begin with, leaving little margin for leaks
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A related concept is the "space leak", which is when a program consumes excessive memory but does eventually release it.
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The "sawtooth" pattern of memory utilization: the sudden drop in used memory is a candidate symptom for a memory leak.
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The leak in the above example can be corrected by bringing the "release" operation outside of the conditional:
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The C++ version requires no explicit deallocation; it will always occur automatically as soon as the object
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if an attacker discovers a sequence of operations which can trigger a leak. Such a sequence is known as an
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schemes. And because object destructors can free resources other than memory, RAII helps to prevent the
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533:. This part of the program is run whenever anyone inside the elevator presses the button for a floor.
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memory. This could take months or years, so it might not be discovered despite thorough testing.
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running on an operating system that does not automatically release memory on program termination.
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restart together with the program, eventually prejudicing the correct running of the system.
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goes out of scope, including if an exception is thrown. This avoids some of the overhead of
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The C version, as implemented in the example, requires explicit deallocation; the array is
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points could also cause such a pattern and would show a healthy usage of the heap.
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program deliberately leaks memory by losing the pointer to the allocated memory.
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working correctly, the application fails, or the system slows down vastly due to
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which is no longer needed is not released. A memory leak may also happen when an
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A well-known example of this kind of leak came to prominence with the rise of
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If the program continues to create such pointers without freeing them,
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Memory leaks are a common error in programming, especially when using
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is stored in memory but cannot be accessed by the running code (i.e.
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is a popular memory leak detection tool for applications running on
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once it is no longer needed and, if necessary, by deregistering any
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code illustrates the canonical reference-counting memory leak:
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leaking of input and output resources accessed through a handle
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for Visual Studio, Delphi, Fortran, Visual Basic, proprietary
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1019:' At this point, the two objects each have one reference,
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When a computer program fails to release unnecessary memory
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Release the memory we used to remember the floor number
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706:(RAII) is an approach to the problem commonly taken in
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Memory management as a function of an operating system
503:where a leak occurs within the operating system or
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1301:but the memory is still allocated by the system.
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1864:International Symposium on Memory Management
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496:where memory is very limited, such as in an
489:where a program can request memory, such as
1088:' And now you've got a memory leak!
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596:has led to the development of a number of
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441:with access to the program's source code.
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1491:Memory Leak Detection in Embedded Systems
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69:Learn how and when to remove this message
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1058:' Now they each have two references.
937:Reference counting and cyclic references
483:which may be left running for many years
32:This article includes a list of general
475:Much more serious leaks include those:
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1073:' You could still get out of it...
704:Resource acquisition is initialization
699:Resource acquisition is initialization
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1378:from the original on 7 December 2012
1307:it will consume memory continuously.
1187:Publicly accessible systems such as
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1573:Input–output memory management unit
13:
1398:"Creating a memory leak with Java"
525:The following example, written in
344:Notable compilers & toolchains
38:it lacks sufficient corresponding
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1310:Therefore, a leak would occur. */
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1869:Region-based memory management
1474:for Visual Studio, proprietary
1462:for Visual Studio, open source
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673:is a reference that, unlike a
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1486:(Using MFC Debugging Support)
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1180:If the memory leak is in the
1132:Most modern consumer desktop
648:are some of the more popular
1917:Memory management algorithms
1729:Automatic Reference Counting
1567:Translation lookaside buffer
301:target-specific initializer)
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1907:Automatic memory management
1706:C dynamic memory allocation
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461:performance of the computer
128:Intermediate representation
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1927:Memory management software
1774:Tracing garbage collection
1607:Virtual memory compression
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1103:programming techniques in
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459:A memory leak reduces the
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521:An example of memory leak
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1115:code which associated a
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1759:Garbage-first collector
1734:Boehm garbage collector
1640:x86 memory segmentation
1484:Detecting a Memory Leak
1234:A simple example in C++
1109:lapsed listener problem
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352:GNU Compiler Collection
277:Common Language Runtime
53:more precise citations.
1764:Mark–compact algorithm
1561:Memory management unit
1372:"JScript Memory Leaks"
1215:Other memory consumers
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1013:"Some.Thing"
992:"Some.Thing"
207:Compilation strategies
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920:or another database.
899:dynamically allocated
586:dynamically allocated
232:Compile and go system
1711:new and delete (C++)
1453:Visual Leak Detector
1370:Crockford, Douglas.
1344:Java Virtual Machine
615:, Memory Validator,
421:incorrectly manages
305:Java virtual machine
227:Tracing just-in-time
1617:Memory segmentation
618:IBM Rational Purify
417:that occurs when a
121:Optimizing compiler
1953:Software anomalies
1859:Automatic variable
1843:Unreachable memory
1769:Reference counting
1739:Cheney's algorithm
1721:Garbage collection
1458:2015-12-15 at the
1209:garbage collection
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1159:segmentation fault
947:reference counting
943:garbage collection
910:garbage collection
588:memory has become
574:garbage collection
564:Programming issues
435:unreachable memory
423:memory allocations
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1635:Virtual 8086 mode
1534:Memory management
1493:" by Cal Erickson
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941:More modern
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880:do_some_work
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221:Just-in-time
194:Machine code
114:Compile time
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1838:Memory leak
1189:web servers
1138:main memory
590:unreachable
411:memory leak
335:Zend Engine
316:Objective-C
184:Object code
179:Source code
156:Interpreter
104:Translation
51:introducing
1942:Categories
1602:Page table
1497:WonderLeak
1404:2013-06-14
1357:References
1146:hard drive
1144:such as a
1136:have both
1113:JavaScript
639:Dr. Memory
576:, such as
527:pseudocode
439:programmer
151:Executable
34:references
1749:Finalizer
1630:Real mode
1489:Article "
598:debugging
570:languages
466:thrashing
360:and
328:and
318:and
288:and
199:Microcode
134:Execution
1683:ptmalloc
1678:mimalloc
1668:jemalloc
1658:dlmalloc
1554:Hardware
1472:Deleaker
1466:Valgrind
1456:Archived
1376:Archived
1319:See also
823:#include
726:#include
645:memwatch
633:Insure++
630:Parasoft
624:Valgrind
612:Deleaker
531:elevator
273:(Erlang)
189:Bytecode
109:Compiler
1754:Garbage
1673:libumem
1575:(IOMMU)
1382:20 July
1292:nullptr
1201:exploit
1193:routers
1124:Effects
1107:in the
1085:Nothing
1070:Nothing
560:number
330:Node.js
286:CPython
144:Runtime
47:improve
1826:Issues
1425:27 May
1340:Plumbr
1182:kernel
1049:member
1031:member
856:vector
777:sizeof
765:calloc
714:, and
431:object
427:memory
311:LuaJIT
223:(JIT)
36:, but
1852:Other
1663:Hoard
1569:(TLB)
1563:(MMU)
1228:might
1221:cache
1164:Some
1150:pages
906:array
886:array
868:array
807:array
795:array
759:array
601:tools
362:Clang
354:(GCC)
337:(PHP)
320:Swift
307:(JVM)
267:(ART)
217:(AOT)
1427:2017
1384:2022
1350:nmon
1250:main
1101:AJAX
865:>
859:<
829:void
801:free
732:void
693:RAII
679:null
642:and
594:bugs
580:and
409:, a
367:MSVC
358:LLVM
295:crt0
290:PyPy
281:Mono
271:BEAM
130:(IR)
99:Code
1274:int
1271:new
1259:int
1247:int
1240:C++
1191:or
1117:DOM
1091:End
1076:Set
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998:Set
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862:int
850:std
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