1709:
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2441:. This offers several advantages. Computer programmers no longer need to worry about where their data is physically stored or whether the user's computer will have enough memory. The operating system will place actively used data in RAM, which is much faster than hard disks. When the amount of RAM is not sufficient to run all the current programs, it can result in a situation where the computer spends more time moving data from RAM to disk and back than it does accomplishing tasks; this is known as
33:
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2060:, and that storing a charge or no charge on the MOS capacitor could represent the 1 and 0 of a bit, while the MOS transistor could control writing the charge to the capacitor. This led to his development of a single-transistor DRAM memory cell. In 1967, Dennard filed a patent for a single-transistor DRAM memory cell based on MOS technology. This led to the first commercial DRAM IC chip, the
2313:. The term is used to describe a memory that has some limited non-volatile duration after power is removed, but then data is ultimately lost. A typical goal when using a semi-volatile memory is to provide the high performance and durability associated with volatile memories while providing some benefits of non-volatile memory.
2320:
cell has increased volatility but otherwise continues to work. Data locations which are written frequently can thus be directed to use worn circuits. As long as the location is updated within some known retention time, the data stays valid. After a period of time without update, the value is copied
2463:
Without protected memory, it is possible that a bug in one program will alter the memory used by another program. This will cause that other program to run off of corrupted memory with unpredictable results. If the operating system's memory is corrupted, the entire computer system may crash and need
2328:
can be made non-volatile by building large cells, but doing so raises the cost per bit and power requirements and reduces the write speed. Using small cells improves cost, power, and speed, but leads to semi-volatile behavior. In some applications, the increased volatility can be managed to provide
2459:
Protected memory is a system where each program is given an area of memory to use and is prevented from going outside that range. If the operating system detects that a program has tried to alter memory that does not belong to it, the program is terminated (or otherwise restricted or redirected).
2401:
occurs when a program writes data to the end of its allocated space and then continues to write data beyond this to memory that has been allocated for other purposes. This may result in erratic program behavior, including memory access errors, incorrect results, a crash, or a breach of system
1849:. The Williams tube was able to store more information than the Selectron tube (the Selectron was limited to 256 bits, while the Williams tube could store thousands) and was less expensive. The Williams tube was nevertheless frustratingly sensitive to environmental disturbances.
2212:. Dynamic RAM is more complicated for interfacing and control, needing regular refresh cycles to prevent losing its contents, but uses only one transistor and one capacitor per bit, allowing it to reach much higher densities and much cheaper per-bit costs.
2026:(DRAM). Bipolar SRAM was invented by Robert Norman at Fairchild Semiconductor in 1963, followed by the development of MOS SRAM by John Schmidt at Fairchild in 1964. SRAM became an alternative to magnetic-core memory, but requires six transistors for each
2386:
occurs when a program requests memory from the operating system and never returns the memory when it is done with it. A program with this bug will gradually require more and more memory until the program fails as the operating system runs
2460:
This way, only the offending program crashes, and other programs are not affected by the misbehavior (whether accidental or intentional). Use of protected memory greatly enhances both the reliability and security of a computer system.
2468:. At times programs intentionally alter the memory used by other programs. This is done by viruses and malware to take over computers. It may also be used benignly by desirable programs which are intended to modify other programs,
2329:
many benefits of a non-volatile memory, for example by removing power but forcing a wake-up before data is lost; or by caching read-only data and discarding the cached data if the power-off time exceeds the non-volatile threshold.
1588:
capacity for caching so long as it is not needed by running software. If needed, contents of the computer memory can be transferred to storage; a common way of doing this is through a memory management technique called
3188:
The i1103 was manufactured on a 6-mask silicon-gate P-MOS process with 8 μm minimum features. The resulting product had a 2,400 µm, 2 memory cell size, a die size just under 10 mm², and sold for around $
2048:
in 1965. While it offered improved performance, bipolar DRAM could not compete with the lower price of the then dominant magnetic-core memory. MOS technology is the basis for modern DRAM. In 1966,
1930:
in 1965. While semiconductor memory offered improved performance over magnetic-core memory, it remained larger and more expensive and did not displace magnetic-core memory until the late 1960s.
3242:
The first commercial synchronous DRAM, the
Samsung 16-Mbit KM48SL2000, employs a single-bank architecture that lets system designers easily transition from asynchronous to synchronous systems.
3587:
Windows Server
Enterprise supports clustering with up to eight-node clusters and very large memory (VLM) configurations of up to 32 GB on 32-bit systems and 2 TB on 64-bit systems.
2344:, where an external signal copies data from the volatile memory to the non-volatile memory, but if power is removed before the copy occurs, the data is lost. Another example is
2552:
4547:
628:
2394:
results when a program tries to access memory that it does not have permission to access. Generally, a program doing so will be terminated by the operating system.
1576:
which is slower but less expensive per bit and higher in capacity. Besides storing opened programs and data being actively processed, computer memory serves as a
2352:
to power the memory device in case of external power loss. If power is off for an extended period of time, the battery may run out, resulting in data loss.
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to a less-worn circuit with longer retention. Writing first to the worn area allows a high write rate while avoiding wear on the not-worn circuits.
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store data but normally are not considered as memory, since they only store one word and do not include an addressing mechanism.
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1517:
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2429:. It allows multiple types of memory to be used. For example, some data can be stored in RAM while other data is stored on a
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Business
Intelligence: Second European Summer School, eBISS 2012, Brussels, Belgium, July 15-21, 2012, Tutorial Lectures
2175:
Various memory modules containing different types of DRAM (from top to bottom): DDR SDRAM, SDRAM, EDO DRAM, and FPM DRAM
3703:
3522:
3316:
2918:. 1965 IEEE International Solid-State Circuits Conference. Digest of Technical Papers. Vol. VIII. pp. 82–83.
2746:
1267:
219:
264:
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2914:
Wood, J.; Ball, R. (February 1965). "The use of insulated-gate field-effect transistors in digital storage systems".
2553:"DDR5 Era To Officially Begin In 2021, With DRAM Market Currently Transitioning Between Generations, Says TrendForce"
2378:
Improper management of memory is a common cause of bugs and security vulnerabilities, including the following types:
2274:
2226:
Non-volatile memory can retain the stored information even when not powered. Examples of non-volatile memory include
1949:
1006:
949:
269:
2332:
The term semi-volatile is also used to describe semi-volatile behavior constructed from other memory types, such as
2056:
was working on MOS memory. While examining the characteristics of MOS technology, he found it was possible to build
2011:
in the early 1970s. MOS memory overtook magnetic core memory as the dominant memory technology in the early 1970s.
1795:
In the early 1940s, memory technology often permitted a capacity of a few bytes. The first electronic programmable
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992:
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in 1956, while working for the Arma
Division of the American Bosch Arma Corporation. In 1967, Dawon Kahng and
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17:
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2023:
1807:, could perform simple calculations involving 20 numbers of ten decimal digits stored in the vacuum tubes.
1651:
718:
613:
514:
3343:
Tarui, Y.; Hayashi, Y.; Nagai, K. (1972). "Electrically reprogrammable nonvolatile semiconductor memory".
3903:
3845:
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Masuoka, F.; Momodomi, M.; Iwata, Y.; Shirota, R. (1987). "1987 International
Electron Devices Meeting".
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2128:
2019:
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have complex systems to properly manage memory. Failure to do so can lead to bugs or slow performance.
2185:
Volatile memory is computer memory that requires power to maintain the stored information. Most modern
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security. They are thus the basis of many software vulnerabilities and can be maliciously exploited.
1685:, for example, 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64 or 128 bits. Each word can be accessed by a binary address of
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Other volatile memory technologies that have attempted to compete or replace SRAM and DRAM include
1964:
was cheaper and consumed less power than magnetic core memory. In 1965, J. Wood and R. Ball of the
1379:
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851:
137:
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to read and write bits. Delay-line memory was limited to a capacity of up to a few thousand bits.
5000:
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SRAM retains its contents as long as the power is connected and may use a simpler interface, but
2127:(electrically erasable PROM) was developed by Yasuo Tarui, Yutaka Hayashi and Kiyoko Naga at the
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1957:
1953:
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1603:
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65:
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of data. Commercial use of SRAM began in 1965, when IBM introduced their SP95 SRAM chip for the
1876:
computer in 1953. Magnetic-core memory was the dominant form of memory until the development of
39:
module. As of 2021, over 90 percent of computer memory used in PCs and servers was of this type.
4663:
4434:
3201:
2422:
1992:
1919:
1826:
in the form of sound waves propagating through the mercury, with the quartz crystals acting as
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capable of storing multiple bits per cell. The memory cells are grouped into words of fixed
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2015:
1961:
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1314:
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100:
1841:, originated in 1946, both using electron beams in glass tubes as means of storage. Using
8:
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Proper management of memory is vital for a computer system to operate properly. Modern
1915:
1860:
allowed for memory recall after power loss. It was developed by
Frederick W. Viehe and
1611:
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1417:
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2846:
2812:"1953: Transistors make fast memories | The Storage Engine | Computer History Museum"
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2266:
2049:
1985:
1903:
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703:
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2916:
1965 IEEE International Solid-State
Circuits Conference. Digest of Technical Papers
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80:
70:
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3227:
2838:
Semiconductors and the
Information Revolution: Magic Crystals that made IT Happen
2617:
2481:
2438:
2418:
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1996:
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2412:
2150:
Developments in technology and economies of scale have made possible so-called
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3828:
3823:
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1973:
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1735:
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1109:
1104:
1073:
828:
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554:
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539:
519:
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224:
209:
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2316:
For example, some non-volatile memory types experience wear when written. A
1926:. The first bipolar semiconductor memory IC chip was the SP95 introduced by
5062:
4779:
4647:
4094:
3982:
3965:
3960:
3738:
2259:
2247:
2231:
2088:
1989:
1977:
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1729:
1674:
1627:
1619:
1581:
1573:
1429:
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884:
879:
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801:
484:
459:
359:
294:
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1584:
to improve both reading and writing performance. Operating systems borrow
32:
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4463:
4193:
4161:
4064:
4024:
3987:
3955:
3797:
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2383:
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2112:
2000:
1873:
1818:
in the early 1940s. Through the construction of a glass tube filled with
1804:
1682:
1549:
1488:
1440:
874:
409:
349:
254:
4259:
1944:
The invention of the metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistor (
1533:
stores information, such as data and programs, for immediate use in the
5068:
4760:
4601:
4424:
4357:
3925:
3855:
3850:
3840:
2430:
2255:
2190:
2144:
2061:
2057:
2004:
1939:
1827:
1822:
and plugged at each end with a quartz crystal, delay lines could store
1577:
1083:
909:
663:
429:
424:
299:
164:
90:
36:
2139:
in the early 1980s. Masuoka and colleagues presented the invention of
1755:
5032:
4862:
4797:
4732:
4458:
4203:
4198:
4182:
4111:
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2100:
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1470:
1435:
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1201:
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is managed by the operating system typically with assistance from a
5058:
5016:
5006:
4834:
4473:
4419:
4141:
3792:
3727:
2888:"1970: MOS Dynamic RAM Competes with Magnetic Core Memory on Price"
2469:
2434:
2290:
2197:(DRAM). DRAM dominates for desktop system memory. SRAM is used for
1981:
1810:
The next significant advance in computer memory came with acoustic
1763:
1534:
1399:
1342:
1277:
1232:
1217:
987:
956:
929:
904:
762:
648:
374:
284:
179:
174:
5054:
4966:
4938:
4933:
4655:
4616:
4606:
4509:
4468:
4445:
4414:
3975:
3913:
3867:
3637:"Method and apparatus for managing a spin-transfer torque memory"
3441:
3436:
3284:
3205:
2325:
2136:
2111:
could be used for the cell of a reprogrammable ROM, which led to
2037:
1861:
1713:
1297:
1287:
1282:
1242:
1144:
1139:
1119:
924:
899:
889:
680:
2725:"1960 - Metal Oxide Semiconductor (MOS) Transistor Demonstrated"
2610:
Programmer's
Handbook for Manchester Electronic Computer Mark II
1845:, Fred Williams invented the Williams tube, which was the first
4996:
4829:
4690:
4611:
4409:
4399:
4089:
3862:
2333:
2171:
2124:
1945:
1877:
1643:
1292:
1252:
1134:
1023:
821:
364:
1956:
storage elements. MOS memory was developed by John
Schmidt at
1720:
5036:
5010:
4948:
4943:
4904:
4717:
4390:
4352:
3499:
2527:
2523:
2278:
2120:
2116:
1800:
1773:
1725:
1639:
1227:
1164:
1159:
1154:
816:
773:
767:
653:
633:
618:
4548:
Princeton Application Repository for Shared-Memory Computers
2964:
Critchlow, D. L. (2007). "Recollections on MOSFET Scaling".
27:
Computer component that stores information for immediate use
4900:
4806:
4582:
4166:
4060:
3472:
3462:
2265:
Non-volatile memory technologies under development include
2147:
in 1987. Toshiba commercialized NAND flash memory in 1987.
1969:
1222:
509:
159:
4711:
4146:
3970:
3073:"1966: Semiconductor RAMs Serve High-speed Storage Needs"
3002:
2785:"1966: Semiconductor RAMs Serve High-speed Storage Needs"
2426:
2027:
2008:
1927:
1872:
in the early 1950s, before being commercialized with the
1788:
1689:
bits, making it possible to store 2 words in the memory.
1677:
organization includes both one bit per memory cell and a
1670:
1631:
1585:
1543:
1262:
1149:
919:
2234:, most types of magnetic computer storage devices (e.g.
1972:(complementary MOS) memory cells, in addition to MOSFET
3598:
3285:
Marie-Aude Aufaure; Esteban Zimányi (17 January 2013).
2882:
2880:
2878:
1701:
Historical lowest retail price of computer memory and
3634:
2779:
2777:
2775:
2773:
2771:
2769:
2505:, memory combining both large capacity and high speed
1614:. There are two main kinds of semiconductor memory:
3309:
2875:
1999:at Fairchild in 1968 enabled the production of MOS
3278:
2766:
3342:
3220:
2938:"1968: Silicon Gate Technology Developed for ICs"
1572:Main memory operates at a high speed compared to
5082:
1960:in 1964. In addition to higher performance, MOS
2472:, for example, to insert breakpoints or hooks.
3691:, Alexandria, Virginia.: Time Life Books, 1988
2717:
4275:
4244:History of computing hardware (1960s–present)
3725:
3711:
3523:"1971: Reusable semiconductor ROM introduced"
3317:"1971: Reusable semiconductor ROM introduced"
3253:
3055:"Toshiba "Toscal" BC-1411 Desktop Calculator"
2747:"1953: Whirlwind computer debuts core memory"
2250:, and early computer storage methods such as
1511:
3660:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
3620:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
3465:Electron Devices Meeting, 1987 International
2966:IEEE Solid-State Circuits Society Newsletter
2576:
1665:Most semiconductor memory is organized into
4363:Standard Performance Evaluation Corporation
3118:"Intel: 35 Years of Innovation (1968–2003)"
4369:Transaction Processing Performance Council
4282:
4268:
3718:
3704:
3240:(15–21). Hayden Publishing Company. 1993.
3159:
2692:Integrated Circuit Engineering Corporation
2652:Integrated Circuit Engineering Corporation
1968:proposed digital storage systems that use
1910:in 1961. In the same year, the concept of
1518:
1504:
4289:
3247:
3110:
3025:"Spec Sheet for Toshiba "TOSCAL" BC-1411"
2989:
2987:
2963:
2577:Hemmendinger, David (February 15, 2016).
1598:Modern computer memory is implemented as
1561:Archaic synonyms for main memory include
2913:
2170:
2161:
2066:Synchronous dynamic random-access memory
1852:Efforts began in the late 1940s to find
1833:Two alternatives to the delay line, the
1754:
1734:
1719:
1707:
1696:
31:
3385:
3017:
2304:
1716:, an early punch multiplying calculator
14:
5083:
3678:
3557:
2984:
2437:), functioning as an extension of the
2340:and a non-volatile memory on the same
2215:
2131:in 1972. Flash memory was invented by
4728:Data center infrastructure efficiency
4321:Data center infrastructure efficiency
4263:
3699:
3564:. O'Reilly Media, Inc. p. 1520.
3553:
3551:
3549:
3547:
3545:
3174:Springer Science & Business Media
3165:
3147:
3145:
2834:
2210:commonly uses six transistors per bit
1712:Electromechanical memory used in the
1059:Vision Electronic Recording Apparatus
4249:List of pioneers in computer science
3345:IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits
3169:History of Semiconductor Engineering
2572:
2570:
2550:
2054:IBM Thomas J. Watson Research Center
1654:(DRAM) used for primary storage and
4853:Physics Abstraction Layer API Bench
3495:"1987: Toshiba Launches NAND Flash"
3437:"Toshiba: Inventor of Flash Memory"
3305:from the original on 27 April 2018.
3274:from the original on 27 April 2018.
2448:
1864:in the late 1940s, and improved by
1724:Detail of the back of a section of
1541:is often synonymous with the terms
24:
4638:HPC Challenge Random Memory Access
4437:(Computational Intensive Workload)
3672:
3542:
3487:
3386:Fulford, Benjamin (24 June 2002).
3142:
3047:
2551:Read, Jennifer (5 November 2020).
2166:
220:Data validation and reconciliation
25:
5112:
3601:"Semi-volatile NAND flash memory"
3398:from the original on 3 March 2008
3254:Han-Way Huang (5 December 2008).
3153:The DRAM memory of Robert Dennard
2631:"Documentation for /proc/sys/vm/"
2567:
2417:Virtual memory is a system where
2406:
2275:Spin-transfer torque magnetic RAM
1898:. Semiconductor memory made from
1894:circuit in the early 1960s using
270:Distributed file system for cloud
4666:(Commercial Processing Workload)
3260:. Cengage Learning. p. 22.
3257:Embedded System Design with C805
3035:from the original on 3 July 2017
118:Areal density (computer storage)
4895:Transaction Processing over XML
3628:
3592:
3578:from the original on 2013-01-27
3515:
3456:
3429:
3410:
3379:
3336:
3194:
3083:
3065:
2957:
2930:
2907:
2859:
2828:
2804:
2705:from the original on 2019-10-16
2665:from the original on 2003-07-25
2516:
2425:, which is part of many modern
2271:programmable metallization cell
2103:of Bell Labs proposed that the
2079:is also often used to refer to
2068:(SDRAM) later debuted with the
2014:The two main types of volatile
1948:) enabled the practical use of
1565:(for magnetic core memory) and
937:Programmable metallization cell
3561:Windows Server 2008 Inside Out
2739:
2677:
2637:
2623:
2598:
2544:
2309:A third category of memory is
2283:resistive random-access memory
2201:. SRAM is also found in small
1602:, where data is stored within
500:Persistence (computer science)
13:
1:
4743:Server Efficiency Rating Tool
4239:History of computing hardware
3689:Memory and Storage Technology
3681:Memory and Storage Technology
3599:Montierth, Briggs, Keithley.
3123:. Intel. 2003. Archived from
2537:
2355:
2093:Programmable read-only memory
2007:memory was commercialized by
1933:
1847:random-access computer memory
1746:
1368:Electronic quantum holography
4107:Network interface controller
2024:dynamic random-access memory
1652:dynamic random-access memory
719:Video RAM (dual-ported DRAM)
515:Non-RAID drive architectures
7:
4634:BSS Random Access benchmark
3904:Refreshable braille display
3846:Refreshable braille display
3679:Miller, Stephen W. (1977),
3635:Keppel, Naeimi, Nasrullah.
3558:Stanek, William R. (2009).
2868:Solid State Design - Vol. 6
2620:. University of Manchester.
2475:
2129:Electrotechnical Laboratory
2020:static random-access memory
1980:, switched cross-coupling,
1656:static random-access memory
1610:and other components on an
10:
5117:
2978:10.1109/N-SSC.2007.4785536
2924:10.1109/ISSCC.1965.1157606
2685:"MOS Memory Market Trends"
2452:
2410:
2359:
2219:
2189:volatile memory is either
2178:
1937:
1918:(IC) chip was proposed by
1692:
1308:Holographic Versatile Disc
1207:Compact Disc Digital Audio
1079:Magnetic-tape data storage
698:Content-addressable memory
4987:Adjusted Peak Performance
4979:
4957:
4914:
4880:
4861:
4843:
4820:
4796:
4778:
4759:
4752:
4700:
4677:
4646:
4625:
4591:
4570:
4561:
4518:
4499:
4482:
4444:
4385:
4378:
4340:
4298:
4231:
4175:
4134:
4125:
4003:
3939:
3882:
3811:
3746:
3737:
3365:10.1109/JSSC.1972.1052895
3291:. Springer. p. 136.
3029:Old Calculator Web Museum
2607:and R.A. Brooker (1952).
2348:, which uses an external
2205:requiring little memory.
2123:(erasable PROM) in 1971.
2072:KM48SL2000 chip in 1992.
1966:Royal Radar Establishment
1950:metal–oxide–semiconductor
505:Persistent data structure
400:Digital rights management
4685:Hierarchical INTegration
4678:Computer system (entire)
4501:Graphics processing unit
4484:Digital signal processor
3683:, Montvale.: AFIPS Press
3481:10.1109/IEDM.1987.191485
3202:"KM48SL2000-7 Datasheet"
2509:
2324:As a second example, an
2040:introduced bipolar DRAM
1380:DNA digital data storage
1363:Holographic data storage
852:Solid-state hybrid drive
138:Network-attached storage
4916:Web server benchmarking
4812:AIM Multiuser Benchmark
4543:HPC Challenge Benchmark
4538:NAS Parallel Benchmarks
4326:Giga-updates per second
4013:Central processing unit
3528:Computer History Museum
3322:Computer History Museum
3096:Encyclopedia Britannica
3077:Computer History Museum
2943:Computer History Museum
2893:Computer History Museum
2835:Orton, John W. (2009).
2816:www.computerhistory.org
2790:Computer History Museum
2752:Computer History Museum
2733:Computer History Museum
2696:Smithsonian Institution
2656:Smithsonian Institution
2645:"The MOS Memory Market"
2584:Encyclopedia Britannica
2373:
2095:(PROM) was invented by
2044:for its Toscal BC-1411
1995:(MOS IC) technology by
1958:Fairchild Semiconductor
1924:Fairchild Semiconductor
1908:United States Air Force
1658:(SRAM) used mainly for
1375:5D optical data storage
1192:3D optical data storage
915:Universal Flash Storage
320:Replication (computing)
265:Distributed file system
155:Single-instance storage
133:Direct-attached storage
113:Continuous availability
4664:IBM iSeries benchmarks
4435:IBM iSeries benchmarks
2871:. Horizon House. 1965.
2423:memory management unit
2176:
1993:MOS integrated circuit
1792:
1752:
1742:used as memory in the
1732:
1717:
1705:
1248:Nintendo optical discs
465:Storage virtualization
335:Information repository
275:Distributed data store
40:
4882:Database transactions
4579:BreakingPoint Systems
4528:DEISA Benchmark Suite
4332:CPU power dissipation
2174:
2162:Volatility categories
2087:(ROM) through modern
2046:electronic calculator
1988:. The development of
1952:(MOS) transistors as
1920:applications engineer
1902:was first shipped by
1890:was implemented as a
1803:, using thousands of
1758:
1738:
1723:
1711:
1700:
751:Mellon optical memory
739:Williams–Kilburn tube
455:Locality of reference
260:Clustered file system
86:Memory access pattern
51:computer data storage
35:
4316:Performance per watt
4311:Proprietary software
3475:. pp. 552–555.
3176:. pp. 362–363.
3156:history-computer.com
2305:Semi-volatile memory
2109:semiconductor device
2016:random-access memory
1962:semiconductor memory
1888:semiconductor memory
1881:semiconductor memory
1858:Magnetic-core memory
1778:magnetic-core memory
1646:memory. Examples of
1600:semiconductor memory
1447:Magnetic-core memory
1094:Digital Data Storage
1054:Quadruplex videotape
495:In-memory processing
385:Information transfer
280:Distributed database
143:Storage area network
123:Block (data storage)
5101:Digital electronics
5043:Phoronix Test Suite
4387:Floating-point unit
3357:1972IJSSC...7..369T
3228:"Electronic Design"
2497:Processor registers
2492:Memory organization
2222:Non-volatile memory
2216:Non-volatile memory
2081:non-volatile memory
2032:System/360 Model 95
1896:bipolar transistors
1854:non-volatile memory
1824:bits of information
1624:non-volatile memory
1044:Phonograph cylinder
982:Electrochemical RAM
834:Solid-state storage
450:Memory segmentation
148:Block-level storage
5049:Performance Rating
4770:Browser speed test
4701:Energy consumption
4520:Parallel computing
3426: Fujio Masuoka
3166:Lojek, Bo (2007).
3130:on 4 November 2021
2729:The Silicon Engine
2616:2014-01-02 at the
2392:segmentation fault
2346:battery-backed RAM
2177:
2143:in 1984, and then
1986:delay-line storage
1916:integrated circuit
1793:
1753:
1733:
1718:
1706:
1612:integrated circuit
1578:mass storage cache
1453:Plated-wire memory
1418:Paper data storage
1064:Magnetic recording
490:In-memory database
475:Memory-mapped file
420:Volume boot record
415:Master boot record
405:Volume (computing)
380:Data communication
305:Data deduplication
41:
5078:
5077:
4980:Platform specific
4975:
4974:
4708:Average CPU power
4673:
4672:
4557:
4556:
4257:
4256:
4227:
4226:
4157:Analog audio jack
3878:
3877:
3571:978-0-7356-3806-8
3298:978-3-642-36318-4
3267:978-1-111-81079-5
3233:Electronic Design
2852:978-0-08-096390-7
2579:"Computer memory"
2455:Memory protection
2368:operating systems
2362:Memory management
2336:, which combines
2267:ferroelectric RAM
2158:(VLM) computers.
2154:very large memory
2064:in October 1970.
2050:Robert H. Dennard
1904:Texas Instruments
1843:cathode-ray tubes
1816:J. Presper Eckert
1812:delay-line memory
1669:each storing one
1528:
1527:
1125:8 mm video format
1049:Phonograph record
868:Flash Core Module
846:Solid-state drive
745:Delay-line memory
704:Computational RAM
607:Scratchpad memory
445:Disk partitioning
170:Unstructured data
96:Secondary storage
16:(Redirected from
5108:
5021:embedded systems
4757:
4756:
4722:embedded systems
4568:
4567:
4383:
4382:
4348:BAPCo consortium
4284:
4277:
4270:
4261:
4260:
4132:
4131:
3783:Optical trackpad
3748:Pointing devices
3744:
3743:
3720:
3713:
3706:
3697:
3696:
3692:
3684:
3666:
3665:
3659:
3651:
3649:
3647:
3632:
3626:
3625:
3619:
3611:
3609:
3607:
3596:
3590:
3589:
3584:
3583:
3555:
3540:
3539:
3537:
3535:
3519:
3513:
3512:
3510:
3508:
3503:. April 11, 2012
3491:
3485:
3484:
3460:
3454:
3453:
3451:
3449:
3433:
3427:
3425:
3424:
3420:
3414:
3408:
3407:
3405:
3403:
3383:
3377:
3376:
3340:
3334:
3333:
3331:
3329:
3313:
3307:
3306:
3282:
3276:
3275:
3251:
3245:
3244:
3224:
3218:
3217:
3215:
3213:
3198:
3192:
3191:
3163:
3157:
3149:
3140:
3139:
3137:
3135:
3129:
3122:
3114:
3108:
3107:
3105:
3103:
3091:"Robert Dennard"
3087:
3081:
3080:
3069:
3063:
3062:
3057:. Archived from
3051:
3045:
3044:
3042:
3040:
3021:
3015:
3014:
3012:
3010:
2991:
2982:
2981:
2961:
2955:
2954:
2952:
2950:
2934:
2928:
2927:
2911:
2905:
2904:
2902:
2900:
2884:
2873:
2872:
2863:
2857:
2856:
2832:
2826:
2825:
2823:
2822:
2808:
2802:
2801:
2799:
2797:
2781:
2764:
2763:
2761:
2759:
2743:
2737:
2736:
2721:
2715:
2714:
2712:
2710:
2704:
2689:
2681:
2675:
2674:
2672:
2670:
2664:
2649:
2641:
2635:
2634:
2627:
2621:
2602:
2596:
2595:
2593:
2591:
2574:
2565:
2564:
2562:
2560:
2548:
2531:
2520:
2503:Universal memory
2487:Memory hierarchy
2449:Protected memory
2299:millipede memory
2287:racetrack memory
2236:hard disk drives
2228:read-only memory
2203:embedded systems
2156:
2155:
2085:read-only memory
1900:discrete devices
1797:digital computer
1787:
1783:
1772:
1769:card on top of 8
1762:
1751:
1748:
1679:multi-level cell
1520:
1513:
1506:
1465:Thin-film memory
1459:Core rope memory
1385:Universal memory
1348:Millipede memory
1338:Racetrack memory
1303:Ultra HD Blu-ray
1115:Linear Tape-Open
1069:Magnetic storage
1037:Analog recording
480:Software entropy
440:Disk aggregation
200:Data degradation
185:Data compression
81:Memory hierarchy
71:Memory coherence
43:
42:
21:
5116:
5115:
5111:
5110:
5109:
5107:
5106:
5105:
5091:Computer memory
5081:
5080:
5079:
5074:
4971:
4959:X Window System
4953:
4910:
4876:
4857:
4839:
4822:Virtual machine
4816:
4792:
4788:Cycles per byte
4774:
4748:
4696:
4669:
4642:
4627:Computer memory
4621:
4587:
4553:
4533:Livermore loops
4514:
4495:
4478:
4440:
4374:
4336:
4294:
4288:
4258:
4253:
4223:
4171:
4121:
3999:
3993:USB flash drive
3942:
3935:
3874:
3807:
3761:Game controller
3756:Graphics tablet
3733:
3724:
3687:
3675:
3673:Further reading
3670:
3669:
3653:
3652:
3645:
3643:
3633:
3629:
3613:
3612:
3605:
3603:
3597:
3593:
3581:
3579:
3572:
3556:
3543:
3533:
3531:
3521:
3520:
3516:
3506:
3504:
3493:
3492:
3488:
3461:
3457:
3447:
3445:
3435:
3434:
3430:
3422:
3416:
3415:
3411:
3401:
3399:
3384:
3380:
3341:
3337:
3327:
3325:
3315:
3314:
3310:
3299:
3283:
3279:
3268:
3252:
3248:
3226:
3225:
3221:
3211:
3209:
3200:
3199:
3195:
3184:
3164:
3160:
3150:
3143:
3133:
3131:
3127:
3120:
3116:
3115:
3111:
3101:
3099:
3089:
3088:
3084:
3071:
3070:
3066:
3053:
3052:
3048:
3038:
3036:
3023:
3022:
3018:
3008:
3006:
3005:. 9 August 2017
2993:
2992:
2985:
2962:
2958:
2948:
2946:
2936:
2935:
2931:
2912:
2908:
2898:
2896:
2886:
2885:
2876:
2865:
2864:
2860:
2853:
2845:. p. 104.
2833:
2829:
2820:
2818:
2810:
2809:
2805:
2795:
2793:
2783:
2782:
2767:
2757:
2755:
2745:
2744:
2740:
2723:
2722:
2718:
2708:
2706:
2702:
2687:
2683:
2682:
2678:
2668:
2666:
2662:
2647:
2643:
2642:
2638:
2629:
2628:
2624:
2618:Wayback Machine
2603:
2599:
2589:
2587:
2575:
2568:
2558:
2556:
2549:
2545:
2540:
2535:
2534:
2521:
2517:
2512:
2482:Memory geometry
2478:
2457:
2451:
2439:cache hierarchy
2419:physical memory
2415:
2409:
2399:buffer overflow
2376:
2364:
2358:
2307:
2224:
2218:
2183:
2181:Volatile memory
2169:
2167:Volatile memory
2164:
2153:
2152:
1997:Federico Faggin
1942:
1936:
1870:Jan A. Rajchman
1814:, developed by
1785:
1781:
1770:
1760:
1749:
1695:
1648:volatile memory
1608:MOS transistors
1557:primary storage
1531:Computer memory
1524:
1495:
1494:
1413:
1405:
1404:
1358:Patterned media
1328:
1320:
1319:
1187:
1177:
1176:
1172:Hard disk drive
1039:
1029:
1028:
1009:
998:
997:
952:
942:
941:
863:IBM FlashSystem
858:USB flash drive
797:
780:
779:
734:
726:
725:
714:Dual-ported RAM
592:
575:
574:
535:Cloud computing
395:Copy protection
315:Data redundancy
245:Shared resource
215:Data validation
190:Data corruption
165:Structured data
76:Cache coherence
61:
47:Computer memory
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5114:
5104:
5103:
5098:
5093:
5076:
5075:
5073:
5072:
5066:
5052:
5046:
5040:
5030:
5024:
5014:
5004:
4994:
4991:Nuclear weapon
4983:
4981:
4977:
4976:
4973:
4972:
4970:
4969:
4963:
4961:
4955:
4954:
4952:
4951:
4946:
4941:
4936:
4931:
4926:
4920:
4918:
4912:
4911:
4909:
4908:
4898:
4892:
4890:TATP Benchmark
4886:
4884:
4878:
4877:
4875:
4874:
4872:Tak (function)
4868:
4866:
4859:
4858:
4856:
4855:
4849:
4847:
4845:Physics engine
4841:
4840:
4838:
4837:
4832:
4826:
4824:
4818:
4817:
4815:
4814:
4809:
4803:
4801:
4794:
4793:
4791:
4790:
4784:
4782:
4776:
4775:
4773:
4772:
4766:
4764:
4754:
4750:
4749:
4747:
4746:
4740:
4730:
4725:
4715:
4704:
4702:
4698:
4697:
4695:
4694:
4688:
4681:
4679:
4675:
4674:
4671:
4670:
4668:
4667:
4661:
4658:
4652:
4650:
4644:
4643:
4641:
4640:
4635:
4631:
4629:
4623:
4622:
4620:
4619:
4614:
4609:
4604:
4598:
4596:
4589:
4588:
4586:
4585:
4580:
4576:
4574:
4565:
4559:
4558:
4555:
4554:
4552:
4551:
4545:
4540:
4535:
4530:
4524:
4522:
4516:
4515:
4513:
4512:
4506:
4504:
4497:
4496:
4494:
4493:
4489:
4487:
4480:
4479:
4477:
4476:
4471:
4466:
4461:
4455:
4453:
4442:
4441:
4439:
4438:
4432:
4427:
4422:
4417:
4412:
4407:
4402:
4396:
4394:
4380:
4376:
4375:
4373:
4372:
4366:
4360:
4355:
4350:
4344:
4342:
4338:
4337:
4335:
4334:
4329:
4323:
4318:
4313:
4308:
4302:
4300:
4296:
4295:
4287:
4286:
4279:
4272:
4264:
4255:
4254:
4252:
4251:
4246:
4241:
4235:
4233:
4229:
4228:
4225:
4224:
4222:
4221:
4216:
4211:
4206:
4201:
4196:
4191:
4186:
4179:
4177:
4173:
4172:
4170:
4169:
4164:
4159:
4154:
4149:
4144:
4138:
4136:
4129:
4123:
4122:
4120:
4119:
4117:Expansion card
4114:
4109:
4104:
4103:
4102:
4097:
4087:
4086:
4085:
4075:
4074:
4073:
4068:
4054:
4044:
4043:
4042:
4037:
4027:
4022:
4021:
4020:
4018:Microprocessor
4009:
4007:
4001:
4000:
3998:
3997:
3996:
3995:
3990:
3980:
3979:
3978:
3973:
3968:
3958:
3953:
3947:
3945:
3937:
3936:
3934:
3933:
3928:
3923:
3918:
3917:
3916:
3906:
3901:
3900:
3899:
3888:
3886:
3884:Output devices
3880:
3879:
3876:
3875:
3873:
3872:
3871:
3870:
3860:
3859:
3858:
3848:
3843:
3838:
3837:
3836:
3826:
3821:
3815:
3813:
3809:
3808:
3806:
3805:
3800:
3795:
3790:
3788:Pointing stick
3785:
3780:
3779:
3778:
3768:
3763:
3758:
3752:
3750:
3741:
3735:
3734:
3723:
3722:
3715:
3708:
3700:
3694:
3693:
3685:
3674:
3671:
3668:
3667:
3641:Google Patents
3627:
3591:
3570:
3541:
3514:
3486:
3455:
3428:
3409:
3378:
3351:(5): 369–375.
3335:
3308:
3297:
3277:
3266:
3246:
3219:
3193:
3182:
3158:
3141:
3109:
3082:
3064:
3061:on 2007-05-20.
3046:
3016:
2983:
2956:
2929:
2906:
2874:
2858:
2851:
2843:Academic Press
2827:
2803:
2765:
2738:
2716:
2676:
2636:
2622:
2597:
2566:
2542:
2541:
2539:
2536:
2533:
2532:
2514:
2513:
2511:
2508:
2507:
2506:
2500:
2494:
2489:
2484:
2477:
2474:
2453:Main article:
2450:
2447:
2413:Virtual memory
2411:Main article:
2408:
2407:Virtual memory
2405:
2404:
2403:
2395:
2388:
2375:
2372:
2360:Main article:
2357:
2354:
2306:
2303:
2220:Main article:
2217:
2214:
2179:Main article:
2168:
2165:
2163:
2160:
2097:Wen Tsing Chow
1938:Main article:
1935:
1932:
1922:Bob Norman at
1883:in the 1960s.
1839:Selectron tube
1694:
1691:
1622:. Examples of
1592:virtual memory
1526:
1525:
1523:
1522:
1515:
1508:
1500:
1497:
1496:
1493:
1492:
1486:
1480:
1477:Twistor memory
1474:
1468:
1462:
1456:
1450:
1444:
1438:
1433:
1427:
1421:
1414:
1411:
1410:
1407:
1406:
1403:
1402:
1397:
1395:Quantum memory
1392:
1387:
1382:
1377:
1372:
1371:
1370:
1360:
1355:
1350:
1345:
1340:
1335:
1329:
1327:In development
1326:
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1322:
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1318:
1317:
1312:
1311:
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1305:
1300:
1295:
1290:
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1260:
1255:
1250:
1245:
1240:
1238:Super Video CD
1235:
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1215:
1210:
1204:
1199:
1188:
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1179:
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897:
895:MultiMediaCard
892:
887:
882:
872:
871:
870:
865:
860:
855:
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843:
831:
826:
825:
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804:
798:
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782:
781:
778:
777:
771:
765:
760:
757:Selectron tube
754:
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731:
728:
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611:
610:
609:
604:
597:Hardware cache
593:
588:
587:
584:
583:
577:
576:
573:
572:
567:
562:
557:
552:
550:Edge computing
547:
542:
537:
532:
530:Grid computing
527:
525:Bank switching
522:
517:
512:
507:
502:
497:
492:
487:
482:
477:
472:
470:Virtual memory
467:
462:
457:
452:
447:
442:
437:
435:Disk mirroring
432:
427:
422:
417:
412:
407:
402:
397:
392:
390:Temporary file
387:
382:
377:
372:
367:
362:
357:
352:
347:
342:
340:Knowledge base
337:
332:
330:Storage record
327:
325:Memory refresh
322:
317:
312:
310:Data structure
307:
302:
297:
292:
287:
282:
277:
272:
267:
262:
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205:Data integrity
202:
197:
195:Data cleansing
192:
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177:
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167:
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157:
152:
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150:
145:
135:
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128:Object storage
125:
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9:
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5070:
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5053:
5050:
5047:
5044:
5041:
5038:
5035:(Windows and
5034:
5031:
5028:
5027:iCOMP (index)
5025:
5022:
5018:
5015:
5012:
5008:
5005:
5002:
4998:
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4988:
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4950:
4947:
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4942:
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4937:
4935:
4932:
4930:
4927:
4925:
4924:Apache JMeter
4922:
4921:
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4917:
4913:
4906:
4902:
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4896:
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4888:
4887:
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4731:
4729:
4726:
4723:
4719:
4716:
4713:
4709:
4706:
4705:
4703:
4699:
4693:(CPU, memory)
4692:
4689:
4686:
4683:
4682:
4680:
4676:
4665:
4662:
4659:
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4654:
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4370:
4367:
4364:
4361:
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4351:
4349:
4346:
4345:
4343:
4341:Organizations
4339:
4333:
4330:
4327:
4324:
4322:
4319:
4317:
4314:
4312:
4309:
4307:
4306:Free software
4304:
4303:
4301:
4297:
4293:
4285:
4280:
4278:
4273:
4271:
4266:
4265:
4262:
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4230:
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4217:
4215:
4212:
4210:
4207:
4205:
4202:
4200:
4197:
4195:
4192:
4190:
4189:Parallel port
4187:
4184:
4181:
4180:
4178:
4174:
4168:
4165:
4163:
4160:
4158:
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4028:
4026:
4023:
4019:
4016:
4015:
4014:
4011:
4010:
4008:
4006:
4005:Computer case
4002:
3994:
3991:
3989:
3986:
3985:
3984:
3981:
3977:
3974:
3972:
3969:
3967:
3964:
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3962:
3959:
3957:
3954:
3952:
3949:
3948:
3946:
3944:
3938:
3932:
3931:Graphics card
3929:
3927:
3924:
3922:
3919:
3915:
3912:
3911:
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3907:
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3902:
3898:
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3853:
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3847:
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3839:
3835:
3832:
3831:
3830:
3829:Graphics card
3827:
3825:
3824:Image scanner
3822:
3820:
3817:
3816:
3814:
3810:
3804:
3801:
3799:
3796:
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3777:
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3767:
3764:
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3759:
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3754:
3753:
3751:
3749:
3745:
3742:
3740:
3739:Input devices
3736:
3732:
3729:
3721:
3716:
3714:
3709:
3707:
3702:
3701:
3698:
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3686:
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3501:
3496:
3490:
3482:
3478:
3474:
3470:
3466:
3459:
3444:
3443:
3438:
3432:
3419:
3413:
3397:
3393:
3389:
3388:"Unsung hero"
3382:
3374:
3370:
3366:
3362:
3358:
3354:
3350:
3346:
3339:
3324:
3323:
3318:
3312:
3304:
3300:
3294:
3290:
3289:
3281:
3273:
3269:
3263:
3259:
3258:
3250:
3243:
3239:
3235:
3234:
3229:
3223:
3208:. August 1992
3207:
3203:
3197:
3190:
3185:
3183:9783540342588
3179:
3175:
3171:
3170:
3162:
3155:
3154:
3148:
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3126:
3119:
3113:
3098:
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3074:
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2529:
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2519:
2515:
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2379:
2371:
2369:
2363:
2353:
2351:
2347:
2343:
2339:
2335:
2330:
2327:
2322:
2319:
2314:
2312:
2311:semi-volatile
2302:
2300:
2296:
2292:
2288:
2284:
2280:
2276:
2272:
2268:
2263:
2261:
2260:punched cards
2257:
2253:
2252:magnetic drum
2249:
2248:optical discs
2245:
2244:magnetic tape
2241:
2237:
2233:
2229:
2223:
2213:
2211:
2206:
2204:
2200:
2196:
2192:
2188:
2187:semiconductor
2182:
2173:
2159:
2157:
2148:
2146:
2142:
2138:
2134:
2133:Fujio Masuoka
2130:
2126:
2122:
2118:
2114:
2110:
2106:
2105:floating gate
2102:
2098:
2094:
2090:
2086:
2082:
2078:
2073:
2071:
2067:
2063:
2059:
2055:
2051:
2047:
2043:
2039:
2035:
2033:
2029:
2025:
2021:
2017:
2012:
2010:
2006:
2002:
1998:
1994:
1991:
1987:
1983:
1979:
1975:
1974:power devices
1971:
1967:
1963:
1959:
1955:
1951:
1947:
1941:
1931:
1929:
1925:
1921:
1917:
1914:memory on an
1913:
1909:
1905:
1901:
1897:
1893:
1889:
1884:
1882:
1879:
1875:
1871:
1867:
1866:Jay Forrester
1863:
1859:
1855:
1850:
1848:
1844:
1840:
1836:
1835:Williams tube
1831:
1829:
1825:
1821:
1817:
1813:
1808:
1806:
1802:
1798:
1790:
1779:
1775:
1768:
1765:
1757:
1745:
1741:
1740:Williams tube
1737:
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1722:
1715:
1710:
1704:
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1521:
1516:
1514:
1509:
1507:
1502:
1501:
1499:
1498:
1490:
1487:
1484:
1483:Bubble memory
1481:
1478:
1475:
1472:
1469:
1466:
1463:
1460:
1457:
1454:
1451:
1448:
1445:
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1234:
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1190:
1189:
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1136:
1133:
1131:
1128:
1126:
1123:
1121:
1118:
1116:
1113:
1111:
1110:Cassette tape
1108:
1106:
1105:Videocassette
1103:
1101:
1098:
1095:
1092:
1090:
1087:
1085:
1082:
1080:
1077:
1075:
1074:Magnetic tape
1072:
1070:
1067:
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1062:
1060:
1057:
1055:
1052:
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1047:
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829:ROM cartridge
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582:
579:
578:
571:
568:
566:
563:
561:
558:
556:
555:Dew computing
553:
551:
548:
546:
545:Fog computing
543:
541:
540:Cloud storage
538:
536:
533:
531:
528:
526:
523:
521:
520:Memory paging
518:
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355:File deletion
353:
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345:Computer file
343:
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225:Data recovery
223:
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210:Data security
208:
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107:
106:floating-gate
104:
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57:
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52:
48:
45:
44:
38:
34:
30:
19:
18:Memory device
5063:Motorola 68k
4780:Cryptography
4648:Input/output
4626:
4095:Power MOSFET
4078:Power supply
4047:Data storage
4029:
3983:Flash memory
3961:Optical disc
3943:data storage
3688:
3680:
3644:. Retrieved
3640:
3630:
3604:. Retrieved
3594:
3586:
3580:. Retrieved
3560:
3532:. Retrieved
3526:
3517:
3505:. Retrieved
3498:
3489:
3464:
3458:
3446:. Retrieved
3440:
3431:
3412:
3400:. Retrieved
3391:
3381:
3348:
3344:
3338:
3326:. Retrieved
3320:
3311:
3287:
3280:
3256:
3249:
3241:
3237:
3231:
3222:
3210:. Retrieved
3196:
3187:
3168:
3161:
3152:
3132:. Retrieved
3125:the original
3112:
3100:. Retrieved
3094:
3085:
3076:
3067:
3059:the original
3049:
3037:. Retrieved
3028:
3019:
3009:20 September
3007:. Retrieved
2998:
2972:(1): 19–22.
2969:
2965:
2959:
2947:. Retrieved
2941:
2932:
2915:
2909:
2897:. Retrieved
2891:
2867:
2861:
2837:
2830:
2819:. Retrieved
2815:
2806:
2794:. Retrieved
2788:
2756:. Retrieved
2750:
2741:
2728:
2719:
2707:. Retrieved
2691:
2679:
2667:. Retrieved
2651:
2639:
2625:
2609:
2600:
2588:. Retrieved
2582:
2557:. Retrieved
2546:
2518:
2462:
2458:
2416:
2377:
2365:
2331:
2323:
2317:
2315:
2310:
2308:
2264:
2240:floppy disks
2232:flash memory
2225:
2207:
2184:
2151:
2149:
2089:flash memory
2076:
2074:
2042:memory cells
2036:
2013:
2001:memory chips
1990:silicon-gate
1978:power supply
1943:
1885:
1851:
1832:
1809:
1805:vacuum tubes
1794:
1744:IAS computer
1730:vacuum tubes
1686:
1675:Flash memory
1667:memory cells
1664:
1628:flash memory
1620:non-volatile
1604:memory cells
1597:
1590:
1582:write buffer
1574:mass storage
1571:
1566:
1562:
1555:
1548:
1542:
1538:
1530:
1529:
1430:Punched tape
1424:Punched card
1390:Time crystal
1258:Hyper CD-ROM
1197:Optical disc
1089:Tape library
1024:FeFET memory
1005:Early-stage
885:CompactFlash
880:Memory Stick
840:Flash memory
802:Diode matrix
786:Non-volatile
570:Kryder's law
560:Amdahl's law
485:Software rot
460:Logical disk
360:File copying
295:Data storage
250:File sharing
235:Data cluster
46:
29:
4993:simulation)
4929:Curl-loader
4865:performance
4595:and storage
4593:Filesystems
4563:Peripherals
4464:Fhourstones
4290:Processing
4194:Serial port
4185:(IEEE 1394)
4162:DisplayPort
4152:Thunderbolt
4025:Motherboard
3988:Memory card
3956:Floppy disk
3798:Touchscreen
2605:A.M. Turing
2433:(e.g. in a
2384:memory leak
2195:dynamic RAM
2113:Dov Frohman
2022:(SRAM) and
1954:memory cell
1912:solid-state
1874:Whirlwind I
1828:transducers
1750: 1951
1683:word length
1606:built from
1550:main memory
1537:. The term
1489:Floppy disk
1441:Drum memory
875:Memory card
842:is used in:
776:(2002–2010)
741:(1946–1947)
565:Moore's law
410:Boot sector
350:Object file
255:File system
66:Memory cell
5085:Categories
5069:WorldBench
4761:JavaScript
4425:SuperPrime
4358:Futuremark
4292:benchmarks
3941:Removable
3926:Sound card
3856:Sound chip
3851:Sound card
3841:Microphone
3731:components
3582:2012-08-20
3418:US 4531203
2821:2019-11-14
2709:16 October
2669:16 October
2590:16 October
2559:2 November
2538:References
2431:hard drive
2356:Management
2256:paper tape
2193:(SRAM) or
2191:static RAM
2145:NAND flash
2119:inventing
2083:including
2062:Intel 1103
2058:capacitors
2018:(RAM) are
1940:MOS memory
1934:MOS memory
1886:The first
1728:, showing
1673:(0 or 1).
1412:Historical
1084:Tape drive
910:SmartMedia
733:Historical
430:Disk image
425:Disk array
300:Data store
101:MOS memory
91:Memory map
37:DDR4 SDRAM
5071:(Windows)
5033:Novabench
4863:Recursion
4798:Multiuser
4739:software)
4733:SPECpower
4459:Dhrystone
4430:Whetstone
4379:Processor
4204:PS/2 port
4199:Game port
4112:Fax modem
3951:Disk pack
3803:Trackball
3766:Light pen
3373:0018-9200
2949:10 August
2470:debuggers
2443:thrashing
2295:3D XPoint
2199:CPU cache
2141:NOR flash
2107:of a MOS
2101:Simon Sze
2075:The term
1892:flip-flop
1784:core is 1
1767:microSDHC
1660:CPU cache
1471:Disk pack
1436:Plugboard
1273:DVD-Video
1202:LaserDisc
1100:Videotape
971:3D XPoint
962:Memristor
602:CPU cache
370:Core dump
290:Data bank
240:Directory
5059:SysSpeed
5017:Coremark
5007:BogoMips
4835:SPECvirt
4753:Software
4660:Ioblazer
4602:Bonnie++
4550:(PARSEC)
4474:CoreMark
4420:Super PI
4328:(memory)
4299:Concepts
4183:FireWire
4176:Obsolete
4142:Ethernet
3921:Speakers
3819:Keyboard
3793:Touchpad
3728:computer
3656:cite web
3616:cite web
3576:Archived
3402:18 March
3396:Archived
3303:Archived
3272:Archived
3033:Archived
2758:2 August
2700:Archived
2698:. 1998.
2660:Archived
2658:. 1997.
2614:Archived
2555:. EMSNow
2476:See also
2466:rebooted
2435:swapfile
2291:Nano-RAM
1982:switches
1976:for the
1616:volatile
1535:computer
1400:UltraRAM
1278:DVD card
1233:Video CD
1218:CD Video
988:Nano-RAM
957:Memistor
930:XQD card
905:SIM card
763:Dekatron
649:XDR DRAM
644:EDO DRAM
581:Volatile
375:Hex dump
285:Database
180:Metadata
175:Big data
5096:MOSFETs
5055:Sysinfo
5045:(Linux)
5029:(Intel)
4967:Xmark93
4939:OpenSTA
4934:httperf
4656:Iometer
4617:Diskspd
4607:HD Tach
4572:Network
4510:BRL-CAD
4469:SPECint
4446:Integer
4415:Prime95
4405:LINPACK
4232:Related
4135:Current
3976:Blu-ray
3914:Plotter
3909:Printer
3892:Monitor
3868:Softcam
3776:Optical
3534:19 June
3507:20 June
3448:20 June
3442:Toshiba
3353:Bibcode
3328:19 June
3212:19 June
3206:Samsung
3134:26 June
2899:29 July
2796:19 June
2350:battery
2326:STT-RAM
2137:Toshiba
2070:Samsung
2052:at the
2038:Toshiba
1906:to the
1862:An Wang
1820:mercury
1714:IBM 602
1703:storage
1693:History
1485:(~1970)
1479:(~1968)
1461:(1960s)
1298:Blu-ray
1288:MiniDVD
1283:DVD-RAM
1243:Mini CD
1185:Optical
1145:U-matic
1140:MicroMV
1120:Betamax
984:(ECRAM)
925:MicroP2
900:SD card
890:PC Card
681:1T-SRAM
639:QDRSRAM
230:Storage
60:General
5057:&
4997:AnTuTu
4897:(TPoX)
4830:VMmark
4800:system
4763:engine
4745:(SERT)
4691:NBench
4687:(HINT)
4612:IOzone
4410:LAPACK
4400:SPECfp
4365:(SPEC)
4090:MOSFET
4030:Memory
3897:Screen
3863:Webcam
3726:Basic
3646:20 May
3606:20 May
3568:
3471:1987.
3423:
3392:Forbes
3371:
3295:
3264:
3180:
3102:8 July
2999:IBM100
2995:"DRAM"
2849:
2464:to be
2334:nvSRAM
2297:, and
2125:EEPROM
2077:memory
1946:MOSFET
1799:, the
1786:
1782:
1771:
1761:
1644:EEPROM
1642:, and
1539:memory
1491:(1971)
1473:(1962)
1467:(1962)
1455:(1957)
1449:(1949)
1443:(1932)
1432:(1725)
1426:(1725)
1420:(1725)
1293:HD DVD
1253:CD-ROM
1209:(CDDA)
1135:MiniDV
854:(SSHD)
836:(SSS)
822:EEPROM
770:(2009)
759:(1952)
753:(1951)
747:(1947)
365:Backup
5051:(AMD)
5037:macOS
5011:Linux
4949:Tsung
4944:TPC-W
4905:NoSQL
4718:EEMBC
4503:(GPU)
4486:(DSP)
4391:FLOPS
4371:(TPC)
4353:EEMBC
4209:eSATA
4127:Ports
3812:Other
3771:Mouse
3500:eWeek
3128:(PDF)
3121:(PDF)
3039:8 May
2703:(PDF)
2688:(PDF)
2663:(PDF)
2648:(PDF)
2528:A-RAM
2524:Z-RAM
2510:Notes
2279:SONOS
2121:EPROM
2117:Intel
1801:ENIAC
1774:bytes
1726:ENIAC
1640:EPROM
1567:store
1353:ECRAM
1333:CBRAM
1268:DVD+R
1228:CD-RW
1165:D-VHS
1160:VHS-C
1155:S-VHS
1096:(DDS)
1019:ReRAM
1014:FeRAM
1007:NVRAM
993:CBRAM
950:NVRAM
848:(SSD)
817:EPROM
774:Z-RAM
768:T-RAM
700:(CAM)
688:ReRAM
654:RDRAM
634:LPDDR
629:SGRAM
624:SDRAM
619:eDRAM
53:types
4901:YCSB
4807:SDET
4737:Java
4583:SUPS
4492:BTDi
4167:HDMI
4083:SMPS
4071:SSHD
4065:NVMe
4061:SATA
4040:BIOS
3662:link
3648:2018
3622:link
3608:2018
3566:ISBN
3536:2019
3509:2019
3473:IEEE
3469:IEDM
3450:2019
3404:2008
3369:ISSN
3330:2019
3293:ISBN
3262:ISBN
3214:2019
3178:ISBN
3136:2019
3104:2019
3041:2018
3011:2019
2951:2019
2901:2019
2847:ISBN
2798:2019
2760:2019
2711:2019
2671:2019
2592:2019
2561:2022
2526:and
2427:CPUs
2387:out.
2374:Bugs
2342:chip
2338:SRAM
2318:worn
2258:and
2242:and
2005:NMOS
1984:and
1970:CMOS
1868:and
1837:and
1650:are
1636:PROM
1630:and
1626:are
1618:and
1580:and
1563:core
1343:NRAM
1315:WORM
1223:CD-R
977:MRAM
812:PROM
807:MROM
709:VRAM
693:QRAM
676:SRAM
664:GDDR
614:DRAM
510:RAID
160:Data
49:and
5001:ARM
4712:x86
4450:ALU
4219:VGA
4214:DVI
4147:USB
4100:VRM
4057:SSD
4052:HDD
4035:RAM
3971:DVD
3834:GPU
3477:doi
3361:doi
3189:21.
3003:IBM
2974:doi
2920:doi
2246:),
2135:at
2115:of
2028:bit
2009:IBM
1928:IBM
1878:MOS
1789:bit
1776:of
1671:bit
1632:ROM
1586:RAM
1554:or
1544:RAM
1263:DVD
1150:VHS
967:PCM
920:SxS
795:ROM
669:HBM
659:DDR
590:RAM
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3966:CD
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1764:GB
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