Meghalaya - Knowledge

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about 2000-2500 MW, of which 700-980 MW will be thermal based while 1400-1520 MW will be hydroelectricity. The State Government has outlined a cost-shared public-private partnership model to accelerate private sector investments in its power sector. The generation transmission, transformation and distribution of electricity is entrusted to the Meghalaya Energy Corporation Limited which was constituted under the Electricity Supply Act, 1948. At present, there are five hydel power stations and one mini hydel including Umiam Hydel Project, Umtrew Hydel Project, Myntdu-Leshka-I Hydel Project, and the Sunapani Micro Hydel (SESU) Project.

4899: 6554: 4592: 1719:, Anatidae, Podicipedidae, Ciconiidae, Threskiornithidae, Ardeidae, Pelecanidae, Phalacrocoracidae, Anhingidae, Falconidae, Accipitridae, Otididae, Rallidae, Heliornithidae, Gruidae, Turnicidae, Burhinidae, Charadriidae, Glareolidae, Scolopacidae, Jacanidae, Columbidae, Psittacidae, Cuculidae, Strigidae, Caprimulgidae, Apodidae, Alcedinidae, Bucerotidae, Ramphastidae, Picidae, Campephagidae, Dicruridae, Corvidae, Hirundinidae, Cisticolidae, Pycnonotidae, Sylviidae, Timaliidae, Sittidae, Sturnidae, Turdidae, Nectariniidae and Muscicapidae. Each of these families have many species. The 4381: 3484: 2493: 6546: 4765: 3390: 182: 8211: 4407: 4395: 3249: 3302:. Agriculture and allied activities engage nearly two-thirds of the total workforce in Meghalaya. This sector's contribution to the state's NSDP is about one-third. Agriculture in the state is characterised by low productivity and unsustainable farm practices. Despite the large percentage of the population engaged in agriculture, the state imports food from other Indian states. Infrastructural constraints have also prevented the economy of the state from creating high-income jobs at a pace commensurate with that of the rest of India. 2922: 200: 4743: 4861: 4849: 4754: 171: 4653: 6547:"Lofty Himalayas notwithstanding, the tribal people of Nartiang in the Jaintia Hills of Meghalaya truly believe that their scenic little hamlet is the "permanent abode" of Goddess Durga. Perched atop a hillock is the more than 600-year old and ancient Durgabari - a simple house made of stones and wood complete with tin roofing. Revered as one of the 51 Shakti Peethas, the temple has been drawing a large number of pilgrims from all over the country on occasion of Durga Puja. - Times of India" 4584: 4369: 229: 3843: 8869: 8402: 8390: 8339: 4710:

protected by local communities, and in some cases, the locals would neither touch leaves or fruits or in other ways damage the forest, flora or fauna taking refuge in them. This guardianship creates a sacred area where nature and wildlife thrive. The Mawphlang sacred forest, also known as "Law Lyngdoh," is one of the most famous sacred forests in Meghalaya. It's located about 25 kilometres from Shillong. It's a scenic nature destination, and one can find the sacred

1518: 1507: 808: 739: 8244: 4873: 8452: 1594: 4174: 898: 3509: 4517: 1995: 43: 8910: 2874: 3447: 4576: 8359: 3559:. Though there has been a steady decline in the death rate, improvement in life expectancy and an increase in health infrastructure, about 42.3% of the state's population is still uncovered by health care, according to the status paper prepared by the Health Department. There are numerous hospitals being set up, both private and government, some of them are Civil Hospital, Ganesh Das Hospital, K.J.P. Synod Hospital, 262: 8979: 8376: 8351: 313: 834: 708: 610: 8327: 1472: 3871:(or the youngest daughter) inherits all the property and responsibilities for the family. The male line, particularly the mother's brother, may indirectly control the ancestral property since he may be involved in important decisions relating to property including its sale and disposal. In case a family has no daughters, the Khasi and Jaintia (also called Syntengs) have the custom of 4350:

5,857 km were surfaced. The road density had increased to 41.69 km per 100 square kilometre by March 2011. Meghalaya is far below the national average of 75 km per 100 km. To provide better services to the people of the state, the Meghalaya Public Works Department is taking steps for improvement and up-gradation of the existing roads and bridges in phased manner.

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autonomous state within the state of Assam comprising certain areas specified in Part A of the table appended to paragraph 20 of the Sixth Schedule to the Constitution. Accordingly, the Assam Reorganisation (Meghalaya) Act of 1969 was enacted for the formation of an autonomous state. Meghalaya was formed by carving out two districts from the state of Assam: the United

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2,300 kg/ha (2,100 lb/acre). As is the case with maize and wheat where the productivity has increased tremendously with the introduction of HYV from 534 kg/ha (476 lb/acre) during 1971–72 to 1,218 kg/ha (1,087 lb/acre) of maize and from 611 kg/ha (545 lb/acre) to 1,490 kg/ha (1,330 lb/acre) of wheat.

5064:. These were the seeds of rice. The god gave the human beings some of those celestial seeds, provided instruction on shift agriculture and proper rice cultivation practice, with the demand that at every harvest a portion of the first harvest must be dedicated to him. Another folktale is from the Garo Hills of Meghalaya where a man named 1541:). These are small pockets of an ancient forest that have been preserved by the communities for hundreds of years due to religious and cultural beliefs. These forests are reserved for religious rituals and generally remain protected from any exploitation. These sacred groves harbour many rare plant and animal species. The 1432:, Nitai and the Bhupai. In the central and eastern sections of the plateau, the important rivers are Khri, Umtrew, Digaru, Umiam or Barapani, Kynshi (Jadukata), Umngi, Mawpa, Umiam Khwan, Umngot, Umkhen, Myntdu and Myntang. In the southern Khasi Hills region, these rivers have created deep gorges and several waterfalls. 5027:

per 100,000 people. The terror-related deaths are from conflicts primarily between different tribal groups and against migrants from Bangladesh. Along with political resolution and dialogue, various Christian organisations have taken the initiative to prevent violence and help the process of discussion between groups.

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is the longest cave, and Synrang Pamiang is the deepest cave. Both are located in the Jaintia Hills. Cavers from the United Kingdom, Germany, Austria, Ireland, and the United States have been visiting Meghalaya for over a decade exploring these caves. Few have been developed or promoted adequately as

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Meghalaya also has many natural and manmade lakes. The Umiam Lake (popularly known as Bara Pani meaning Big water) on the Guwahati-Shillong road is a major tourism attraction for tourist. Meghalaya has several parks; Thangkharang Park, the Eco-park, the Botanical Garden and Lady Hydari Park to name a

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The Biates had many kinds of festivals, including Nûlding Kût, Pamchar Kût, Lebang Kût and Favang Kût, for different occasions. They no longer practise or observe most, except Nûlding Kût ("renewal of life") every January, with singing, dancing and traditional games. A priest (thiampu) prays to Chung

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All the three major ethnic tribal groups, namely, the Khasis, Jaintias and the Garos also have their own traditional political institutions that have existed for hundreds of years. These political institutions were fairly well developed and functioned at various tiers, such as the village level, clan

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There are currently over 181 NGOs within Meghalaya that vary from charities to volunteer services and social empowerment groups. Most civil society organisations are also ethnically affiliated as the interests of different groups are championed between each organisation . This in turn causes them to

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had become active in Northeast India to convert indigenous tribes to Christianity. Later, they were offered to expand and reach into Cherrapunji Meghalaya, but they declined out of the lack of resources. Taking up the offer, the Welsh Presbyterian Mission began work at the Cherrapunji mission field.

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The Khasi, Garo, and Jaintia tribes had their own kingdoms until they came under British administration in the 19th century. Later, the British incorporated Meghalaya into Assam in 1835. The region enjoyed semi-independent status by virtue of a treaty relationship with the British Crown. When Bengal

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or shifting cultivation is practised even today. The highland plateaus fed by abundant rains provided safety from floods and a rich soil. The importance of Meghalaya is its possible role in human history via domestication of rice. A theory for the origin of rice is by Ian Glover while states, "India

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Nongkhnum Island located in the West Khasi Hills district is the biggest river island in Meghalaya and the second biggest in Asia. It is 14 kilometres from Nongstoin. The island is formed by the bifurcation of Kynshi River into the Phanliang River and the Namliang River. Adjacent to the sandy beach

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Meghalaya, with its high mountains, deep gorges, and abundant rains has a large, unused hydroelectric potential. The assessed generation capacity exceeds 3000 MW. The current installed capacity in the state is 185 MW, but the state itself consumes 610 MW. In other words, it imports electricity. The

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among others. Meghalaya has a large forest cover, rich biodiversity, and numerous water bodies. The low level of industrialisation and the relatively poor infrastructure base acts as an impediment to the exploitation of these natural resources in the interest of the state's economy. In recent years

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Meghalaya is basically an agricultural state with about 80% of its population depending entirely on agriculture for their livelihood. Nearly 10% of the geographical area of Meghalaya is under cultivation. Agriculture in the state is characterised by limited use of modern techniques, low yields, and

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institutions were set up. Because of distinct customs and traditions prevalent in the northeast region, it was felt necessary to have a separate political and administrative structure in the region. Some of the tribal communities in the region had their own traditional political systems, and it was

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The state has had 23 state governments since its inception in 1972, with a median life span of less than 18 months. Only three governments have survived more than three years. Political instability has affected the state's economy in the past. Over recent years, there has been increasing political

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Between 2006 and 2013, between 0 and 28 civilians have died per year in Meghalaya (or about 0 to 1 per 100,000 people), which the state authorities have classified as terror-related intentional violence. The world's average annual death rate from intentional violence, in recent years, has been 7.9

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Until 1955, foreign tourists required special permits to enter the areas that now constitute the state of Meghalaya, which are sometimes compared to Scotland for their highlands, fog and scenery. Meghalaya has some of the thickest primary forests in the country and therefore constitutes one of the

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was a former mountain railway through the state. Guwahati (103 kilometres (64 mi) from Shillong) is the nearest major railway station connecting the north-east region with the rest of the country through a broad gauge track network. There is a plan for extending the rail link from Guwahati to

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Meghalaya has a road network of around 7,633 km, out of which 3,691 km is black-topped and the remaining 3942 km is gravelled. Meghalaya is also connected to Silchar in Assam, Aizawl in Mizoram, and Agartala in Tripura through national highways. Many private buses and taxi operators

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When Meghalaya was carved out of Assam as an autonomous state in 1972, it inherited a total road length of 2786.68 km including 174 km of National Highways with road density of 12.42 km per 100 square kilometre. By 2004, total road length has reached up to 9,350 km out of which

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that was passed in 1958 by the Indian Government granted the Indian Army exclusive powers to maintain order in this area. Many insurgent organisations were also developed alongside cultural and political movements, making it very difficult to distinguish them from what constitutes a civil society.

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Concerns over national security, such as the unification of neighbouring hostile countries and local insurgent groups for a possible attack on the Indian state, has served as the longstanding point of emphasis on how the Indian Central Government operates in the Northeast. Different administrative

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system where lineage and inheritance are traced through women. The youngest daughter inherits all the property and she is the caretaker of aged parents and any unmarried siblings. In some cases, such as when there is no daughter in the family or other reasons, the parents may nominate another girl

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Meghalaya had a literacy rate of 62.56 as per the 2001 census and is the 27th most literate state in India. This increased to 75.5 in 2011. As of 2006, the state had 5851 primary schools, 1759 middle schools, and 655 higher secondary schools respectively. In 2008, 518,000 students were enrolled in

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farming is a threat not only for natural biodiversity, it is also a low yield unproductive method of agriculture. It is a significant issue in Meghalaya, given majority of its people rely on agriculture to make a living. Shift farming is a practice that is not unique to northeastern Indian states

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Meghalaya is also known for its "sacred groves". They are small or large areas of forests or natural vegetation that are usually dedicated to local folk deities or tree spirits or some religious symbolism over many generations, often since ancient times. These spaces are found all over India, are

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Being a Christian majority state, Christmas is one of the biggest festivals of Meghalaya, celebrated in almost all of the parts of the state—villages, towns with great fervour and enthusiasm by native Christian Tribes. The entire state comes alive with Christmas trees, carols and lights during 25

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Several projects are under works. The proposed Garo Hills thermal project at Nangalbibra is expected to generate an additional 751 MW of power. There is a proposal for setting up a 250 MW thermal power plant in West Khasi Hills. The State Government aims to increase its power generation output by

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Grains and staples production covers about 60% of the land area dedicated to crops. With the introduction of different crops of high yielding varieties in the mid-1970s, a remarkable increase in food grain production has been made. A major breakthrough was achieved when high yielding varieties of

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Meghalaya recorded the highest decennial population growth of 27.82% among all the seven north-eastern states, as per the provisional report of census 2011. The population of Meghalaya as of 2011 has been estimated at 2,964,007 of which females constitute 1,492,668 and males 1,471,339. As per the

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About 70% of the state is forested, of which 9,496 km (3,666 sq mi) is dense primary subtropical forest. The Meghalayan forests are considered to be among the richest botanical habitats of Asia. These forests receive abundant rainfall and support a vast variety of floral and faunal

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With the average annual rainfall as high as 12,000 mm (470 in) in some areas, Meghalaya is the wettest place on Earth. The western part of the plateau, comprising the Garo Hills region with lower elevations, experiences high temperatures for most of the year. The Shillong area, with the

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Oilseeds such as rapeseed, mustard, linseed, soybean, castor, and sesame are grown on nearly 100 km (39 sq mi). Rape and mustard are the most important oilseeds accounting for well over two-thirds of the oilseed production of nearly 6.5 thousand tonnes. Fiber crops such as cotton,

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low productivity. As a result, despite the vast majority of the population being engaged in agriculture, the contribution of agricultural production to the state's GDP is low, and most of the population engaged in agriculture remain poor. A portion of the cultivated area is under the traditional

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Scholars are divided on the effectiveness Meghalaya's civil society. Some argue for its important role in state development through CSOs, while others point out that their impact is not only limited from above by the central government and its military, but also from below by insurgent groups .

1590:(teak). Meghalaya is also the home to a large variety of fruits, vegetables, spices, and medicinal plants. Meghalaya is also famous for its large variety of orchids — nearly 325 of them. Of these, the largest variety is found in the Mawsmai, Mawmluh and Sohrarim forests in the Khasi hills. 4146:, which is perhaps the only political and administrative authority in the political institution of the Garos. The Nokma performs both judicial and legislative functions. The Nokmas also congregates to address inter-A·king issues. There are no well-organised councils or durbars among the Garos. 5010:

Illegal immigration has become a major issue in Indian states that surround Bangladesh – West Bengal to the west, Meghalaya and Assam to the north, and Tripura, Mizoram, and Manipur to the east. Dozens of political and civic groups have demanded that this migration be stopped or controlled to

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The state has 13 state government dispensaries, 22 community health centres, 93 primary health centres, 408 sub-centres. There were 378 doctors, 81 pharmacists, 337 staff nurses and 77 lab technicians as of 2012. A special program has been launched by the state government for the treatment of

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Climatic conditions in Meghalaya permit a large variety of horticulture crops including fruits, vegetables, flowers, spices, mushrooms, and medicinal plants. These are considered to be higher value crops, but home food security concerns have prevented farmers at large from embracing them. The

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At the time of Indian independence in 1947, present-day Meghalaya constituted two districts of Assam and enjoyed limited autonomy within the state of Assam. A movement for a separate hill state began in 1960. On 11 September 1968, the Government of India announced a scheme for constituting an

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North East Region at Umroi near Shillong, was released in 1991–92 for the higher altitude regions where there was no high yielding rice varieties earlier. Today the state can claim that about 42% area under paddy has been covered with high yielding varieties with the average productivity of

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economic growth of the state suggests rising demand for electricity. The state has the potential to export net hydroelectric-generated electricity and earn income for its internal development plans. The state also has large deposits of coal, thus being a candidate for thermal power plants.

3970:, i.e. village Durbar or council, which is presided over by the village headman. The inter-village issues were dealt with through a political unit comprising adjacent Khasi Villages. The local political units are known as the raids, under by the supreme political authority is known as the 3398:

paddy such as Masuri, Pankaj IR 8, RCPL and other improved varieties series – especially IR 36 which is suitable for Rabi season – allowing three crops to be grown every year. Another milestone was reached when Megha I and Megha II, which are cold tolerant rice varieties developed by the

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district came into existence on 18 June 1992 after the division of the West Garo Hills district. The total geographical area of the district is 1,850 square kilometres (710 sq mi). As per the 2001 census the district has a population of 99,100. The district headquarters are at

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Jhum farming, or cut-and-burn shift cultivation, is an ancient practice in Meghalaya. It is culturally engrained through folklores. One legend states the god of wind with the god of hail and storm shook off seeds from the celestial tree, which were picked up and sown by a bird known as

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For the 12th five-year plan of India, there is a proposal to set up more hydel power projects in the state: Kynshi (450 MW), Umngi −1 (54 MW), Umiam-Umtru -V (36 MW), Ganol (25 MW), Mawphu (120 MW), Nongkolait (120 MW), Nongnaw (50 MW), Rangmaw (65 MW), Umngot (260 MW), Umduna (57 MW),

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Bhaitbari is an archaeological site first discovered and excavated by A. K. Sharma in 1993, a fortification of burnt brick with mud core was discovered at Meghalaya - Assam border and is dated to 4th-8th century AD, the city has been speculated to have been one of the capital cities of

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in the South Garo Hills are considered to be the most biodiversity-rich sites in Meghalaya. In addition, Meghalaya has three wildlife sanctuaries. These are the Nongkhyllem Wildlife Sanctuary, the Siju Sanctuary, and the Baghmara Sanctuary, which is also the home of the insect-eating

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is the center of greatest diversity of domesticated rice with over 20,000 identified species and Northeast India is the most favorable single area of the origin of domesticated rice." The limited archaeology done in the hills of Meghalaya suggest human settlement since ancient times.

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become representatives of ethnic communities around the state since the same individuals from such communities also participate in corresponding organisations that protect their ethnic interests. Three student organisations that represent the major ethnic groups of Meghalaya:

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There also exists many forms of community associations that revolve around the idea of community building. This includes examples such as sports, religious, educational, and other clubs that aim to establish individuals into different social circles based on their interests.

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The significant issues in the state include illegal migrants from Bangladesh, incidences of violence, political instability and deforestation from traditional cut-and-burn shift farming practices. There are several clashes between Khasi people and Bangladeshi in Meghalaya.

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Meghalaya produced 230,000 tonnes of food grains in 2001. Rice is the dominant food grain crop accounting for over 80% of the food grain production in the state. Other important food grain crops are maize, wheat, and a few other cereals and pulses. Besides these, potato,

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manageable levels. The border between Meghalaya and Bangladesh is about 440 kilometres long, of which some 350 is fenced; but the border is not continuously patrolled and is porous. Efforts are underway to fence it completely and introduce means to issue ID cards.

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district was carved out of the Khasi Hills on 28 October 1976. The district has covered an area of 2,748 square kilometres (1,061 sq mi) and has a population of 660,923 as per the 2001 census. The headquarters of East Khasi Hills is located in Shillong.

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In modern times, shift cultivation is a significant threat to the biodiversity of Meghalaya. A 2001 satellite imaging study showed that shift cultivation practice continues and patches of primary dense forests are lost even from areas protected as biosphere.

1167:(US$ 1.9 billion) in current prices. The state is geologically rich in minerals, but it has no significant industries. The state has about 1,170 km (730 mi) of national highways. It is also a major logistical center for trade with Bangladesh. 2676:

district was formed by the further division of East Khasi Hills district on 4 June 1992. It has an area of 2,448 square kilometres (945 sq mi). The total population of the district was 192,795 in the 2001 census. The district headquarters is at

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carry passengers from Guwahati to Shillong. The journey takes from 3 to 4 hours. Day and night bus services are available from Shillong to all major towns of Meghalaya and also other capitals and important towns of Assam and the northeastern states.

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etc. are some of the important cash crops. Besides the major food crops of rice and maize, the state is renowned for its horticultural crops like orange, lemon, pineapple, guava, litchi, banana, jack fruits and fruits such as plum, pear, and peach.

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cultivation. The main festivals of Garos are Den Bilsia, Wangala, Rongchu gala, Mi Amua, Mangona, Grengdik BaA, Jamang Sia, Ja Megapa, Sa Sat Ra Chaka, Ajeaor Ahaoea, Dore Rata Dance, Chambil Mesara, Do'KruSua, Saram Cha'A, A Se Mania or Tata.

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Festivals of the Jaintia Hills, like others, is integral to the culture of people of Jaintia Hills. It celebrates nature, balance and solidarity among its people. Festivals of Jaintias includes Behdienkhlam, Laho Dance, Sowing Ritual Ceremony.

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district lies in the western part of the state and covers a geographical area of 3,714 square kilometres (1,434 sq mi). The population of the district is 515,813 as per the 2001 census. The district headquarters are located at

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two large cement manufacturing plants with production capacity more than 900 MTD have come up in Jaintia Hills district and several more are in pipeline to use the rich deposit of very high-quality limestone available in this district.

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district is the largest district in the state with a geographical area of 5,247 square kilometres (2,026 sq mi). The district was carved out of Khasi Hills District on 28 October 1976. The district headquarters are located at

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took root in Meghalaya and neighbouring regions. In the 20th century, Union Christian College started operations at Umiam, Shillong. Currently, Presbyterians and Catholics are two most common Christian denominations found in Meghalaya.

5846: 2433:. The language is related to the Khasi language. Apart from the main languages, various local dialect are being spoken by the War Jaintia (West Jaintia Hills), Maram and Lynngam (West Khasi Hills), War Pynursla (East Khasi Hills), 8144:

Saha, R., Mishra, V. K., & Khan, S. K. (2011), Soil erodibility characteristics under modified land-use systems as against shifting cultivation in hilly ecosystems of Meghalaya India, Journal of Sustainable Forestry, 30(4),

4309:, and as far east as the East Jaintia Hills District, meaning that they are made by both Khasis and Jaintias. Large numbers of these man-made living structures exist in the mountainous terrain along the southern border of the 5625: 4950:: Located to the west of the Shillong plateau, Diengiei Peak is just 200 feet lower than Shillong peak. On the top of Diengiei, there is a huge hollow, shaped like a cup, believed to be the crater of an extinct pre-historic 5599: 3950:

These two factors have combined to enable CSOs to be easily deemed as insurgencies and grouped with other insurgent organisations that were banned by the government, thus restricting Meghalaya's civil society as a whole.

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Pakrasi, K., Arya, V. S., & Sudhakar, S. (2014), Biodiversity hot-spot modeling and temporal analysis of Meghalaya using Remote sensing technique, International Journal of Environmental Sciences, Vol 4, Number 5, pp

3925:(KSU), Jantia Students' Union (JSU), and Garo Students' Union (GSU) embody this example into their overall functions as CSOs by applying pressure to local government in order to ensure that certain rights are being met. 1369:

in 1936 was proposed and accepted for the new state. The Act came into effect on 2 April 1970, with the autonomous state having a 37-member legislature in accordance with the Sixth Schedule to the Indian constitution.

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felt that Panchayati Raj institutions may come into conflict with these traditional systems. The Sixth Schedule was appended to the Constitution on the recommendations of a subcommittee formed under the leadership of

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Under the 10+2+3 plan, after completing secondary school, students typically enroll for two years in a junior college, also known as pre-university, or in schools with a higher secondary facility affiliated with the

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is relatively well connected, road connectivity in most other parts is relatively poor. A significant portion of the roads in the state is still unpaved. Most of the arrivals into the Meghalaya take place through

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district was created on 22 February 1972. It has a total geographical area of 3,819 square kilometres (1,475 sq mi) and a population of 295,692 as per the 2001 census. The district headquarters is in

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The state is the wettest region of India, with the wettest areas in the southern Khasi Hills recording an average of 12,000 mm (470 in) of rain a year. About 70 per cent of the state is forested. The

5688: 4627:, which is tourist friendly. Many other root bridges can be found nearby, in the villages of Nongthymmai, Mynteng, and Tynrong. Other areas with root bridges include Riwai village, near the tourist village of 3936:

has recently partnered with the government of Meghalaya to improve public health in many rural parts of the state by first strengthening the abilities of non-government organisations to perform such services.

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By the early 1900s, other Protestant denominations of Christianity were active in Meghalaya. The outbreak of World Wars forced the preachers to return home to Europe and America. It is during this period that

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Gupta, Susmita Sen (2018), Ethnicity and Development – A Civil Society Perspective from North-East India. In: Journal of Social and Political Sciences, Vol.1, No.2, 297-305. DOI: 10.31014/aior.1991.01.02.20

4139:, who are responsible for performing the executive and ceremonial functions at the Raid level. At the lowest level are the village headmen. Each administrative tier has its own elected councils or durbars. 2423:. Garo, spoken by the majority of the population, is spoken in many dialects such as Abeng or Ambeng, Atong, Akawe (or Awe), Matchi Dual, Chibok, Chisak Megam or Lyngngam, Ruga, Gara-Ganching and Matabeng. 8838: 2983: 2912:

or any central board. Students choose from one of three streams: liberal arts, commerce or science. Upon completing the required coursework, students may enroll in general or professional degree programs.

1715:. Of the birds found in Meghalaya forests, 34 are on worldwide threatened species list and 9 are on the critically endangered list. Prominent birds spotted in Meghalaya include those from the families of 5096:: Meghalaya Times is one of the new entrants in the market and the fastest growing English newspaper in the state. In a short period of time, it has already established large readership across the state. 4202:(conglomeration of Raids). Some festivals includes Ka Shad Suk Mynsiem, Ka Pom-Blang Nongkrem, Ka-Shad Shyngwiang-Thangiap, Ka-Shad-Kynjoh Khaskain, Ka Bam Khana Shnong, Umsan Nongkharai, Shad Beh Sier. 7658: 3415:

important fruits grown include citrus fruits, pineapples, papayas, and bananas. In addition to this, a large variety of vegetables are grown in the state, including cauliflower, cabbages, and radishes.

7866: 5018:, in August 2012, called upon Government of India to take corrective measures to stop the illegal immigration of Bangladeshis into the northeast of the country before the situation goes out of hand. 4313:, though as a cultural practice they are fading, with many individual examples having disappeared recently, either falling in landslides or floods or being replaced with more standard steel bridges. 7928: 7767: 4789:, which is located at about 96 Kilometres from Shillong is the gateway to Bangladesh and affords a scenic view of some of the tallest mountain ranges in Meghalaya and the Bangladesh borderlands. 7891: 6822: 7395: 3316:, about 12% of total state population is below the poverty line, with 12.5% of the rural Meghalaya population is below the poverty line; while in urban areas, 9.3% are below the poverty line. 1468:

highest elevations, experiences generally low temperatures. The maximum temperature in this region rarely goes beyond 28 °C (82 °F), whereas sub-zero winter temperatures are common.

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Hajongs celebrate traditional festivals and Hindu festivals. The entire plain belt of Garo Hills is inhabited by the Hajongs, they are an agrarian tribe. Major traditional festivals include

7365: 4972:: One of the most celebrated sacred-groves of the State is the grove at Mawphlang about 25 kilometres off Shillong. Preserved since time immemorial, these sacred groves have wide range of 4600:

most important ecotourism circuits in India. The Meghalaya subtropical forests support a vast variety of flora and fauna. The state has two national parks and three wildlife sanctuaries.

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engineering as a field of study, in collaboration with IBM and the University of Petroleum and Energy Studies. IIM Shillong is one of the top ranked management institutes in the country.

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district was formed in 1976 and has a population of 247,555 as per the 2001 census. It covers an area of 2,603 square kilometres (1,005 sq mi). The District Headquarters are at

2681:. It has a hilly terrain, and a large part of the area is covered with forests. The Ri-Bhoi district is known for its pineapples and is the largest producer of pineapples in the state. 5595: 2478:

English is spoken as a common language across the diverse ethnic and demographic groups. In urban centres most of the people can speak English; rural residents vary in their ability.

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production in the state is increasing, as there is high demand from cement industries. Recently, the one big district was divided into two: West Jaintia Hills and East Jaintia Hills

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are among the only cash crops in Meghalaya, grown in Garo Hills. These have been losing popularity in recent years as indicated by their declining yield and area under cultivation.

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in the state was 986 females per 1,000 males which was far higher than the national average of 940. The urban female sex ratio of 985 was higher than the rural sex ratio of 972.

9527: 7911: 1126:, the British imperial authorities nicknamed it the "Scotland of the East". English is the official language of Meghalaya. Unlike many Indian states, Meghalaya has historically 7636: 5155:: U Nongsaiñ Hima is the oldest circulating Khasi newspaper in Meghalaya. Established in December 1960, it is now the highest circulated Khasi daily (ABC July – December 2013). 1095:. The estimated population of Meghalaya in 2014 was 3,211,474. Meghalaya covers an area of approximately 22,429 square kilometres, with a length-to-breadth ratio of about 3:1. 1345:, the governor-general-in-council declared the areas now in Meghalaya, other than the Khasi states, as "backward tracts." Subsequently, the British administration enacted the 7130: 3882:

In the Garo lineage system, the youngest daughter inherits the family property by default, unless another daughter is so named by the parents. She then becomes designated as

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Balpakram National Park with its pristine habitat and scenery is a major attraction. The Nokrek National Park, also in Garo Hills has its own charm with a lot of wildlife.

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which is presided over by the clan headman. The council or the Dorbar managed the internal affairs of the clan. Similarly, every village has a local assembly known as the

838: 4930:: 96 km from Shillong, is a border town, where one can have a glimpse of the neighbouring country of Bangladesh. The colourful annual boat race during spring at the 4617:

is a tourist destination in north-east of India. It lies to the south of the capital Shillong. A rather scenic 50-kilometre long road connects Cherrapunji with Shillong.

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in neighbouring Assam, which is nearly 103 km away. Assam has a major railhead as well as an airport with regular train and air services to the rest of the country.

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Meghalaya has an estimated 500 natural limestone and sandstone caves spread over the entire state including most of the longest and deepest caves in the sub-continent.

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For Garos, festivals sustain their cultural heritage. They were often dedicated to religious events, nature and seasons as well as community events such as stages of

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Myntdu-Leshka-II (60 MW), Selim (170 MW) and Mawblei (140 MW). Of these, Jaypee Group has committed itself to building the Kynshi and Umngot projects in Khasi hills.

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Kuttippurath, J; Murasingh, S; Stott, P A; Sarojini, B Balan; Jha, Madan K; Kumar, P; Nair, P J; Varikoden, H; Raj, S; Francis, P A; Pandey, P C (22 January 2021).

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Glover, Ian C. (1985), Some Problem Relating to the Domestication of Rice in Asia, In Recent Advances in Indo-Pacific Prehistory (Misra, VN. and P. Bellwood Eds.),

3917:, other community associations, and foundations. The current status of Meghalaya's civil society and the effectiveness of the many programs is debated by scholars. 1428:

Meghalaya has many rivers. Most of these are rainfed and seasonal. The important rivers in the Garo Hills region are Ganol, Daring, Sanda, Bandra, Bugai, Dareng,

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like Assamese, Bengali, Garo, Hindi, Khasi, Mizo, Nepali and Urdu are taught as optional subjects. The secondary schools are affiliated with the council for the

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Meghalaya's forests host 660 species of birds and numerous species of other wildlife. Peacock pheasant (top) and hoolock gibbon (bottom) are found in Meghalaya.

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Ramakrishnan, P. S. (1992), Shifting agriculture and sustainable development: an interdisciplinary study from north-eastern India, Parthenon Publishing Group,

2889: 7795: 4966:: Located about 11 kilometres off Mairang, is a several million years old steep dome of red granite rising to an elevation of about 5400 feet above sea level. 2388:

stock and according to 2001 census, Khasi is spoken by about 1,128,575 people residing in Meghalaya. Many words in the Khasi language have been borrowed from

1401:

of northeast India. The state of Meghalaya is mountainous, with stretches of valley and highland plateaus, and it is geologically rich. It consists mainly of

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the Phanliang River forms a lake. The river then moves along and before reaching a deep gorge, forms a waterfall about 60 meters high called Shadthum Fall.

7995:

SNAITANG, R. (2009), Christianity and Change among the Hill Tribes of Northeast India, Christianity and Change in Northeast India (Editors: Subba et al.),

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are also a tourist draw, with many examples located near Cherrapunji. The Double-Decker root bridge, along with several others, is found in the village of

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Choudhury, A. U. (2006) "The distribution and status of hoolock gibbon, Hoolock hoolock, in Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram and Nagaland in Northeast India".

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is the only historical Lake of Meghalaya. It is located besides National Highway 6 by the side of a small village called Mukhla village which falls under

9815: 9810: 9753: 9520: 8468: 7576: 6262: 2747:

In 2012, there were 11 districts, 16 towns and an estimated 6,026 villages in Meghalaya. A 12th district, Eastern West Khasi Hills, was created in 2021.

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Laitmawsiang landscape, wrapped in fog. Meghalaya is mountainous, and it is the rainiest state of India. The word Meghalaya means, "abode of the clouds".

368: 8081: 7888: 7278:

Crisis States Research Centre working papers series 1 (22). Crisis States Research Centre, London School of Economics and Political Science, London, UK

6814: 6523: 5252: 5100: 2988: 2884:

Meghalaya schools are run by the state government or by private organisations, including religious institutions. Instruction is only in English. Other

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Hindus are the largest religious minority in Meghalaya with 11.52% of the total state's population as of 2011 census Hindus are concentrated mainly in

727: 8843: 8800: 7387: 5193: 1443:

The elevation of the plateau ranges between 150 m (490 ft) to 1,961 m (6,434 ft). The central part of the plateau comprising the

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encompasses the state; its mountain forests are distinct from the lowland tropical forests to the north and south. The forests are notable for their

3523:

its primary schools, and 232,000 in upper primary schools. The state monitors its school for quality, access, infrastructure and teachers training.

5751: 4500: 7483: 5828:

SANKAR KUMAR ROY, Aspects of Neolithic Agriculture and Shifting Cultivation, Garo Hills, Meghalaya, Asian Perspectives, XXIV (2), 1981, pp 193-221

4356: 1341:. When the partition was reversed in 1912, Meghalaya became a part of the province of Assam. On 3 January 1921 in pursuance of Section 52A of the 7421: 7357: 5219: 4916:: 64 km from Shillong, a potential health resort having gushing hot-spring of sulphur water, believed to have curative medicinal properties. 4607:(spelunking) and water sports. The state offers several trekking routes, some of which also afford an opportunity to encounter rare animals. The 3531: 3158: 1334: 496: 8135:

Roy, P. S., & Tomar, S. (2001), Landscape cover dynamics pattern in Meghalaya, International Journal of Remote Sensing, 22(18), pp 3813-3825

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The Jaintias also have a three-tier political system somewhat similar to the Khasis, including the Raids and the Syiem. The raids are headed by

9830: 9763: 9513: 8292: 7960: 6931: 3162: 1374: 4898: 4860: 4142:

In the traditional political system of the Garos, a group of Garo villages form the A·king. The A·king functions under the supervision of the

1130:

where the lineage and inheritance are traced through women; the youngest daughter inherits all wealth and she also takes care of her parents.

4960:: A scenic pool with wide, rocky sandbanks located on a stream alongside the Umroi-Bhoilymbong Road is known as Dwarksuid or Devil's doorway. 1459:

region in the western section of the plateau is nearly plain. The highest point in the Garo Hills is Nokrek Peak with an altitude of 1515 m.

5415: 5363: 9758: 8793: 7690: 7113: 7045: 5956: 5072:. He then shared this knowledge with others, and named the different months of the year, each of which is a stage of shifting cultivation. 3121: 3017: 7516: 6900: 4848: 4337:. Meghalaya is a landlocked state with many small settlements in remote areas. The road is the only means of transport. While the capital 3236:

has jurisdiction in Meghalaya. A Circuit Bench of the Guwahati High Court has been functioning at Shillong since 1974. In March 2013, the

3183: 2965: 8014:"Assam Meghalaya Border News: Six killed as Assam cops and armed Meghalaya mob clash along border | Guwahati News - Times of India" 7007: 6969: 5470: 8833: 5245: 4922:: 140 km from Shillong, is one of Meghalaya's most popular spots for angling, with an abundance of carp and other freshwater fish. 4611:

has a water sports complex with facilities such as rowboats, paddleboats, sailing boats, cruise-boats, water-scooters, and speedboats.

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are Hindus (minority of Garo, Kashi are also Hindus mainly because of the influence of Hindu populations in Hindu majority villages).

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McDuie-Ra, Duncan (19 January 2007). "Civil society organisations and human security: transcending constricted space in Meghalaya".

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Due to diverse climatic and topographic conditions, Meghalaya forests support a vast floral diversity, including a large variety of

9715: 8858: 7467: 7138: 5656: 2971: 2945: 2877: 1171: 8945: 5556: 2158:

the more common denominations. The religion of the people in Meghalaya is closely related to their ethnicity. Close to 90% of the

275: 9489: 8853: 8828: 7715: 6950: 6124: 3527: 3399: 3282: 3152: 2142:

Meghalaya is one of three states in India to have a Christian majority. About 75% of the population practices Christianity, with

1190: 681: 668: 6658: 9773: 9114: 5502: 4603:

Meghalaya also offers many adventure tourism opportunities in the form of mountaineering, rock climbing, trekking, and hiking,

3277: 1377:, which conferred full statehood on the autonomous state of Meghalaya. Meghalaya attained statehood on 21 January 1972, with a 1252:

Meghalaya, alongside neighbouring Indian states, has been of archaeological interest. People have lived in Meghalaya since the

6380: 6349:

Zoological Survey of India, Fauna of Meghalaya: Vertebrates, Part 1 of Fauna of Meghalaya, Issue 4, Government of India (1995)

3982:(the king). The Siem rules the Khasi state through an elected State Assembly, known as the Durbar Hima. The Siem also has his 1483:) in the Khasi Hills south of capital Shillong holds the world record for most rain in a calendar month, while the village of 9820: 9536: 8455: 6754: 5907: 5446: 5409: 4448: 2893: 1072: 461: 373: 155: 6634:, Regional Organizer of Churches' Auxiliary of Social Action, Regional Headquarters at Mission Compound, Satribari, Guwahati 4479:

operates flights to Kolkata from this airport. There is also a helicopter service connecting Shillong to Guwahati and Tura.

3994:, the latter being the primary source of state income. In the early 20th century, Raja Dakhor Singh was the Siem of Khymir. 3875:, where the family adopts a girl from another family, perform religious ceremonies with the community, and she then becomes 8590: 5287:. Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities, Ministry of Minority Affairs, Government of India. pp. 84–89. Archived from 4329:, with merely 2% of the perimeter of the region adjoining the rest of the country. A narrow strip of land often called the 3273:

is provided in certain rural areas of the northeast including areas in Meghalaya. The ADCs in Meghalaya are the following:

2897: 427: 354: 8917: 7814: 7737: 6680: 5321: 4976:, thick cushion of humus on the grounds accumulated over the centuries, and trees heavily loaded with epiphytic growth of 4468:

30 kilometres (19 mi) from Shillong on the Guwahati-Shillong highway. A new terminal building was built at a cost of

9825: 9725: 8441: 3168: 2909: 2901: 7321: 2404:. Moreover, the Khasi language originally had no script of its own. The Khasi language is one of the very few surviving 107: 9768: 8893: 8285: 8169: 8000: 6615: 5813: 5538: 5043:

stability. The last state assembly elections were held in 2013, after a five-year government that was elected in 2008.

4154: 3324: 3127: 3102: 1731:. Meghalaya is also home to over 250 species of butterflies, nearly a quarter of all butterfly species found in India. 1435: 1389: 436: 7610: 6101: 5927: 5717: 4406: 4269:

under the reign of Ranee Singa. Tens of thousands of the Jaintia tribe members participate over the Hindu festival of

79: 8883: 8660: 8124: 6409: 6229: 5990: 4556: 3946: 3933: 3031: 2151: 2034: 325: 126: 6706: 6434: 6281: 7792: 5876: 3854: 2950: 1127: 6584: 6150: 4452:

Byrnihat (20 kilometres (12 mi) from Guwahati) within Meghalaya and further extending it up to state capital

9484: 8685: 7976: 6493: 4436: 86: 7094: 6125:"The Wettest Place On Earth: Indian Town Of Mawsynram Holds Guinness Record For Highest Average Annual Rainfall" 5575: 4380: 9129: 8888: 8680: 8637: 8610: 8595: 8585: 8552: 4538: 3487:

Meghalaya has abundant but undeveloped hydroelectric resources. Above is Mawphlang hydroelectric dam reservoir.

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To provide local self-governance machinery to the rural population of the country, provisions were made in the

3218: 3200: 2487: 2016: 1378: 470: 466: 414: 391: 64: 7584: 6259: 4726:

village located near the India-Bangladesh border is one such village. It has been featured by travel magazine

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December. Shillong and Cherrapunji are best destination for tourists who want to see and celebrate Christmas.

3932:

Philanthropic foundations in Meghalaya's civil society strive for the overall well-being of its citizens. The

3894:) comes to stay in the house and inherit the property. This adopted girl child is then the head of the house. 9235: 9139: 8960: 8848: 8278: 8089: 6515: 5368: 3945:

programs have been created to establish peace and stability in this region through economic development. The

3914: 3137: 3133: 2925: 1496: 1135: 8164:

Spencer, J. E. (1966), Shifting cultivation in southeastern Asia (Vol. 19), University of California Press,

7546: 7026: 4394: 9740: 9185: 9149: 9134: 9124: 8508: 8490: 8482: 4842:, Kudeng Rim and Kudeng Thymmai villages (War Jaintia). A double-decker bridge exists in Nongriat village. 4838:

trees planted on opposite banks of the river or hill slopes. These bridges can be seen around Cherrapunji,

3107: 1346: 1342: 984: 938: 926: 93: 188: 9705: 9469: 9230: 9210: 9144: 8695: 8650: 7889:

India's 2014 Elections: Narendra Modi Says Some Illegal Immigrants From Bangladesh Are Better Than Others

4800: 4636: 4570: 4488: 4432: 3270: 2977: 2519: 2509: 249: 228: 5742: 9250: 9119: 8517: 8499: 7491: 7254:

Sachdeva, Gulshan. "India's Northeast: rejuvenating a conflict-riven economy", Faultines. Vol 6, 2000.

5313: 4534: 3913:(CSOs), and serves the general interests of the public. These organisations include a wide spectrum of 3910: 2012: 950: 914: 386: 60: 7417: 5778:"Neolithic Culture of Northeast India: A Recent Perspective on the Origins of Pottery and Agriculture" 5223: 4664: 1349:, which regrouped the backward tracts into two categories: "excluded" and "partially excluded" areas. 75: 8700: 8675: 8665: 8655: 7242: 6475: 3054: 2657:

district is the largest producer of coal in the state. Coal mines can be seen all over the district.

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Tribal traditions and crises of governance in north east India, with special reference to Meghalaya.

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can be found in Meghalaya. Here, functional, living, architecture is created by slowly training the

4285: 9805: 9195: 8975: 8953: 8690: 8645: 7711: 5145:: Salantini Ku'rang is the Garo edition of The Tura Times, Pringprangni Aski being the most recent 4831: 4731: 3986:(ministers) whose counsel he would use in exercising executive responsibilities. Taxes were called 3146: 3066: 2934: 2576: 2472: 1638: 1546: 1542: 1338: 1330: 17: 7258: 9423: 9255: 9245: 9165: 8580: 8547: 8434: 6901:"See 3rd table set for 2012 in Table 162, Number and Percentage of Population Below Poverty Line" 6878: 6233: 5399: 5373: 4527: 3974:. The Syiemship is the congregation of several raids and is headed an elected chief known as the 3196: 3087: 2940: 2751: 2420: 2405: 2005: 1735: 1707:

Meghalaya's forests host 660 species of birds, many of which are endemic to Himalayan foothills,

1285: 798: 406: 53: 7687: 7110: 7062: 7042: 1152:

with a significant commercial forestry industry. The important crops are potatoes, rice, maize,

9240: 9170: 8542: 8110:

Mazumdar, Culture Change in Two Garo Villages, Calcutta: Anthropological Survey of India (1978)

7524: 6904: 6006: 5949: 4940:: Located near Sohra, meaning the falls where the mythical monster of Khasi legend was finally 3517: 2868: 2556: 2430: 1538: 1455:

station in the Khasi Hills overlooking the city of Shillong. It has an altitude of 1961 m. The

1422: 261: 5132:

Over the years there have been several weeklies and Dailies that have come up. To name a few:

3962:

In the traditional political system of the Khasis, each clan has its own council known as the

1193:

indicating a dramatic worldwide climate event around 2250 BCE had been chosen as the boundary

9413: 9225: 9205: 8572: 8512: 7004: 6966: 5463: 5068:

harvested rice and millet from a patch of land he cleared and cultivated near the rock named

3313: 3257: 2633: 2194: 2052: 1720: 1405:

rock formations. These rock formations contain rich deposits of valuable minerals like coal,

1205: 931: 5282:"Report of the Commissioner for linguistic minorities: 47th report (July 2008 to June 2010)" 4872: 3571:(NEIAH), R P Chest Hospital, Wood Land Hospital, Nazareth Hospital, Christian Hospital etc. 9220: 9215: 9200: 9190: 8600: 8056: 6985: 6189: 6178:"Observed rainfall changes in the past century (1901–2019) over the wettest place on Earth" 6069: 4305:(rubber tree). Examples of these structures can be found as far west as the valley east of 3334: 3237: 3060: 2444: 2389: 768: 521: 516: 6731: 5288: 5055:

Jhum cultivation, or cut-and-burn shift farming, in Nokrek Biosphere Reserve of Meghalaya.

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English is the official language of the state. The most spoken languages in Meghalaya are

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biodiversity. A small portion of the forest area in Meghalaya is under what are known as "

8: 9464: 9438: 9180: 9175: 8562: 4620: 4591: 4294: 3922: 3728: 3689: 3615: 3430:

have been introduced lately and are becoming common. A large variety of spices, flowers,

3206: 1926: 1418: 1398: 1366: 1157: 1103: 1079:. Meghalaya was formed on 21 January 1972 by carving out two districts from the state of 902: 482: 419: 233: 9505: 6758: 6193: 6073: 5648: 4944:. The axe-marks made on the rocks where Thlen was butchered are stillintact and visible. 4631:, Pynursla, especially the villages of Rangthyllaing and Mawkyrnot, and the area around 3864:

such as a daughter in law as the heir of the house and all other property they may own.

9800: 9479: 8531: 8427: 8018: 7662: 6093: 5683: 5553: 5343: 4476: 4322: 3389: 3233: 3081: 3042: 3011: 2993: 2959: 2885: 1734:

In 2020, scientists have discovered the largest known subterranean fish in Meghalaya's

1618: 1598: 1555: 1289: 100: 8785: 7707: 6947: 5596:"Collapse of civilizations worldwide defines youngest unit of the Geologic Time Scale" 3886:

meaning 'for the house or home'. If there are no daughters, a chosen daughter-in-law (

3418:

Areca nut plantations can be seen all over the state, especially around the road from

2441:

spoken by many people inhabiting the south-eastern part of Meghalaya bordering Assam.

9557: 9357: 8997: 8210: 8165: 8120: 7996: 6782:"Meghalaya Mairang Civil Sub-Division announced as Eastern West Khasi Hills District" 6650: 6611: 6207: 6085: 5986: 5903: 5809: 5534: 5405: 4639:, where there are many living root bridges scattered throughout the nearby villages. 4330: 4257:, is the Mawjymbuin cave. Here a massive stalagmite has been shaped by nature into a 3867:

The Khasi and Jaintia tribesmen follow the traditional matrilineal norm, wherein the

3366: 3266: 3036: 3002: 2448: 2393: 2374: 2326: 1942: 1685: 1317: 1301: 1273: 448: 181: 7929:"Meghalaya's Congress CM Mukul Sangma too rings alarm on influx of illegal migrants" 6097: 5499: 3240:

was separated from the Gauhati High Court and now the state has its own High Court.

9592: 9494: 9474: 9448: 9433: 9428: 9418: 9362: 8921: 8670: 8605: 8503: 8343: 8233: 7745: 6845:"The English & Foreign Languages University, Shillong Campus – Shillong Campus" 6197: 6077: 5789: 4878: 4792: 4742: 4690: 4676: 4465: 4386: 4310: 4187: 3455: 3431: 3299: 3248: 3096: 3048: 2613: 2593: 2546: 2536: 2452: 2397: 2354: 2276: 2186: 1724: 1452: 1253: 1149: 1111: 1002: 673: 211: 5443: 5222:. Office of the Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India. Archived from 4764: 4722:

Meghalaya rural life and villages offer a glimpse in northeast mountain life. The

9697: 9544: 9443: 9392: 9311: 8983: 8756: 8716: 8557: 8521: 8494: 8406: 8248: 8223: 7983: 7964: 7915: 7895: 7818: 7799: 7694: 7418:"Christmas in Meghalaya | Hotel Polo Towers | Christmas in Cherrapunji" 7339: 7325: 7294: 7262: 7161: 7117: 7098: 7049: 7030: 7011: 6992: 6973: 6954: 6935: 6738: 6285: 6266: 5582: 5560: 5506: 5450: 5348: 4484: 4326: 3859:

The majority of the population and the major tribal groups in Meghalaya follow a

3777: 3607: 3556: 3535: 3022: 2741: 2729: 2623: 2617: 2603: 2464: 2456: 2401: 2370: 2358: 2316: 2286: 2208: 2182: 2143: 1978: 1970: 1905: 1586: 1571: 1156:, bananas, papayas, and spices. The service sector is made up of real estate and 1107: 1076: 955: 943: 330: 170: 6408:. Office of the Registrar General and Census Commission of India. Archived from 4753: 3909:

considers the people of the state as a collective community that exists through

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Conversion from indigenous to Christianity began in the 19th century during the

2207:

constitute 4.39 % of the population The Muslims are concentrated mainly in

199: 9612: 9552: 9296: 8394: 8270: 7859:"Illegal Immigration From Bangladesh to India: Toward a Comprehensive Solution" 7811: 6684: 6202: 6177: 5220:"Primary Census Abstract Data Tables (India & States/UTs - District Level)" 5118: 4818: 4686: 4652: 4480: 4302: 3748: 3709: 3656: 3261: 3174: 2438: 2342: 2246: 2198: 1712: 1662: 1580: 1115: 1723:

is the largest bird in Meghalaya. Other regional birds found include the grey

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region. The highest point in Meghalaya is Shillong Peak, which is a prominent

1256:. Neolithic sites discovered so far are located in areas of high elevation in 9794: 9677: 9647: 9377: 9331: 9306: 9271: 8839:

North Eastern Indira Gandhi Regional Institute of Health and Medical Sciences

8252: 8218: 8082:"Official Website of the Election Department, Government of Meghalaya, India" 7318: 6710: 6362:. The Rhino Foundation for Nature in North East India, Guwahati, India. 31pp. 6211: 6089: 5146: 5139:: The Tura Times is the first English Daily which is published out from Tura. 5105: 4981: 4266: 3906: 3378: 3075: 2984:

North Eastern Indira Gandhi Regional Institute of Health and Medical Sciences

2654: 2434: 2426: 2416: 2412: 2385: 2381: 2350: 2346: 2266: 2256: 2167: 1958: 1950: 1930: 1551: 1448: 1429: 1358: 1088: 781: 432: 290: 277: 8257: 5158:'Mawphor': It is one of the daily newspaper circulating in Jowai, Meghalaya. 4583: 2758:

Human development index (HDI) of various districts of Meghalaya, as of 2021

9572: 9367: 9326: 9291: 9281: 8774: 8761: 7344: 7299: 7166: 6057: 5923: 5251:. Primary Census Abstract Data Highlights, Census of India, 2011 (Report). 5015: 4931: 3842: 3827: 3823: 3805: 3765: 3660: 3599: 3548: 3354: 3070: 2708:, a town in this district, has many coal mines. The coal is transported to 2701: 2607: 2362: 2296: 2175: 2163: 2067: 1962: 1934: 1918: 1914: 1728: 1689: 1534: 1447:

has the highest elevations, followed by the eastern section comprising the

1142: 744: 713: 686: 215: 8419: 2380:

Khasi (also spelled Khasia, Khassee, Cossyah, and Kyi) is a branch of the

1487:, near Sohra (Cherrapunji), holds the record for the most rain in a year. 9735: 9687: 9682: 9617: 9397: 9372: 9321: 9286: 8751: 8741: 7091: 6438: 6327:. Gibbon Books, Rhino Foundation, CEPF & COA, Taiwan, Guwahati, India 6278: 5622:"Meghalaya ecstatic after being etched in geological history permanently" 4614: 4334: 4298: 3897:

Meghalaya has one of the world's largest surviving matrilineal cultures.

3860: 3846: 3773: 3757: 3744: 3740: 3705: 3701: 3652: 3648: 3603: 3587: 3568: 3463: 3226: 3225:, one each from Shillong and Tura. It also has one representative in the 3091: 2705: 2627: 2597: 2224: 2215: 2193:

with 19.11 per cent, 17.55 per cent and 11.96 per cent respectively. The

2171: 2159: 2155: 1954: 1946: 1938: 1922: 1716: 1697: 1480: 1444: 1414: 1354: 1257: 1123: 1084: 491: 8868: 6474:. The Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India. Archived from 5868: 5162:

Weekly Employment Newsletter which is distributed throughout the state:

3534:(USTM) which is in Shillong is the first Indian university to introduce 1517: 1506: 9710: 9662: 9301: 9276: 8401: 8389: 8338: 6154: 5122:: Shillong Times is one of the oldest English newspapers of the region. 4839: 4723: 4628: 4608: 4541: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 4258: 3793: 3736: 3697: 3669: 3644: 3312:(US$ 1.9 billion) in current prices. As of 2012, according to the 2997: 2523: 2019: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 1693: 1681: 1456: 1362: 1297: 1281: 1261: 1194: 1186: 1180: 1099: 1092: 764: 31: 8451: 5869:"Archaeology: Department of Arts and Culture, Government of Meghalaya" 5128:: The Meghalaya Guardian is one of the oldest newspapers of the state. 4503:

airport (IATA: GAU), about 124 kilometres (77 mi) from Shillong.

4261:. According to legend, from the 13th century, this Shivalinga (called 897: 9667: 9652: 9602: 9597: 9382: 9341: 8736: 6516:"Christianity among the Scheduled Tribes of the Northeast: Meghalaya" 6081: 5794: 5777: 5081:

such as Meghalaya, but the issue is found throughout southeast Asia.

4941: 4711: 4694: 4306: 4270: 4254: 4173: 4163: 3797: 3781: 3673: 3624: 3560: 3459: 3435: 3358: 3222: 3006: 2713: 2690: 2658: 2560: 2550: 1701: 1673: 1658: 1646: 1622: 1614: 1593: 1484: 1406: 1160:. Meghalaya's gross state domestic product for 2012 was estimated at 1153: 1138: 919: 846: 759: 504: 6657:. Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India. 6577:"Hindu population comes down in Meghalaya - TNT-The NorthEast Today" 6435:"List of states with Population, Sex Ratio and Literacy Census 2011" 4516: 3508: 3221:

has 60 members at present. Meghalaya has two representatives in the

1994: 42: 9637: 9387: 9336: 9093: 9083: 9073: 9048: 9022: 8746: 8473: 7843:

Choudhury, A.U. (2010) Nokrek national park – an IBA in Meghalaya.

4693:, Langshiang Falls and Sweet Falls. The hot springs at Jakrem near 4679:

is one of the tallest plunge type waterfalls in India and on Earth.

4624: 4453: 4440: 4343: 4338: 3834:. Each tribe has its own culture, traditions, dress, and language. 3724: 3685: 3583: 3564: 3446: 3423: 3419: 3382: 3362: 3350: 3305:

Meghalaya's gross state domestic product for 2012 was estimated at

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and insects. The important mammal species include elephants, bear,

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Government of Meghalaya (2012); Quote – total forest area is 69.5%

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View of MCL Cement plant, Thangskai, P.O. Lumshnong, Jaintia Hills

1913:

Tribal people make up the majority of Meghalaya's population. The

9672: 9632: 9622: 9587: 9582: 9098: 9068: 9063: 9032: 9017: 9007: 8731: 8726: 7554: 7478: 7476: 7023: 5364:"Definition of Meghalaya in English from the Oxford Dictionaries" 4989: 4977: 4951: 4186:

Dance is central to the culture of Khasi life, and a part of the

3831: 3789: 3785: 3632: 3628: 3552: 3471: 3427: 3178: 3026: 2678: 2580: 2570: 2566: 2204: 2190: 2147: 2127: 2117: 1650: 1610: 1410: 1402: 1293: 652: 6681:"Department of Tourism Government of Meghalaya -About Meghalaya" 6632:

The Christians In The North East India: A Historical Perspective

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Other important places of tourism interest Meghalaya include:

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Meghalaya has many limestone caves. Above are in Jaintia Hills

1471: 9720: 9567: 9562: 9316: 9002: 8978: 8721: 8365: 8314: 7219:"Enhancing Rural Public Health Capacity in Northeast India". 5031: 4973: 4926: 4866:

Shillong Golf Course, one of the oldest golf courses of India

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or the Chicken's Neck, connects the region with the state of

3761: 3591: 3374: 2954: 2650: 2513: 2460: 2366: 2306: 2197:

is a major Hindu temple in Meghalaya and it is one of the 51

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Choudhury, A.U. (2008) Balpakram –Meghalaya's heritage IBA.

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The Department of Arts and Culture, Govt of Meghalaya (2010)

6360:

Birds of Nongkhyllem Wildlife Sanctuary & adjacent areas

6297:

Choudhury, A. U. (2003) "Meghalaya's vanishing wilderness".

5679:"Newest phase in Earth's history named after Meghalaya rock" 5549: 5547: 2437:

by Tiwa peoples of Ri-Bhoi district. Another example is the

1325:

and later companies started renting land from 1839 onwards.

1220:

means "the abode of clouds"; derives from a compound of the

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satporgtp/publication/faultlines/volume6/Fault6-GSach-F.htm

6007:"Press Releases: Lecture on Emerging Challenges in Mapping" 4985: 4830:

Meghalaya is famous for its living root bridges, a kind of

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type of aircraft. Other nearby airports are in Assam, with

4325:

in 1947 created severe infrastructural constraints for the

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epoch into three, with the late Holocene being called the

875: 9577: 9535: 7958:

Meghalaya Violence Statistics, India Fatalities 1994-2014

7577:"Why is Meghalaya's Botanical Architecture Disappearing?" 6844: 5900:

India in the World Economy: From Antiquity to the Present

5544: 5320:. Institute for Management Research, Radboud University. 4854:

A double-decker living root bridge in Nongriat, Meghalaya

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are home to some of the nation's rarest bat species. The

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Umaim lake (top & bottom) and scenery near Shillong.

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are believed to have curative and medicinal properties.

8815: 7255: 6815:"Open Government Data (OGD) Platform India - Meghalaya" 5114:: Shillong Samay is the first Hindi Daily of the State. 7609:. telegrapfindia.com. 30 November 2014. Archived from 7131:"IIM Shillong Ranked 21st Among Management Institutes" 6870: 6757:. Meghalaya.gov.in:8443. 31 March 2011. Archived from 5649:"Welcome to the Meghalayan Age a new phase in history" 5238: 1680:. Meghalaya also has a number of snakes including the 7659:"Shillong airport's new terminal to open on Saturday" 6924: 6922: 6225: 4685:

The most visited waterfalls in the state include the

4475:(US$ 3.6 million) and inaugurated in June 2011. 3953: 1005: 6683:. Megtourism.gov.in. 21 January 1972. Archived from 5531:

India Today: An Encyclopedia of Life in the Republic

1050: 1023: 7517:"The Living-Root Bridge: The Symbol Of Benevolence" 7014: