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700:, usually meaning 16 bpp, normally has five bits for red and blue each, and six bits for green, as the human eye is more sensitive to errors in green than in the other two primary colors. For applications involving transparency, the 16 bits may be divided into five bits each of red, green, and blue, with one bit left for transparency. A 24-bit depth allows 8 bits per component. On some systems, 32-bit depth is available: this means that each 24-bit pixel has an extra 8 bits to describe its
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393:" (ppi) are sometimes used interchangeably, but have distinct meanings, especially for printer devices, where dpi is a measure of the printer's density of dot (e.g. ink droplet) placement. For example, a high-quality photographic image may be printed with 600 ppi on a 1200 dpi inkjet printer. Even higher dpi numbers, such as the 4800 dpi quoted by printer manufacturers since 2002, do not mean much in terms of achievable
845:
inches (71 cm) in CSS). In addition, as true screen pixel densities are rarely multiples of 96 dpi, some rounding is often applied so that a logical pixel is an integer amount of actual pixels. Doing so avoids render artifacts. The final "pixel" obtained after these two steps becomes the "anchor" to which all other absolute measurements (e.g. the "centimeter") are based on.
995:(P-MPix) to measure the sharpness that a camera produces when paired to a particular lens – as opposed to the MP a manufacturer states for a camera product, which is based only on the camera's sensor. The new P-MPix claims to be a more accurate and relevant value for photographers to consider when weighing up camera sharpness. As of mid-2013, the
953:. For example, a camera that makes a 2048 × 1536 pixel image (3,145,728 finished image pixels) typically uses a few extra rows and columns of sensor elements and is commonly said to have "3.2 megapixels" or "3.4 megapixels", depending on whether the number reported is the "effective" or the "total" pixel count.
463:
984:
camera that produces an N-megapixel image provides only one-third of the information that an image of the same size could get from a scanner. Thus, certain color contrasts may look fuzzier than others, depending on the allocation of the primary colors (green has twice as many elements as red or blue
728:
at the same site. Therefore, the pixel grid is divided into single-color regions that contribute to the displayed or sensed color when viewed at a distance. In some displays, such as LCD, LED, and plasma displays, these single-color regions are separately addressable elements, which have come to be
657:
The number of distinct colors that can be represented by a pixel depends on the number of bits per pixel (bpp). A 1 bpp image uses 1 bit for each pixel, so each pixel can be either on or off. Each additional bit doubles the number of colors available, so a 2 bpp image can have 4 colors, and a 3 bpp
844:
There may, however, be some further adjustments between a "physical" pixel and an on-screen logical pixel. As screens are viewed at difference distances (consider a phone, a computer display, and a TV), the desired length (a "reference pixel") is scaled relative to a reference viewing distance (28
567:
monitors, the beam sweep rate may be fixed, resulting in a fixed native resolution. Most CRT monitors do not have a fixed beam sweep rate, meaning they do not have a native resolution at all - instead they have a set of resolutions that are equally well supported. To produce the sharpest images
400:
The more pixels used to represent an image, the closer the result can resemble the original. The number of pixels in an image is sometimes called the resolution, though resolution has a more specific definition. Pixel counts can be expressed as a single number, as in a "three-megapixel" digital
1023:
camera, which only uses a 16 MP sensor but can produce a 64 MP RAW (40 MP JPEG) image by making two exposures, shifting the sensor by a half pixel between them. Using a tripod to take level multi-shots within an instance, the multiple 16 MP images are then generated into a unified 64 MP image.
1360:
980:, to create the final image. These sensor elements are often called "pixels", even though they only record one channel (only red or green or blue) of the final color image. Thus, two of the three color channels for each sensor must be interpolated and a so-called
517:
Pixels on computer monitors are normally "square" (that is, have equal horizontal and vertical sampling pitch); pixels in other systems are often "rectangular" (that is, have unequal horizontal and vertical sampling pitch – oblong in shape), as are
452:. By using this arrangement, many common operations can be implemented by uniformly applying the same operation to each pixel independently. Other arrangements of pixels are possible, with some sampling patterns even changing the shape (or
807:
displays use red-green-blue-masked phosphor areas, dictated by a mesh grid called the shadow mask, it would require a difficult calibration step to be aligned with the displayed pixel raster, and so CRTs do not use subpixel rendering.
327:, is an unrelated filmmaking technique that dates to the beginnings of cinema, in which live actors are posed frame by frame and photographed to create stop-motion animation. An archaic British word meaning "possession by spirits (
632:
per pixel, because 1 radian equals (180/π) × 3600 ≈ 206,265 arcseconds, and because focal lengths are often given in millimeters and pixel sizes in micrometers which yields another factor of 1,000, the formula is often quoted as
1011:
with 64 MP camera. On
December 12, 2019 Samsung released Samsung A71 that also has a 64 MP camera. In late 2019, Xiaomi announced the first camera phone with 108 MP 1/1.33-inch across sensor. The sensor is larger than most of
741:
typically divide each pixel vertically into three subpixels. When the square pixel is divided into three subpixels, each subpixel is necessarily rectangular. In display industry terminology, subpixels are often referred to as
145:, especially in reference to video games. Modern computers and displays, however, can easily render orders of magnitude more pixels than was previously possible, necessitating the use of large measurements like the
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arrangement so that each sensor element can record the intensity of a single primary color of light. The camera interpolates the color information of neighboring sensor elements, through a process called
456:) of each pixel across the image. For this reason, care must be taken when acquiring an image on one device and displaying it on another, or when converting image data from one pixel format to another.
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A pixel does not need to be rendered as a small square. This image shows alternative ways of reconstructing an image from a set of pixel values, using dots, lines, or smooth filtering.
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camera, which has a nominal three million pixels, or as a pair of numbers, as in a "640 by 480 display", which has 640 pixels from side to side and 480 from top to bottom (as in a
42:
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on early consumer computers was necessarily rendered at a low resolution, with large pixels visible to the naked eye; graphics made under these limitations may be called
1206:
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The subpixels can be included in rendering calculations, which requires more analysis and processing time, but can produce apparently superior images in some cases.
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967:(CMOS) image sensors, consisting of a large number of single sensor elements, each of which records a measured intensity level. In most digital cameras, the
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823:
In graphic, web design, and user interfaces, a "pixel" may refer to a fixed length rather than a true pixel on the screen to accommodate different
696:
For color depths of 15 or more bits per pixel, the depth is normally the sum of the bits allocated to each of the red, green, and blue components.
956:
Pixel is used to define the resolution of a photo. Photo resolution is calculated by multiplying the width and height of a sensor in pixels.
1745:
1567:
Saryazdi, Saeı̈d; Haese-Coat, Véronique; Ronsin, Joseph (2000). "Image representation by a new optimal non-uniform morphological sampling".
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370:(photosensor elements). This list is not exhaustive and, depending on context, synonyms include pel, sample, byte, bit, dot, and spot.
366:" in a page, or pixels carried by electronic signals, or represented by digital values, or pixels on a display device, or pixels in a
95:
of each pixel is variable. In color imaging systems, a color is typically represented by three or four component intensities such as
45:
This example shows an image with a portion greatly enlarged so that individual pixels, rendered as small squares, can easily be seen.
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580:
is the angular distance between two objects on the sky that fall one pixel apart on the detector (CCD or infrared chip). The scale
1223:
James D. Foley; Andries van Dam; John F. Hughes; Steven K. Fainer (1990). "Spatial-partitioning representations; Surface detail".
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inch (0.26 mm). Doing so makes sure a given element will display as the same size no matter what screen resolution views it.
135:
is sometimes used), while in yet other contexts (like MRI) it may refer to a set of component intensities for a spatial position.
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to manipulate the three colored subpixels separately, producing an increase in the apparent resolution of color displays. While
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possible on an LCD, the user must ensure the display resolution of the computer matches the native resolution of the monitor.
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to the Moon and Mars. Billingsley had learned the word from Keith E. McFarland, at the Link
Division of General Precision in
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more than one-third of the D800's 36.3 MP sensor. In August 2019, Xiaomi released the Redmi Note 8 Pro as the world's first
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with screen pixels, depending on how a computer displays an image. In computing, an image composed of pixels is known as a
1616:
1190:
1847:: Technical info on pixel aspect ratios of modern video standards (480i, 576i, 1080i, 720p), plus software implications.
941:) is a million pixels; the term is used not only for the number of pixels in an image but also to express the number of
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typically use a staggered grid, where the red, green, and blue components are sampled at slightly different locations.
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2014:
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The subpixels can be ignored, with full-color pixels being treated as the smallest addressable imaging element; or
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1878:
331:)", the term has been used to describe the animation process since the early 1950s; various animators, including
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can be used as a unit of measure such as: 2400 pixels per inch, 640 pixels per line, or spaced 10 pixels apart.
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1938:
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1961:
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239:, in reference to movies. By 1938, "pix" was being used in reference to still pictures by photojournalists.
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is a technology which takes advantage of these differences to improve the rendering of text on LCD screens.
258:, who in turn said he did not know where it originated. McFarland said simply it was "in use at the time" (
88:
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Worked example, with a 30-inch (76 cm) 2160p TV placed 56 inches (140 cm) away from the viewer:
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Warped grids are used when the underlying geometry is non-planar, such as images of the earth from space.
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of an original image; more samples typically provide more accurate representations of the original. The
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1358:, Alf Sinding-Larsen, "Transmission of pictures of moving objects", published 1916-03-14
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Many display and image-acquisition systems are not capable of displaying or sensing the different
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magazine in 1927, though it had been used earlier in various U.S. patents filed as early as 1911.
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The use of non-uniform grids is an active research area, attempting to bypass the traditional
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The concept of a "picture element" dates to the earliest days of television, for example as "
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1760:"Samsung Galaxy A51 and Galaxy A71 announced: Infinity-O displays and L-shaped quad cameras"
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display) and therefore has a total number of 640 × 480 = 307,200 pixels, or 0.3 megapixels.
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is covered with a patterned color filter mosaic having red, green, and blue regions in the
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547:. The resolution of this image is called the display resolution and is determined by the
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Computers can use pixels to display an image, often an abstract image that represents a
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dots in the color display of CRTs (top row) bear no relation to pixels or subpixels.
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New
Acquisition Techniques for Real Objects and Light Sources in Computer Graphics
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Diagram of common sensor resolutions of digital cameras including megapixel values
362:. However, the definition is highly context-sensitive. For example, there can be "
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1797:"Soon, 40MP without the tripod: A conversation with Setsuya Kataoka from Olympus"
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A browser will then choose to use the 1.721× pixel size, or round to a 2× ratio.
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refers to a single scalar element of a multi-component representation (called a
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Frame by Frame Stop Motion: NonTraditional
Approaches to Stop Motion Animation
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2003:
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84:, pixels are the smallest element that can be manipulated through software.
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1701:"Looking for new photo gear? DxOMark's Perceptual Megapixel can help you!"
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has the highest measured P-MPix. However, with a value of 23 MP, it still
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1976:
1746:"World's First Smartphone with a 64 MP Camera: Xiaomi's Redmi Note 8 Pro"
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917:
652:
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280:. According to various etymologies, the earliest publication of the term
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251:
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30:
This article is about the picture element. For the hardware lineup, see
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2428:
1308:
Fred C. Billingsley, "Processing Ranger and
Mariner Photography," in
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682:
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467:
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The pixels, or color samples, that form a digitized image (such as a
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116:
1863:
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1494:"Experiments with Pixels Per Inch (PPI) on Printed Image Sharpness"
988:
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For systems with subpixels, two different approaches can be taken:
717:
616:
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437:
302:
138:
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2527:
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1854:
1374:
Robert L. Lillestrand (1972). "Techniques for Change
Detection".
497:
313:. For example, IBM used it in their Technical Reference for the
41:
2979:
2396:
2346:
2209:
1966:
1775:"Xiaomi Mi Note 10 camera review: The first 108MP phone camera"
1312:, Vol. 0010, pp. XV-1–19, Jan. 1967 (Aug. 1965, San Francisco).
929:
Comparison of the level of detail between 0.3 and 24 megapixels
587:
418:
2301:
3062:
2522:
2229:
1828:: Microsoft Memo by computer graphics pioneer Alvy Ray Smith.
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1039:
328:
197:
716:
Geometry of color elements of various CRT and LCD displays;
500:
uses a hierarchical sampling pattern, where the size of the
235:
magazine headlines in 1932, as an abbreviation for the word
1953:
964:
504:
of each pixel depends on its location within the hierarchy.
409:
363:
1019:
One new method to add megapixels has been introduced in a
276:, literally 'picture point') in the 1888 German patent of
250:, to describe the picture elements of scanned images from
828:
738:
734:
555:
monitors also use pixels to display an image, and have a
552:
544:
412:
file used on a web page) may or may not be in one-to-one
1566:
1521:(1st ed.). Thomson Course Technology. p. 40.
959:
Digital cameras use photosensitive electronics, either
773:
pattern, and in the camera industry these are known as
769:
use single-color sensor regions, for example using the
436:
patterns, and has been widely used to describe similar
1373:
1310:
Computerized
Imaging Techniques, Proceedings of SPIE
892:
Calculate the real-pixel count per logical-pixel as
619:by the diameter of the associated lens or mirror.)
448:For convenience, pixels are normally arranged in a
1458:
1354:
538:
493:of each pixel depends on its position on the grid.
489:, resulting in a regular grid of pixels where the
1291:. IS&T/SPIE Symposium on Electronic Imaging.
485:The vast majority of color digital cameras use a
358:thought of as the smallest single component of a
3938:
1851:How a TV Works in Slow Motion - The Slow Mo Guys
1543:"Image registration of blurred satellite images"
1456:
704:(for purposes of combining with another image).
242:The word "pixel" was first published in 1965 by
1794:
1188:
1514:
1161:
2317:
1879:
1772:
1138:Fundamentals of Interactive Computer Graphics
1743:
1134:
3869:Conservation and restoration of photographs
571:
181:(from "pictures", shortened to "pics") and
73:, or the smallest addressable element in a
3606:Comparison of digital and film photography
2324:
2310:
1886:
1872:
1226:Computer Graphics: Principles and Practice
615:. (The focal length is the product of the
106:In some contexts (such as descriptions of
3826:Photographs considered the most important
1425:
69:is the smallest addressable element in a
1249:(volume elements), in analogy to pixels.
924:
916:
756:
711:
461:
376:
346:
156:
40:
1683:"Now a megapixel is really a megapixel"
1545:. staff.utia.cas.cz. 28 February 2001.
1504:from the original on December 22, 2008.
1254:
965:complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor
811:The concept of subpixels is related to
777:just like in the display industry, not
120:in the camera sensor context, although
14:
3939:
1481:printer dots-per-inch pixels-per-inch.
1321:
1277:
1275:
2305:
1893:
1867:
1795:Damien Demolder (February 14, 2015).
1665:"CSS Values and Units Module Level 3"
1446:from the original on 22 January 2018.
1407:from the original on 20 December 2017
1392:
949:or the number of display elements of
795:This latter approach, referred to as
339:, are credited with popularizing it.
2291:List of computer graphics algorithms
1645:from the original on 6 November 2017
1393:Lewis, Peter H. (12 February 1989).
1281:
1218:
1216:
1055:Intrapixel and Interpixel processing
443:
3821:Museums devoted to one photographer
1952:
1803:from the original on March 11, 2015
1432:. Taylor & Francis. p. 2.
1272:
852:Calculate the scaled pixel size as
827:. A typical definition, such as in
761:Samsung UA40M5860AKCHD TV subpixels
305:and in image and video processing,
24:
3368:Timeline of photography technology
1773:Robert Triggs (January 16, 2020).
1707:. 17 December 2012. Archived from
1395:"Compaq Sharpens Its Video Option"
1229:. The Systems Programming Series.
1135:Foley, J. D.; Van Dam, A. (1982).
590:is the ratio of the pixel spacing
25:
3988:
3947:Computer graphics data structures
1819:
1549:from the original on 20 June 2008
1213:
646:
628:is usually expressed in units of
440:printing and storage techniques.
3919:
3909:
3908:
1744:Anton Shilov (August 31, 2019).
1723:"Camera Lens Ratings by DxOMark"
1689:from the original on 2013-07-01.
1619:from the original on 5 July 2015
1336:from the original on 9 July 2017
1322:Safire, William (2 April 1995).
1298:from the original on 2009-02-19.
1268:from the original on 2010-12-30.
1209:from the original on 2018-01-22.
1165:Modern Dictionary of Electronics
831:, is that a "physical" pixel is
818:
688:24 bpp, 2 = 16,777,216 colors ("
101:cyan, magenta, yellow, and black
27:Physical point in a raster image
3920:
2331:
1788:
1766:
1752:
1737:
1715:
1693:
1675:
1657:
1631:
1595:
1560:
1535:
1508:
1486:
1450:
1419:
1386:
1367:
1168:. Oxford: Newnes. p. 569.
1141:. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.
1016:with 1/2.3-inch across sensor.
878:Calculate the DPI of the TV as
539:Resolution of computer monitors
165:display elements on a laptop's
1826:A Pixel Is Not A Little Square
1348:
1315:
1302:
1182:
1155:
1128:
146:
13:
1:
3418:Painted photography backdrops
3350:Golden triangle (composition)
2625:35 mm equivalent focal length
2248:3D computer graphics software
1589:10.1016/S0031-3203(99)00158-2
1461:The Magic of Digital Printing
1426:Tom Gasek (17 January 2013).
1262:"Online Etymology Dictionary"
1245:These cells are often called
1121:
997:Sigma 35 mm f/1.4 DG HSM lens
903:in × 82.61 dpi ≈ 1.721 pixels
259:
191:"); similar formations with '
2063:Hidden-surface determination
1845:Square and non-Square Pixels
1639:"CSS: em, px, pt, cm, in..."
1080:Pixel art scaling algorithms
912:
707:
681:16 bpp, 2 = 65,536 colors ("
450:regular two-dimensional grid
342:
152:
7:
3128:Intentional camera movement
1027:
985:in the Bayer arrangement).
559:. Each pixel is made up of
10:
3993:
3816:Most expensive photographs
3173:Multi-exposure HDR capture
1518:Mastering Digital Printing
1397:. The Executive Computer.
1285:A brief history of 'pixel'
650:
29:
3904:
3861:
3808:
3713:
3656:
3562:
3446:
3358:
3310:
3050:
2817:
2617:
2339:
2283:
2238:
2105:
1994:
1924:
1901:
1641:w3.org. 8 November 2017.
1457:Derek Doeffinger (2005).
1282:Lyon, Richard F. (2006).
1035:Computer display standard
658:image can have 8 colors:
605:of the preceding optics,
309:is often used instead of
3750:Digital image processing
1189:Michael Goesele (2004).
1021:Micro Four Thirds System
576:The pixel scale used in
572:Resolution of telescopes
323:, spelled with a second
3423:Photography and the law
2275:Vector graphics editors
2270:Raster graphics editors
1840:Computer History Museum
1515:Harald Johnson (2002).
1162:Rudolf F. Graf (1999).
1105:Glossary of video terms
534:digital video standard.
272:" (the German word for
244:Frederic C. Billingsley
3770:Gelatin silver process
2794:Science of photography
2779:Photographic processes
2757:Perspective distortion
2158:Checkerboard rendering
1465:. Lark Books. p.
930:
922:
762:
721:
471:
382:
352:
170:
149:(one million pixels).
46:
36:Pixel (disambiguation)
34:. For other uses, see
3977:Television technology
3228:Schlieren photography
2767:Photographic printing
2690:Exposure compensation
2113:Affine transformation
2092:Surface triangulation
2036:Anisotropic filtering
1065:PenTile matrix family
961:charge-coupled device
928:
920:
760:
737:colors. For example,
715:
678:8 bpp, 2 = 256 colors
662:1 bpp, 2 = 2 colors (
528:anamorphic widescreen
522:formats with diverse
465:
380:
350:
301:as early as 1972. In
293:Some authors explain
160:
44:
3012:Straight photography
2650:Chromatic aberration
1762:. December 12, 2019.
993:Perceptual MegaPixel
799:, uses knowledge of
765:Most digital camera
675:4 bpp, 2 = 16 colors
466:Text rendered using
356:A pixel is generally
177:is a combination of
97:red, green, and blue
3962:Digital photography
3879:photographic plates
3564:Digital photography
2742:Hyperfocal distance
2655:Circle of confusion
2128:Collision detection
2056:Global illumination
1581:2000PatRe..33..961S
1569:Pattern Recognition
1195:. Books on Demand.
873:inch (0.53 mm)
672:3 bpp, 2 = 8 colors
669:2 bpp, 2 = 4 colors
434:television scanning
80:. In most digital
3967:Display technology
3383:Autochrome Lumière
3378:Analog photography
3203:Pigeon photography
2992:Social documentary
2471:discontinued films
2178:Scanline rendering
1972:Parallax scrolling
1962:Isometric graphics
1834:, 2016 lecture by
1400:The New York Times
1376:IEEE Trans. Comput
1329:The New York Times
1100:Point (typography)
1085:Pixel aspect ratio
931:
923:
797:subpixel rendering
763:
722:
480:Subpixel rendering
472:
383:
353:
195:include the words
171:
47:
3934:
3933:
3735:Collodion process
3671:Chromogenic print
3658:Color photography
3168:Multiple exposure
3143:Lo-fi photography
2670:Color temperature
2299:
2298:
2240:Graphics software
2133:Planar projection
2118:Back-face culling
1990:
1989:
1934:Alpha compositing
1895:Computer graphics
1528:978-1-929685-65-3
1439:978-1-136-12933-9
1324:"Modem, I'm Odem"
1070:Pixel advertising
887:× 16) ≈ 82.61 dpi
752:subpixel circuits
557:native resolution
551:of the computer.
444:Sampling patterns
16:(Redirected from
3984:
3972:Image processing
3952:Digital geometry
3923:
3922:
3912:
3911:
3790:Print permanence
3740:Cross processing
3698:CMYK color model
3683:Color management
3636:Foveon X3 sensor
3631:Three-CCD camera
3275:Miniature faking
3233:Sabattier effect
2845:Astrophotography
2700:Zebra patterning
2326:
2319:
2312:
2303:
2302:
2225:Volume rendering
2097:Wire-frame model
1950:
1949:
1888:
1881:
1874:
1865:
1864:
1859:The Slow Mo Guys
1813:
1812:
1810:
1808:
1792:
1786:
1785:
1783:
1781:
1770:
1764:
1763:
1756:
1750:
1749:
1741:
1735:
1734:
1729:. Archived from
1719:
1713:
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1697:
1691:
1690:
1679:
1673:
1672:
1661:
1655:
1654:
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1533:
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1512:
1506:
1505:
1500:. July 3, 2005.
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1179:
1159:
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1152:
1132:
1050:Image resolution
1006:
951:digital displays
904:
902:
901:
897:
888:
886:
885:
880:2160 / (30 in /
874:
872:
871:
867:
862:
861:
857:
840:
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835:
642:
627:
614:
604:
595:
585:
432:originates from
357:
264:
261:
224:
221:
218:
209:
206:
203:
161:A photograph of
134:
131:
128:
87:Each pixel is a
21:
3992:
3991:
3987:
3986:
3985:
3983:
3982:
3981:
3957:Digital imaging
3937:
3936:
3935:
3930:
3900:
3857:
3804:
3795:Push processing
3716:
3709:
3703:RGB color model
3652:
3558:
3442:
3354:
3320:Diagonal method
3306:
3046:
2950:Photojournalism
2813:
2645:Black-and-white
2613:
2592:Slide projector
2587:Movie projector
2466:available films
2335:
2330:
2300:
2295:
2279:
2234:
2101:
2046:Fluid animation
1986:
1948:
1920:
1911:Diffusion curve
1903:Vector graphics
1897:
1892:
1836:Richard F. Lyon
1832:"Pixels and Me"
1822:
1817:
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1806:
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1498:ClarkVision.com
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1326:. On Language.
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1129:
1124:
1119:
1115:Vector graphics
1045:Gigapixel image
1030:
1004:
947:digital cameras
915:
899:
895:
894:
893:
883:
881:
879:
869:
865:
864:
863:in × (56/28) =
859:
855:
854:
853:
837:
833:
832:
825:pixel densities
821:
710:
655:
649:
634:
623:
606:
600:
591:
581:
574:
541:
530:formats of the
470:using subpixels
446:
419:bitmapped image
391:pixels per inch
355:
345:
282:picture element
262:
222:
219:
216:
207:
204:
201:
155:
132:
129:
126:
82:display devices
67:picture element
51:digital imaging
39:
28:
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22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
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3572:Digital camera
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3398:Camera obscura
3395:
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3364:
3362:
3356:
3355:
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3352:
3347:
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3340:Rule of thirds
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3160:
3155:
3150:
3145:
3140:
3135:
3130:
3125:
3120:
3115:
3110:
3108:Harris shutter
3105:
3103:Hand-colouring
3100:
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2827:
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2801:
2796:
2791:
2789:Red-eye effect
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2744:
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2734:
2729:
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2717:
2707:
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2697:
2695:Exposure value
2692:
2687:
2682:
2680:Depth of focus
2677:
2675:Depth of field
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2667:
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2242:
2236:
2235:
2233:
2232:
2227:
2222:
2217:
2212:
2207:
2202:
2197:
2195:Shadow mapping
2192:
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2175:
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2022:
2017:
2011:
2006:
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1988:
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1842:
1829:
1821:
1820:External links
1818:
1815:
1814:
1787:
1765:
1751:
1736:
1733:on 2013-05-26.
1714:
1711:on 8 May 2017.
1692:
1674:
1656:
1630:
1612:dictionary.com
1594:
1575:(6): 961–977.
1559:
1534:
1527:
1507:
1485:
1475:
1449:
1438:
1418:
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1301:
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1253:
1239:
1231:Addison-Wesley
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914:
911:
907:
906:
890:
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820:
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801:pixel geometry
793:
792:
789:
748:pixel circuits
726:color channels
709:
706:
694:
693:
686:
679:
676:
673:
670:
667:
651:Main article:
648:
647:Bits per pixel
645:
573:
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540:
537:
536:
535:
526:, such as the
515:
508:
505:
494:
483:
445:
442:
414:correspondence
385:The measures "
368:digital camera
364:printed pixels
344:
341:
333:Norman McLaren
287:Wireless World
284:itself was in
154:
151:
130:sensor element
108:camera sensors
78:display device
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3989:
3978:
3975:
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3970:
3968:
3965:
3963:
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3958:
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3860:
3852:
3849:
3847:
3844:
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3839:
3837:
3834:
3833:
3832:
3831:Photographers
3829:
3827:
3824:
3822:
3819:
3817:
3814:
3813:
3811:
3807:
3801:
3798:
3796:
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3788:
3786:
3783:
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3763:
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3756:
3753:
3751:
3748:
3746:
3743:
3741:
3738:
3736:
3733:
3731:
3728:
3726:
3725:Bleach bypass
3723:
3722:
3720:
3718:
3712:
3704:
3701:
3699:
3696:
3694:
3693:primary color
3691:
3689:
3686:
3685:
3684:
3681:
3679:
3678:Reversal film
3676:
3672:
3669:
3668:
3667:
3664:
3663:
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3659:
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3649:
3646:
3644:
3643:Image sharing
3641:
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3627:
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3544:United States
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3532:
3530:
3527:
3525:
3522:
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3406:
3404:
3403:Daguerreotype
3401:
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3386:
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3259:
3256:
3255:
3254:
3251:
3249:
3248:Stopping down
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3231:
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3221:
3219:
3216:
3214:
3213:Rephotography
3211:
3209:
3206:
3204:
3201:
3199:
3196:
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3186:
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3154:
3151:
3149:
3148:Long-exposure
3146:
3144:
3141:
3139:
3136:
3134:
3131:
3129:
3126:
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3119:
3116:
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2853:
2851:
2848:
2846:
2843:
2841:
2840:Architectural
2838:
2836:
2833:
2831:
2828:
2826:
2823:
2822:
2820:
2816:
2810:
2807:
2805:
2802:
2800:
2799:Shutter speed
2797:
2795:
2792:
2790:
2787:
2785:
2782:
2780:
2777:
2773:
2770:
2769:
2768:
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2753:
2752:Metering mode
2750:
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2666:
2665:Color balance
2663:
2661:
2658:
2656:
2653:
2651:
2648:
2646:
2643:
2641:
2638:
2636:
2633:
2631:
2630:Angle of view
2628:
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2623:
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2616:
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2607:
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2600:
2599:
2598:
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2578:
2577:Manufacturers
2575:
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2400:
2398:
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2292:
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2268:
2264:
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2250:
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2226:
2223:
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2208:
2206:
2203:
2201:
2200:Shadow volume
2198:
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2191:
2188:
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2179:
2176:
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2171:
2169:
2166:
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2110:
2108:
2104:
2098:
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2081:
2078:
2075:
2074:Triangle mesh
2071:
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2057:
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2053:
2052:
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2037:
2034:
2032:
2029:
2026:
2023:
2021:
2018:
2016:
2012:
2010:
2007:
2005:
2004:3D projection
2002:
2001:
1999:
1997:
1993:
1983:
1980:
1978:
1975:
1973:
1970:
1968:
1965:
1963:
1960:
1959:
1957:
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1951:
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1944:Text-to-image
1942:
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1937:
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1932:
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1927:
1923:
1917:
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1499:
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1478:
1476:1-57990-689-3
1472:
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1305:
1294:
1287:
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1278:
1276:
1267:
1263:
1257:
1250:
1248:
1242:
1240:0-201-12110-7
1236:
1232:
1228:
1227:
1219:
1217:
1208:
1204:
1202:3-8334-1489-8
1198:
1194:
1193:
1185:
1177:
1175:0-7506-4331-5
1171:
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1158:
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1139:
1131:
1127:
1116:
1113:
1111:
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1101:
1098:
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1088:
1086:
1083:
1081:
1078:
1076:
1073:
1071:
1068:
1066:
1063:
1061:
1060:LCD crosstalk
1058:
1056:
1053:
1051:
1048:
1046:
1043:
1041:
1038:
1036:
1033:
1032:
1025:
1022:
1017:
1015:
1014:bridge camera
1010:
1002:
999:mounted on a
998:
994:
991:invented the
990:
986:
983:
979:
974:
970:
966:
962:
957:
954:
952:
948:
944:
940:
936:
927:
919:
910:
891:
877:
851:
850:
849:
846:
842:
830:
826:
819:Logical pixel
816:
814:
809:
806:
802:
798:
790:
787:
786:
785:
782:
780:
776:
772:
768:
767:image sensors
759:
755:
753:
749:
745:
740:
736:
732:
727:
719:
714:
705:
703:
699:
691:
687:
684:
680:
677:
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668:
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661:
660:
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654:
644:
641:
637:
631:
626:
620:
618:
613:
609:
603:
599:
594:
589:
584:
579:
569:
566:
562:
558:
554:
550:
546:
533:
529:
525:
524:aspect ratios
521:
520:digital video
516:
513:
512:Nyquist limit
509:
506:
503:
499:
495:
492:
488:
484:
481:
477:
474:
473:
469:
464:
460:
459:For example:
457:
455:
451:
441:
439:
435:
431:
427:
426:
421:
420:
415:
411:
406:
404:
398:
396:
392:
389:" (dpi) and "
388:
387:dots per inch
379:
375:
373:
369:
365:
361:
360:digital image
349:
340:
338:
334:
330:
326:
322:
318:
316:
312:
308:
304:
300:
299:picture cell,
296:
291:
289:
288:
283:
279:
275:
271:
266:
257:
253:
249:
245:
240:
238:
234:
233:
228:
220:texture pixel
215:
214:
200:
199:
194:
190:
189:
184:
180:
176:
168:
164:
159:
150:
148:
144:
140:
136:
125:
124:
119:
118:
113:
109:
104:
102:
98:
94:
90:
85:
83:
79:
76:
72:
68:
64:
60:
57:(abbreviated
56:
52:
43:
37:
33:
19:
3891:Polaroid art
3785:K-14 process
3780:Instant film
3775:Gum printing
3730:C-41 process
3715:Photographic
3647:
3616:Image sensor
3611:Film scanner
3265:Sun printing
3198:Print toning
2985:space selfie
2955:Pictorialism
2885:Ethnographic
2865:Conservation
2737:Guide number
2732:Focal length
2205:Shear matrix
2168:Path tracing
2153:Cone tracing
2148:Beam tracing
2068:Polygon mesh
2009:3D rendering
1915:
1805:. Retrieved
1790:
1780:February 20,
1778:. Retrieved
1768:
1754:
1739:
1731:the original
1726:
1717:
1709:the original
1704:
1695:
1677:
1668:
1659:
1647:. Retrieved
1633:
1621:. Retrieved
1610:
1604:
1597:
1572:
1568:
1562:
1551:. Retrieved
1537:
1517:
1510:
1497:
1488:
1480:
1460:
1452:
1428:
1421:
1409:. Retrieved
1398:
1388:
1379:
1375:
1369:
1350:
1338:. Retrieved
1327:
1317:
1309:
1304:
1284:
1256:
1246:
1244:
1225:
1191:
1184:
1164:
1157:
1137:
1130:
1095:Pixelization
1018:
987:
981:
973:Bayer filter
969:sensor array
958:
955:
945:elements of
943:image sensor
938:
934:
932:
908:
847:
843:
822:
810:
794:
783:
778:
774:
771:Bayer filter
764:
751:
750:rather than
747:
743:
730:
723:
695:
656:
639:
635:
624:
621:
611:
607:
601:
598:focal length
592:
586:measured in
582:
575:
542:
490:
487:Bayer filter
458:
447:
429:
425:raster image
423:
417:
407:
399:
384:
371:
354:
324:
319:
310:
306:
298:
294:
292:
285:
281:
273:
269:
267:
252:space probes
241:
236:
230:
229:appeared in
226:
225:. The word
212:
205:volume pixel
196:
192:
186:
182:
178:
174:
172:
137:
121:
115:
111:
105:
86:
71:raster image
66:
62:
58:
54:
48:
32:Google Pixel
3896:Stereoscopy
3760:E-6 process
3755:Dye coupler
3688:color space
3601:Digiscoping
3594:camera back
3509:Philippines
3438:Visual arts
3428:Glass plate
3413:Heliography
3312:Composition
3287:Ultraviolet
3243:Stereoscopy
3238:Slow motion
3223:Scanography
3138:Kite aerial
3078:Contre-jour
2970:Post-mortem
2960:Pornography
2940:Neues Sehen
2875:Documentary
2809:Zone System
2784:Reciprocity
2710:Film format
2640:Backscatter
2618:Terminology
2488:beauty dish
2387:rangefinder
2352:light-field
2333:Photography
2220:Translation
2173:Ray casting
2163:Ray tracing
2041:Cel shading
2015:Image-based
1996:3D graphics
1977:Ray casting
1926:2D graphics
1649:21 December
1607:in Science"
1411:21 December
1340:21 December
982:N-megapixel
978:demosaicing
653:Color depth
617:focal ratio
476:LCD screens
428:. The word
337:Grant Munro
315:original PC
278:Paul Nipkow
263: 1963
3941:Categories
3886:Lomography
3717:processing
3666:Print film
3582:comparison
3549:Uzbekistan
3499:Luxembourg
3459:Bangladesh
3408:Dufaycolor
3388:Box camera
3345:Simplicity
3302:Zoom burst
3297:Xerography
3292:Vignetting
3282:Time-lapse
3270:Tilt–shift
3163:Mordançage
3153:Luminogram
3118:Holography
3113:High-speed
3093:Fill flash
3073:Burst mode
3051:Techniques
3032:Vernacular
3027:Underwater
3022:Toy camera
3002:Still life
2930:Monochrome
2920:High-speed
2870:Cloudscape
2860:Conceptual
2762:Photograph
2747:Lens flare
2727:Film speed
2609:Zone plate
2555:wide-angle
2540:long-focus
2284:Algorithms
2138:Reflection
1669:www.w3.org
1553:2008-05-09
1356:US 1175313
1148:0201144689
1122:References
1090:Pixelation
1009:smartphone
1001:Nikon D800
884:9^2 + 16^2
664:monochrome
630:arcseconds
549:video card
395:resolution
321:Pixilation
75:dot matrix
18:Megapixels
3836:Norwegian
3800:Stop bath
3745:Developer
3373:Ambrotype
3335:Lead room
3258:Slit-scan
3193:Photogram
3188:Panoramic
3098:Fireworks
3083:Cyanotype
2925:Landscape
2570:telephoto
2518:reflector
2513:monolight
2508:lens hood
2493:cucoloris
2429:safelight
2340:Equipment
2263:rendering
2253:animation
2143:Rendering
1857:video by
1075:Pixel art
1005:wipes off
963:(CCD) or
935:megapixel
913:Megapixel
779:subpixels
754:is used.
733:, mostly
731:subpixels
729:known as
708:Subpixels
698:Highcolor
690:Truecolor
683:Highcolor
578:astronomy
468:ClearType
381:Pixel art
343:Technical
270:Bildpunkt
256:Palo Alto
173:The word
153:Etymology
147:megapixel
143:pixel art
117:photosite
93:intensity
3915:Category
3621:CMOS APS
3519:Slovenia
3447:Regional
3393:Calotype
3330:Headroom
3208:Redscale
3123:Infrared
3068:Brenizer
3042:Wildlife
2965:Portrait
2910:Forensic
2900:Fine-art
2835:Aircraft
2825:Abstract
2705:F-number
2685:Exposure
2660:Clipping
2635:Aperture
2503:hot shoe
2424:enlarger
2419:Darkroom
2258:modeling
2185:Rotation
2123:Clipping
2106:Concepts
2085:Deferred
2051:Lighting
2031:Aliasing
2025:Unbiased
2020:Spectral
1807:March 8,
1801:Archived
1687:Archived
1643:Archived
1617:Archived
1605:Subpixel
1547:Archived
1502:Archived
1444:Archived
1405:Archived
1334:Archived
1293:Archived
1266:Archived
1207:Archived
1028:See also
989:DxO Labs
718:phosphor
622:Because
532:Rec. 601
438:halftone
303:graphics
237:pictures
163:subpixel
139:Software
3926:Outline
3862:Related
3554:Vietnam
3539:Ukraine
3474:Denmark
3454:Albania
3433:Tintype
3360:History
3325:Framing
3218:Rollout
3183:Panning
3133:Kirlian
3037:Wedding
2915:Glamour
2895:Fashion
2880:Eclipse
2850:Banquet
2772:Albumen
2582:Monopod
2560:fisheye
2528:softbox
2377:pinhole
2367:instant
2357:digital
2190:Scaling
2080:Shading
1855:YouTube
1838:at the
1727:DxOMark
1705:DxOMark
1577:Bibcode
898:⁄
882:√
868:⁄
858:⁄
836:⁄
813:samples
702:opacity
588:radians
502:support
498:clipmap
232:Variety
188:element
3924:
3913:
3846:street
3841:Polish
3534:Turkey
3529:Taiwan
3514:Serbia
3504:Norway
3479:Greece
3464:Canada
3058:Afocal
3017:Street
2997:Sports
2980:Selfie
2935:Nature
2890:Erotic
2855:Candid
2830:Aerial
2818:Genres
2720:medium
2597:Tripod
2565:swivel
2478:Filter
2456:holder
2451:format
2347:Camera
2210:Shader
1982:Skybox
1967:Mode 7
1939:Layers
1623:4 July
1525:
1473:
1436:
1362:
1247:voxels
1237:
1199:
1172:
1145:
775:pixels
744:pixels
638:= 206
561:triads
454:kernel
430:raster
372:Pixels
329:pixies
210:, and
185:(for "
169:screen
123:sensel
89:sample
3851:women
3809:Lists
3765:Fixer
3648:Pixel
3577:D-SLR
3524:Sudan
3494:Korea
3489:Japan
3484:India
3469:China
3253:Strip
3178:Night
3158:Macro
3063:Bokeh
3007:Stock
2975:Ruins
2715:large
2545:prime
2523:snoot
2483:Flash
2461:stock
2436:Drone
2397:still
2382:press
2372:phone
2362:field
2230:Voxel
2215:Texel
1916:Pixel
1296:(PDF)
1289:(PDF)
1110:Voxel
1040:Dexel
640:p / f
612:p / f
491:color
422:or a
311:pixel
295:pixel
274:pixel
213:texel
198:voxel
175:pixel
112:pixel
99:, or
65:, or
55:pixel
3874:film
3589:MILC
3088:ETTR
2945:Nude
2905:Fire
2804:Sync
2602:head
2550:zoom
2535:Lens
2498:gobo
2446:base
2441:Film
2412:view
1954:2.5D
1809:2015
1782:2020
1651:2017
1625:2015
1523:ISBN
1471:ISBN
1434:ISBN
1413:2017
1382:(7).
1380:C-21
1342:2017
1235:ISBN
1197:ISBN
1170:ISBN
1143:ISBN
739:LCDs
596:and
410:JPEG
335:and
53:, a
3626:CCD
2407:toy
2402:TLR
2392:SLR
1585:doi
829:CSS
805:CRT
735:RGB
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