259:, typically allowing 8 to 32 exposures on one roll of film before reloading is needed. This is fewer than 35 mm cartridges, which typically take 12 to 36 pictures on one roll. This is somewhat offset by the fact that most medium-format systems used interchangeable film magazines, thereby allowing photographers to switch rolls quickly, allowing them larger numbers of exposures before needing to load new film or to change the film type. Some companies had bulk film backs that used 70 mm double-perforated film that allowed up to 75 feet of film to be loaded at one time. While rolls of large format film were produced at one time, their use was specialized, typically for aerial cameras installed in military aircraft or printing industry equipment.
335:. The 6×4.5 cm format is usually referred to as "645", with many cameras that use this ratio bearing "645" in their product name. Cameras that can switch to different aspect ratios do so by either switching camera backs, by using a frame insert, or by use of special multi-format backs. All of these dimensions are nominal; actual dimensions are a bit different. For example, 6×7 cm might give an image on film that is actually 56×70 mm; this enlarges exactly to fill an 8×10 sheet of paper. Another feature of many medium-format models is the ability to use
320:
403:
266:, that is, film where each picture is on a separate piece of film, requiring that the camera be frequently reloaded, usually after every picture, sometimes using magazines of up to five pictures or reduction backs that allow multiple pictures on a single sheet of film. Medium-format sheet film was produced for some cameras, but these cameras tend to be smaller, lighter, and easier to use than large format gear. Sheet film was never commonly used in cameras smaller than medium format.
703:
158:
642:
51:
150:
289:
352:, could be equipped with film magazines holding 15 foot rolls of double perforated 70 mm film passed between two cassettes. 70 mm was a standard roll film width for many decades, last used as late as the 1960s for 116 and 616 size roll films. It was also used for aerial photo-mapping, and it is still used by
274:
medium-format cameras are motorized, and medium-format roll film does not have sprocket holes, so loading often requires that marking on the backing paper of the film be lined up with markings on the camera, and on unloading, the backing paper must be carefully secured to protect the film from light.
586:
released a 80MP digital back, the Aptus-II 12. The Leaf Aptus-II 12's sensor size of 53.7 mm × 40.3 mm is 92% of the area of a 56 mm × 41.5 mm standard-sized 6 × 4.5 frame, 69% of a 56 mm × 56 mm square-sized 6 × 6 frame, and 45% of the area of a 56 mm × 84 mm
577:
The Leaf Aptus 75S digital back offers 33MP resolution, with a shooting speed of 50 frames a minute. In early 2006 Hasselblad (H2D and H3D) and Phase One (P45) released a 39 megapixel back. In 2008, Phase One announced the P65+, a 60 megapixel back, the highest resolution single-shot digital back at
518:
In the 2000s, the number of vendors of both high-end medium-format camera systems and digital backs began to decrease. The performance of digital SLRs cut into the sale of film-based medium-format systems, while the tremendous development expenses for medium-format digital systems meant that not all
347:
For some professional medium-format cameras, those used in school portraiture for example, long-roll film magazines were available. Most of these accommodated rolls of film that were 100 ft (30.5 m) long and 70 mm wide, sometimes with perforations, sometimes without. Some cameras, such as
311:
The 620 format was introduced by Kodak in 1931 as an alternative to 120. It was discontinued in 1995. The 620 format is essentially the same film on a thinner and narrower all-metal spool. While 620 film is required on a number of old Kodak
Brownie cameras, many of these cameras can accommodate the
219:
The main benefit of medium-format photography is that, because of the larger size of the film or digital sensor (two to six times larger than 35 mm), images of much higher resolution can be produced. This allows for bigger enlargements and smooth gradation without the grain or blur that would
269:
Film cost per exposure is directly related to the amount of film used, thus, the larger the film size, the more expensive each picture will be. An 8 by 10 in large-format negative is far more expensive than a 6 by 6 cm medium-format picture, which is substantially more expensive than a
744:, and color saturation. While these elements can be considered as flaws to photographers seeking perfect images, many people enjoy the "artistic" results. Because of the popularity of the Lomography photographic style, medium-format photography has seen a resurgence with amateur photographers.
273:
35 mm cartridges are generally easier to load and unload from a camera than medium-format rolls. A 35 mm cartridge is placed inside a camera, and in most motorized cameras this is all that is needed; the camera loads the film and rewinds it into the cartridge for removal. Far fewer
765:
60 and 88 are also available at moderate prices. These cameras can deliver quality images, although the lenses and camera bodies are not at the level of those from
Swedish, German, and Japanese manufacturers. Depending on the condition of the camera, they can produce images ranging from the
307:
format. Additionally, many are capable of using the 220 film format, effectively doubling the number of frames available with 120 film. Medium-format roll film is still available from specialty shops and photographic laboratories, yet it is not as ubiquitous as 135 (35 mm) film.
766:
Lomographic style to images closer to their
European and Japanese counterparts. In 2008 Lomography also reintroduced the previously discontinued Lubitel with the Lubitel 166+, a recreation of the original 1946 Lubitel camera with some new features including dual-format capability.
542:
to design and produce a new line of digital-friendly medium-format cameras, the H-Series. Since the manufacturer plans to sell digital backs integrated with the camera, other makers of digital backs are far less likely to be able to sell backs for this camera.
594:
is a 40 megapixel medium-format DSLR. The camera has a 44×33 mm image sensor and the raw file is in DNG format. It is the first digital version of the company's 645 medium-format camera system and it is compatible with the existing 645 system lenses.
496:. These backs are used predominantly by professional photographers. As with film, due to the increased size of the imaging chip (up to twice that of a 35 mm film frame, and thus as much as 40 times the size of the chip in a typical pocket
515:), named the "DCB" (often described as 'a brick'). Initially mounted on Sinar Studio cameras, the camera backs were later moved to medium-format units. By the late 1990s, a number of companies produced digital camera backs of various types.
331:, which differ depending on the camera or frame insert used. The most common aspect ratios are 6×6 cm (square/1:1) and 6×4.5 cm (rectangular/4:3). Other frequently used aspect ratios are 6×7 cm, 6×9 cm, and 6×17 cm
246:
services are generally widely available and cheap, medium format is usually limited to professional photography shops and can be prohibitively expensive. Also, medium-format cameras tend to be bulkier than their 35 mm counterpart.
180:
and the related cameras and equipment that use film. Nowadays, the term applies to film and digital cameras that record images on media larger than the 24 mm × 36 mm (0.94 in × 1.42 in) used in
740:
that allows photographers to experiment with interchangeable lenses, flashes, and film backs. These cameras are characterized by their plastic lenses, light leaks that oddly colorize an image, extreme
200:
larger than that of a 35 mm film frame. Some of the benefits of using medium-format digital cameras include higher resolution sensors, better low-light capabilities compared to a traditional 35mm
220:
characterize similarly enlarged images produced from smaller film formats. The larger size of the film also allows for better control of the depth of field and therefore more photographic creativity.
235:
with the appearance of an extremely large depth of field – from closest foreground to the far horizon – to be achieved, by aligning the plane of focus with the subject plane of interest, using the
582:
continues to provide its primary
Digital View Camera system while still supporting the HY6 medium format with a new platform independent eSprit 65 LV digital camera back. On 20 September 2010,
1270:
216:
became available in consumer 35 mm cameras in 1977, but did not reach medium format until the late 1990s, and has never been available in a consumer large format camera.
725:
but now they are considered a real creative alternative to professional medium-format cameras and are sought after for the unique experimental results they can create.
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slightly larger 120 rolls/spools. In other situations where the camera cannot accommodate a 120 spool, the 120 film can be rolled onto a 620 spool in a darkroom or
339:
instant film in an interchangeable back. Studio, commercial and architectural photographers value this system for its ability to verify the focus and exposure.
1265:
932:
1045:
550:
developed the 22MP Mamiya ZD in 2004, the first ever medium format DSLR. It also developed a ZD digital back but announced a partnership with back maker
1015:
185:
photography (though not including 127 sizes), but smaller than 4 in × 5 in (100 mm × 130 mm) (which is considered
1001:
628:
model released in
January 2017, and as of mid 2024 has seven cameras in the GFX lineup, including three 51 MP models and four 102MP models.
382:
projector film, the perforations are inset by 2.5 mm to make room for the old-style optical sound tracks; a standard established by
750:(TLRs) and folders without the distortion and light leaks can be purchased on the used market in the same price range. The Chinese
443:
220 roll film holder, 35 mm roll film holder, Polaroid land pack film holder, digital back (only for more recent models), etc.
1247:
212:
Medium-format cameras made since the 1950s are generally less automated than smaller cameras made at the same time. For example,
808:
which produces medium format cameras as well as 35mm and large format compatible cameras. Goodman cameras are compatible with
728:
Lower cost medium-format cameras like the Diana F+ and Belair X 6-12 are sold through various outlets, including the
Austrian
718:
cameras, are gaining in popularity for their creative potential. In the past, these kinds of cameras have been referred to as
504:
than consumer-grade cameras, and have lower noise. Features like fan cooling also improve the image quality of studio models.
908:
706:
Baldafix folding camera, one of a large number of old folding cameras which used medium-format film, with a roll of 120 film
115:
87:
196:, medium format refers either to cameras adapted from medium-format film photography uses or to cameras making use of
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201:
134:
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that time (2008). Phase One continues to dominate high end non-interpolated imaging with the largest market share.
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are also an inexpensive option to shoot medium format. Many U.S.-made folders, including most of the mass-produced
602:
were introduced by Phase One and
Hasselblad. This sensor type gives better image quality mainly in High ISO with a
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465:, but in addition it is also standard for medium-format system cameras to support different winding mechanisms,
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Compared with 35 mm, the main drawbacks are accessibility and price. While 35 mm cameras, film, and
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While most professional medium-format cameras are expensive, some cheaper plastic imports, such as the
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469:, and camera backs. This flexibility is one of the primary advantages of medium-format photography.
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1238:(Old factory site of the digital and analog Rolleiflex medium-format cameras) English and German
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stopped making their DCS series of backs, and camera and back manufacturers began to integrate.
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There have been several projects to produce open source 3D printed cameras including K-Pan and
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Since 2014, Lomography has been producing its medium format version of the Soviet-original
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1071:"Fujifilm GFX 100S II hands-on review: a light refinement of a medium format favorite"
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of up to 14 f-stops. Phase One and
Hasselblad used the same 50MP CMOS sensor made by
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457:, which means that they have various interchangeable parts. Like most 35 mm
383:
243:
1201:"Open Source 3D Printed Analog Cameras and Accessories, Created by Dora Goodman"
1046:"Fujifilm celebrates five years of bringing medium format cameras to the masses"
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In early 2014, the first Medium format cameras with a CMOS sensor instead of a
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was taken over in stages by the digital camera back manufacturer and developer
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camera, the Lomo LC-A 120, as compact option for medium format photographers.
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This article is about medium-sized film formats. For formats of a different
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and medium-format cameras from the former Soviet Union such as the
Russian
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This article is about medium format films in general. For the specific
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933:"Rolleiflex Unveils New FX-N TLR Film, Hy6 Mod2 Medium Format Cameras"
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1016:"Hasselblad replaces CEO, announces 50MP CMOS medium-format camera"
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All medium-format cameras mass-produced today (as of 2024) use the
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165:. Medium-format film lacks the sprocket holes of 35 mm film.
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of medium format digital cameras with the introduction of 50MP
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for the development of the Hy6 medium-format camera systems.
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1175:"Meet K-Pan, the 3D-Printed, Modular 120mm Panoramic Camera"
1123:"Lomo Lubitel 166+ - Learn more about the Lomography camera"
826:
607:
357:
1149:"Lomo LC-A 120 - Info about Films, Battery and the camera"
534:
Camera maker Hasselblad merged with digital imaging firm
374:
used in IMAX projectors have the same gauge or height as
1002:"Phase One announces IQ250 50MP CMOS medium-format back"
480:
came to the medium-format world with the development of
1266:
Configurations of various cameras - Camera backs - Lens
812:
press lenses and some Mamiya medium format film backs.
390:
which have perforations and pitch that match-up to the
323:
50th anniversary Hasselblad 500 CM classic camera kit
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an updated version of the Hy6, called the Hy6 Mod2.
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161:A size comparison of medium-format film (left) and
75:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1033:. Vol. 78, no. 7. July 2014. p. 18.
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492:in them, effectively converting a camera into a
736:back to the market with the Diana F+ camera, a
511:. released their first digital camera back (4
153:Popular examples of medium format film cameras
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453:Many professional medium-format cameras are
670:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
461:, these cameras usually support different
1232:Manufacturer of the Rolleiflex Hy6 camera
732:company. In 2007, Lomography brought the
690:Learn how and when to remove this message
440:120 roll film holder loaded with a film Y
437:120 roll film holder loaded with a film X
135:Learn how and when to remove this message
1271:Is a medium format camera right for you?
1254:Buying classical cameras - medium format
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409:Super and its possible configurations:
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977:"645D : Products | RICOH IMAGING"
958:"Leaf Aptus-II 12 digital camera back"
903:(2nd ed.). Boston: Focal Press.
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668:adding citations to reliable sources
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73:adding citations to reliable sources
44:
761:and somewhat better made Ukrainian
343:70 mm film – still versus cine
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519:vendors could profitably compete.
327:This film is shot in a variety of
255:The medium-format film is usually
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590:Introduced in December 2010, the
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1044:Hannah Rooke (22 January 2022).
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172:has traditionally referred to a
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1248:Choosing a medium-format camera
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507:This market began in 1992 when
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1242:Medium-format camera and film
975:LTD., RICOH IMAGING COMPANY.
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366:used in still cameras, like
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901:The medium format advantage
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1262:Overview by Roger W. Hicks
614:uses a 51 MP CMOS sensor.
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270:frame of 35 mm film.
262:Most large format film is
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394:used in IMAX projectors.
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298:perspective control lens
25:format (disambiguation)
1244:Film Photography Guide
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498:point-and-shoot camera
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1097:"What Is Lomography?"
899:Wildi, Ernst (2001).
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562:, and partnered with
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446:Cable release adapter
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372:70 mm print film
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278:120, 220 and 620 film
237:Scheimpflug principle
233:landscape photography
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1075:Digital Camera World
964:. 20 September 2010.
806:Dora Goodman Cameras
664:improve this section
500:) they deliver more
482:digital camera backs
428:Metered prism finder
370:and Hasselblad, and
69:improve this article
1031:Popular Photography
981:ricoh-imaging.co.jp
937:Popular Photography
538:and partnered with
478:Digital photography
354:large format cinema
227:typically support '
194:digital photography
1260:The Medium Formats
1207:. 5 September 2018
1153:Filmphotography.eu
1127:Filmphotography.eu
1050:digitalcameraworld
1018:. 21 January 2014.
1004:. 24 January 2014.
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490:electronic sensors
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292:Pentax 6×7 format
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38:film formats, see
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80:Find sources:
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58:This article
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1287:Film formats
1250:on Photo.net
1209:. Retrieved
1204:
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1183:. Retrieved
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1169:
1157:. Retrieved
1155:. 7 May 2019
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1131:. Retrieved
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1029:"CMOS DEF".
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984:. Retrieved
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940:. Retrieved
936:
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872:Press camera
822:Asahi Pentax
803:
780:, TLRs, and
775:
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763:Kiev-Arsenal
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662:Please help
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620:started its
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431:Prism finder
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314:changing bag
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187:large format
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67:Please help
62:verification
59:
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782:box cameras
720:toy cameras
612:Pentax 645Z
592:Pentax 645D
486:camera back
467:viewfinders
422:Power drive
413:Camera body
178:photography
174:film format
16:Film format
883:References
877:Rolleiflex
837:Hasselblad
742:vignetting
730:Lomography
680:April 2013
622:GFX series
600:CCD sensor
513:Megapixels
488:that have
407:Mamiya 645
350:Hasselblad
264:sheet film
183:35 mm
125:April 2023
95:newspapers
986:13 August
942:13 August
919:499049825
867:Phase One
794:120 films
771:Lomo LC-A
651:does not
552:Phase One
376:120 film.
333:panoramic
257:roll film
214:autofocus
1281:Category
1230:DW Photo
1211:26 April
1185:26 April
1055:15 April
832:Fujifilm
816:See also
790:620 film
618:Fujifilm
560:Jenoptik
337:Polaroid
305:120 film
284:120 film
40:120 film
1159:28 July
1133:28 July
1107:28 July
1101:Adorama
857:Minolta
759:Lubitel
752:Seagull
672:removed
657:sources
626:GFX 50S
525:Bronica
384:Todd-AO
225:bellows
198:sensors
109:scholar
1081:19 May
917:
907:
862:Pentax
852:Mamiya
847:Linhof
810:Mamiya
564:Rollei
548:Mamiya
536:Imacon
521:Contax
502:pixels
463:lenses
416:Lenses
368:Mamiya
111:
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82:
23:, see
21:medium
842:Leica
786:Kodak
776:Used
716:Holga
712:Diana
580:Sinar
556:Sinar
529:Kodak
378:With
116:JSTOR
102:books
1213:2022
1187:2022
1161:2022
1135:2022
1109:2022
1083:2024
1057:2022
988:2018
944:2018
915:OCLC
905:ISBN
827:Alpa
714:and
655:any
653:cite
608:Sony
584:Leaf
540:Fuji
523:and
459:SLRs
358:IMAX
348:the
202:DSLR
88:news
34:and
755:TLR
666:by
294:SLR
192:In
176:in
71:by
36:220
32:120
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