2869:
license records and such, there is still a very powerful technique that will allow the psychic to convince people that the psychic knows all about them, their problems, and their deep personal secrets, fears, and desires. The technique is called cold reading and is probably as old as charlatanism itself... If John Edward (or any of the other self-proclaimed speakers with the dead) really could communicate with the dead, it would be a trivial matter to prove it. All that would be necessary would be for him to contact any of the thousands of missing persons who are presumed dead—famous (e.g., Jimmy Hoffa, Judge Crater) or otherwise—and correctly report where the body is. Of course, this is never done. All we get, instead, are platitudes to the effect that Aunt Millie, who liked green plates, is happy on the other side.
4465:. Dodd, Mead and Company. pp. 110–12. A Mr. Merrifield was present at one of the sittings. Home's usual phenomena were messages, the moving of objects (presumably at a distance), and the playing of an accordion which he held with one hand under the shadow of the table. But from an early date in America he had been accustomed occasionally to "materialise" hands (as it was afterwards called). The sitters would, in the darkness, faintly see a ghostly hand and arm, or they might feel the touch of an icy limb. Mr. Merrifield and the other sitters saw a "spirit-hand" stretch across the faintly lit space of the window. But Mr. Merrifield says that Home sat, or crouched, low in a low chair, and that the "spirit-hand" was a false limb on the end of Home's arm. At other times, he says, he saw that Home was using his foot."
2816:
1980:
1651:
1411:
921:
2225:
2508:
7577:
9178:
2347:
2208:
6480:"A medium still riding high in England is Leslie Flint, famed as an exponent of direct voice. William Rauscher and Allen Spraggett, who attended a sitting Flint held in 1970 in New York, said that it was the most abysmal flop of any seance they had endured. All the spirit voices sounded exactly like the medium and displayed an incredible ignorance of nearly everything pertaining to the sitters. The "mediumship " was second-rate ventriloquism."
2698:
1083:
2946:, saying, "mediums are unethical and dangerous: they prey on the emotions of the grieving. As grief counselors know, death is best faced head-on as a part of life." Shermer wrote that the human urge to seek connections between events that may form patterns meaningful for survival is a function of natural evolution, and called the alleged ability of mediums to talk to the dead "a well-known illusion of a meaningful pattern."
1355:
readings, they are prevented from attributing meaning to their own reading, and therefore can't identify it from readings made for others. As a result, the type of highly successful hit rate that psychics enjoy on a daily basis comes crashing down and the truth emerges – their success depends on a fascinating application of psychology and not the existence of paranormal abilities.
1195:
to achieve this ability, and that assistance from spiritual helpers is often necessary. Some clairvoyant mediums can see a spirit as though the spirit has a physical body. They see the bodily form as if it were physically present. Other mediums see the spirit in their mind's eye, or it appears as a movie or a television programme or a still picture like a photograph in their mind.
5985:"One medium of the 1920s, Mina Crandon, became famous for producing ectoplasm during her sittings. At the height of the séance, she was even able to produce a tiny ectoplasmic hand from her navel, which waved about in the darkness. Her career ended when Harvard biologists were able to examine the tiny hand and found it to be nothing more than a carved piece of animal liver."
4727:"The most famous of materialization mediums, Florence Cook – though she managed to convince a scientist, Sir William Crookes, that she was genuine – was repeatedly exposed in fraud. Florence had been trained in the arts of the séance by Frank Herne, a well-known physical medium whose materializations were grabbed on more than one occasion and found to be the medium himself."
2838:, was created primarily to test the hypothesis that the consciousness (or identity) of a person survives physical death. Schwartz claimed his experiments were indicative of survival, but do not yet provide conclusive proof. The experiments described by Schwartz have received criticism from the scientific community for being inadequately designed and using poor controls.
2845:
true". Hyman wrote "Even if the research program were not compromised by these defects, the claims being made would require replication by independent investigators." Hyman criticizes
Schwartz's decision to publish his results without gathering "evidence for their hypothesis that would meet generally accepted scientific criteria... they have lost credibility."
690:
3998:"The spirits, controls, and guides of a medium are the products of the medium's own psychological dynamics. On the one hand, they personify the medium's hidden impulses and wish life. On the other, they are also shaped by the expectations of the medium's sitters, the medium's experience, the cultural background, and the spirit of the times."
2593:, Indiana, using infrared film, intending to procure scientific proof of spirit materializations. The medium was shown the camera beforehand, and was aware that she was being filmed. However, the film revealed obvious fraud on the part of the medium and her cabinet assistant. The exposé was published in the 10 July 1960 issue of the
963:. The medium mentally "hears" (clairaudience), "sees" (clairvoyance), and/or feels (clairsentience) messages from spirits. Directly or with the help of a spirit guide, the medium passes the information on to the message's recipient(s). When a medium is doing a "reading" for a particular person, that person is known as the "sitter".
4539:"The poet attended one of Home's seances where a face was materialized, which, Home's spirit guide announced, was that of Browning's dead son. Browning seized the supposed materialized head, and it turned out to be the bare foot of Home. The deception was not helped by the fact that Browning never had lost a son in infancy."
2878:
were related to the sitters. The research gather the numbers of the statements made and have the sitters rate the accuracy of the statements. The readings that were considered to be somewhat accurate by the sitters were very generalized, and the ones that were considered inaccurate were the ones that were very specific.
31:
1972:. Unlike the 1908 sittings, Feilding and Marriott detected her cheating, just as she had done in America. Her deceptions were obvious. Palladino evaded control and was caught moving objects with her foot, shaking the curtain with her hands, moving the cabinet table with her elbow and touching the séance sitters.
2446:"levitating" in mid air. He claimed that spirits had lifted him. Evans was later discovered to be a fraud as a cord leading from a device in his hand has indicated that it was himself who triggered the flash-photograph and that all he had done was jump from his chair into the air and pretend he had levitated.
2083:. In the confession he stated "I have deceived hundreds of people…. I have been guilty of fraud and deception in spiritualistic practices by pretending that I was controlled by a spirit guide…. I am frankly and whole-heartedly sorry that I have allowed myself to deceive people." Due to the exposure of
2073:"Her tricks were usually childish: long hairs attached to small objects in order to produce 'telekinetic movements'; the gradual substitution of one hand for two when being controlled by sitters; the production of 'phenomena' with a foot which had been surreptitiously removed from its shoe and so on."
2868:
Modern spiritualists and psychics keep detailed files on their victims. As might be expected, these files can be very valuable and are often passed on from one medium or psychic to another when one retires or dies. Even if a psychic doesn't use a private detective or have immediate access to driver's
2413:
was exposed as a fraud in 1932. A magician and séance sitter who called himself M. Taylor presented a mail bag and Decker agreed to lock himself inside it. During the séance objects were moved around the room and it was claimed spirits had released Decker from the bag. It was later discovered to have
2146:
was a fraud during tests at the
British College of Psychic Science. Price wrote in his SPR report "William Hope has been found guilty of deliberately substituting his own plates for those of a sitter... It implies that the medium brings to the sitting a duplicate slide and faked plates for fraudulent
1557:
attended a séance on 23, July 1855 in Ealing with the Rymers. During the séance a spirit face materialized which Home claimed was the son of
Browning who had died in infancy. Browning seized the "materialization" and discovered it to be the bare foot of Home. To make the deception worse, Browning had
1448:
1194:
or "clear seeing", is the ability to see anything that is not physically present, such as objects, animals or people. This sight occurs "in the mind's eye". Some mediums say that this is their normal vision state. Others say that they must train their minds with such practices as meditation in order
1037:
Physical mediumship is defined as manipulation of energies and energy systems by spirits. This type of mediumship is said to involve perceptible manifestations, such as loud raps and noises, voices, materialized objects, apports, materialized spirit bodies, or body parts such as hands, legs and feet.
991:
Trance speakers believed that entering a trance gave them access to the spirits and, through them, to knowledge inaccessible in the waking world. Sometimes an assistant would write down the medium's words, such as in the early 20th century collaboration between the trance medium Mrs. Cecil M. Cook of
2975:
places emphasis that "… one by one spiritual mediums were convicted of fraud, sometimes using the tricks borrowed from scenic "magicians" to convince their paranormal abilities". In the article it is also noted that "… the opening of the wide ranging fraud happening on spiritualistic sessions caused
1902:
exposed the
British materialization medium Christopher Chambers as a fraud in 1905. A false moustache was discovered in the séance room which he used to fabricate the spirit materializations. The British medium Charles Eldred was exposed as a fraud in 1906. Eldred would sit in a chair in a curtained
1429:
and trickery. Ectoplasm, a supposed paranormal substance, was revealed to have been made from cheesecloth, butter, muslin, and cloth. Mediums would also stick cut-out faces from magazines and newspapers onto cloth or on other props and use plastic dolls in their séances to pretend to their audiences
2877:
in 2005 suggests that under the controlled condition of the experiment, people who claimed to be professional mediums do not demonstrate the mediumistic ability. In the experiment, mediums were assigned to work the participants chosen to be "sitters." The mediums claimed to contact the deceased who
2503:
was a trick. Close examination of photographs reveal Webber to be holding a telescopic reaching rod attached to the trumpet, and sitters in his séances only believed it to have levitated because the room was so dark they could not see the rod. Webber would cover the rod with crepe paper to disguise
2405:
was exposed as a fraud in the séance room as it was discovered that he produced fraudulent "spirit" fingerprints in wax. The "spirit" thumbprint that
Valiantine claimed belonged to Arthur Conan Doyle was revealed to be the print of his big toe on his right foot. It was also revealed that Valiantine
1530:
mediums were discovered to be engaged in fraud, sometimes employing the techniques of stage magicians in their attempts to convince people of their clairvoyant powers." The article also notes that "the exposure of widespread fraud within the spiritualist movement severely damaged its reputation and
1201:
or "clear hearing", is usually defined as the ability to hear the voices or thoughts of spirits. Some mediums hear as though they are listening to a person talking to them on the outside of their head, as though the Spirit is next to or near to the medium, and other mediums hear the voices in their
1064:
Direct voice communication refers to the hypothesis that spirits speak independently of the medium, who facilitates the phenomenon rather than produces it. The role of the medium is to make the connection between the physical and spirit worlds. Trumpets are often utilised to amplify the signal, and
971:
In the 1860s and 1870s, trance mediums, also known as trance speakers, were very popular; this allowed female adherents, many who had strong interests in social justice, to speak in public in an era where doing so went against existing social norms. Many trance mediums delivered passionate speeches
3020:"Over the course of the reading, John comfortably laid down the specifics of Susanna Wilson’s life — he named “Andy” and amazingly knew him to be her twin. He knew that she and her brother grew up in Michigan and that his girlfriend was Maria. He knew about Susanna’s father-in-law and how he died."
2774:
and argued that she employed a secret accomplice that could enter the room by a fake door panel positioned near the séance cabinet. Wiseman discovered this trick was already mentioned in a book from 1851, he also visited a carpenter and skilled magician who constructed a door within an hour with a
1401:
criticized the media for promoting mediums because this exposure convinces viewers that such powers are real, and so enable neighborhood mediums to prey on grieving families. Oliver said "...when psychic abilities are presented as authentic, it emboldens a vast underworld of unscrupulous vultures,
872:
In the late 1920s and early 1930s there were around one quarter of a million practising
Spiritualists and some two thousand Spiritualist societies in the UK in addition to flourishing microcultures of platform mediumship and 'home circles'. Spiritualism continues to be practised, primarily through
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were convicted of fraud for a series of crimes spanning 20 years entailing between $ 20 and $ 45 million. They told vulnerable clients that to solve their problems they had to give the purported psychics money and valuables. Marks and family promised to return the cash and goods after "cleansing"
2844:
discovered many methodological errors with
Schwartz's research including; "Inappropriate control comparisons", "Failure to use double-blind procedures", "Creating non-falsifiable outcomes by reinterpreting failures as successes" and "Failure to independently check on facts the sitters endorsed as
2806:
wrote the Scole experiments fail in many ways. The séances were held in the basement of two of the mediums, only total darkness was allowed with no night vision apparatus as it might "frighten the spirits away". The box containing the film was not examined and could easily have been accessible to
2802:, Arthur Ellison and Montague Keen. This has produced photographs, audio recordings and physical objects which appeared in the dark séance room (known as apports). A criticism of the experiment was that it was flawed because it did not rule out the possibility of fraud. The skeptical investigator
2558:
in 1955. During the séance "spirit" materializations emerged from a cabinet and walked around the room. Cornell wrote that a stomach rumble, nicotine smelling breath and a pulse gave it away that all the spirit figures were in fact Harris and that he had dressed up as each one behind the cabinet.
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and then into a bath of water to materialize. Three other series of séances were held in Warsaw in Kluski's own apartment, these took place over a period of three years. Kluski was not searched in any of the séances. Photographs of the molds were obtained during the four series of experiments and
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when, in fact, it remained stationary. After the seance, approximately one third of the participants incorrectly reported that the table had moved. The results showed a greater percentage of believers reporting that the table had moved. In another experiment the believers had also reported that a
649:
Belief in psychic ability is widespread despite the absence of empirical evidence for its existence. Scientific researchers have attempted to ascertain the validity of claims of mediumship for more than one hundred years and have consistently failed to confirm them. As late as 2005, an experiment
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was investigated by psychical researchers and discovered to be a fraud. On
November 3, 1876, during the séance a sitter demanded that Monck be searched. Monck ran from the room, locked himself in another room and escaped out of a window. A pair of stuffed gloves was found in his room, as well as
1354:
Cold reading also explains why psychics have consistently failed scientific tests of their powers. By isolating them from their clients, psychics are unable to pick up information from the way those clients dress or behave. By presenting all of the volunteers involved in the test with all of the
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in advance of the reading, and Gerbic and Edward were not aware of the specific information in these accounts. This blinding was done in order to avoid John later being able to claim he obtained the false information by reading Gerbic and Edward's minds. In her report, Gerbic also revealed that
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for a series of séances and she claimed to have communicated with his son. Although Twigg denied formerly knowing anything about Pike and his son, the magician John Booth discovered that Twigg had already known information about the Pike family before the séances. Twigg had belonged to the same
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that he had lived in. Researchers later discovered fraud as the séances had taken place in 1922, not 1925. The magician and paranormal investigator Bob
Couttie revealed that Davis was alive, Soal lived close to him and had altered the records of the sittings after checking out the house. Soal's
1743:
also exposed the fraud mediumship of Husk. In a séance
Goldston attended a pale face materialization appeared in the room. Goldston wrote "I saw at once that it was a gauze mask, and that the moustache attached to it was loose at one side through lack of gum. I pulled at the mask. It came away,
1619:
powers. Fay later confessed to her fraud and revealed the tricks she had used. Frank Herne a British medium who formed a partnership with the medium Charles Williams was repeatedly exposed in fraudulent materialization séances. In 1875, he was caught pretending to be a spirit during a séance in
1442:
A very large part is played by fraud in spiritualistic practices, both in the physical and psychical, or automatic, phenomena, but especially in the former. The frequency with which mediums have been convicted of fraud has, indeed, induced many people to abandon the study of psychical research,
3005:, and were "read" as a married couple Susanna and Mark Wilson by John. During the entire reading, John failed to determine the actual identities of Gerbic and Edward, or that they were being deceptive during his reading. All personal information he gave them matched what was on their falsified
931:
In old-line Spiritualism, a portion of the services, generally toward the end, is given over to demonstrations of mediumship through purported contact with the spirits of the dead. A typical example of this way of describing a mediumistic church service is found in the 1958 autobiography of C.
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for ignoring evidence of fraud in mediumship. According to Grossman " accuses sceptics of ignoring the evidence he believes is solid, but himself ignores evidence that does not suit him. If a medium was caught cheating on some occasions, he says, the rest of that medium's phenomena were still
1838:
had claimed was genuine. Stead visited a photographer who had produced a photograph of him with deceased soldier known as "Piet Botha". Stead claimed that the photographer could not have come across any information about Piet Botha, however, Tuckett discovered that an article in 1899 had been
1591:
as frauds. During a séance he employed a hidden mirror and caught them tampering with a letter in an envelope and writing a reply in it under the table which they would pretend a spirit had written. The British materialization medium Rosina Mary Showers was caught in many fraudulent séances
2894:
claimed to have contacted the spirit of a 25-year-old man in the bathroom of his parents house and it is alleged he attempted to charge the family 3.5 million dollars for his mediumship services. Schwartz responded saying that the allegations were set up to destroy his science credibility.
3063:. Gerbic concluded that the riders were likely hired to ride with John, but were probably not acting when talking with him. She concluded that the details about their lives mentioned by John were easily found on social media sources, and likely fed to John, making the readings actually
1870:
who examined Piper's mediumship in detail wrote it could be explained by "muscle-reading, fishing, guessing, hints obtained in the sitting, knowledge surreptitiously obtained, knowledge acquired in the interval between sittings and lastly, facts already within Mrs. Piper's knowledge."
1368:
handbell had moved when it had remained stationary and expressed their belief that the fake séances contained genuine paranormal phenomena. The experiments strongly supported the notion that in the séance room, believers are more suggestible than disbelievers for suggestions that are
2329:
suspected in the séance that Stanislawa had freed her hand from control. Secret flashlight photographs that were taken revealed that her hand was free and she had moved objects on the séance table. It was claimed by spiritualists that during a series of séances in 1930 the medium
1026:
2934:). Group readings also improve hits by making general statements with conviction, which will fit at least one person in the audience. Shows are carefully edited before airing to show only what appears to be hits and removing anything that does not reflect well on the medium.
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crash a few days before the séance. Researcher Melvin Harris who studied the case wrote that the information described in Garrett's séances were "either commonplace, easily absorbed bits and pieces, or plain gobblede-gook. The so-called secret information just doesn't exist."
672:
Several different variants of mediumship have been described; arguably the best-known forms involve a spirit purportedly taking control of a medium's voice and using it to relay a message, or where the medium simply "hears" the message and passes it on. Other forms involve
7047:
873:
various denominational Spiritualist churches in the United States, Canada, Australia and the United Kingdom. In the United Kingdom, over 340 Spiritualist churches and centres open their doors to the public and free demonstrations of mediumship are regularly performed.
708:
the medium has the role of an intermediary between the world of the living and the world of spirit. Mediums say that they can listen to and relay messages from spirits, or that they can allow a spirit to control their body and speak through it directly or by using
2717:(1983) which exposed the fraud of the Victorian mediums. The book received positive reviews and has been influential to skeptics of spiritualism. The British apport medium Paul McElhoney was exposed as a fraud during a séance in Osset, Yorkshire in 1983. The
2068:
who was an expert at freeing her hands and feet from the control in the séance room. In the séance room Palladino would move curtains from a distance by releasing a jet of air from a rubber bulb that she had in her hand. According to the psychical researcher
1217:
Claircognizance or "clear knowing", is the ability to know something without receiving it through normal or psychic senses. It is a feeling of "just knowing". Often, a medium will say that they have a feeling that a message or situation is "right" or
3660:
God's World: A Treatise on Spiritualism Founded on Transcripts of Shorthand Notes Taken Down, Over a Period of Five Years, in the Seance-Room of the William T. Stead Memorial Center (a Religious Body Incorporated Under the Statutes of the State of
2373:
and had her perform a number of test séances. She was suspected of swallowing cheesecloth which was then regurgitated as "ectoplasm". Price had proven through analysis of a sample of ectoplasm produced by Duncan, that it was made of cheesecloth.
5718:
Universitetskomiteen, Mediet Einer Nielsen, kontrolundersøkelser av universitetskomiteen i Kristiania. (Kristiania 1922). "Rapport fra den av Norsk Selskab for Psykisk Forskning nedsatte Kontrolkomité", Norsk Tidsskrift for Psykisk Forskning 1
1015:
Trance phenomena result from the behavior of intense focusing of attention, which is the key psychological mechanism of trance induction. Adaptive responses, including institutionalized forms of trance, are 'tuned' into neural networks in the
1699:
In September 1878 the British medium Charles Williams and his fellow-medium at the time, A. Rita, were detected in trickery at Amsterdam. During the séance a materialized spirit was seized and found to be Rita and a bottle of phosphorus oil,
2628:
died leaving specific instructions that all of his files should be burned. In 1971 after his death, psychical researchers discovered his files but instead of burning them they were examined and discovered to be filled with obituaries,
1903:
off area in the room known as a "séance cabinet". Various spirit figures would emerge from the cabinet and move around the séance room, however, it was discovered that the chair had a secret compartment that contained beards, cloths,
2744:
was fraudulent. The photograph was a trick as there were signs of chemical retouching under Mirabelli's feet. The retouching showed that Mirabelli was not levitating but was standing on a ladder which was erased from the photograph.
1065:
directed voice mediums are sometimes known as "trumpet mediums". This form of mediumship also permits the medium to participate in the discourse during séances, since the medium's voice is not required by the spirit to communicate.
4709:"Florence Cook was caught cheating not only before her séances with Crookes but also afterward. Furthermore, she learned her trade from the mediums Frank Herne and Charles Williams, who were notorious for their cheating." Also see
2251:
a photograph taken on April 28, 1932, showed that Rudi had managed to free his arm to move a handkerchief from the table. According to Warren Jay Vinton, Schneider was an expert at freeing himself from control in the séance room.
2118:
was exposed as a fraud when one of his séance sitters turned the lights on which revealed him to be holding a trumpet by means of a telescopic extension piece and using an angle piece to change the auditory effect of his voice.
1922:
revealed there had been obvious signs of double exposure, the picture of Lady Crookes had been copied from a wedding anniversary photograph, however, Crookes was a convinced spiritualist and claimed it was genuine evidence for
2786:
was exposed in 1992 when during a séance the lights were unexpectedly turned on and he was seen holding a spirit trumpet in the air, which the audience had been led to believe was being levitated by spiritual energy. In 1997,
2643:(1972) documented how every Victorian medium investigated had been exposed as using trickery, in the book he revealed how mediums would even use acrobatic techniques during séances to convince audiences of spirit presences.
1806:
were exposed as fraudulent. The fake ectoplasm of Carrière was made of cut-out paper faces from newspapers and magazines on which fold marks could sometimes be seen from the photographs. Cut out faces that she used included
2193:(1922) which exposed the tricks of mediumship and the fraudulent methods of producing "spirit hands". Originally all the copies of the book were bought up by spiritualists and deliberately destroyed. In 1923, the magician
1968:. In a report they claimed that genuine supernatural activity had occurred in the séances, this report became known as the Feilding report. In 1910, Feilding returned to Naples, but this time accompanied with the magician
1461:
has investigated mediumship phenomena. Critical SPR investigations into purported mediums and the exposure of fake mediums has led to a number of resignations by Spiritualist members. On the subject of fraud in mediumship
2309:
was discovered to be a fraud in 1926. In a séance psychical researchers found that Melzer had small stones attached to the back of his ears by flesh coloured tape. Psychical researchers who investigated the mediumship of
1288:
consider mediumship to be the result of fraud and psychological factors. Research from psychology for over a hundred years suggests that where there is not fraud, mediumship and Spiritualist practices can be explained by
1055:
Most physical mediumship is presented in a darkened or dimly lit room. Most physical mediums make use of a traditional array of tools and appurtenances, including spirit trumpets, spirit cabinets, and levitation tables.
2155:. On July 22, 1921, in a séance he observed Goligher holding the table up with her foot. He also discovered that her ectoplasm was made of muslin. During a séance d'Albe observed white muslin between Goligher's feet.
2530:
discovered photographs depicting fraudulent ectoplasm taken by her companion Juliette Bisson. Various "materializations" were artificially attached to Eva's hair by wires. The discovery was never published by Geley.
1883:, police officers interrupted a séance of the German apport medium Frau Anna Rothe. Her hands were grabbed and she was wrestled to the ground. A female police assistant physically examined Rothe and discovered 157
2779:
and Gian Marco Rinaldi also analyzed the Feilding report but came to the conclusion no secret accomplice was needed as Palladino during the 1908 Naples séances could have produced the phenomena by using her foot.
1478:–individuals who claim to have special power and gifts but who are actually conjurers who have hoodwinked scientists and the public as well–that we have to be especially cautious about claims made on their behalf.
7048:"Psychic scam a $ 40 million Fort Lauderdale – family affair, feds allege – A Fort Lauderdale family spent the last 20 years raking in millions as fake psychics, prosecutors allege in a newly unsealed indictment"
2441:
and during the séance a dead snake appeared. Pap was searched and was found to be wearing a device under his robe, where he had hidden the snake. A photograph taken at a séance in 1937 in London shows the medium
2076:
In the 1920s the British medium Charles Albert Beare duped the Spiritualist organization the Temple of Light into believing he had genuine mediumship powers. In 1931 Beare published a confession in the newspaper
2025:
by means of a hidden thread. The Italian medium Lucia Sordi was exposed in 1911, she was bound to a chair by psychical researchers but would free herself during her séances. The tricks of another Italian medium
2968:) — people are predisposed to consider reliable that information which though is casual coincidence or a guess, however it seems to them personally important and significant and answers their personal belief.
1187:, for instance, may include seeing spirit and visions instilled by the spirit world. The Parapsychological Association defines "clairvoyance" as information derived directly from an external physical source.
1704:
and a false beard were found amongst the two mediums. In 1882 C. E. Wood was exposed in a séance in Peterborough. Her Indian spirit control "Pocka" was found to be the medium on her knees, covered in muslin.
2889:
and other investigators accused Schwartz of being a fraud as he had overstepped his position as a university researcher by requesting over three million dollars from a bereaved father who had lost his son.
904:. They are very noisy and appear to have great power. The little guides, or doorkeepers, are usually Indian boys and girls as messengers who help to locate the spirit friends who wish to speak with you."
1280:
and Lewis Vaughn have noted that the spiritualist and ESP hypothesis of mediumship "has yielded no novel predictions, assumes unknown entities or forces, and conflicts with available scientific evidence."
869:, mediumship fell into disrepute. However, the religion and its beliefs continue in spite of this, with physical mediumship and seances falling out of practice and platform mediumship coming to the fore.
2484:. Birkeland turned on the lights during a séance, snatched her trumpets and discovered that the "spirit" noises were caused by chemical explosions induced by potassium and water and in other cases by
2030:
were revealed in the same year, she would release her hands and feet from control in her séances and use them. Gazzera would not permit anyone to search her before a séance sitting, as she concealed
1425:
take place in darkness so the poor lighting conditions can become an easy opportunity for fraud. Physical mediumship that has been investigated by scientists has been discovered to be the result of
3191:
2045:
and came to the conclusion that Leonard had known her séance sitters before she had held the séances, and could have easily obtained such information by natural means. The British psychiatrist
1998:
produced two live birds in the séance room. Bailey was unaware that the dealer he had bought the birds from was present in the séance and he was exposed as a fraud. The psychical researcher
1976:
wrote regarding the exposure "when one knows how a feat can be done and what to look for, only the most skillful performer can maintain the illusion in the face of such informed scrutiny."
3407:
website. "Materialization: A phenomenon of physical mediumship in which living entities or inanimate objects are caused to take form, sometimes from ectoplasm." Retrieved January 24, 2006
2382:
in the 1930s of ectoplasm reveal the substance to be made of tissue paper and magazine cut-outs of people. The famous photograph taken by Hamilton of the medium Mary Ann Marshall depicts
1324:
room and the suggestive effect of the experimenters' social and scientific prestige could be used to explain why seemingly rational people vouchsafed occult phenomena." The psychologists
3009:
accounts, rather than being about their actual lives, and John pretended he was getting this information from Gerbic and Edward's supposedly dead—but actually nonexistent—relatives.
4890:
Preliminary report of the Commission appointed by the University of Pennsylvania to investigate modern spiritualism, in accordance with the request of the late Henry Seybert (1887).
3492:
1826:
in 1898. The brothers utilized a fake hand made of lead, and with their hands free from control would play musical instruments and move objects in the séance room. The physiologist
1669:
cheesecloth, reaching rods and other fraudulent devices in his luggage. After a trial Monck was convicted for his fraudulent mediumship and was sentenced to three months in prison.
7413:
On the Other Side of the Footlights: An Expose of Routines, Apparatus and Deceptions Resorted to by Mediums, Clairvoyants, Fortune Tellers and Crystal Gazers in Deluding the Public
1470:
No doubt a great importance in the paranormal field is the problem of fraud. The field of psychic research and spiritualism has been so notoriously full of charlatans, such as the
1208:
Clairsentinence or "clear feeling" is a condition in which the medium takes on the ailments of a spirit, feeling the same physical problem which the spirit person had before death.
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during an after-show private event, John disclosed in a group setting that at least one of the people in the audience which he did a reading about was actually his own student.
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are avoiding the Victorian tradition of dark rooms, spirit handwriting and flying tambourines as these methods risk exposure. They instead use "mental mediumship" tactics like
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called "Red Cloud". Researcher Melvin Harris who examined some photographs of Red Cloud wrote the face was the same as Roberts and she had dressed up in a feathered war-bonnet.
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invented a niece called Bessie Beals and asked Piper's 'control' to get in touch with it. Bessie appeared, answered questions and accepted Hall as her uncle. The psychologist
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claimed to materialize a "spirit hand", but when examined by biologists the hand was discovered to be made from a piece of carved animal liver. The German apport medium
951:(SNU). Demonstration links to NSAC's Declaration of Principal #9. "We affirm that the precepts of Prophecy and Healing are Divine attributes proven through Mediumship."
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Attempts to communicate with the dead and other living human beings, aka spirits, have been documented back to early human history, such as the Biblical account of the
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The medium is used as a source of power for such spirit manifestations. By some accounts, this was achieved by using the energy or ectoplasm released by a medium, see
669:—and the practice began to lose credibility. Fraud is still rife in the medium or psychic industry, with cases of deception and trickery being discovered to this day.
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detailed a multitude of common stage magic techniques utilized by mediums which are supposed to give an appearance of paranormal powers or supernatural involvement.
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known as Dr. Reynolds. When photographs taken of Reynolds were analyzed by researchers they discovered that Northage looked like Reynolds with a glued stage beard.
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Spiritualists believe that phenomena produced by mediums (both mental and physical mediumship) are the result of external spirit agencies. The psychical researcher
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7526:. Arno Press. Reprint of 1891 edition by Charles F. Pidgeon. This rare, overlooked, and forgotten, book gives the "insider's knowledge" of 19th century deceptions.
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1688:. Colley also pulled the beard off the materialization and it was revealed to be a fake, the same as another one found in the suitcase of Eglinton. In 1880 in a
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and lemons hidden in her petticoat. She was arrested and charged with fraud. Another apport medium Hilda Lewis known as the "flower medium" confessed to fraud.
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Channeling can be seen as the modern form of the old mediumship, where the "channel" (or channeller) purportedly receives messages from "teaching-spirit", an "
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for deliberately ignoring evidence of fraud in mediumship. Couttie wrote Inglis had not familiarized himself with magician techniques. In 1990 the researcher
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In 1954, the psychical researcher Rudolf Lambert published a report revealing details about a case of fraud that was covered up by many early members of the
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was exposed as a fraud on October 12, 1894. During the séance a sitter seized the materialized spirit, and found it to be the Mellon on her knees with white
7435:. The Living Age. June 12. pp. 652–57. A skeptical look at SPR members who had supported Spiritualism, concludes they were duped by fraudulent mediums.
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would also use a doll made of a painted papier-mâché mask draped in an old sheet which she pretended to her sitters was a spirit. The photographs taken by
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Clairsentience or "clear sensing", is the ability to have an impression of what a spirit wants to communicate, or to feel sensations instilled by a spirit.
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from the medium and that there was no evidence for the spirit hypothesis. The idea of mediumship being explained by telepathy was later merged into the "
1510:, a private investigator who worked with Houdini during the 1920s, was among the most prominent debunkers of psychic fraud during the mid-20th century.
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fraud. And finally, even though many years have passed, there has been no follow-up, no further research by any credible agency or published accounts.
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Clairalience or "clear smelling" is the ability to smell a spirit. For example, a medium may smell the pipe tobacco of a person who smoked during life.
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confessed that all of his spirit materializations were fraudulent in 1924. A séance sitter was also found to be working as a confederate for Lasslo.
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The VERITAS Research Program of the Laboratory for Advances in Consciousness and Health in the Department of Psychology at the University of Arizona
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3467:"Spiritism is not a religion but a science", as the famous French astronomer Camille Flammarion said in Allan Kardec's Eulogy on April 2, 1869, in
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false panel. The accomplice was suspected to be her second husband, who insisted on bringing Palladino to the hotel where the séances took place.
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Thomas Colley seized a "spirit" materialization in his séance and cut off a portion of its cloak. It was discovered that the cut piece matched a
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3663:, Mrs. Cecil M. Cook, Medium and Pastor. Compiled and Written by Lloyd Kenyon Jones. Chicago, Ill.: The William T. Stead Memorial Center, 1919.
2694:. He claimed she would dress up as the spirits in her séances and would play music during them which provided cover for her to change clothes.
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Investigating the unexplained : psychic detectives, the Amityville horror-mongers, Jack the Ripper, and other mysteries of the paranormal
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earned over £50,000 from his séance sitters. He confessed to fraud in 1958 revealing the microphone and trick-apparatus that he had used. The
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Connor, Steven (1999). "9. The Machine in the Ghost: Spiritualism, Technology and the 'Direct Voice'". In Buse, Peter; Stott, Andrew (eds.).
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for anyone who could demonstrate psychic ability under controlled conditions. Most prominent psychics and mediums did not take up his offer.
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confessed to fraud in 1888. Margaret Fox revealed that she and her sister had produced the "spirit" rappings by cracking their toe joints.
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1942:. between 1908 and 1914 the Italian medium Francesco Carancini was investigated by psychical researchers and they discovered that he used
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The same week that the Thomas John sting revelation was made in The New York Times, John's claimed mediumship abilities portrayed in the
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genuine." Grossman came to the conclusion that Braude did not do proper research on the subject and should study "the art of conjuring."
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The fraudulent medium Ronald Edwin confessed he had duped his séance sitters and revealed the fraudulent methods he had used in his book
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and came to the conclusion she was a fraud as he discovered Thompson had access to documents and information about her séance sitters.
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had been duped into believing mediumship by trickery and his spiritualist views were based on assumptions and not scientific evidence.
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in the late 19th and early 20th century. In an experiment to test if Piper's "spirit" controls were purely fictitious the psychologist
1301:. Trance mediumship, which according to Spiritualists is caused by discarnate spirits speaking through the medium, can be explained by
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and Luigi Garlaschelli produced wax-moulds directly from one's hand which were exactly the same copies as Gustav Geley obtained from
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Liverpool and was found "clothed in about two yards of stiffened muslin, wound round his head and hanging down as far as his thigh."
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and living human beings. Practitioners are known as "mediums" or "spirit mediums". There are different types of mediumship or spirit
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that McElhoney took to his séances was investigated and a black tape was discovered bound around the battery compartment and inside
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who was present in the audience was duped by the trick and claimed that Devant had used psychic powers. In 1936 Devant in his book
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A series of mediumistic séances known as the Scole Experiment took place between 1993 and 1998 in the presence of the researchers
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all knew about the fraudulent photographs but were firm believers in mediumship phenomena so demanded the scandal be kept secret.
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who tested Schneider concluded that in their tests there was "no good evidence that Rudi Schneider possesses supernormal powers."
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on sitter's conversations or searching telephone directories, the internet and newspapers before the sittings. A technique called
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and found that all the "spirit" voices in his séance sounded exactly like himself and attributed his mediumship to "second-rate
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wrote that Piper pretended to be controlled by spirits and fell into simple and logical traps from her comments. Science writer
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The VERITAS Research Program of the Laboratory for Advances in Consciousness and Health in the Department of Psychology at the
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1911:
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after the rise of Spiritualism as a religious movement. Modern Spiritualism is said to date from practices and lectures of the
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coined the term Spiritism around 1860. Kardec wrote that conversations with spirits by selected mediums were the basis of his
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with a cut out of Arthur Conan Doyle's head from a newspaper. Skeptics have suspected that Hamilton may have been behind the
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in July 1855, a sitter Frederick Merrifield observed that a "spirit-hand" was a false limb attached on the end of the medium
17:
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relatives. Gerbic investigated and revealed that John's passengers are actually actors, several of which are documented in
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documented the history of fraud in mediumship and spiritualistic practices as well as the psychology of psychic deception.
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Memorial Center in Chicago (a religious body incorporated under the statutes of the State of Illinois) and the journalist
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and other fraudulent spiritualists, Arthur Conan Doyle in the 1920s led a mass resignation of eighty-four members of the
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Investigating the Supernatural: From Spiritism and Occultism to Psychical Research and Metapsychics in France, 1853–1931
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1421:
From its earliest beginnings to contemporary times, mediumship practices have had many instances of fraud and trickery.
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act was a trick and published the secret code and all the details of the trick method they had used under the title of
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Spiritualism and the New Psychology, an Explanation of Spiritualist Phenomena and Beliefs in Terms of Modern Knowledge
940:: "Services are held each afternoon, consisting of hymns, a lecture on philosophy, and demonstrations of mediumship."
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in Paris. A bowl of hot paraffin was placed in the room and according to Kluski spirits dipped their limbs into the
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was caught leaning over a table pretending to be a spirit by covering his face with phosphor material. The magician
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The exposures of fraudulent activity led to a rapid decline in ectoplasm and materialization séances. Investigator
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more than happy to make money by offering an open line to the afterlife, as well as many other bullshit services."
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serious damage to reputation of the movement of a Spiritualism and in the USA pushed it on the public periphery".
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before, during, and after the séance to produce spirit forms. The ectoplasm materializations of the French medium
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before the "spirit" message was supposed to be written, and found the writing already there. Slade also played an
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2686:. Wilson stated that Mrs Stokes planted specific people in her audience and did prior research into her sitters.
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he performed a fake "clairvoyant" act where he would read a message sealed inside an envelope. The spiritualist
2953:, a skeptic who has debunked many claims of psychic ability and uncovered fraudulent practices, mediums who do
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were analyzed by psychical researchers in the 1960s and they revealed that she worked as a cataloguer at the
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use, and had acted as the medium's confederate by pretending to be M. Taylor, a magician. The British medium
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been a trick as Martin Sunshine, a magic dealer admitted that he sold Decker a trick mail bag, such as stage
1720:
was a group of faculty at the University of Pennsylvania who in 1884–1887 exposed fraudulent mediums such as
724:
Mental mediums purportedly "tune in" to the spirit world by listening, sensing, or seeing spirits or symbols.
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have staged fake séances in which the sitters have claimed to have observed genuine supernatural phenomena.
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and took information from various books that would appear in her automatic writings about ancient history.
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2174:. Guzyk would use his elbows and legs to move objects around the room and touch the sitters. According to
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2822:, a notable skeptic of mediumship. According to Nickell, modern mediums use mentalist techniques such as
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had been "trained in the arts of the séance" by Herne and was repeatedly exposed as a fraudulent medium.
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Magicians have a long history of exposing the fraudulent methods of mediumship. Early debunkers included
1100:
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revealed how fake spirit hands could be made by using a rubber glove, paraffin and a jar of cold water.
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Some scientists of the period who investigated Spiritualism also became converts. They included chemist
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fields. A medium is said to have psychic abilities but not all psychics function as mediums. The term
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Today "demonstration of mediumship" is part of the church service at all churches affiliated with the
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Is Spiritualism Based On Fraud? The Evidence Given By Sir A. C. Doyle and Others Drastically Examined
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Is Spiritualism based on Fraud?: The Evidence Given by Sir A.C. Doyle and Others Drastically Examined
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The Question: A Brief History and Examination of Modern Spiritualism. Chapter Mrs. Leonard and Others
5459:
Is Spiritualism Based On Fraud? The Evidence Given By Sir A. C. Doyle and Others Drastically Examined
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4802:
Is Spiritualism based on Fraud?: The Evidence Given by Sir A.C. Doyle and Others Drastically Examined
4553:
Is Spiritualism based on Fraud?: The Evidence Given by Sir A.C. Doyle and Others Drastically Examined
3469:
Death and Its Mystery – After Death. Manifestations and Apparitions of the Dead; The Soul After Death
1343:
can also be used to obtain information from the sitter's behavior, clothing, posture, and jewellery.
714:
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Gary Schwartz's Subjective Evaluation of Mediums: Veritas or Wishful Thinking by Robert Todd Carroll
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1568:, December 5, 1902, referred to the incident "Home was detected in a vulgar fraud." The researchers
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1709:
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228:
3532:, translated by Lilananda Dasa and Joseph Cudnik, Paris, Flammarion, 1995, pp. 65, 66, 68, 247–48.
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and Karl Przibram. They caught Rudi freeing his arm in a series of séances. Rudi claimed he could
2166:
in Norway, 1922 and discovered in a séance that his ectoplasm was fake. In 1923 the Polish medium
1526:
article on spiritualism notes in reference to a case in the 19th century that "...one by one, the
1332:(1989) wrote that spirits controls are the "products of the medium's own psychological dynamics."
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reaffirmed that test subjects who self-identified as mediums demonstrated no mediumistic ability.
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co-workers knew that he had fiddled the results but were kept quiet with threats of libel suits.
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as "one of the most extraordinary fake mediums and mystery swindlers the world has ever known".
1580:" of Home as nothing more than his moving across a connecting ledge between two iron balconies.
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articles and other information, which enabled Ford to research his séance sitters backgrounds.
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The key role in mediumship of this sort is played by "effect of subjective confirmation" (see
1692:
a spirit named "Yohlande" materialized, a sitter grabbed it and was revealed to be the medium
1320:
sitters. According to (Wolffram, 2012) " argued that the hypnotic atmosphere of the darkened
831:
809:
were among the most celebrated lecturers and authors on the subject in the mid-19th century.
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Spiritualists classify types of mediumship into two main categories: "mental" and "physical":
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were used as a source of entertainment. Investigations during this period revealed widespread
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6067:. (Bulletin I of the National Laboratory of Psychical Research, 120pp with 44 illustrations.)
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tricks. The most detailed account at exposing his tricks (with diagrams) was by the magician
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In 1958, American Spiritualist C. Dorreen Phillips wrote of her experiences with a medium at
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replicated the Kluski materialization moulds by using his hands and a bowl of hot paraffin.
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Clairgustance or "clear tasting" is the ability to receive taste impressions from a spirit.
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6020:. (1991). Encyclopedia of Occultism & Parapsychology. Gale Research Company. p. 1522.
1363:. 2003) paranormal believers and disbelievers were suggested by an actor that a table was
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8:
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7118:"Deconstructing the Dead, "Crossing over" to expose the tricks of popular spirit mediums"
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Camera Clues: A Handbook for Photographic Investigation. The University Press of Kentucky
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Spook crooks! Exposing the secrets of the prophet-eers who conduct our wickedest industry
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Ghosts, Apparitions and Poltergeists: An Exploration of the Supernatural through History
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to produce "spirit lights" and with a freed hand would move objects in the séance room.
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The Spiritualists: The Passion for the Occult in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries
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of the Institute Metapsychique International attended fourteen séances with the medium
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1546:'s arm. Merrifield also claimed to have observed Home use his foot in the séance room.
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Pseudoscience and Extraordinary Claims of the Paranormal: A Critical Thinker's Toolkit
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in Kent and she had known information about him and his deceased son from newspapers.
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published on Pietrus Botha in a weekly magazine with a portrait and personal details.
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of objects, and other effects such as knocking, rapping, bell-ringing, etc. by using "
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5536:, chapter XI: The Mechanics of Spiritualism, F&W Media International, Ltd, 2012.
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Thirty Years of Psychical Research by Charles Richet p. 38 The Macmillan Company 1923
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2957:"fish, suggest possibilities, make educated guesses and give options." Randi offered
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a physical medium during the 1980s was accused of fraud, by the psychical researcher
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1986:(left) and the magician William Marriott (right) who duplicated by natural means her
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published a book revealing how mediums would use secret codes as the trick for their
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Ghost Hunters, William James and the Search for Scientific Proof of Life After Death
3187:"Why do a quarter of people across the world believe humans have psychic abilities?"
3055:
driver who surprises “unsuspecting” passengers when he delivers messages from their
1631:
was caught in fraud many times throughout his career. In a séance in 1876 in London
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Species, Serpents, Spirits, and Skulls: Science at the Margins in the Victorian Age
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2021:'s levitation of a glass beaker was exposed and replicated in 1910 by the magician
1961:
1899:
1673:
1495:
1491:
1294:
993:
858:
798:
666:
607:
603:
478:
375:
365:
6081:
Phantasmagoria: Spirit Visions, Metaphors, and Media into the Twenty-first Century
5180:"How Mrs. Piper Bamboozled William James". W. W. Norton & Company. pp. 252–62.
3471:
Translated by Latrobe Carroll (London: Adelphi Terrace, 1923), archive version at
2318:
2271:
had genuine psychic powers. Both Doyle and Stead wrote that the Zancigs performed
2228:
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A History of Ghosts: the True Story of Seances, Mediums, Ghosts, and Ghostbusters
6824:
6806:
6682:
6502:
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The New Paranatural Paradigm: Claims of Communicating with the Dead by Paul Kurtz
5264:
5248:
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https://imaginespirit.com/differences-between-mental-physical-and-trance-mediums/
2937:
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755:
420:
223:
158:
98:
7846:
7589:
6918:
O'Keeffe, Ciaran (May 2005). "Testing Alleged Mediumship: Methods and Results".
4435:
Preliminary Report of the Commission Appointed by the University of Pennsylvania
3784:
Ghostly Paradoxes: Modern Spiritualism and Russian Culture in the Age of Realism
3409:
3360:
Imagine Spirit (2019). 'Differences between Mental-Physical-Trance Mediumship'.
3232:
O'Keeffe, Ciaran (May 2005). "Testing Alleged Mediumship: Methods and Results".
2527:
1803:
1654:
35:
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by Gary E. Schwartz, Ph. D., with William L. Simon, Hampton Books, 2005, p. 119
6592:
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5874:
The Famous Schneider Mediumship: A Critical Study of Alleged Supernormal Events
5502:
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powder. The British medium Isa Northage claimed to materialize the spirit of a
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2007:
1957:
1895:
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documented various methods (with diagrams) how the medium would manipulate the
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A spirit who uses a medium to manipulate psychic "energy" or "energy systems."
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440:
398:
243:
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108:
7651:
7646:
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Photos of Ghosts: The Burden of Believing the Unbelievable by Massimo Polidoro
5194:
The Evidence for the Supernatural: A Critical Study Made with "Uncommon Sense"
5131:
The Evidence for the Supernatural: A Critical Study Made with "Uncommon Sense"
4189:
3615:
Radical Spirits, Spiritualism and Women's Rights in Nineteenth Century America
3213:"Believing the impossible: No evidence for existence of psychic ability found"
2532:
2326:
2214:
with her "spirit hand" which was discovered to be made from a piece of carved
2207:
1934:
exposed the tricks of fraudulent mediums such as those used in slate-writing,
1643:
with one hand under the table and claimed spirits would play it. The magician
1522:. While advocates of mediumship claim that their experiences are genuine, the
1410:
1179:
Senses used by mental mediums are sometimes defined differently from in other
1000:. The latter was a non-medium Spiritualist who transcribed Cook's messages in
9196:
9131:
9022:
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5924:
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4992:
4939:
4879:
Second Sight Explained: A Complete Exposition of Clairvoyance or Second Sight
4826:
4797:
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4458:
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3803:
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revealed that she used her feet and toes to move objects in the séance room.
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Houdini v. The Blond Witch of Lime Street: A Historical Lesson in Skepticism
6931:
6173:
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that would "fish" for information from her séance sitters. The physiologist
920:
8612:
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8263:
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The Darkened Room: Women, Power, and Spiritualism in Late Victorian England
7376:
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The Darkened Room: Women, Power, and Spiritualism in Late Victorian England
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2038:
1919:
1863:
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1713:
1612:
1431:
1414:
1340:
1335:
A fraudulent medium may obtain information about their sitters by secretly
1191:
1066:
1049:
887:
839:
810:
558:
548:
528:
523:
463:
340:
273:
208:
93:
30:
4676:
The Other World: Spiritualism and Psychical Research in England, 1850–1914
4563:
in F. B. Smith. (1986). Victorian Studies. Volume. 29, No. 4. pp. 613–14.
4330:
The Other World: Spiritualism and Psychical Research in England, 1850–1914
3938:"'Trick', 'Manipulation' and 'Farce': Albert Moll's Critique of Occultism"
3676:. Anthropology of Consciousness. Volume 6, Issue 1, pp. 17–34, March 1995.
3561:
Conan Doyle and the Spirits: The Spiritualist Career of Arthur Conan Doyle
3337:
789:
Mediumship became quite popular in the 19th-century United States and the
751:, varying from light to deep, that permit spirits to control their minds.
9072:
8680:
8617:
8602:
8463:
8453:
8428:
8156:
8151:
7966:
7921:
7906:
7806:
7632:
7614:
7529:
7513:
6858:
6732:
6635:
6407:
6245:
6060:
5856:
5755:
5545:
5529:
5225:
5039:
5031:
4572:
4433:
4417:
3919:
3064:
2998:
2984:
2950:
2931:
2911:
2907:
2903:
them. Prosecutors established they had no intent to return the property.
2819:
2555:
2500:
2481:
2362:
2354:
2287:
2248:
2186:
2178:
the trick of Guzyk was to use his "foot for psychic touches and sounds".
2175:
2131:
2070:
1729:
1503:
1471:
1398:
1390:
1386:
1309:
988:
as one of the most famous trance mediums in the history of Spiritualism.
932:
Dorreen Phillips. She writes of the worship services at the Spiritualist
794:
771:
727:
Physical mediums are believed to produce the materialization of spirits,
658:
553:
278:
7576:
7534:
Sixty Years Of Psychical Research: Houdini And I Among The Spiritualists
5376:
Proceedings of the Society for Psychical Research. Volume 15. pp. 20–32.
4448:
Spiritualism (religion) :: History – Britannica Online Encyclopedia
4422:
Sixty Years Of Psychical Research: Houdini And I Among The Spiritualists
3954:
8607:
8519:
8493:
8348:
8086:
8001:
7951:
6980:
6799:
5159:
4694:
4389:
4354:
4276:
4160:"John Oliver on psychics: 'A vast underworld of unscrupulous vultures'"
3639:
3581:
2687:
2616:
In 1970 two psychical researchers investigated the direct-voice medium
2601:
2485:
2415:
2346:
2003:
1943:
1736:
1463:
1298:
1249:
1180:
1107: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
513:
333:
268:
128:
83:
54:
7224:
Robert T. Carroll. Subjective validation. // The Skeptic's Dictionary.
7029:
Musgrave, Jane (2013-09-27). "Psychic convicted on all fraud counts".
5374:
Report on Further Series of Sittings with Eusapia Palladino at Naples.
5207:
A Science for the Soul: Occultism and the Genesis of the German Modern
3764:"Clairsentience | Psychic Sensing | Psychic Abilities | Development |"
2604:
committed suicide. After his death, Pike contacted the British medium
927:, who claimed spirits lifted him into the air, was exposed as a fraud.
9077:
8554:
8141:
7956:
7936:
7467:
6774:
5915:
5890:
3002:
2995:
2841:
2783:
2697:
2630:
2610:
2605:
2434:
2276:
2272:
2167:
1640:
1564:
1447:
1426:
1290:
1253:
1001:
960:
283:
113:
73:
9027:
7740:
7382:
The Question: A Brief History and Examination of Modern Spiritualism
6026:
Final Seance: The Strange Friendship Between Houdini and Conan Doyle
5640:
Final Séance: The Strange Friendship Between Houdini and Conan Doyle
3100:
2294:
who contacted the spirit of a soldier Gordon Davis and revealed the
1689:
1535:
1443:
judging the whole bulk of the phenomena to be fraudulently produced.
1422:
1321:
1317:
1082:
740:
693:
7455:
Facts, Frauds, and Phantasms: A Survey of the Spiritualist Movement
6389:
Facts, Frauds, and Phantasms: A Survey of the Spiritualist Movement
5778:
Facts, Frauds, and Phantasms: A Survey of the Spiritualist Movement
5519:
Fakebusters II: Scientific Detection of Fakery in Art and Philately
4656:
Facts, Frauds, and Phantasms: A Survey of the Spiritualist Movement
3753:, Parapsychological Association website, Retrieved January 29, 2007
3025:
3006:
2728:
In 1988, the magician Bob Couttie criticized the paranormal author
2189:
re-published an anonymous work written by a former medium entitled
1907:, and wigs that Eldred would dress up in to pretend to be spirits.
1685:
1597:
518:
425:
350:
153:
143:
8746:
8736:
6491:
Promethean Love: Paul Kurtz and the Humanistic Perspective on Love
5831:
2725:
flowers were found as well as a key-ring torch and other objects.
2290:
claimed to have taken part in a series of séances with the medium
1938:, trumpet mediumship, materializations, sealed-letter reading and
9082:
7619:
7280:"Inside the Secret Sting Operations to Expose Celebrity Psychics"
5164:. The American Journal of Psychology. Vol. 22, No. 1. pp. 122–24.
4847:
The Spiritualists: The Story of Florence Cook and William Crookes
4242:
From Shaman to Scientist: Essays on Humanity's Search for Spirits
2705:
and the lady standing outside of the curtain were in on the hoax.
2662:
2651:
2489:
2461:
ability who did not realize that his feats were magic tricks. At
2458:
2457:
managed to fool a number of people into believing he had genuine
1616:
959:"Mental mediumship" is communication of spirits with a medium by
897:
639:
498:
293:
218:
178:
7187:"James Randi, Famed Magician and Paranormal Skeptic, Dead at 92"
5285:
William Crookes (1832–1919) and the Commercialization of Science
3831:
How to Think About Weird Things: Critical Thinking for a New Age
1744:
revealing the face of Husk." The British materialization medium
1274:
How to Think About Weird Things: Critical Thinking for a New Age
1260:" hypothesis of mediumship which is currently advocated by some
1248:(1911) wrote that all kinds of mediumship could be explained by
1069:
was one of the best known exponents of this form of mediumship.
657:
Mediumship gained popularity during the nineteenth century when
9014:
8857:
8753:
7780:
6872:"How Not to Test Mediums: Critiquing the Afterlife Experiments"
2795:, which are kept at the Institute Metapsychique International.
2438:
2334:
channeled secret information from the spirit of the Lieutenant
2215:
2031:
1953:
1884:
1880:
1775:
and fraud in London in 1901. She was described by the magician
1749:
1701:
1604:
1539:
1005:
748:
623:
415:
183:
88:
3332:. Routledge Studies in the Philosophy of Religion. Routledge.
3155:
Gilmore, Mernie (October 31, 2005). "A spiritual connection".
1025:
842:
took a very serious scientific interest in the work of medium
9153:
8847:
8550:
3056:
2322:
2295:
2218:
2171:
2170:
was exposed as a fraud in a series of séances in Sorbonne in
1946:
1681:
1519:
846:. Other prominent adherents included journalist and pacifist
763:
662:
627:
611:
193:
38:
photographed in 1912 with a light appearing between her hands
4555:. London: Watts & Co. pp. 48–50. Also see the review of
4100:"Belief in the paranormal and suggestion in the seance room"
3572:
Sutcliffe, Steven J. (2002). Children of the New Age. p. 35.
2701:
The spirit guide Silver Belle was made from cardboard. Both
2091:, as they believed the Society was opposed to spiritualism.
1596:
a sitter looked into the cabinet and seized the spirit, the
1042:. The last physical medium to be tested by a committee from
9158:
6234:
The Haunted Mind: A Psychoanalyst Looks at the Supernatural
4640:
Anna Eva Fay: The Mentalist Who Baffled Sir William Crookes
3060:
2387:
2339:
1904:
1772:
1531:
pushed it to the fringes of society in the United States."
1518:
Many 19th century mediums were discovered to be engaged in
355:
7035:. Vol. 105, no. 171 (First ed.). p. 1.
3170:
Brandreth, Gyles (November 3, 2002). "Is Anybody There?".
1994:
In 1910 at a séance in Grenoble, France the apport medium
1735:
In 1891 at a public séance with twenty sitters the medium
1359:
In a series of experiments holding fake séances, (Wiseman
7096:"Investigative Files: John Edward: Hustling the Bereaved"
6152:. New York: Canaveral. p. 247. Robert Goldenson. (1973).
5977:. Llewellyn Publications. Llewellyn Publications. p. 52.
5038:. The University Press of Kentucky. pp. 260–61. Also see
3744:"Glossary of Key Words Frequently Used in Parapsychology"
3393:"Glossary of Key Words Frequently Used in Parapsychology"
2393:
Psychologists and researchers who studied Pearl Curran's
759:
7501:
Secrets of the Psychics: Investigating Paranormal Claims
6748:
Secrets of the Psychics: Investigating Paranormal Claims
6714:
Secrets of the Psychics: Investigating Paranormal Claims
4500:. (2011 reprint edition). Originally published in 1924.
4222:
Secrets of the Psychics: Investigating Paranormal Claims
3878:
Anomalistic Psychology (Palgrave Insights in Psychology)
3028:
accounts for the pair which were prepared by a group of
2585:
and Tom O'Neill, publisher of the Spiritualist magazine
2535:(the director of the institute) and members Jean Meyer,
606:
practice of purportedly mediating communication between
6250:
Camera Clues: A Handbook for Photographic Investigation
5044:
Camera Clues: A Handbook for Photographic Investigation
3067:. One rider, Wendy Westmoreland, played a character on
2275:. In 1924 Julius and Agnes Zancig confessed that their
1771:
was convicted of fraud several times and was tried for
1615:
managed to fool Crookes into believing she had genuine
766:, but essentially through the filter of his own waking
7599:
How to Have a Séance: Tricks of the Fraudulent Mediums
7556:
Deception & Self-Deception: Investigating Psychics
6993:"Jury Convicts Defendant in $ 25 Million Fraud Scheme"
6537:(Republication of 1976 edition by St. Martin's Press.)
5269:
Deception & Self-Deception: Investigating Psychics
5253:
Deception & Self-Deception: Investigating Psychics
5133:. Kegan Paul, Trench, Trübner & Company. pp. 52–53
4378:
Hours With the Ghosts Or Nineteenth Century Witchcraft
665:—with some practitioners employing techniques used by
7433:
Scientific Men and Spiritualism: A Skeptic's Analysis
3047:
were challenged by Gerbic in an article published by
2983:
was targeted in a sting operation and caught doing a
2910:
has written that modern self-proclaimed mediums like
7109:
6691:
Deception and Self-Deception: Investigating Psychics
4190:"Psychics: Last Week Tonight with John Oliver (HBO)"
4094:
3434:
Pulliam, June Michele; Fonseca (26 September 2016).
1782:
In the late 19th century, the fraudulent methods of
1592:
throughout her career. In 1874 during a séance with
7311:"Of Course Psychics Are Reading Your Facebook Page"
6140:
Wish and Wisdom: Episodes in the Vagaries of Belief
5878:
Psyche: An Annual General and Linguistic Psychology
3988:
Anomalistic Psychology: A Study of Magical Thinking
3872:Nicola Holt, Christine Simmonds-Moore, David Luke,
1918:with a fake spirit photograph of his wife in 1906.
1538:in the house of the solicitor John Snaith Rymer in
1330:
Anomalistic Psychology: A Study of Magical Thinking
900:: "In Rev. James Laughton's séances there are many
7652:Psychics: Last Week Tonight with John Oliver (HBO)
7425:. Rationalist Association. London: Watts & Co.
7208:"The Unbelievable Skepticism of the Amazing Randi"
6324:
6322:
6320:
6154:Mysteries of the Mind: The Drama of Human Behavior
4529:After Lives: A Guide to Heaven, Hell and Purgatory
3185:
3001:. The unmarried couple attended John's show using
2609:denomination of Bishop Pike, he had preached at a
5078:. Chapter Séance-Room Phenomena. Duckworth. p. 49
2930:or gleaning information from sitters beforehand (
2682:was accused of fraud, by author and investigator
2665:, confessed to defrauding the public in his book
696:conducted by John Beattie, Bristol, England, 1872
9194:
6252:. The University Press of Kentucky. pp. 177–78.
4579:. The University Press of Kentucky. pp. 267–68.
1381:featuring prominent purported mediums including
1008:them for publication in book and pamphlet form.
7153:
6985:
6317:
5036:Real-Life X-Files: Investigating the Paranormal
4999:Brooklyn, N.Y., Press of T. J. Dyson & Son.
4577:Real-Life X-Files: Investigating the Paranormal
4182:
3713:Ghosts: deconstruction, psychoanalysis, history
3427:
2006:in New York and claimed to have discovered his
1811:, King Ferdinand of Bulgaria, French president
915:
7686:
7039:
7022:
6332:. Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 144–45.
6049:Encyclopedia of Occultism & Parapsychology
5822:. Prentice-Hall International, Inc. pp. 178–79
5733:Encyclopedia of Occultism & Parapsychology
5594:The Perfect Medium: Photography and the Occult
5209:. The Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 165.
4773:Encyclopedia of Occultism & Parapsychology
4599:. State University of New York Press. p. 100.
3617:. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2001.
3433:
3362:Imagine Spirit Universal Psychic Arts Training
1846:was investigated by psychical researchers and
677:of the spirit or the presence of a voice, and
8535:
8198:National Spiritualist Association of Churches
7672:
7647:Psychic Methods Exposed - Cold Reading Tricks
4901:The Oxford Companion to United States History
4438:, The Seybert Commission, 1887. 1 April 2004.
4213:
4211:
3096:List of topics characterized as pseudoscience
2480:exposed the fraud of the direct voice medium
2401:was a fictitious creation of Curran. In 1931
2041:analyzed the mediumship of the trance medium
945:National Spiritualist Association of Churches
580:
7233:Spiritualism (religion). www.britannica.com.
7205:
6917:
6765:
6763:
6509:The History Press Ltd; New Ed edition, 2004
6507:Table-rappers: The Victorians and the Occult
5891:"Further Tests of the Medium Rudi Schneider"
5802:Spirit Hands, "ectoplasm," and Rubber Gloves
5617:Mind and Motion: The Riddle of Psychokinesis
3275:
3273:
3271:
3231:
2641:Table-rappers: The Victorians and the Occult
2357:to be made of cheesecloth and a rubber glove
2321:was tested at the Institut Metapsychique in
1647:revealed how Slade had performed the trick.
1558:never lost a son in infancy. Browning's son
857:After the exposure of the fraudulent use of
747:During seances, mediums are said to go into
6617:Forbidden Knowledge: The Paranormal Paradox
6489:Tim Madigan, David Goicoechea, Paul Kurtz.
6094:An Illustrated History of the Haunted World
5962:Forbidden Knowledge: The Paranormal Paradox
5880:. 1920–1952 Routledge/Thoemmes Press, 1995.
5688:
4557:The Enigma of Daniel Home: Medium or Fraud?
4151:
3686:"Ectoplasm" def. Merriam Webster dictionary
3599:by C. Doreen Phillips, Vantage Press, 1958.
3592:
3590:
2987:. The sting was planned and implemented by
2239:was investigated in 1924 by the physicists
8542:
8528:
7679:
7665:
7545:Spirit Slate Writing and Kindred Phenomena
7199:
6960:Aykroyd, Peter. and Nart, Angela. (2009).
6424:
6142:. D. Appleton-Century Company. pp. 78–92.
5445:. June 1910. C. Arthur Pearson Ltd. p. 615
5115:Spirit Slate Writing and Kindred Phenomena
5046:. The University Press of Kentucky. p. 151
4960:
4958:
4956:
4954:
4952:
4757:Spirit Slate Writing and Kindred Phenomena
4619:. University Of Chicago Press. pp. 70–71.
4468:
4370:Spirit Slate Writing and Kindred Phenomena
4208:
4076:Paranormality: Why We See What Isn't There
3325:
1583:The psychologist and psychical researcher
587:
573:
8208:Spiritualist Association of Great Britain
7243:
7241:
7239:
6760:
6434:, (New York: New American Library, 1967).
5914:
5683:Spiritualism: A Popular History from 1847
5606:
4831:Spiritualism: A Popular History From 1847
4741:Spiritualism: A Popular History from 1847
4463:Spiritualism: A Popular History from 1847
4258:The Skeptic Encyclopedia of Pseudoscience
4118:
4098:; Greening, Emma; Smith, Matthew (2003).
4033:The Skeptic Encyclopedia of Pseudoscience
3963:
3953:
3609:
3607:
3605:
3268:
3169:
2367:National Laboratory of Psychical Research
2263:The spiritualists Arthur Conan Doyle and
2162:was investigated by a committee from the
1600:fell off and was revealed to be Showers.
1167:Learn how and when to remove this message
8549:
7302:
7179:
7162:"An Encounter With a Television Psychic"
7028:
5178:Are Universes Thicker Than Blackberries?
5062:. Herbert B. Turner & Co. pp. 206–23
3986:Leonard Zusne, Warren H. Jones. (1989).
3935:
3587:
2814:
2696:
2678:After her death in the 1980s the medium
2506:
2499:revealed that the levitating trumpet of
2406:made some of the prints with his elbow.
2345:
2223:
2206:
2094:Between 8 November and 31 December 1920
1978:
1794:were revealed by psychical researchers.
1649:
1446:
1409:
1267:
1024:
919:
688:
29:
7333:
7271:
7206:Higginbotham, Adam (November 7, 2014).
7159:
7115:
7076:The Encyclopedia of Religious Phenomena
7045:
6769:
6414:. Oxford University Press. pp. 105–06.
6105:
6065:Regurgitation and the Duncan Mediumship
5764:. Kegan Paul, Trench, Trübner & Co.
5705:Edmund Edward Fournier d'Albe. (1922).
5392:The Encyclopedia of Religious Phenomena
4949:
4481:. Weidenfeld and Nicolson. pp. 157–58.
3154:
3127:
3125:
3071:, a TV show also produced by Lifetime.
2473:revealed the trick method he had used.
1494:. Later magicians to reveal fraud were
834:(1832–1919) and evolutionary biologist
14:
9195:
7422:The Follies and Frauds of Spiritualism
7339:
7290:from the original on February 26, 2019
7247:
7236:
6981:Geraldo at Large show, October 6, 2007
6687:The Feilding Report: A Reconsideration
6597:The New Age: Notes of a Fringe Watcher
5509:. Houghton Mifflin Company. pp. 101–27
5417:. K. Paul, Trench, Trübner. pp. 31–32.
5309:The Physical Phenomena of Spiritualism
5196:. K. Paul, Trench, Trübner. pp. 321–95
5060:The Physical Phenomena of Spiritualism
4964:
4699:A Skeptic's Handbook of Parapsychology
4281:A Skeptic's Handbook of Parapsychology
4157:
3786:. University of Toronto Press. p. 25.
3710:
3602:
3024:These details were from the falsified
1417:(age 30) in a séance with dolls (1928)
1020:
8523:
8223:International Spiritualist Federation
7660:
7321:from the original on 28 February 2019
7308:
6869:
6775:"Skeptoid #179: The Scole Experiment"
6188:. pp. 263–395. Kessinger Publishing.
6174:Patience Worth by Robert Todd Carroll
5161:Studies in Spiritism by Amy E. Tanner
5015:. Cambridge University Press. p. 66.
4997:The Secrets of Mahatma Land Explained
4678:. Cambridge University Press. p. 19.
4507:. Cambridge University Press. p. 42.
3642:. (1994, originally published 1910).
3597:The Autobiography of a Fortune Teller
3499:. New Scientist. 16 June. pp. 783–86.
2971:The article about this phenomenon in
2520:Institute Metapsychique International
1765:The Secrets of Mahatma Land Explained
1708:In 1880 the American stage mentalist
850:(1849–1912) and physician and author
817:and later, his five-book collection,
371:Prizes for evidence of the paranormal
7277:
6576:. Helix Press New York. pp. 347–52.
6368:. Helix Press New York. pp. 327–38.
6108:"Touching the Dead: Spooky Winnipeg"
5662:. pp. 238–39. Kessinger Publishing.
5619:. Taplinger Publishing. pp. 245–46.
5493:. London: Mental Culture Enterprise.
5323:Psychics, Sensitives And Somnambules
4946:. G. Routledge & Sons, Ltd. p. 4
4921:Psychics, Sensitives and Somnambules
4743:. Dodd, Mead and Company. pp. 160–61
4158:Horton, Adrian (February 25, 2019).
3926:. New York: Truth Seeker. pp. 200–05
3437:Ghosts in Popular Culture and Legend
3122:
2900:Rose Marks and members of her family
2397:in the 1930s came to the conclusion
1227:
1105:adding citations to reliable sources
1076:
966:
954:
8178:List of Spiritualist organizations
7253:"Operation Pizza Roll- Thomas John"
6001:. Kessinger Publishing. pp. 35–39.
4903:. Oxford University Press. p. 738.
4479:Robert Browning: A Life Within Life
4196:. LastWeekTonight. 25 February 2019
4009:The full facts book of cold reading
3674:Culture, Trance, and the Mind-Brain
3461:
2433:tested the Hungarian apport medium
2142:had proven the spirit photographer
24:
7611:John Edward: Hustling the Bereaved
7370:
6493:. Cambridge Scholars Press. p. 293
5876:. No. 4 April 1927 in C. K. Ogden
5461:. London Watts & Co. pp. 33–34
5325:. McFarland & Company. p. 26.
5092:The Encyclopedia of the Paranormal
4923:. McFarland & Company. p. 90.
4786:The Rise of Victorian Spiritualism
4427:
4317:The Founders of Psychical Research
4031:. pp. 220–26. In Michael Shermer.
3329:The Epistemology of Spirit Beliefs
3326:Van Eyghen, Hans (14 April 2023).
2589:, arranged to film two seances at
2514:with fake ectoplasm made of muslin
2429:In 1936, the psychical researcher
2151:was investigated by the physicist
2123:held six sittings with the medium
1964:attended a series of séances with
907:
801:State in 1848. The trance mediums
630:. The practice is associated with
361:James Randi Educational Foundation
25:
9234:
7629:The 'Medium' Is Not the Messenger
7569:
7309:Garza, Frida (27 February 2019).
7160:Woliver, Robbie (July 16, 2000).
6412:Missing Persons: An Autobiography
6083:. Oxford University Press. p. 299
5596:. Yale University Press. p. 268.
5554:Fifty Years of Psychical Research
5534:Fifty Years of Psychical Research
5491:Spiritualism and Sir Oliver Lodge
5230:Fifty Years of Psychical Research
4863:The Strange Case of Edmund Gurney
4408:. New York, D. Kemp and Company.
3924:Sixty Years of Psychical Research
3808:An Introduction to Parapsychology
2550:(1955). The psychical researcher
2422:claimed to materialize an Indian
2353:with fake ectoplasm, analysed by
2107:were published by Geley in 1924.
2051:Spiritualism and Sir Oliver Lodge
1072:
9177:
9176:
7575:
7407:. New York, D. Kemp and Company.
7278:Hitt, Jack (February 26, 2019).
7227:
7218:
7132:
7116:Shermer, Michael (August 2001).
7088:
7065:
6974:
6954:
6911:
6899:Pseudoscience and the Paranormal
6888:
6863:
6852:
6848:Book Review by Robert T. Carroll
6841:
6829:
6811:
6793:
6750:. Prometheus Books. pp. 168–76.
6737:
6726:
6703:
6676:
6652:
6629:
6609:
6586:
6563:
6540:
6519:
6496:
6483:
6457:
6437:
6401:
6378:
6355:
6342:
6301:
6298:. London: Watts & CO. p. 126
6285:
6262:
6239:
6223:
6198:
6178:
6167:
6125:
6099:
6086:
6070:
6054:
6038:
6011:
5988:
5967:
5954:
5931:
5883:
5866:
5850:
5837:
5825:
5812:
5790:
5767:
5745:
5735:. Kessinger publishing. p. 399.
5722:
5712:
5699:
5685:. Dodd, Mead and Company. p. 192
5672:
5652:
5629:
5586:
5566:
5539:
5523:
5512:
5496:
5480:
5464:
5448:
5436:
5420:
5404:
5381:
5346:
5335:
5315:
5297:
5274:
5258:
5242:
5219:
5117:. Munn & Company. pp. 101–04
4804:. London: Watts & Co. p. 115
4775:. Gale Research Company. p. 1106
4759:. Munn & Company. pp. 105–06
4055:. Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 141–241.
3833:. McGraw-Hill Higher Education.
3510:Pseudoscience and the Paranormal
3136:Pseudoscience and the Paranormal
2862:Pseudoscience and the Paranormal
2770:analyzed the Feilding report of
2758:criticized the parapsychologist
2114:The British direct-voice medium
1676:was exposed as a fraud when the
1375:In a 2019 television segment on
1081:
861:by physical mediums such as the
7474:. University Of Chicago Press.
7058: – via NewsBank
7046:Vasquez, Michael (2011-08-16).
6901:. Prometheus Books. pp. 56–64.
6716:. Prometheus Books. pp. 65–95.
6275:. Prometheus Books. pp. 15–16.
6164:. New York: Crowell. pp. 128–29
6096:. New Holland Publishers. p. 79
5964:. Lutterworth Press. pp. 104–05
5642:. Prometheus Books. pp. 71–73.
5199:
5183:
5167:
5149:
5136:
5120:
5104:
5081:
5065:
5049:
5025:
5002:
4986:
4933:
4913:
4893:
4884:
4868:
4852:
4836:
4820:
4807:
4791:
4778:
4762:
4746:
4730:
4688:
4668:
4645:
4642:. Skeptical Inquirer 24: 36–38.
4629:
4609:
4589:
4566:
4542:
4518:
4491:
4452:
4441:
4395:
4359:
4342:
4322:
4309:
4293:
4270:
4234:
4088:
4065:
4045:
4021:
4011:. London, England: Ian Roland.
4001:
3980:
3929:
3913:
3890:
3866:
3843:
3820:
3796:
3776:
3756:
3737:
3704:
3691:
3679:
3666:
3653:
3633:
3620:
3575:
3566:
3553:
3535:
3522:
3502:
3477:
3386:
3377:
3354:
3194:from the original on 2022-05-12
2873:An experiment conducted by the
2554:investigated the mediumship of
2522:(IMI). Lambert who had studied
2034:and other objects in her hair.
1328:and Warren Jones in their book
1222:
1092:needs additional citations for
1059:
881:
346:Committee for Skeptical Inquiry
7523:Revelations of a Spirit Medium
7393:Spiritualism: The Inside Truth
7345:"Buckle Up - Seatbelt Psychic"
6673:. Vol. 130. Issue 1768, p. 53.
6553:. William Morrow and Company.
6314:. Harper & Brothers. p. 94
6051:. Kessinger Publishing. p. 880
5847:. Kessinger Publishing. p. 228
5761:Revelations of a Spirit Medium
5433:. Dover Publications. pp. 7–11
5146:. Kessinger Publishing. p. 248
4416:. Cambridge University Press.
4332:. Cambridge University Press.
3489:Scientists and the Supernormal
3319:
3296:
3225:
3205:
3178:
3163:
3148:
2848:In 2003, skeptic investigator
2834:, run by the parapsychologist
2581:In 1960, psychic investigator
2369:) had investigated the medium
2325:. French psychical researcher
2191:Revelations of a Spirit Medium
2089:Society for Psychical Research
1657:with cardboard cut out figure
1635:and Bryan Donkin snatched his
1603:In a series of experiments in
1459:Society for Psychical Research
1430:spirits were contacting them.
1303:dissociative identity disorder
876:
13:
1:
9111:Hammersmith Ghost murder case
8203:Spiritualists' National Union
7580:The dictionary definition of
6920:British Journal of Psychology
5901:(3399): 965–966. 1934-12-01.
5861:Confessions of a Ghost-Hunter
5550:The Mechanics of Spiritualism
5312:. Herbert B. Turner & Co.
4595:Sherrie Lynne Lyons. (2010).
4304:An Encyclopaedia of Occultism
4107:British Journal of Psychology
3854:The Psychology of the Psychic
3543:"W.T. Stead and Spiritualism"
3405:Parapsychological Association
3234:British Journal of Psychology
3116:
2875:British Psychological Society
2153:Edmund Edward Fournier d'Albe
1822:was revealed by the magician
1611:in February 1875, the medium
1436:An Encyclopaedia of Occultism
1033:with a doll as fake ectoplasm
949:Spiritualists' National Union
739:of their bodies and those of
652:British Psychological Society
300:Reportedly haunted locations:
8193:London Spiritualist Alliance
7078:. Visible Ink Press. p. 96.
7007:. 2013-09-26. Archived from
6997:Southern District of Florida
6619:. Lutterworth Press. p. 24.
6599:. Prometheus Books. p. 175.
6574:Investigating the Paranormal
6447:. Prometheus Books. p. 148.
6366:Investigating the Paranormal
6213:. Prometheus Books. p. 123.
6136:Patience Worth: An Alter Ego
6028:. Prometheus Books. p. 103.
5507:The Psychology of Conviction
5394:. Visible Ink Press. p. 12.
5372:, William Marriott. (1910).
5094:. Prometheus Books. p. 520.
5013:A Magician Among the Spirits
4414:A Magician Among the Spirits
3990:. Psychology Press. p. 221.
1956:, the psychical researchers
1815:and the actress Mona Delza.
1370:consistent with their belief
1238:The Law of Psychic Phenomena
916:Demonstrations of mediumship
838:(1823–1913). Nobel laureate
7:
9009:Electronic voice phenomenon
8802:locations in United Kingdom
7416:. Berlin, WI: Heaney Magic.
7404:Inside the Medium's Cabinet
7142:. Randi.org. April 21, 2006
6870:Hyman, Ray (Jan–Feb 2003).
6472:. Prometheus Books. p 122.
6106:Jokinen, Tom (2012-10-25).
4719:. Prometheus Books. p. 64.
4701:. Prometheus Books. p. 29.
4406:Inside the Medium's Cabinet
4244:. Scarecrow Press. p. 177.
3688:, Retrieved 18 January 2007
3512:. Prometheus Books. p. 52.
3074:
2576:National Library of Ireland
2537:Albert von Schrenck-Notzing
2380:Thomas Glendenning Hamilton
1752:on her head and shoulders.
1029:A photograph of the medium
139:Electronic voice phenomenon
10:
9239:
6551:The After Death Experience
6328:Sofie Lachapelle. (2011).
6149:Spirits, Stars, and Spells
5999:The Riddle of Spiritualism
5944:. Prometheus Books. p. 8.
4881:. Edinburgh: John Menzies.
4502:Magician Among the Spirits
4319:. Routledge & K. Paul.
4129:10.1348/000712603767876235
3646:. With an introduction by
2449:According to the magician
2317:In 1930 the Polish medium
2267:were duped into believing
2181:The psychical researchers
2116:Frederick Tansley Munnings
2064:wrote about the tricks of
1960:, Hereward Carrington and
1894:The psychical researchers
1759:exposed the tricks of the
1659:King Ferdinand of Bulgaria
1316:studied the psychology of
1202:minds as a verbal thought.
984:. Scholars have described
885:
777:
684:
9172:
9119:
9096:
9048:
8994:
8968:
8943:
8927:
8832:
8784:
8673:
8650:
8641:
8570:
8561:
8231:
8213:Spiritual church movement
8170:
7789:
7698:
7493:. Henry Holt and Company.
7447:. London: Watts & Co.
7385:. Grant Richards, London.
6664:Dismissal is not disproof
6184:Julian Franklyn. (2003).
5843:Julian Franklyn. (2003).
5658:Julian Franklyn. (2003).
5592:Clément Chéroux. (2005).
5357:ESP, Seers & Psychics
5321:Rodger Anderson. (2006).
5271:. Prometheus Books. p. 12
5255:. Prometheus Books. p. 23
5205:Corinna Treitel. (2004).
5142:Julian Franklyn. (1935).
4919:Rodger Anderson. (2006).
4833:. T. F. Unwin Ltd. p. 167
4674:Janet Oppenheim. (1985).
4328:Janet Oppenheim. (1988).
3810:. McFarland. pp. 138–44.
3650:. Prometheus Press. p. 18
3559:Jones, Kelvin I. (1989).
3051:. In the show, John is a
3012:As Jack Hitt reported in
2810:
2740:photograph of the medium
2463:St. George's Hall, London
2247:objects but according to
1372:in paranormal phenomena.
8981:Ancient Egyptian culture
7410:Willis Dutcher. (1922).
7005:US Department of Justice
6236:. Helix Press. p. 100-22
6156:. Doubleday. pp. 44–53.
5845:Dictionary of the Occult
5574:Spiritualism and Society
5556:. Kessinger Publishing.
5359:. Crowell. pp. 188–204.
5232:. Kessinger Publishing.
5076:Psychical Research Today
4875:Washington Irving Bishop
4380:. Kessinger Publishing.
4260:. ABC-CLIO. pp. 220–26.
4051:Jonathan Smith. (2009).
3829:; Lewis Vaughn. (2013).
3672:Richard Castillo (1995)
3508:Hines, Terence. (2003).
2336:Herbert Carmichael Irwin
1910:The spirit photographer
1874:
1818:The séance trick of the
1710:Washington Irving Bishop
1513:
1405:
1246:Spiritism and Psychology
1011:Castillo (1995) states,
803:Paschal Beverly Randolph
411:Apparitional experiences
9004:Apparitional experience
8479:C. E. Bechhofer Roberts
8344:Carlos María de Heredia
7060:(subscription required)
6932:10.1348/000712605X36361
6733:Colin Fry an Evaluation
6162:ESP, Seers and Psychics
5797:Carlos María de Heredia
3782:Ilya Vinitsky. (2009).
3547:attackingthedevil.co.uk
3246:10.1348/000712605X36361
2973:Encyclopædia Britannica
2885:show, October 6, 2007,
2854:Secrets of the Psychics
2709:The British journalist
2526:'s files on the medium
2504:its real construction.
2283:in a London Newspaper.
2269:Julius and Agnes Zancig
2195:Carlos María de Heredia
1990:trick of a glass beaker
1524:Encyclopædia Britannica
469:Argument from ignorance
436:Out-of-body experiences
149:Extrasensory perception
8633:Procession of the dead
8409:Charles Arthur Mercier
8218:Arthur Findlay College
8057:William Stainton Moses
8022:Gladys Osborne Leonard
7638:Tricks of Fake Mediums
7490:The Newer Spiritualism
6836:The Truth about Medium
6348:Ronald Edwin. (1955).
6186:A Survey of the Occult
5709:. J. M. Watkins. p. 37
5660:A Survey of the Occult
5572:G. K. Nelson. (2013).
5487:Charles Arthur Mercier
5431:Practical Mental Magic
5144:A Survey of the Occult
4817:. Danbury Press. p. 62
4372:. Munn & Company.
4240:James Houran. (2004).
3880:. Palgrave Macmillan.
3626:Deborah Blum. (2006).
3022:
2979:In March 2017, medium
2959:$ 1 million US dollars
2940:criticized mediums in
2871:
2827:
2706:
2515:
2358:
2232:
2221:
2147:purposes." The medium
2047:Charles Arthur Mercier
2043:Gladys Osborne Leonard
1991:
1952:In 1908 at a hotel in
1862:concluded Piper was a
1722:Pierre L. O. A. Keeler
1661:
1480:
1454:
1445:
1418:
1357:
1308:Illusionists, such as
1286:anomalistic psychology
1034:
1018:
928:
820:Spiritist Codification
697:
494:Communal reinforcement
39:
9088:Paranormal television
8797:locations in Scotland
8369:Stanley LeFevre Krebs
8274:Milbourne Christopher
8183:Spiritualist churches
8052:Lorin Morgan-Richards
8047:William Usborne Moore
7716:Cross-Correspondences
7548:. Munn & Company.
7419:Walter Mann. (1919).
7343:(February 21, 2019).
7251:(February 21, 2019).
7140:"James Randi's Swift"
7120:. Scientific American
6615:Bob Couttie. (1988).
6525:Keene, Lamar (1997).
6391:. Doubleday. p. 250.
6158:Milbourne Christopher
5973:Brian Righi. (2008).
5960:Bob Couttie. (1988).
5818:Paul Tabori. (1961).
5780:. Doubleday. p. 158.
5576:. Routledge. p. 159.
5415:How to Go to a Medium
5353:Milbourne Christopher
4944:Tricks Of The Masters
4813:Roy Stemman. (1976).
4784:Adin Ballou. (2001).
4658:. Doubleday. p. 113.
4475:Donald Serrell Thomas
4007:Ian Rowland. (1998).
3936:Wolffram, H. (2012).
3410:"Medium – Definition"
3338:10.4324/9781003281139
3303:Milbourne Christopher
3018:
2866:
2832:University of Arizona
2818:
2700:
2510:
2349:
2227:
2210:
2200:The Hungarian medium
2164:Kristiania University
1982:
1974:Milbourne Christopher
1746:Annie Fairlamb Mellon
1653:
1585:Stanley LeFevre Krebs
1468:
1450:
1440:
1413:
1352:
1284:Scientists who study
1268:Scientific skepticism
1028:
1013:
938:Chesterfield, Indiana
923:
836:Alfred Russel Wallace
807:Emma Hardinge Britten
692:
642:practice is known as
474:Argumentum ad populum
406:Anomalous experiences
386:Scientific skepticism
204:Paranormal television
33:
18:Medium (spirituality)
9073:Stories about ghosts
8897:District of Columbia
8384:John Nevil Maskelyne
8284:Edmund Smith Conklin
7624:Skeptic's Dictionary
7558:. Prometheus Books.
7503:. Prometheus Books.
7355:on February 24, 2019
7259:on February 24, 2019
7001:US Attorney's Office
6693:. Prometheus Press.
6685:. (1997). Chapter 3
6529:. Prometheus Books.
6443:John Booth. (1986).
6408:Eric Robertson Dodds
6312:The Dead Do Not Talk
6144:Lyon Sprague de Camp
6092:Jason Karl. (2007).
5832:"Fraudulent Mediums"
5281:William Hodson Brock
4972:. Prometheus Books.
4849:. Helix Press. p. 10
4350:The Problem of Fraud
4315:Alan Gauld. (1968).
4283:. Prometheus Books.
4224:. Prometheus Books.
4170:on February 25, 2019
4078:. Macmillan. p. 38.
3856:. Prometheus Books.
3644:Studies in Spiritism
3630:. The Penguin Press.
3172:The Sunday Telegraph
3138:. Prometheus Books.
2864:(2003) has written:
2736:discovered that the
2570:of the Irish medium
2453:the stage mentalist
2338:who had died in the
2235:The Austrian medium
2134:with James Seymour,
2130:On 4 February 1922,
2002:observed the medium
1784:spirit photographers
1684:found in Eglinton's
1678:psychical researcher
1101:improve this article
489:Cognitive dissonance
484:Begging the question
431:Ideomotor phenomenon
9142:Kardecist spiritism
8986:Classical antiquity
8459:Julien J. Proskauer
8249:George Miller Beard
8244:John Henry Anderson
7982:Daniel Dunglas Home
7699:History and beliefs
7195:. October 22, 2020.
7098:. CSI. Nov–Dec 2001
7032:The Palm Beach Post
6350:Clock Without Hands
5907:1934Natur.134S.965.
5872:Warren Jay Vinton.
5707:The Goligher Circle
5304:Hereward Carrington
5287:. Ashgate. p. 474.
5056:Hereward Carrington
4615:Alex Owen. (2004).
4027:Brad Clark (2002).
3955:10.1017/mdh.2011.37
3699:Here, Mr. Splitfoot
3697:Somerlott, Robert,
3473:Allan Kardec eulogy
3307:Search for the Soul
3286:. Alfred E. Knopf.
3069:Stalked by a Doctor
2943:Scientific American
2881:On Fox News on the
2713:published the book
2600:In 1966 the son of
2562:The British medium
2548:Clock Without Hands
2471:Secrets of My Magic
2140:William S. Marriott
2023:William S. Marriott
1970:William S. Marriott
1932:Hereward Carrington
1830:examined a case of
1796:Hereward Carrington
1767:(1895). The medium
1664:The British medium
1544:Daniel Dunglas Home
1045:Scientific American
1021:Physical mediumship
735:" created from the
612:spirits of the dead
539:Scientific evidence
381:Scientific literacy
9056:Films about ghosts
9040:Spirit photography
8499:Ivor Lloyd Tuckett
8334:William A. Hammond
8137:Stanisława Tomczyk
8127:Emanuel Swedenborg
8077:Ethel Post-Parrish
8042:Francis Ward Monck
7887:Arthur Conan Doyle
7761:Spirit photography
7604:2012-06-23 at the
7349:Center for Inquiry
7212:The New York Times
7166:The New York Times
6964:. Rodale. p. 216.
6876:Skeptical Inquirer
6823:2009-08-21 at the
6805:2007-02-12 at the
5548:. (1939). Chapter
5443:Pearson's Magazine
5190:Ivor Lloyd Tuckett
5127:Ivor Lloyd Tuckett
4865:. Duckworth. p. 47
4788:. Routledge. p. 16
4531:. Oxford. p. 373.
3903:. Kennelly Press.
3874:Christopher French
3749:2010-11-20 at the
3717:Palgrave Macmillan
3495:2023-07-17 at the
3399:2010-12-24 at the
3371:2019-04-22 at the
3091:List of channelers
3049:Skeptical Inquirer
3014:The New York Times
2989:skeptical activist
2828:
2707:
2703:Ethel Post-Parrish
2568:automatic writings
2516:
2478:Kristian Birkeland
2395:automatic writings
2359:
2258:Theodore Besterman
2233:
2222:
2158:The Danish medium
2049:wrote in his book
2019:Stanisława Tomczyk
2017:The Polish medium
1992:
1984:Stanisława Tomczyk
1940:spirit photography
1925:spirit photography
1868:Ivor Lloyd Tuckett
1842:The trance medium
1832:spirit photography
1828:Ivor Lloyd Tuckett
1761:Davenport brothers
1718:Seybert Commission
1666:Francis Ward Monck
1662:
1594:Edward William Cox
1455:
1419:
1234:Thomson Jay Hudson
1040:spirit photography
1035:
998:Lloyd Kenyon Jones
929:
863:Davenport Brothers
859:stage magic tricks
852:Arthur Conan Doyle
698:
650:undertaken by the
249:Spirit photography
199:Paranormal fiction
124:Demonic possession
40:
27:Spiritual practice
9190:
9189:
8964:
8963:
8623:Residual haunting
8588:Haunted locations
8578:Ancestral spirits
8517:
8516:
8504:Lyttelton Winslow
8469:Donovan Rawcliffe
8434:E. Clephan Palmer
8404:Georgess McHargue
8294:Stuart Cumberland
8269:William Carpenter
8188:Spiritist centres
8147:George Valiantine
8067:Eusapia Palladino
8037:Carmine Mirabelli
7997:Swami Laura Horos
7947:Kathleen Goligher
7872:Geraldine Cummins
7827:Stephen E. Braude
7766:Spirit possession
7751:Spiritual healing
7711:Automatic writing
7564:978-1-57392-121-3
7509:978-1-59102-086-8
7480:978-0-226-64205-5
7463:978-0-385-05305-1
7451:Georgess McHargue
7395:. London: Odhams.
7389:Stuart Cumberland
7084:978-1-57859-209-8
6995:(Press release).
6970:978-1-60529-875-7
6907:978-1-57392-979-0
6756:978-1-59102-086-8
6722:978-1-59102-086-8
6648:978-0-8131-9124-9
6625:978-0-7188-2686-4
6605:978-0-87975-432-7
6582:978-0-912328-98-0
6559:978-0-688-08000-6
6527:The Psychic Mafia
6478:978-1-57392-161-9
6469:The Psychic Mafia
6453:978-0-87975-358-0
6445:Psychic Paradoxes
6430:Allen Spraggett,
6420:978-0-19-812086-5
6397:978-0-385-05305-1
6385:Georgess McHargue
6374:978-0-912328-98-0
6338:978-1-4214-0013-6
6281:978-0-87975-358-0
6273:Psychic Paradoxes
6258:978-0-8131-9124-9
6219:978-1-57392-161-9
6210:The Psychic Mafia
6194:978-0-7661-3007-4
6034:978-1-57392-896-0
6007:978-0-7661-7931-8
5995:E. Clephan Palmer
5983:978-0-7387-1363-2
5950:978-0-87975-358-0
5942:Psychic Paradoxes
5834:. Lyceum Library.
5807:Popular Mechanics
5786:978-0-385-05305-1
5774:Georgess McHargue
5741:978-0-7661-2815-6
5668:978-0-7661-3007-4
5648:978-1-57392-896-0
5625:978-0-8008-2455-6
5602:978-0-300-11136-1
5582:978-0-415-71462-4
5562:978-0-7661-4242-8
5427:Theodore Annemann
5400:978-1-57859-209-8
5365:978-0-690-26815-7
5331:978-0-7864-2770-3
5293:978-0-7546-6322-5
5238:978-0-7661-4242-8
5215:978-0-8018-7812-1
5100:978-1-57392-021-6
5021:978-1-108-02748-9
4979:978-1-59102-108-7
4929:978-0-7864-2770-3
4909:978-0-19-508209-8
4725:978-1-57392-161-9
4716:The Psychic Mafia
4707:978-0-87975-300-9
4684:978-0-521-26505-8
4664:978-0-385-05305-1
4652:Georgess McHargue
4625:978-0-226-64205-5
4605:978-1-4384-2798-0
4585:978-0-8131-2210-6
4537:978-0-19-997503-7
4513:978-1-108-02748-9
4487:978-0-297-79639-8
4338:978-0-521-34767-9
4289:978-0-87975-300-9
4266:978-1-57607-653-8
4250:978-0-8108-5054-5
4230:978-1-59102-086-8
4218:Polidoro, Massimo
4084:978-0-230-75298-6
4061:978-1-4051-8122-8
4041:978-1-57607-653-8
4017:978-0-9558476-0-8
3996:978-0-8058-0508-6
3909:978-1-4460-5651-6
3886:978-0-230-30150-4
3862:978-1-57392-798-7
3839:978-0-07-752631-3
3816:978-0-7864-3059-8
3802:Harvey J. Irwin,
3792:978-0-8020-9935-8
3730:978-0-312-21739-6
3563:. Aquarian Press.
3315:978-0-690-01760-1
3309:. T. Y. Crowell.
3292:978-0-394-52740-6
3144:978-1-57392-979-0
3106:Spirit possession
3081:Automatic writing
2772:Eusapia Palladino
2760:Stephen E. Braude
2742:Carmine Mirabelli
2715:The Spiritualists
2668:The Psychic Mafia
2659:Camp Chesterfield
2591:Camp Chesterfield
2572:Geraldine Cummins
2512:Kathleen Goligher
2403:George Valiantine
2365:(director of the
2332:Eileen J. Garrett
2149:Kathleen Goligher
2066:Eusapia Palladino
2012:Theodore Annemann
1966:Eusapia Palladino
1879:In March 1902 in
1769:Swami Laura Horos
1476:Eusapia Palladino
1378:Last Week Tonight
1346:The psychologist
1262:parapsychologists
1242:Théodore Flournoy
1228:Paranormal belief
1177:
1176:
1169:
1151:
967:Trance mediumship
955:Mental mediumship
934:Camp Chesterfield
894:Camp Chesterfield
844:Eusapia Palladino
815:The Spirits' Book
711:automatic writing
597:
596:
544:Scientific method
254:Spirit possession
69:Astral projection
16:(Redirected from
9230:
9180:
9179:
8648:
8647:
8593:Haunted highways
8544:
8537:
8530:
8521:
8520:
8449:Massimo Polidoro
8399:Henry C. McComas
8304:Joseph Dunninger
8082:James Van Praagh
7972:Gordon Higginson
7912:William Eglinton
7756:Spirit obsession
7681:
7674:
7667:
7658:
7657:
7594:Massimo Polidoro
7579:
7497:Massimo Polidoro
7399:Joseph Dunninger
7365:
7364:
7362:
7360:
7351:. Archived from
7337:
7331:
7330:
7328:
7326:
7306:
7300:
7299:
7297:
7295:
7275:
7269:
7268:
7266:
7264:
7255:. Archived from
7245:
7234:
7231:
7225:
7222:
7216:
7215:
7203:
7197:
7196:
7183:
7177:
7176:
7174:
7172:
7157:
7151:
7150:
7148:
7147:
7136:
7130:
7129:
7127:
7125:
7113:
7107:
7106:
7104:
7103:
7092:
7086:
7072:J. Gordon Melton
7069:
7063:
7061:
7057:
7053:The Miami Herald
7043:
7037:
7036:
7026:
7020:
7019:
7017:
7016:
6989:
6983:
6978:
6972:
6958:
6952:
6951:
6915:
6909:
6892:
6886:
6885:
6883:
6882:
6867:
6861:
6856:
6850:
6845:
6839:
6833:
6827:
6815:
6809:
6797:
6791:
6790:
6788:
6787:
6767:
6758:
6744:Massimo Polidoro
6741:
6735:
6730:
6724:
6710:Massimo Polidoro
6707:
6701:
6680:
6674:
6656:
6650:
6633:
6627:
6613:
6607:
6590:
6584:
6567:
6561:
6544:
6538:
6523:
6517:
6500:
6494:
6487:
6481:
6461:
6455:
6441:
6435:
6428:
6422:
6405:
6399:
6382:
6376:
6359:
6353:
6346:
6340:
6326:
6315:
6308:Julien Proskauer
6305:
6299:
6289:
6283:
6266:
6260:
6243:
6237:
6227:
6221:
6202:
6196:
6182:
6176:
6171:
6165:
6129:
6123:
6122:
6120:
6119:
6110:. Archived from
6103:
6097:
6090:
6084:
6074:
6068:
6058:
6052:
6042:
6036:
6022:Massimo Polidoro
6015:
6009:
5992:
5986:
5971:
5965:
5958:
5952:
5935:
5929:
5928:
5918:
5916:10.1038/134965c0
5887:
5881:
5870:
5864:
5863:. Putnam. p. 232
5854:
5848:
5841:
5835:
5829:
5823:
5820:The Art of Folly
5816:
5810:
5794:
5788:
5771:
5765:
5749:
5743:
5726:
5720:
5716:
5710:
5703:
5697:
5692:
5686:
5676:
5670:
5656:
5650:
5636:Massimo Polidoro
5633:
5627:
5610:
5604:
5590:
5584:
5570:
5564:
5543:
5537:
5527:
5521:
5516:
5510:
5500:
5494:
5484:
5478:
5468:
5462:
5452:
5446:
5440:
5434:
5424:
5418:
5408:
5402:
5388:J. Gordon Melton
5385:
5379:
5370:Everard Feilding
5350:
5344:
5339:
5333:
5319:
5313:
5301:
5295:
5278:
5272:
5262:
5256:
5246:
5240:
5223:
5217:
5203:
5197:
5187:
5181:
5171:
5165:
5153:
5147:
5140:
5134:
5124:
5118:
5108:
5102:
5085:
5079:
5069:
5063:
5053:
5047:
5029:
5023:
5006:
5000:
4990:
4984:
4983:
4962:
4947:
4937:
4931:
4917:
4911:
4897:
4891:
4888:
4882:
4872:
4866:
4856:
4850:
4840:
4834:
4824:
4818:
4815:The Supernatural
4811:
4805:
4795:
4789:
4782:
4776:
4766:
4760:
4750:
4744:
4734:
4728:
4692:
4686:
4672:
4666:
4649:
4643:
4636:Massimo Polidoro
4633:
4627:
4613:
4607:
4593:
4587:
4570:
4564:
4546:
4540:
4522:
4516:
4495:
4489:
4472:
4466:
4456:
4450:
4445:
4439:
4431:
4425:
4402:Joseph Dunninger
4399:
4393:
4382:Julien Proskauer
4363:
4357:
4346:
4340:
4326:
4320:
4313:
4307:
4306:. Dover. p. 172.
4297:
4291:
4274:
4268:
4238:
4232:
4215:
4206:
4205:
4203:
4201:
4186:
4180:
4179:
4177:
4175:
4166:. Archived from
4155:
4149:
4148:
4122:
4104:
4096:Wiseman, Richard
4092:
4086:
4069:
4063:
4049:
4043:
4025:
4019:
4005:
3999:
3984:
3978:
3977:
3967:
3957:
3933:
3927:
3917:
3911:
3894:
3888:
3870:
3864:
3847:
3841:
3824:
3818:
3800:
3794:
3780:
3774:
3773:
3771:
3770:
3760:
3754:
3741:
3735:
3734:
3708:
3702:
3695:
3689:
3683:
3677:
3670:
3664:
3657:
3651:
3637:
3631:
3624:
3618:
3611:
3600:
3594:
3585:
3579:
3573:
3570:
3564:
3557:
3551:
3550:
3539:
3533:
3526:
3520:
3506:
3500:
3481:
3475:
3465:
3459:
3458:
3456:
3454:
3431:
3425:
3424:
3422:
3420:
3390:
3384:
3381:
3375:
3358:
3352:
3351:
3323:
3317:
3300:
3294:
3277:
3266:
3265:
3229:
3223:
3222:
3220:
3219:
3209:
3203:
3202:
3200:
3199:
3189:
3182:
3176:
3175:
3167:
3161:
3160:
3152:
3146:
3129:
3045:Seatbelt Psychic
2924:James Van Praagh
2883:Geraldo at Large
2850:Massimo Polidoro
2789:Massimo Polidoro
2777:Massimo Polidoro
2595:Psychic Observer
2587:Psychic Observer
2583:Andrija Puharich
2497:Julien Proskauer
1962:Everard Feilding
1900:Everard Feilding
1813:Raymond Poincaré
1694:Mme. d'Esperance
1674:William Eglinton
1607:at the house of
1587:had exposed the
1496:Joseph Dunninger
1492:Julien Proskauer
1457:In Britain, the
1295:magical thinking
1172:
1165:
1161:
1158:
1152:
1150:
1109:
1085:
1077:
994:William T. Stead
982:women's suffrage
848:William T. Stead
675:materializations
608:familiar spirits
604:pseudoscientific
589:
582:
575:
479:Bandwagon effect
376:Pseudoskepticism
366:Magical thinking
42:
41:
21:
9238:
9237:
9233:
9232:
9231:
9229:
9228:
9227:
9193:
9192:
9191:
9186:
9168:
9115:
9105:Booty v Barnaby
9092:
9049:Popular culture
9044:
8990:
8960:
8939:
8923:
8880:Day of the Dead
8828:
8819:Slavic religion
8780:
8669:
8643:
8637:
8566:
8557:
8548:
8518:
8513:
8509:Richard Wiseman
8439:Ronald Pearsall
8419:John Mulholland
8374:Rose Mackenberg
8339:C. E. M. Hansel
8324:G. Stanley Hall
8227:
8166:
8132:Rosina Thompson
8092:Estelle Roberts
8032:Heinrich Melzer
8007:James H. Hyslop
7977:Richard Hodgson
7867:William Crookes
7785:
7731:Materialization
7694:
7685:
7606:Wayback Machine
7572:
7552:Richard Wiseman
7536:. Truth Seeker.
7373:
7371:Further reading
7368:
7358:
7356:
7338:
7334:
7324:
7322:
7307:
7303:
7293:
7291:
7276:
7272:
7262:
7260:
7246:
7237:
7232:
7228:
7223:
7219:
7204:
7200:
7185:
7184:
7180:
7170:
7168:
7158:
7154:
7145:
7143:
7138:
7137:
7133:
7123:
7121:
7114:
7110:
7101:
7099:
7094:
7093:
7089:
7070:
7066:
7059:
7044:
7040:
7027:
7023:
7014:
7012:
6991:
6990:
6986:
6979:
6975:
6959:
6955:
6916:
6912:
6893:
6889:
6880:
6878:
6868:
6864:
6857:
6853:
6846:
6842:
6834:
6830:
6825:Wayback Machine
6816:
6812:
6807:Wayback Machine
6798:
6794:
6785:
6783:
6768:
6761:
6742:
6738:
6731:
6727:
6708:
6704:
6683:Richard Wiseman
6681:
6677:
6659:Grossman, Wendy
6657:
6653:
6634:
6630:
6614:
6610:
6591:
6587:
6568:
6564:
6545:
6541:
6524:
6520:
6503:Ronald Pearsall
6501:
6497:
6488:
6484:
6462:
6458:
6442:
6438:
6432:The Unexplained
6429:
6425:
6406:
6402:
6383:
6379:
6360:
6356:
6347:
6343:
6327:
6318:
6306:
6302:
6290:
6286:
6267:
6263:
6244:
6240:
6228:
6224:
6203:
6199:
6183:
6179:
6172:
6168:
6130:
6126:
6117:
6115:
6104:
6100:
6091:
6087:
6075:
6071:
6059:
6055:
6043:
6039:
6016:
6012:
5993:
5989:
5972:
5968:
5959:
5955:
5936:
5932:
5889:
5888:
5884:
5871:
5867:
5855:
5851:
5842:
5838:
5830:
5826:
5817:
5813:
5795:
5791:
5772:
5768:
5750:
5746:
5727:
5723:
5717:
5713:
5704:
5700:
5693:
5689:
5677:
5673:
5657:
5653:
5634:
5630:
5611:
5607:
5591:
5587:
5571:
5567:
5544:
5540:
5528:
5524:
5517:
5513:
5501:
5497:
5485:
5481:
5469:
5465:
5453:
5449:
5441:
5437:
5425:
5421:
5409:
5405:
5386:
5382:
5351:
5347:
5340:
5336:
5320:
5316:
5302:
5298:
5279:
5275:
5265:Richard Wiseman
5263:
5259:
5249:Richard Wiseman
5247:
5243:
5224:
5220:
5204:
5200:
5188:
5184:
5172:
5168:
5154:
5150:
5141:
5137:
5125:
5121:
5109:
5105:
5086:
5082:
5070:
5066:
5054:
5050:
5030:
5026:
5007:
5003:
4991:
4987:
4980:
4963:
4950:
4938:
4934:
4918:
4914:
4898:
4894:
4889:
4885:
4873:
4869:
4857:
4853:
4841:
4837:
4825:
4821:
4812:
4808:
4796:
4792:
4783:
4779:
4767:
4763:
4751:
4747:
4735:
4731:
4693:
4689:
4673:
4669:
4650:
4646:
4634:
4630:
4614:
4610:
4594:
4590:
4571:
4567:
4547:
4543:
4523:
4519:
4496:
4492:
4473:
4469:
4457:
4453:
4446:
4442:
4432:
4428:
4424:. Truth Seeker.
4400:
4396:
4364:
4360:
4347:
4343:
4327:
4323:
4314:
4310:
4298:
4294:
4275:
4271:
4254:Michael Shermer
4239:
4235:
4216:
4209:
4199:
4197:
4188:
4187:
4183:
4173:
4171:
4156:
4152:
4120:10.1.1.528.2693
4102:
4093:
4089:
4072:Richard Wiseman
4070:
4066:
4050:
4046:
4026:
4022:
4006:
4002:
3985:
3981:
3942:Medical History
3934:
3930:
3918:
3914:
3895:
3891:
3871:
3867:
3848:
3844:
3827:Theodore Schick
3825:
3821:
3801:
3797:
3781:
3777:
3768:
3766:
3762:
3761:
3757:
3751:Wayback Machine
3742:
3738:
3731:
3709:
3705:
3701:. Viking, 1971.
3696:
3692:
3684:
3680:
3671:
3667:
3658:
3654:
3648:G. Stanley Hall
3638:
3634:
3625:
3621:
3612:
3603:
3595:
3588:
3580:
3576:
3571:
3567:
3558:
3554:
3541:
3540:
3536:
3527:
3523:
3507:
3503:
3497:Wayback Machine
3482:
3478:
3466:
3462:
3452:
3450:
3448:
3432:
3428:
3418:
3416:
3408:
3401:Wayback Machine
3391:
3387:
3382:
3378:
3373:Wayback Machine
3359:
3355:
3348:
3324:
3320:
3301:
3297:
3278:
3269:
3230:
3226:
3217:
3215:
3211:
3210:
3206:
3197:
3195:
3184:
3183:
3179:
3168:
3164:
3153:
3149:
3130:
3123:
3119:
3077:
3041:reality TV show
2938:Michael Shermer
2813:
2768:Richard Wiseman
2637:Ronald Pearsall
2420:Estelle Roberts
2307:Heinrich Melzer
2202:Ladislas Lasslo
2125:Rosina Thompson
2121:Richard Hodgson
1916:William Crookes
1877:
1852:G. Stanley Hall
1609:William Crookes
1562:in a letter to
1551:Robert Browning
1516:
1508:Rose Mackenberg
1408:
1348:Richard Wiseman
1278:Theodore Schick
1270:
1230:
1225:
1173:
1162:
1156:
1153:
1110:
1108:
1098:
1086:
1075:
1062:
1023:
969:
957:
947:(NSAC) and the
918:
910:
908:Spirit operator
890:
884:
879:
832:William Crookes
780:
756:Ascended master
687:
667:stage magicians
593:
564:
563:
459:
451:
450:
421:False awakening
401:
391:
390:
336:
326:
325:
224:Psychic reading
159:Fortune-telling
99:Close encounter
64:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
9236:
9226:
9225:
9220:
9215:
9210:
9208:Parapsychology
9205:
9188:
9187:
9185:
9184:
9173:
9170:
9169:
9167:
9166:
9161:
9156:
9151:
9149:The Ghost Club
9146:
9145:
9144:
9134:
9129:
9127:Fear of ghosts
9123:
9121:
9117:
9116:
9114:
9113:
9108:
9100:
9098:
9094:
9093:
9091:
9090:
9085:
9080:
9075:
9070:
9069:
9068:
9063:
9052:
9050:
9046:
9045:
9043:
9042:
9037:
9036:
9035:
9025:
9020:
9019:
9018:
9006:
9000:
8998:
8996:Parapsychology
8992:
8991:
8989:
8988:
8983:
8978:
8972:
8970:
8966:
8965:
8962:
8961:
8959:
8958:
8953:
8947:
8945:
8941:
8940:
8938:
8937:
8931:
8929:
8925:
8924:
8922:
8921:
8920:
8919:
8914:
8909:
8904:
8899:
8894:
8884:
8883:
8882:
8877:
8867:
8866:
8865:
8863:Ghost sickness
8860:
8852:
8851:
8850:
8842:
8836:
8834:
8830:
8829:
8827:
8826:
8821:
8816:
8815:
8814:
8806:
8805:
8804:
8799:
8788:
8786:
8782:
8781:
8779:
8778:
8773:
8772:
8771:
8761:
8756:
8751:
8750:
8749:
8744:
8734:
8733:
8732:
8727:
8717:
8715:Ghost Festival
8712:
8711:
8710:
8700:
8699:
8698:
8693:
8683:
8677:
8675:
8671:
8670:
8668:
8667:
8662:South Africa (
8660:
8654:
8652:
8645:
8639:
8638:
8636:
8635:
8630:
8628:Vengeful ghost
8625:
8620:
8615:
8610:
8605:
8603:Haunted trains
8600:
8595:
8590:
8585:
8580:
8574:
8572:
8571:Manifestations
8568:
8567:
8564:List of ghosts
8562:
8559:
8558:
8547:
8546:
8539:
8532:
8524:
8515:
8514:
8512:
8511:
8506:
8501:
8496:
8491:
8486:
8484:Chung Ling Soo
8481:
8476:
8474:Joseph F. Rinn
8471:
8466:
8461:
8456:
8451:
8446:
8441:
8436:
8431:
8426:
8424:Fulton Oursler
8421:
8416:
8411:
8406:
8401:
8396:
8391:
8389:Henry Maudsley
8386:
8381:
8376:
8371:
8366:
8364:Joseph Jastrow
8361:
8356:
8351:
8346:
8341:
8336:
8331:
8329:Trevor H. Hall
8326:
8321:
8319:Martin Gardner
8316:
8311:
8306:
8301:
8296:
8291:
8289:Millais Culpin
8286:
8281:
8276:
8271:
8266:
8261:
8259:Lionel Branson
8256:
8251:
8246:
8241:
8235:
8233:
8229:
8228:
8226:
8225:
8220:
8215:
8210:
8205:
8200:
8195:
8190:
8185:
8180:
8174:
8172:
8168:
8167:
8165:
8164:
8159:
8154:
8149:
8144:
8139:
8134:
8129:
8124:
8119:
8114:
8109:
8107:Rudi Schneider
8104:
8099:
8094:
8089:
8084:
8079:
8074:
8069:
8064:
8059:
8054:
8049:
8044:
8039:
8034:
8029:
8024:
8019:
8014:
8009:
8004:
7999:
7994:
7989:
7987:Elizabeth Hope
7984:
7979:
7974:
7969:
7964:
7959:
7954:
7949:
7944:
7942:Eileen Garrett
7939:
7934:
7929:
7924:
7919:
7914:
7909:
7904:
7899:
7894:
7889:
7884:
7879:
7874:
7869:
7864:
7859:
7854:
7849:
7844:
7839:
7837:Rosemary Brown
7834:
7832:William Breeze
7829:
7824:
7819:
7814:
7812:Charles Bailey
7809:
7804:
7802:Rosemary Altea
7799:
7793:
7791:
7787:
7786:
7784:
7783:
7778:
7773:
7768:
7763:
7758:
7753:
7748:
7743:
7738:
7733:
7728:
7723:
7718:
7713:
7708:
7702:
7700:
7696:
7695:
7684:
7683:
7676:
7669:
7661:
7655:
7654:
7649:
7644:
7635:
7626:
7617:
7608:
7596:
7587:
7571:
7570:External links
7568:
7567:
7566:
7549:
7540:Chung Ling Soo
7537:
7527:
7511:
7494:
7482:
7465:
7448:
7436:
7426:
7417:
7408:
7396:
7386:
7372:
7369:
7367:
7366:
7332:
7301:
7284:New York Times
7270:
7235:
7226:
7217:
7198:
7178:
7152:
7131:
7108:
7087:
7064:
7038:
7021:
6984:
6973:
6953:
6926:(2): 165–179.
6910:
6887:
6862:
6851:
6840:
6828:
6810:
6792:
6773:(2009-11-10).
6771:Dunning, Brian
6759:
6736:
6725:
6702:
6675:
6651:
6628:
6608:
6593:Martin Gardner
6585:
6562:
6539:
6518:
6495:
6482:
6464:M. Lamar Keene
6456:
6436:
6423:
6400:
6377:
6354:
6341:
6316:
6300:
6284:
6261:
6238:
6222:
6205:M. Lamar Keene
6197:
6177:
6166:
6132:Joseph Jastrow
6124:
6098:
6085:
6069:
6053:
6037:
6010:
5987:
5966:
5953:
5930:
5882:
5865:
5849:
5836:
5824:
5811:
5789:
5766:
5744:
5721:
5711:
5698:
5687:
5671:
5651:
5628:
5605:
5585:
5565:
5538:
5522:
5511:
5503:Joseph Jastrow
5495:
5479:
5463:
5447:
5435:
5419:
5403:
5380:
5378:
5377:
5345:
5334:
5314:
5296:
5273:
5257:
5241:
5218:
5198:
5182:
5174:Martin Gardner
5166:
5156:Joseph Jastrow
5148:
5135:
5119:
5111:Chung Ling Soo
5103:
5080:
5064:
5048:
5024:
5001:
4985:
4978:
4966:Harris, Melvin
4948:
4932:
4912:
4892:
4883:
4867:
4859:Trevor H. Hall
4851:
4843:Trevor H. Hall
4835:
4819:
4806:
4790:
4777:
4761:
4753:Chung Ling Soo
4745:
4729:
4711:M. Lamar Keene
4687:
4667:
4644:
4628:
4608:
4588:
4565:
4561:Trevor H. Hall
4541:
4517:
4490:
4467:
4451:
4440:
4426:
4394:
4366:Chung Ling Soo
4358:
4341:
4321:
4308:
4292:
4269:
4233:
4207:
4181:
4150:
4113:(3): 285–297.
4087:
4064:
4044:
4020:
4000:
3979:
3948:(2): 277–295.
3928:
3912:
3897:Millais Culpin
3889:
3865:
3842:
3819:
3795:
3775:
3755:
3736:
3729:
3703:
3690:
3678:
3665:
3652:
3632:
3619:
3613:Braude, Anne,
3601:
3586:
3574:
3565:
3552:
3534:
3521:
3501:
3476:
3460:
3446:
3426:
3414:Dictionary.com
3385:
3376:
3353:
3346:
3318:
3295:
3267:
3240:(2): 165–179.
3224:
3204:
3190:. 2019-02-27.
3177:
3162:
3147:
3120:
3118:
3115:
3114:
3113:
3108:
3103:
3098:
3093:
3088:
3083:
3076:
3073:
2920:Rosemary Altea
2887:Geraldo Rivera
2812:
2809:
2750:Wendy Grossman
2650:, a medium in
2648:M. Lamar Keene
2624:". The medium
2541:Charles Richet
2476:The physicist
2399:Patience Worth
2292:Blanche Cooper
2237:Rudi Schneider
2231:with ectoplasm
2062:Joseph Jastrow
2008:billet reading
1996:Charles Bailey
1958:W. W. Baggally
1896:W. W. Baggally
1876:
1873:
1860:Martin Gardner
1856:Joseph Jastrow
1824:Chung Ling Soo
1809:Woodrow Wilson
1716:readings. The
1645:Chung Ling Soo
1574:Trevor H. Hall
1515:
1512:
1484:Chung Ling Soo
1438:(1960) wrote:
1407:
1404:
1383:Theresa Caputo
1272:In their book
1269:
1266:
1229:
1226:
1224:
1221:
1220:
1219:
1215:
1212:
1209:
1206:
1203:
1196:
1175:
1174:
1089:
1087:
1080:
1074:
1073:Psychic senses
1071:
1061:
1058:
1022:
1019:
968:
965:
956:
953:
917:
914:
909:
906:
886:Main article:
883:
880:
878:
875:
791:United Kingdom
784:Witch of Endor
779:
776:
764:angelic entity
745:
744:
725:
686:
683:
595:
594:
592:
591:
584:
577:
569:
566:
565:
562:
561:
556:
551:
546:
541:
536:
531:
526:
521:
516:
511:
509:Fringe science
506:
504:Falsifiability
501:
496:
491:
486:
481:
476:
471:
466:
460:
457:
456:
453:
452:
449:
448:
443:
441:Parapsychology
438:
433:
428:
423:
418:
413:
408:
402:
399:Parapsychology
397:
396:
393:
392:
389:
388:
383:
378:
373:
368:
363:
358:
353:
348:
343:
337:
332:
331:
328:
327:
324:
323:
318:
313:
311:United Kingdom
308:
297:
296:
291:
286:
281:
276:
271:
266:
261:
256:
251:
246:
244:Retrocognition
241:
239:Remote viewing
236:
231:
226:
221:
216:
211:
206:
201:
196:
191:
186:
181:
176:
171:
166:
161:
156:
151:
146:
141:
136:
131:
126:
121:
116:
111:
109:Crystal gazing
106:
101:
96:
91:
89:Breatharianism
86:
81:
76:
71:
65:
62:
61:
58:
57:
51:
50:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
9235:
9224:
9221:
9219:
9216:
9214:
9213:Pseudoscience
9211:
9209:
9206:
9204:
9201:
9200:
9198:
9183:
9175:
9174:
9171:
9165:
9162:
9160:
9157:
9155:
9152:
9150:
9147:
9143:
9140:
9139:
9138:
9135:
9133:
9132:Spectrophilia
9130:
9128:
9125:
9124:
9122:
9118:
9112:
9109:
9107:
9106:
9102:
9101:
9099:
9095:
9089:
9086:
9084:
9081:
9079:
9076:
9074:
9071:
9067:
9064:
9062:
9059:
9058:
9057:
9054:
9053:
9051:
9047:
9041:
9038:
9034:
9031:
9030:
9029:
9026:
9024:
9023:Ghost hunting
9021:
9017:
9016:
9012:
9011:
9010:
9007:
9005:
9002:
9001:
8999:
8997:
8993:
8987:
8984:
8982:
8979:
8977:
8974:
8973:
8971:
8967:
8957:
8954:
8952:
8949:
8948:
8946:
8942:
8936:
8933:
8932:
8930:
8928:South America
8926:
8918:
8917:San Francisco
8915:
8913:
8910:
8908:
8905:
8903:
8900:
8898:
8895:
8893:
8890:
8889:
8888:
8887:United States
8885:
8881:
8878:
8876:
8873:
8872:
8871:
8868:
8864:
8861:
8859:
8856:
8855:
8853:
8849:
8846:
8845:
8843:
8841:
8838:
8837:
8835:
8833:North America
8831:
8825:
8822:
8820:
8817:
8813:
8810:
8809:
8807:
8803:
8800:
8798:
8795:
8794:
8793:
8790:
8789:
8787:
8783:
8777:
8774:
8770:
8767:
8766:
8765:
8762:
8760:
8757:
8755:
8752:
8748:
8745:
8743:
8740:
8739:
8738:
8735:
8731:
8728:
8726:
8723:
8722:
8721:
8718:
8716:
8713:
8709:
8706:
8705:
8704:
8701:
8697:
8694:
8692:
8689:
8688:
8687:
8684:
8682:
8679:
8678:
8676:
8672:
8665:
8661:
8659:
8658:Madam Koi Koi
8656:
8655:
8653:
8649:
8646:
8640:
8634:
8631:
8629:
8626:
8624:
8621:
8619:
8616:
8614:
8611:
8609:
8608:Haunted ships
8606:
8604:
8601:
8599:
8598:Haunted house
8596:
8594:
8591:
8589:
8586:
8584:
8581:
8579:
8576:
8575:
8573:
8569:
8565:
8560:
8556:
8552:
8545:
8540:
8538:
8533:
8531:
8526:
8525:
8522:
8510:
8507:
8505:
8502:
8500:
8497:
8495:
8492:
8490:
8487:
8485:
8482:
8480:
8477:
8475:
8472:
8470:
8467:
8465:
8462:
8460:
8457:
8455:
8452:
8450:
8447:
8445:
8444:Frank Podmore
8442:
8440:
8437:
8435:
8432:
8430:
8427:
8425:
8422:
8420:
8417:
8415:
8412:
8410:
8407:
8405:
8402:
8400:
8397:
8395:
8394:Joseph McCabe
8392:
8390:
8387:
8385:
8382:
8380:
8377:
8375:
8372:
8370:
8367:
8365:
8362:
8360:
8359:Harry Houdini
8357:
8355:
8354:Terence Hines
8352:
8350:
8347:
8345:
8342:
8340:
8337:
8335:
8332:
8330:
8327:
8325:
8322:
8320:
8317:
8315:
8312:
8310:
8307:
8305:
8302:
8300:
8299:Eric Dingwall
8297:
8295:
8292:
8290:
8287:
8285:
8282:
8280:
8277:
8275:
8272:
8270:
8267:
8265:
8262:
8260:
8257:
8255:
8252:
8250:
8247:
8245:
8242:
8240:
8237:
8236:
8234:
8230:
8224:
8221:
8219:
8216:
8214:
8211:
8209:
8206:
8204:
8201:
8199:
8196:
8194:
8191:
8189:
8186:
8184:
8181:
8179:
8176:
8175:
8173:
8171:Organizations
8169:
8163:
8160:
8158:
8155:
8153:
8150:
8148:
8145:
8143:
8140:
8138:
8135:
8133:
8130:
8128:
8125:
8123:
8120:
8118:
8115:
8113:
8112:Maria Silbert
8110:
8108:
8105:
8103:
8100:
8098:
8095:
8093:
8090:
8088:
8085:
8083:
8080:
8078:
8075:
8073:
8072:Leonora Piper
8070:
8068:
8065:
8063:
8062:Einer Nielsen
8060:
8058:
8055:
8053:
8050:
8048:
8045:
8043:
8040:
8038:
8035:
8033:
8030:
8028:
8025:
8023:
8020:
8018:
8017:Franek Kluski
8015:
8013:
8010:
8008:
8005:
8003:
8000:
7998:
7995:
7993:
7990:
7988:
7985:
7983:
7980:
7978:
7975:
7973:
7970:
7968:
7965:
7963:
7960:
7958:
7955:
7953:
7950:
7948:
7945:
7943:
7940:
7938:
7935:
7933:
7930:
7928:
7925:
7923:
7920:
7918:
7915:
7913:
7910:
7908:
7905:
7903:
7902:Harry Edwards
7900:
7898:
7897:Eddy Brothers
7895:
7893:
7890:
7888:
7885:
7883:
7880:
7878:
7875:
7873:
7870:
7868:
7865:
7863:
7860:
7858:
7857:Florence Cook
7855:
7853:
7852:Doris Collins
7850:
7848:
7845:
7843:
7842:Sylvia Browne
7840:
7838:
7835:
7833:
7830:
7828:
7825:
7823:
7820:
7818:
7817:Bangs Sisters
7815:
7813:
7810:
7808:
7805:
7803:
7800:
7798:
7795:
7794:
7792:
7790:Spiritualists
7788:
7782:
7779:
7777:
7776:Table-turning
7774:
7772:
7769:
7767:
7764:
7762:
7759:
7757:
7754:
7752:
7749:
7747:
7746:Spirit guides
7744:
7742:
7739:
7737:
7734:
7732:
7729:
7727:
7726:Faith healing
7724:
7722:
7719:
7717:
7714:
7712:
7709:
7707:
7704:
7703:
7701:
7697:
7693:
7689:
7682:
7677:
7675:
7670:
7668:
7663:
7662:
7659:
7653:
7650:
7648:
7645:
7643:
7642:Harry Houdini
7639:
7636:
7634:
7630:
7627:
7625:
7621:
7618:
7616:
7612:
7609:
7607:
7603:
7600:
7597:
7595:
7591:
7588:
7586:at Wiktionary
7585:
7584:
7578:
7574:
7573:
7565:
7561:
7557:
7553:
7550:
7547:
7546:
7541:
7538:
7535:
7531:
7528:
7525:
7524:
7519:
7518:Eric Dingwall
7515:
7512:
7510:
7506:
7502:
7498:
7495:
7492:
7491:
7486:
7485:Frank Podmore
7483:
7481:
7477:
7473:
7469:
7466:
7464:
7460:
7457:. Doubleday.
7456:
7452:
7449:
7446:
7445:
7440:
7439:Joseph McCabe
7437:
7434:
7430:
7429:Joseph McCabe
7427:
7424:
7423:
7418:
7415:
7414:
7409:
7406:
7405:
7400:
7397:
7394:
7390:
7387:
7384:
7383:
7378:
7375:
7374:
7354:
7350:
7346:
7342:
7341:Gerbic, Susan
7336:
7320:
7316:
7312:
7305:
7289:
7285:
7281:
7274:
7258:
7254:
7250:
7249:Gerbic, Susan
7244:
7242:
7240:
7230:
7221:
7213:
7209:
7202:
7194:
7193:
7192:Rolling Stone
7188:
7182:
7167:
7163:
7156:
7141:
7135:
7119:
7112:
7097:
7091:
7085:
7081:
7077:
7073:
7068:
7055:
7054:
7049:
7042:
7034:
7033:
7025:
7011:on 2013-10-14
7010:
7006:
7002:
6998:
6994:
6988:
6982:
6977:
6971:
6967:
6963:
6957:
6949:
6945:
6941:
6937:
6933:
6929:
6925:
6921:
6914:
6908:
6904:
6900:
6896:
6895:Terence Hines
6891:
6877:
6873:
6866:
6860:
6855:
6849:
6844:
6837:
6832:
6826:
6822:
6819:
6814:
6808:
6804:
6801:
6796:
6782:
6781:
6776:
6772:
6766:
6764:
6757:
6753:
6749:
6745:
6740:
6734:
6729:
6723:
6719:
6715:
6711:
6706:
6700:
6699:1-57392-121-1
6696:
6692:
6688:
6684:
6679:
6672:
6671:
6670:New Scientist
6666:
6665:
6660:
6655:
6649:
6645:
6641:
6637:
6632:
6626:
6622:
6618:
6612:
6606:
6602:
6598:
6594:
6589:
6583:
6579:
6575:
6571:
6566:
6560:
6556:
6552:
6548:
6543:
6536:
6535:1-57392-161-0
6532:
6528:
6522:
6516:
6515:0-7509-3684-3
6512:
6508:
6504:
6499:
6492:
6486:
6479:
6475:
6471:
6470:
6465:
6460:
6454:
6450:
6446:
6440:
6433:
6427:
6421:
6417:
6413:
6409:
6404:
6398:
6394:
6390:
6386:
6381:
6375:
6371:
6367:
6363:
6358:
6351:
6345:
6339:
6335:
6331:
6325:
6323:
6321:
6313:
6309:
6304:
6297:
6293:
6292:Joseph McCabe
6288:
6282:
6278:
6274:
6270:
6265:
6259:
6255:
6251:
6247:
6242:
6235:
6231:
6226:
6220:
6216:
6212:
6211:
6206:
6201:
6195:
6191:
6187:
6181:
6175:
6170:
6163:
6159:
6155:
6151:
6150:
6145:
6141:
6137:
6133:
6128:
6114:on 2013-12-03
6113:
6109:
6102:
6095:
6089:
6082:
6078:
6077:Marina Warner
6073:
6066:
6062:
6057:
6050:
6046:
6041:
6035:
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6023:
6019:
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5984:
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5976:
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5926:
5922:
5917:
5912:
5908:
5904:
5900:
5896:
5892:
5886:
5879:
5875:
5869:
5862:
5858:
5853:
5846:
5840:
5833:
5828:
5821:
5815:
5808:
5804:
5803:
5798:
5793:
5787:
5783:
5779:
5775:
5770:
5763:
5762:
5757:
5753:
5752:Eric Dingwall
5748:
5742:
5738:
5734:
5730:
5725:
5715:
5708:
5702:
5696:
5691:
5684:
5680:
5679:Joseph McCabe
5675:
5669:
5665:
5661:
5655:
5649:
5645:
5641:
5637:
5632:
5626:
5622:
5618:
5614:
5613:D. Scott Rogo
5609:
5603:
5599:
5595:
5589:
5583:
5579:
5575:
5569:
5563:
5559:
5555:
5551:
5547:
5542:
5535:
5531:
5526:
5520:
5515:
5508:
5504:
5499:
5492:
5488:
5483:
5476:
5472:
5467:
5460:
5456:
5455:Joseph McCabe
5451:
5444:
5439:
5432:
5428:
5423:
5416:
5412:
5411:Eric Dingwall
5407:
5401:
5397:
5393:
5389:
5384:
5375:
5371:
5368:
5367:
5366:
5362:
5358:
5354:
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5208:
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5195:
5191:
5186:
5179:
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5170:
5163:
5162:
5157:
5152:
5145:
5139:
5132:
5128:
5123:
5116:
5112:
5107:
5101:
5097:
5093:
5089:
5084:
5077:
5073:
5068:
5061:
5057:
5052:
5045:
5041:
5037:
5033:
5028:
5022:
5018:
5014:
5010:
5009:Harry Houdini
5005:
4998:
4994:
4993:Samri Baldwin
4989:
4981:
4975:
4971:
4967:
4961:
4959:
4957:
4955:
4953:
4945:
4941:
4940:Will Goldston
4936:
4930:
4926:
4922:
4916:
4910:
4906:
4902:
4896:
4887:
4880:
4876:
4871:
4864:
4860:
4855:
4848:
4844:
4839:
4832:
4828:
4827:Joseph McCabe
4823:
4816:
4810:
4803:
4799:
4798:Joseph McCabe
4794:
4787:
4781:
4774:
4770:
4765:
4758:
4754:
4749:
4742:
4738:
4737:Joseph McCabe
4733:
4726:
4722:
4718:
4717:
4712:
4708:
4704:
4700:
4696:
4691:
4685:
4681:
4677:
4671:
4665:
4661:
4657:
4653:
4648:
4641:
4637:
4632:
4626:
4622:
4618:
4612:
4606:
4602:
4598:
4592:
4586:
4582:
4578:
4574:
4569:
4562:
4558:
4554:
4550:
4549:Joseph McCabe
4545:
4538:
4534:
4530:
4526:
4521:
4515:
4514:
4510:
4505:
4504:
4499:
4498:Harry Houdini
4494:
4488:
4484:
4480:
4476:
4471:
4464:
4460:
4459:Joseph McCabe
4455:
4449:
4444:
4437:
4436:
4430:
4423:
4419:
4415:
4411:
4410:Harry Houdini
4407:
4403:
4398:
4391:
4387:
4383:
4379:
4375:
4371:
4367:
4362:
4356:
4352:
4351:
4345:
4339:
4335:
4331:
4325:
4318:
4312:
4305:
4301:
4300:Spence, Lewis
4296:
4290:
4286:
4282:
4278:
4273:
4267:
4263:
4259:
4255:
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4247:
4243:
4237:
4231:
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4223:
4219:
4214:
4212:
4195:
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4185:
4169:
4165:
4161:
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4146:
4142:
4138:
4134:
4130:
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4121:
4116:
4112:
4108:
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4097:
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4077:
4073:
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4058:
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4010:
4004:
3997:
3993:
3989:
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3975:
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3898:
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3887:
3883:
3879:
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3859:
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3851:
3846:
3840:
3836:
3832:
3828:
3823:
3817:
3813:
3809:
3805:
3804:Caroline Watt
3799:
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3785:
3779:
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3759:
3752:
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3745:
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3694:
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3641:
3636:
3629:
3623:
3616:
3610:
3608:
3606:
3598:
3593:
3591:
3583:
3578:
3569:
3562:
3556:
3548:
3544:
3538:
3531:
3528:Anna Hurwic,
3525:
3519:
3518:1-57392-979-4
3515:
3511:
3505:
3498:
3494:
3491:
3490:
3485:
3484:Brandon, Ruth
3480:
3474:
3470:
3464:
3449:
3447:9781440834912
3443:
3439:
3438:
3430:
3415:
3411:
3406:
3402:
3398:
3394:
3389:
3380:
3374:
3370:
3367:
3364:Accessed at:
3363:
3357:
3349:
3347:9781003281139
3343:
3339:
3335:
3331:
3330:
3322:
3316:
3312:
3308:
3304:
3299:
3293:
3289:
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3276:
3274:
3272:
3263:
3259:
3255:
3251:
3247:
3243:
3239:
3235:
3228:
3214:
3208:
3193:
3188:
3181:
3173:
3166:
3158:
3151:
3145:
3141:
3137:
3133:
3132:Terence Hines
3128:
3126:
3121:
3112:
3109:
3107:
3104:
3102:
3099:
3097:
3094:
3092:
3089:
3087:
3086:Faith healing
3084:
3082:
3079:
3078:
3072:
3070:
3066:
3062:
3058:
3054:
3050:
3046:
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3034:
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3027:
3021:
3017:
3015:
3010:
3008:
3004:
3000:
2997:
2993:
2990:
2986:
2982:
2977:
2974:
2969:
2967:
2966:Barnum effect
2962:
2960:
2956:
2955:cold readings
2952:
2949:According to
2947:
2945:
2944:
2939:
2935:
2933:
2929:
2925:
2921:
2917:
2916:Sylvia Browne
2913:
2909:
2904:
2901:
2896:
2893:
2888:
2884:
2879:
2876:
2870:
2865:
2863:
2859:
2858:Terence Hines
2855:
2851:
2846:
2843:
2839:
2837:
2836:Gary Schwartz
2833:
2825:
2821:
2817:
2808:
2805:
2804:Brian Dunning
2801:
2800:David Fontana
2796:
2794:
2793:Franek Kluski
2790:
2785:
2781:
2778:
2773:
2769:
2764:
2761:
2757:
2756:
2755:New Scientist
2751:
2746:
2743:
2739:
2735:
2731:
2726:
2724:
2720:
2719:tape recorder
2716:
2712:
2704:
2699:
2695:
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2689:
2685:
2681:
2676:
2674:
2670:
2669:
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2660:
2657:
2653:
2649:
2644:
2642:
2638:
2634:
2632:
2627:
2623:
2622:ventriloquism
2619:
2614:
2612:
2607:
2603:
2598:
2596:
2592:
2588:
2584:
2579:
2577:
2573:
2569:
2565:
2560:
2557:
2553:
2549:
2544:
2542:
2538:
2534:
2529:
2525:
2521:
2513:
2509:
2505:
2502:
2498:
2495:The magician
2493:
2491:
2487:
2483:
2479:
2474:
2472:
2468:
2464:
2460:
2456:
2452:
2447:
2445:
2440:
2436:
2432:
2427:
2425:
2421:
2417:
2416:escapologists
2412:
2407:
2404:
2400:
2396:
2391:
2389:
2385:
2381:
2377:
2372:
2368:
2364:
2361:In the 1930s
2356:
2352:
2348:
2344:
2341:
2337:
2333:
2328:
2324:
2320:
2319:Stanisława P.
2315:
2313:
2312:Maria Silbert
2308:
2304:
2300:
2297:
2293:
2289:
2284:
2282:
2281:Our Secrets!!
2278:
2274:
2270:
2266:
2261:
2259:
2255:
2250:
2246:
2242:
2238:
2230:
2229:Stanisława P.
2226:
2220:
2217:
2213:
2209:
2205:
2203:
2198:
2196:
2192:
2188:
2184:
2183:Eric Dingwall
2179:
2177:
2173:
2169:
2165:
2161:
2160:Einer Nielsen
2156:
2154:
2150:
2145:
2141:
2137:
2136:Eric Dingwall
2133:
2128:
2126:
2122:
2117:
2112:
2110:
2109:Harry Houdini
2105:
2101:
2100:Franek Kluski
2097:
2092:
2090:
2086:
2082:
2081:
2080:Daily Express
2074:
2072:
2067:
2063:
2058:
2056:
2052:
2048:
2044:
2040:
2035:
2033:
2029:
2028:Linda Gazzera
2024:
2020:
2015:
2013:
2009:
2005:
2001:
2000:Eric Dingwall
1997:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1977:
1975:
1971:
1967:
1963:
1959:
1955:
1950:
1948:
1945:
1941:
1937:
1936:table-turning
1933:
1928:
1926:
1921:
1917:
1913:
1908:
1906:
1901:
1897:
1892:
1890:
1886:
1882:
1872:
1869:
1865:
1861:
1857:
1853:
1849:
1848:psychologists
1845:
1844:Leonora Piper
1840:
1837:
1833:
1829:
1825:
1821:
1820:Eddy Brothers
1816:
1814:
1810:
1805:
1801:
1797:
1793:
1792:Edward Wyllie
1789:
1785:
1780:
1778:
1777:Harry Houdini
1774:
1770:
1766:
1762:
1758:
1757:Samri Baldwin
1755:The magician
1753:
1751:
1747:
1742:
1741:Will Goldston
1738:
1733:
1731:
1727:
1723:
1719:
1715:
1711:
1706:
1703:
1697:
1695:
1691:
1687:
1683:
1679:
1675:
1670:
1667:
1660:
1656:
1652:
1648:
1646:
1642:
1638:
1634:
1633:Ray Lankester
1630:
1625:
1623:
1622:Florence Cook
1618:
1614:
1610:
1606:
1601:
1599:
1595:
1590:
1589:Bangs Sisters
1586:
1581:
1579:
1576:exposed the "
1575:
1571:
1570:Joseph McCabe
1567:
1566:
1561:
1556:
1553:and his wife
1552:
1547:
1545:
1541:
1537:
1532:
1529:
1525:
1521:
1511:
1509:
1505:
1501:
1500:Harry Houdini
1497:
1493:
1489:
1485:
1479:
1477:
1473:
1467:
1465:
1460:
1453:
1449:
1444:
1439:
1437:
1433:
1428:
1424:
1416:
1412:
1403:
1400:
1396:
1395:Sylvia Browne
1392:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1379:
1373:
1371:
1366:
1362:
1356:
1351:
1350:has written:
1349:
1344:
1342:
1338:
1337:eavesdropping
1333:
1331:
1327:
1326:Leonard Zusne
1323:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1306:
1304:
1300:
1296:
1292:
1287:
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1255:
1251:
1247:
1243:
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1235:
1216:
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1210:
1207:
1204:
1200:
1199:Clairaudience
1197:
1193:
1190:
1189:
1188:
1186:
1182:
1171:
1168:
1160:
1149:
1146:
1142:
1139:
1135:
1132:
1128:
1125:
1121:
1118: –
1117:
1113:
1112:Find sources:
1106:
1102:
1096:
1095:
1090:This section
1088:
1084:
1079:
1078:
1070:
1068:
1057:
1053:
1051:
1047:
1046:
1041:
1032:
1031:Linda Gazzera
1027:
1017:
1012:
1009:
1007:
1003:
999:
995:
989:
987:
986:Leonora Piper
983:
979:
975:
964:
962:
952:
950:
946:
941:
939:
935:
926:
922:
913:
905:
903:
899:
895:
889:
874:
870:
868:
867:Bangs Sisters
864:
860:
855:
854:(1859–1930).
853:
849:
845:
841:
837:
833:
829:
824:
822:
821:
816:
812:
808:
804:
800:
796:
792:
787:
785:
775:
773:
769:
768:consciousness
765:
762:, or from an
761:
757:
752:
750:
742:
738:
734:
730:
726:
723:
722:
721:
718:
716:
712:
707:
703:
695:
691:
682:
680:
676:
670:
668:
664:
660:
655:
653:
647:
645:
641:
637:
633:
629:
625:
621:
620:séance tables
617:
613:
609:
605:
601:
590:
585:
583:
578:
576:
571:
570:
568:
567:
560:
557:
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552:
550:
547:
545:
542:
540:
537:
535:
534:Pseudoscience
532:
530:
527:
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522:
520:
517:
515:
512:
510:
507:
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502:
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497:
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446:Synchronicity
444:
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316:United States
314:
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289:Table-turning
287:
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234:Reincarnation
232:
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220:
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215:
214:Preternatural
212:
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187:
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164:Ghost hunting
162:
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119:Cryptozoology
117:
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100:
97:
95:
92:
90:
87:
85:
82:
80:
77:
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72:
70:
67:
66:
63:Main articles
60:
59:
56:
53:
52:
48:
44:
43:
37:
32:
19:
9218:Spiritualism
9137:Spiritualism
9103:
9032:
9013:
8976:Mesopotamian
8912:Pennsylvania
8642:By continent
8613:Hungry ghost
8583:Ghost lights
8489:Gordon Stein
8314:Chris French
8279:Edward Clodd
8264:Derren Brown
8254:Ruth Brandon
8239:David Abbott
8162:Chico Xavier
8122:Doris Stokes
8097:Jane Roberts
8027:Oliver Lodge
8012:Allan Kardec
7992:William Hope
7927:Leslie Flint
7892:Helen Duncan
7882:Frank Decker
7877:Pearl Curran
7862:Mina Crandon
7847:Eva Carrière
7822:Ada Besinnet
7797:Derek Acorah
7771:Spirit world
7735:
7688:Spiritualism
7582:
7555:
7544:
7533:
7522:
7500:
7489:
7471:
7454:
7443:
7432:
7421:
7412:
7403:
7392:
7381:
7377:Edward Clodd
7359:February 23,
7357:. Retrieved
7353:the original
7348:
7335:
7323:. Retrieved
7314:
7304:
7294:February 26,
7292:. Retrieved
7283:
7273:
7263:February 23,
7261:. Retrieved
7257:the original
7229:
7220:
7211:
7201:
7190:
7181:
7169:. Retrieved
7165:
7155:
7144:. Retrieved
7134:
7122:. Retrieved
7111:
7100:. Retrieved
7090:
7075:
7067:
7051:
7041:
7030:
7024:
7013:. Retrieved
7009:the original
6987:
6976:
6961:
6956:
6923:
6919:
6913:
6898:
6890:
6879:. Retrieved
6865:
6854:
6843:
6835:
6831:
6818:newsnet5.com
6813:
6795:
6784:. Retrieved
6778:
6747:
6739:
6728:
6713:
6705:
6690:
6686:
6678:
6668:
6663:
6654:
6639:
6631:
6616:
6611:
6596:
6588:
6573:
6570:Tony Cornell
6565:
6550:
6542:
6526:
6521:
6506:
6498:
6490:
6485:
6467:
6459:
6444:
6439:
6431:
6426:
6411:
6403:
6388:
6380:
6365:
6362:Tony Cornell
6357:
6349:
6344:
6329:
6311:
6303:
6295:
6287:
6272:
6264:
6249:
6241:
6233:
6230:Nandor Fodor
6225:
6208:
6200:
6185:
6180:
6169:
6161:
6153:
6147:
6139:
6135:
6127:
6116:. Retrieved
6112:the original
6101:
6093:
6088:
6080:
6072:
6064:
6056:
6048:
6045:Lewis Spence
6040:
6025:
6018:Lewis Spence
6013:
5998:
5990:
5974:
5969:
5961:
5956:
5941:
5933:
5898:
5894:
5885:
5877:
5873:
5868:
5860:
5852:
5844:
5839:
5827:
5819:
5814:
5801:
5792:
5777:
5769:
5760:
5747:
5732:
5729:Lewis Spence
5724:
5714:
5706:
5701:
5690:
5682:
5674:
5659:
5654:
5639:
5631:
5616:
5608:
5593:
5588:
5573:
5568:
5553:
5549:
5541:
5533:
5525:
5514:
5506:
5498:
5490:
5482:
5477:. pp. 215–41
5474:
5471:Edward Clodd
5466:
5458:
5450:
5438:
5430:
5422:
5414:
5406:
5391:
5383:
5373:
5356:
5348:
5337:
5322:
5317:
5308:
5299:
5284:
5276:
5268:
5260:
5252:
5244:
5229:
5221:
5206:
5201:
5193:
5185:
5177:
5169:
5160:
5151:
5143:
5138:
5130:
5122:
5114:
5106:
5091:
5088:Gordon Stein
5083:
5075:
5067:
5059:
5051:
5043:
5035:
5027:
5012:
5004:
4996:
4988:
4969:
4943:
4935:
4920:
4915:
4900:
4899:Paul Boyer.
4895:
4886:
4878:
4870:
4862:
4854:
4846:
4838:
4830:
4822:
4814:
4809:
4801:
4793:
4785:
4780:
4772:
4769:Lewis Spence
4764:
4756:
4748:
4740:
4732:
4714:
4698:
4690:
4675:
4670:
4655:
4647:
4639:
4631:
4616:
4611:
4596:
4591:
4576:
4568:
4556:
4552:
4544:
4528:
4520:
4506:
4503:
4493:
4478:
4470:
4462:
4454:
4443:
4434:
4429:
4421:
4413:
4405:
4397:
4388:. New York,
4385:
4377:
4369:
4361:
4349:
4344:
4329:
4324:
4316:
4311:
4303:
4295:
4280:
4272:
4257:
4241:
4236:
4221:
4198:. Retrieved
4193:
4184:
4174:February 25,
4172:. Retrieved
4168:the original
4164:The Guardian
4163:
4153:
4110:
4106:
4090:
4075:
4067:
4052:
4047:
4035:. ABC-CLIO.
4032:
4029:Spiritualism
4028:
4023:
4008:
4003:
3987:
3982:
3945:
3941:
3931:
3923:
3915:
3900:
3892:
3877:
3868:
3853:
3845:
3830:
3822:
3807:
3798:
3783:
3778:
3767:. Retrieved
3758:
3739:
3712:
3706:
3698:
3693:
3681:
3673:
3668:
3659:
3655:
3643:
3635:
3627:
3622:
3614:
3596:
3577:
3568:
3560:
3555:
3546:
3537:
3530:Pierre Curie
3529:
3524:
3509:
3504:
3488:
3479:
3468:
3463:
3451:. Retrieved
3440:. ABC-CLIO.
3436:
3429:
3417:. Retrieved
3413:
3388:
3379:
3361:
3356:
3328:
3321:
3306:
3298:
3283:
3280:Ruth Brandon
3237:
3233:
3227:
3216:. Retrieved
3207:
3196:. Retrieved
3180:
3171:
3165:
3156:
3150:
3135:
3111:Spiritualism
3068:
3065:hot readings
3044:
3035:
3023:
3019:
3011:
2992:Susan Gerbic
2978:
2972:
2970:
2963:
2948:
2941:
2936:
2928:cold reading
2905:
2897:
2880:
2872:
2867:
2861:
2860:in his book
2853:
2852:in his book
2847:
2840:
2829:
2824:cold reading
2797:
2782:
2765:
2753:
2747:
2734:Gordon Stein
2730:Brian Inglis
2727:
2714:
2711:Ruth Brandon
2708:
2692:Tony Cornell
2680:Doris Stokes
2677:
2666:
2656:Spiritualist
2645:
2640:
2639:in his book
2635:
2618:Leslie Flint
2615:
2599:
2594:
2586:
2580:
2561:
2552:Tony Cornell
2547:
2545:
2528:Eva Carrière
2524:Gustav Geley
2517:
2494:
2475:
2470:
2467:Oliver Lodge
2455:David Devant
2448:
2431:Nandor Fodor
2428:
2424:spirit guide
2411:Frank Decker
2408:
2392:
2384:tissue paper
2376:Helen Duncan
2371:Helen Duncan
2360:
2351:Helen Duncan
2316:
2303:Mina Crandon
2301:
2285:
2280:
2277:mind reading
2262:
2254:Oliver Gatty
2241:Stefan Meyer
2234:
2212:Mina Crandon
2199:
2190:
2180:
2157:
2144:William Hope
2129:
2113:
2096:Gustav Geley
2093:
2085:William Hope
2078:
2075:
2059:
2055:Oliver Lodge
2053:(1917) that
2050:
2039:Edward Clodd
2036:
2016:
1993:
1951:
1929:
1920:Oliver Lodge
1912:William Hope
1909:
1893:
1878:
1841:
1817:
1804:Eva Carrière
1788:David Duguid
1781:
1764:
1763:in his book
1754:
1734:
1707:
1698:
1671:
1663:
1655:Eva Carrière
1626:
1613:Anna Eva Fay
1602:
1582:
1563:
1548:
1533:
1528:Spiritualist
1523:
1517:
1481:
1469:
1456:
1441:
1435:
1434:in his book
1432:Lewis Spence
1420:
1415:Helen Duncan
1376:
1374:
1360:
1358:
1353:
1345:
1341:cold reading
1334:
1329:
1307:
1283:
1273:
1271:
1245:
1244:in his book
1237:
1231:
1223:Explanations
1192:Clairvoyance
1185:clairvoyance
1184:
1178:
1163:
1154:
1144:
1137:
1130:
1123:
1116:"Mediumship"
1111:
1099:Please help
1094:verification
1091:
1067:Leslie Flint
1063:
1060:Direct voice
1054:
1050:Mina Crandon
1043:
1036:
1014:
1010:
990:
974:abolitionism
970:
958:
942:
930:
911:
891:
888:Spirit guide
882:Spirit guide
871:
856:
840:Pierre Curie
830:, physicist
825:
818:
814:
811:Allan Kardec
788:
781:
753:
746:
719:
706:Spiritualism
699:
671:
659:ouija boards
656:
648:
638:. A similar
632:spiritualism
618:, including
599:
598:
559:Urban legend
549:Superstition
529:Protoscience
524:Junk science
464:Anomalistics
341:Cold reading
299:
298:
274:Supernatural
264:Spiritualism
259:Spirit world
209:Precognition
173:
94:Clairvoyance
36:Eva Carrière
9097:Court cases
8644:and culture
8618:Poltergeist
8464:James Randi
8454:Harry Price
8429:Joe Nickell
8414:Albert Moll
8379:David Marks
8309:Henry Evans
8157:Etta Wriedt
8152:Jack Webber
8117:Henry Slade
8102:William Roy
7967:Alec Harris
7962:Robert Hare
7932:Arthur Ford
7922:Fox sisters
7917:Colin Evans
7907:John Edward
7807:Dan Aykroyd
7633:James Randi
7615:Joe Nickell
7530:Joseph Rinn
7514:Harry Price
7325:28 February
7317:. Jezebel.
7315:Jezebel.com
7171:24 December
7124:24 December
6636:Joe Nickell
6352:. Sidgwick.
6246:Joe Nickell
6061:Harry Price
5857:Harry Price
5809:. pp. 14–15
5756:Harry Price
5546:Harry Price
5530:Harry Price
5226:Harry Price
5072:Donald West
5040:Joe Nickell
5032:Joe Nickell
4573:Joe Nickell
4418:Joseph Rinn
4374:Henry Evans
4200:25 February
3920:Joseph Rinn
3850:David Marks
3157:The Express
2999:Mark Edward
2985:hot reading
2981:Thomas John
2951:James Randi
2932:hot reading
2912:John Edward
2908:Joe Nickell
2820:Joe Nickell
2654:and at the
2626:Arthur Ford
2602:Bishop Pike
2564:William Roy
2556:Alec Harris
2533:Eugéne Osty
2501:Jack Webber
2482:Etta Wriedt
2444:Colin Evans
2409:The medium
2363:Harry Price
2355:Harry Price
2327:Eugéne Osty
2288:Samuel Soal
2265:W. T. Stead
2249:Harry Price
2187:Harry Price
2176:Max Dessoir
2132:Harry Price
2071:Harry Price
1887:as well as
1864:cold reader
1836:W. T. Stead
1730:Fox sisters
1726:Henry Slade
1714:clairvoyant
1629:Henry Slade
1627:The medium
1504:Joseph Rinn
1488:Henry Evans
1472:Fox sisters
1452:Henry Slade
1399:John Oliver
1391:Tyler Henry
1387:John Edward
1314:Albert Moll
1310:Joseph Rinn
1240:(1892) and
925:Colin Evans
877:Terminology
828:Robert Hare
795:Fox sisters
772:Higher Self
679:telekinetic
616:channelling
554:Uncertainty
279:Telekinesis
229:Psychometry
114:Conjuration
9203:Mediumship
9197:Categories
9033:Mediumship
8951:Polynesian
8892:California
8844:Caribbean
8776:Vietnamese
8494:Amy Tanner
8349:Carl Hertz
8087:Bert Reese
8002:Cecil Husk
7952:Rita Goold
7736:Mediumship
7620:Mediumship
7583:Mediumship
7554:. (1997).
7542:. (1898).
7532:. (1950).
7520:. (1975).
7499:. (2003).
7487:. (1911).
7470:. (2004).
7453:. (1972).
7441:. (1920).
7431:. (1920).
7401:. (1935).
7391:. (1919).
7379:. (1917).
7146:2012-01-03
7102:2011-05-12
7074:. (2007).
7015:2013-10-10
6897:. (2003).
6881:2012-05-21
6786:2011-10-30
6746:. (2003).
6712:. (2003).
6661:. (1991).
6642:. p. 178.
6638:. (2005).
6595:. (1988).
6572:. (2002).
6549:. (1989).
6547:Ian Wilson
6466:. (1997).
6410:. (2000).
6387:. (1972).
6364:. (2002).
6310:. (1946).
6294:. (1920).
6271:. (1986).
6269:John Booth
6248:. (2005).
6232:. (1960).
6207:. (1997).
6160:. (1970).
6146:. (1966).
6134:. (1935).
6118:2013-09-08
6079:. (2008).
6063:. (1931).
6047:. (2003).
6024:. (2001).
5997:. (2003).
5940:. (1986).
5938:John Booth
5859:. (1936).
5799:. (1923).
5776:. (1972).
5758:. (1922).
5731:. (2003).
5719:(1921–22).
5681:. (1920).
5638:. (2001).
5615:. (1978).
5489:. (1917).
5473:. (1917).
5457:. (1920).
5429:. (1983).
5413:. (1927).
5390:. (2007).
5355:. (1971).
5306:. (1907).
5283:. (2008).
5267:. (1997).
5251:. (1997).
5228:. (1939).
5192:. (1911).
5158:. (1911).
5129:. (1911).
5113:. (1898).
5090:. (1996).
5074:. (1954).
5058:. (1907).
5042:. (2005).
5034:. (2001).
5011:. (2011).
4995:. (1895).
4942:. (1942).
4877:. (1880).
4861:. (1980).
4845:. (1963).
4829:. (1920).
4800:. (1920).
4771:. (1991).
4755:. (1898).
4739:. (1920).
4713:. (1997).
4697:. (1985).
4695:Paul Kurtz
4654:. (1972).
4638:. (2000).
4575:. (2001).
4551:. (1920).
4527:. (2009).
4525:John Casey
4477:. (1989).
4461:. (1920).
4420:. (1950).
4412:. (1924).
4404:. (1935).
4390:A. L. Burt
4384:. (1932).
4376:. (1897).
4368:. (1898).
4355:Paul Kurtz
4279:. (1985).
4277:Paul Kurtz
4256:. (2002).
4074:. (2011).
3922:. (1950).
3899:. (1920).
3876:. (2012).
3852:. (2000).
3806:. (2007).
3769:2024-03-22
3719:. p.
3640:Amy Tanner
3486:. (1983).
3453:5 December
3305:. (1979).
3282:. (1983).
3218:2020-09-23
3198:2020-09-23
3134:. (2003).
3117:References
3053:ride-share
2738:levitation
2688:Rita Goold
2684:Ian Wilson
2486:lycopodium
2451:John Booth
2004:Bert Reese
1988:levitation
1944:phosphorus
1737:Cecil Husk
1578:levitation
1464:Paul Kurtz
1365:levitating
1299:suggestion
1276:, authors
1250:suggestion
1181:paranormal
1157:April 2023
1127:newspapers
978:temperance
743:attendees.
681:activity.
644:channeling
600:Mediumship
514:Groupthink
334:Skepticism
269:Stone Tape
174:Mediumship
129:Demonology
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9078:Halloween
9066:Indonesia
8875:locations
8812:locations
8769:locations
8742:locations
8725:locations
8708:locations
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8664:locations
8555:ghostlore
8142:Ena Twigg
7957:Jan Guzyk
7937:Colin Fry
7721:Ectoplasm
7692:spiritism
7468:Alex Owen
6940:0007-1269
5925:1476-4687
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3582:"The SNU"
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2996:mentalist
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2766:In 1992,
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2723:carnation
2646:In 1976,
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2606:Ena Twigg
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2060:In 1918,
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1002:shorthand
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702:Spiritism
636:spiritism
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284:Telepathy
134:Ectoplasm
104:Cold spot
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9182:Category
8935:Colombia
8737:Japanese
8703:Filipino
8232:Skeptics
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3075:See also
3057:deceased
3038:Lifetime
3030:skeptics
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3007:Facebook
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2892:Schwartz
2245:levitate
2104:paraffin
1914:tricked
1786:such as
1686:suitcase
1218:"wrong."
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8969:History
8944:Oceania
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8870:Mexican
8854:Navajo
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3043:called
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2752:in the
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729:apports
715:drawing
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