Mediterranean tropical-like cyclone

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prevent the formation of tropical cyclones, when certain meteorological circumstances arise, difficulties influenced by the region's geography are overcome. The occurrence of tropical cyclones in the Mediterranean Sea is generally extremely rare, with an average of 1.57 forming annually and merely 99 recorded occurrences of tropical-like storms discovered between 1948 and 2011 in a modern study, with no definitive trend in activity in that period. Few medicanes form during the summer season, though activity typically rises in autumn, peaks in January, and gradually decreases from February to May. In the western Mediterranean region of development, approximately 0.75 such systems form each year, compared with 0.32 in the Ionian Sea region. However, on very rare occasions, similar tropical-like storms may also develop in the

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numerous characteristics seen in tropical cyclones elsewhere, with a spiral appearance, eye-like apparatus, rapid atmospheric pressure decreases in advance of landfall, and intense sustained winds, concentrated near the storm's eyewall; the apparent eye-like structure in the cyclone, however, was ill-defined. Since then, the medicane has been the subject of significant study as a result of the availability of scientific observations and reports related to the cyclone. In particular, the sensitivity of this cyclone to sea-surface temperatures, initial conditions, the model, and the parameterization schemes used in the simulations were analyzed. The relevance of different instability indices for the diagnosis and the prediction of these events were also studied.

680:—an elongated area of low air pressures—bringing downstream cold air, encircling an existing low-pressure system. After this occurs, however, a considerable reduction in rainfall rates occurs despite further organization, coinciding with a decrease in previously high lightning activity as well. Although troughs will often accompany medicanes along their track, separation eventually occurs, usually in the later part of a Mediterranean tropical cyclone's life cycle. At the same time, moist air, saturated and cooled while rising into the atmosphere, then encounters the medicane, permitting further development and evolution into a tropical cyclone. Many of these characteristics are also evident in polar lows, except for the 1158: 10018: 2567: 632: 531: 1661:, quickly developing in the coming hours while slowly moving northwest with a wind speed of around 50 km/h (31 mph; 27 kn). By 15 September, it had intensified to 65 km/h (40 mph; 35 kn) with a minimum pressure of 1010 hPa, with further development predicted over the coming days. The cyclone had strong potential to become tropical over the next several days due to warm sea temperatures of 27 to 28 °C (81 to 82 °F) in the region. Weather models predicted that it would likely hit the west coast of Greece on 17 or 18 September. Ianos gradually intensified over the 1367: 1097: 399: 2581: 698: 676:—cyclonic storms which typically develop in the far regions of the Northern and Southern Hemispheres—for their similarly small size and heat-related instability; however, while medicanes nearly always feature warm-core lows, polar lows are primarily cold-core. The prolonged life of medicanes and similarity to polar lows is caused primarily by origins as synoptic-scale surface lows and heat-related instability. Heavy precipitation and convection within a developing Mediterranean tropical cyclone are usually incited by the approach of an upper-level 597: 608:— in the case of medicanes, air-sea heat transfer — tropical cyclones with a diameter larger than 300 km (190 mi) cannot exist within the Mediterranean. Despite being a relatively baroclinic area with high temperature gradients, the primary energy source utilized by Mediterranean tropical cyclones is derived from underlying heat sources generated by the presence of convection—thunderstorm activity—in a humid environment, similar to tropical cyclones elsewhere outside the Mediterranean Sea. In comparison with other 1847:

cyclones, while shedding its frontal structure. After striking the islands again, the storm then slowly weakened while drifting back southeastward. On 14 November, the cyclone turned northward, moving over Sardinia and Corsica, before curving back southwestward on 15 November and moving over Sardinia again, while restrengthening in the process. On 16 November, Blas turned eastward once again, passing just south of Sardinia and moving towards Italy, before dissipating over the Tyrrhenian Sea on 18 November.

2544: 1121: 10032: 6663: 2016: 612:, the Mediterranean Sea generally presents a difficult environment for development; although the potential energy necessary for development is not abnormally large, its atmosphere is characterized by its lack of moisture, impeding potential formation. The full development of a medicane often necessitates the formation of a large-scale baroclinic disturbance, transitioning late in its life cycle into a tropical cyclone-like system, nearly always under the influence of a deep, cut-off, 778: 1915: 1728: 1544: 915: 1650: 31: 1795: 1473: 1428: 1264: 8368: 8378: 8974: 508:, the potential destructiveness and energy of storms nearly doubled within the same duration, evidencing a clear correlation between global warming and tropical cyclone intensities. Within a similarly recent 20-year period, SSTs in the Mediterranean Sea increased by 0.6 to 1 °C (1.1 to 1.8 °F), though no observable increase in medicane activity has been noted, as of 2013. In 2006, a computer-driven 1568:, where a minimum central pressure of 989.3 mbar (29.21 inHg) was reported. ESTOFEX reported on Zorbas as "Mediterranean Cyclone 2018M02", with the same pressure of 989 mbar (29.2 inHg) at Kalamata, further estimating the minimum central pressure of the cyclone to be 987 mbar (29.1 inHg), with one-minute maximum sustained winds of 120 km/h (75 mph; 65 kn) and a 648:-influenced warm-core lows such as medicanes. The regular genesis of cold-core upper-level lows and the infrequency of Mediterranean tropical cyclones, however, indicate that additional unusual circumstances are involved the emergence of the latter. Elevated sea surface temperatures, contrasting with cold atmospheric air, encourage atmospheric instability, especially within the troposphere. 830:), and was succeeded by a period of gradual weakening, with the system's pressure eventually rising to 1,009 mbar (29.8 inHg). The system slightly reintensified, however, for a six-hour period on 26 January. Ship reports indicated winds of 93 km/h (58 mph; 50 kn) were present in the cyclone at the time, tropical storm-force winds on the 669:

differ even from those needed by other medicanes. The development of abnormally small tropical cyclones in the Mediterranean usually requires upper-level atmospheric cyclones inducing cyclogenesis in the lower atmosphere, leading to the formation of warm-core lows, encouraged by favorable moisture, heat, and other environmental circumstances.

2126:, University of Athens, and METEOSAT. By steady accrual of reported and recognized occurrences of tropical-like cyclones (medicanes), the number count reached at least 89 by 15 November 2021. Unlike most northern hemisphere cyclone seasons, Mediterranean tropical-like cyclone activity peaks between the months of September and January. 1029:. Although the system retained its strong convection for several more hours, the cyclone's cloud tops began to warm, evidencing lower clouds, before losing tropical characteristics entirely on 17 January. Offshore ship reports recorded that the medicane produced intense winds, copious rainfall, and abnormally warm temperatures. 1447:, weakening the following day and beginning to move eastwards. However, later that day, it began to re-intensify and underwent a tropical transition. At 12:00 UTC on 30 October, the system showed 10-minute sustained winds of 104 km/h (64 mph; 56 kn). It became a tropical storm on 31 October. After passing over 1529:

are known for the following days while Numa was still battering Greece. Numa resulted in 21 reported deaths. At least 1,500 homes were flooded, and residents had to evacuate their homes. The storm caused an estimated US$ 100 million in damages in Europe and was the deadliest weather event Greece had experienced since 1977.

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discontinued later that day, and FU Berlin followed suit by 10 November, removing the name Rolf from its weather maps and declaring the storm's dissipation. The deep warm core of this cyclone persisted for a longer time compared to most of the other documented tropical-like cyclones in the Mediterranean.

1496:. On the following day, while crossing Italy, Numa began to undergo a subtropical transition, though the system was still extratropical by 16 November. The storm began to impact Greece as a strong storm on 16 November. Some computer models forecast that Numa could transition into a warm-core subtropical or 1528:

Numa hit Greece at a time when the soil was already heavily soaked from other storm systems that did arrive before Numa. The area was forecast to receive up to more than 400 mm (16 in) of additional rains in an 48 hours period starting with 16 November. No rainfall forecasts or measurements

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At peak intensity, the storm's maximum sustained wind speed reached 83 km/h (52 mph; 45 kn), with a minimum pressure of 991 mbar (29.3 inHg). During a nine-day period, from 1–9 November, Storm Quinn and Rolf dropped prolific amounts of rainfall across southwestern Europe, the

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evaluated the future frequency of Mediterranean cyclones between 2071 and 2100, projecting a decrease in autumn, winter, and spring cyclonic activity coinciding with a dramatic increase in formation near Cyprus, with both scenarios attributed to elevated temperatures as a result of global warming. In

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region spawned six tornadoes, and inundated parts of the islands. Several medicanes have also been subject to extensive study, such as those of January 1982, January 1995, September 2006, November 2011, and November 2014. The January 1995 storm is one of the best-studied

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Several notable and damaging medicanes are known to have occurred. In September 1969, a North African Mediterranean tropical cyclone produced flooding that killed nearly 600 individuals, left 250,000 homeless, and crippled local economies. A medicane in September 1996 that developed in

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and only persisting for the duration of a few days. While the entire lifetime of a cyclone may encompass several days, most will only retain tropical characteristics for less than 24 hours. Circumstances sometimes permit the formation of smaller-scale medicanes, although the required conditions

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The numbers do not necessarily mean that all occurrences of medicanes have been fetched in particular before the end of the 1980s. With the development (and constant improvement) of satellite-based observations, the number count of clearly identified medicanes increased from the 1980s onward. There

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initiated "Mediterranean Cyclone Advisories" on the cyclone at six-hour intervals starting at 1800 UTC on 27 January, until 0600 UTC on the following day. Convection was most intense in the eastern sector of the cyclone as it drifted east-northeastward. On infrared satellite imagery,

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of approximately 16 °C (61 °F) and air temperature of 12 °C (54 °F). A hook-shaped cloud developed within the system shortly thereafter, rotating as it elongated into a 150 km (93 mi)-long comma-shaped apparatus. After looping around Sicily, it drifted eastward between

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intensity. Other studies, however, have been inconclusive, forecasting both increases and decreases in duration, number, and intensity. Three independent studies, using different methodologies and data, evaluated that while medicane activity would likely decline with a rate depending on the climate

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is almost devoid of tropical-like cyclones. The development of tropical-like cyclones can occur year-round, with activity historically peaking between the months of September and January, while the counts for the summer months of June and July are the lowest, being within the peak dry season of the

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or higher between 1947 and 2014, and around 100 recorded tropical-like storms between 1947 and 2011. More consensus exists about the long term temporal and spatial distribution of tropical-like cyclones: they form predominantly over the western and central Mediterranean Sea while the area east

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recorded 754 mm of rain in 24 hours, a record for Greece. The total rainfall reached 1,096 mm. As of 10 September, sixteen people are confirmed to have died in Greece, seven people are confirmed dead in Turkey, and four people are confirmed to have lost their lives in Bulgaria. Extensive

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Given the low profile of HNMS in forecasting and classifying tropical-like systems in the Mediterranean, a proper classification system for Mediterranean tropical-like cyclones does not exist. The HNMS criterion of a cyclonic eye for considering a system a medicane is usually valid for a system at

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A study in 2000 revealed five notable and well-developed medicanes. A follow-up study in 2013 revealed several additional storms with their formation days and also additional information on medicanes. A third study, conducted in 2007, revealed additional storms with their formation days. A fourth

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and the Balearic Islands on 8 November, AEMET predicted a strengthening trend for the next two days and maintained its alerts. At 00:00 UTC on 11 November, the system came very close to the Balearic Islands again. On 13 November, the storm developed a spiral structure similar to those of tropical

1283:, despite the fact that no agency is officially responsible for monitoring tropical cyclone activity in the Mediterranean. On 4 November 2011, a frontal system associated with another low-pressure area monitored by FU Berlin, designated Quinn, spawned a second low-pressure system inland near 1002:

Initial wind speeds within the young medicane were generally low, with sustained winds of merely 28 to 46 km/h (17 to 29 mph; 15 to 25 kn), with the highest recorded value associated with the disturbance being 63 km/h (39 mph) at 0000 UTC on 16 January, slightly

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extended from Russia to the Mediterranean, bringing with it extremely cold temperatures. Two low-pressure areas were present along the path of the trough, with one situated above Ukraine and the other above the central Mediterranean, likely associated with a low-level cyclone over western Greece.

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In general, most medicanes maintain a radius of 70 to 200 km (40 to 120 mi), last between 12 hours and 5 days, travel between 700 and 3,000 km (430 and 1,860 mi), develop an eye for less than 72 hours, and feature wind speeds of up to 144 km/h (89 mph;

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while European-based forecasts use ten-minute sustained winds which makes a difference of roughly 14% in measurements. The distinction is also of direct practical use (for example for a comparison of NOAA bulletins with EUMETSAT, ESTOFEX and HNMS bulletins). To account for the difference, the DWD

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During its formative stages, the storm caused flash flooding in Tunisia and Libya, with around 200 mm (7.9 in) of rainfall observed. The floods killed five people in Tunisia, while also damaging homes, roads, and fields. The Tunisian government pledged financial assistance to residents

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while maintaining its intensity, with a minimum atmospheric pressure at 988 mbar (29.2 inHg). The cyclone weakened while drifting further inland over the Italian mainland, eventually dissipating as it curved west-southwestward. A later study in 2008 evaluated that the cyclone possessed

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In the same article, a survey of 37 medicanes revealed that medicanes could have a well-defined cyclone eye at estimated maximum sustained winds between 47 and 180 km/h (29 and 112 mph; 25 and 97 kn), with the lower end being exceptionally low for warm core cyclones. Medicanes can

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was in no way meant to indicate a hybrid cyclone exhibiting characteristics not usually seen in "true" tropical cyclones. In their matured stages, Mediterranean tropical cyclones show no difference from other tropical storms. Mediterranean hurricanes or medicanes are therefore not different from

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The development of medicanes often results from the vertical shift of air in the troposphere as well, resulting in a decrease in its temperature coinciding with an increase in relative humidity, creating an environment more conducive for tropical cyclone formation. This, in turn, leads to in an

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The geography of mountain ranges bordering the Mediterranean are conducive for severe weather and thunderstorms, with the sloped nature of mountainous regions permitting the development of convective activity. Although the geography of the Mediterranean region, as well as its dry air, typically

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above central and eastern Europe. The system's atmospheric pressure increased throughout 15 January due to the fact it was embedded within a large-scale environment, with its rising pressure due to the general prevalence of higher air pressures throughout the region, and was not a sign of

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for hurricane force cyclones. Both proposals would fit the observation, that half of the 37 cyclones surveyed by HNMS with a clearly observable hurricane-like eye, as the major criterion for assigning the medicane status, showed maximum sustained winds between 76–110 km/h (47–68 mph;

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while it was active, which they dubbed as "Tropical Storm 01M", though they ceased services in the Mediterranean on 16 December 2011 for undisclosed reasons. However, in 2015, the NOAA resumed services in the Mediterranean region; by 2016, the NOAA was issuing advisories on a new tropical

1517:-like structure. ESTOFEX again reported 83 km/h (52 mph; 45 kn). Later on the same day, Numa made landfall in Greece with a station at Kefalonia reporting peak winds of 110 km/h (69 mph; 60 kn) at 998 hPa (29.5 inHg). The cyclone rapidly weakened into a 1347:

classified the system as T3.0. Convection then gradually decreased, and a misalignment of the mid- and upper-level centers was noted. The cyclone made landfall on 9 November near Hyères in France. The system continued to rapidly weaken on 9 November, before advisories on the system were

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zone—regions with high differences in temperature and pressure—permits the formation of medicanes, in contrast with tropical areas lacking high baroclinity, where raised SSTs are needed. While significant deviations in air temperature have been noted around the time of Mediterranean tropical

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below 26 °C (79 °F), Mediterranean tropical cyclones often require incursions of colder air to induce atmospheric instability. A majority of medicanes develop above regions of the Mediterranean with SSTs of 15 to 26 °C (59 to 79 °F), with the upper bound only found in the

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after the tropical cyclone passed north of Sicily, though the system dissipated while turning southward over Calabria. Overall, the lowest estimated atmospheric pressure in the third medicane was 998 mbar (29.5 inHg). Both October systems featured distinctive spiral bands, intense

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associated with a large-scale low, producing northeasterly winds over the Iberian peninsula, extended eastward into the Mediterranean, while abundant moisture gathered in the lower troposphere over the Balearic channel. On the morning of 12 September, a disturbance developed off of

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temperatures colder than −50 °C (−58 °F), evidencing deep convection and a regular feature observed in most tropical cyclones. At 1200 UTC on 16 January, a ship recorded winds blowing east-southeast of about 50 knots (93 km/h) south-southwest about 50 km (31 mi)

769:, collapsed. In all, the floods in Tunisia and Algeria killed almost 600 individuals, left 250,000 homeless, and severely damaged regional economies. Due to communication problems, however, flood relief funds and television appeals were not set up until nearly a month later. 717:

in a mountainous region—developed. Under the influence of mountainous terrain, the low initially meandered northeastward. Following the entry of cool sea air, however, it recurved to the southeast before transitioning into a Saharan depression associated with a distinct cold front by

5306:"Hellup! Nut van eenduidige namen voor stormen is bij deze wel bewezen: een ontwikkelende storm in de Middellandse Zee wordt door de Grieken #Ianos genoemd, door de Italianen #Cassilda en Turken houden het op #Tulpar Handig! Not. NB Bij wind >93 km/h, dan is het een #medicane 🌀" 1555:

on 25 September 2018, and a second extended outlook was issued on 26 September 2018. On 27 September 2018, an extratropical storm developed in the eastern Mediterranean Sea. Water temperatures of around 27 °C (81 °F) supported the storm's transition into a

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At Valencia and other regions of eastern Spain, the storm generated heavy precipitation, while six tornadoes touched down over the Balearic Islands. While approaching the coast of the Balearic Islands, the warm-core low induced a pressure drop of 11 mbar (0.32 inHg) at

1665:, acquiring an eye-like feature. Ianos made landfall on Greece at peak intensity on 03:00 UTC on 18 September, with winds peaking near 160 km/h (99 mph; 86 kn) and a minimum central pressure estimated at 984.3 hPa (29.07 inHg), equivalent to a minimal 850:, and Greece before dissipating several days later, in the extreme eastern Mediterranean. Observations related to the cyclone, however, were inadequate, and although the system maintained numerous tropical characteristics, it is possible it was merely a compact but powerful 239:

The criteria applied in order to identify medicanes concern the detailed structure, the size and the lifetime of the systems using Meteosat satellite images in the infrared channel. They must have a continuous cloud cover and symmetric shape around a clearly visible cyclone

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vast majority of which came from Rolf, with a maximum total of 605 mm (23.8 in) of rain recorded in southern France. The storm caused at least $ 1.25 billion (2011 USD) in damages in Italy and France. The sum of fatalities totaled 12 people from Italy and France.

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serves as a "preparation service" for the western part of the Mediterranean as well. As the only official agency covering the whole Mediterranean Sea, HNMS publications are of particular interest for the classification of medicanes. HNMS calls the meteorological phenomenon

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on 17 January, rapidly weakening after coming ashore. As it moved inland, a minimum atmospheric pressure of 1,012 mbar (29.9 inHg) was recorded, accompanied by wind speeds of 93 km/h (58 mph; 50 kn) as it slowed down after passing through the

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and tropical-like cyclones is infrequent and also hard to detect, in particular with the reanalysis of past data. Depending on the search algorithms used, different long-term surveys of satellite era and pre-satellite era data came up with 67 tropical-like cyclones of

2007:. The resultant flooding and heavy rain caused the deaths of at least 5,900 people in the country, making it, by a very wide margin, the deadliest Mediterranean tropical-like cyclone on record, prompting a state of emergency to be declared by Libyan authorities. 2023:

Numerous other Mediterranean tropical-like cyclones have occurred, but few have been as well-documented as the cyclones in 1969, 1982, 1983, 1995, 1996, 2006, 2011, 2014, 2017, 2018, 2020, 2021, and 2023. These less-known system and their dates are given below.

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in advance of the tropical cyclone's landfall. Medicanes as small as the one that formed in September 1996 are atypical, and often require circumstances different even from those required for regular Mediterranean tropical cyclone formation. Warm low-level

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brought high winds and heavy rain again to the Balearic Islands, causing at least 36 incidents, mostly flooding, landslides and blackouts. A crew member had to be rescued after his sailboat's mast broke, leaving the boat adrift 80 km (50 mi) west of

1140:. The eye of the storm was distorted and disappeared after transiting over southern Sardinia throughout the evening of 8 October, with the system weakening as a whole. On the morning of October 9, a smaller eye emerged as the system passed over the 589:

cyclones' formation, few anomalies in sea surface temperature coincide with their development, indicating that the formation of medicanes is primarily controlled by higher air temperatures, not by anomalous SSTs. Similar to tropical cyclones, minimal

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Mediterranean tropical cyclones, with its close resemblance to tropical cyclones elsewhere and availability of observations. The medicane of September 2006, meanwhile, is well-studied, due to the availability of existing observations and data.

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neighborhood, causing the deaths of three other people. From 8 to 11 November, convective bands associated with the storm caused 3 deaths in Sicily, bringing the total death toll to nine people. Damage from the storm has not yet been assessed.

1635:. Three people were reporting missing in Greece after the flash floods; one person was found dead, but the other two individuals remained missing, as of 3 October. Zorbas was estimated to have caused millions of dollars (2018 USD) in damages. 188:

has been issuing bulletins that can include tropical-like cyclones, among others. No agency with meteorological tasks, however, is officially responsible for monitoring the formation and development of medicanes, as well as for their naming.

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are mostly unnecessary, however, as most medicanes' energy are derived from warmer air temperatures. When these favorable circumstances coincide, the genesis of warm-core Mediterranean tropical cyclones, often from within existing cut-off

1560:, with a warm thermal core in the center. The storm moved northeastward toward Greece, gradually intensifying and developing characteristics of a tropical cyclone. On September 29, the storm made landfall at peak intensity in the 1066:

upon the coast of southern Italy on the evening of 13 September with a minimum atmospheric pressure of 990 mbar (29 inHg), dissipating shortly after coming ashore, with a diameter of about 150 km (93 mi).

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According to ESTOFEX, Numa showed numerous 83-kilometre-per-hour (52 mph; 45 kn) flags of 10-minute sustained winds in satellite data. Between 18:00 UTC on 17 November and 5:00 UTC on 18 November, Numa acquired evident

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Miglietta, M.M.; Moscatello, A.; Conte, D.; Mannarini, G.; Lacorata, G.; Rotunno, R. (July 2011). "Numerical analysis of a Mediterranean 'hurricane' over south-eastern Italy: Sensitivity experiments to sea surface temperature".

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on 7 November, associating with two fronts producing heavy rain throughout Europe, before separating entirely and transitioning into a cut-off low. On the same day, the NOAA began monitoring the system, designating it as

644:—the vertically downward movement of air—which often hinder the inception of tropical cyclones, and in such a scenario, wind shear remains minimal; overall, cold-core cut-off lows serve well for the later formation of compact 562:

properties of the Mediterranean region, with high temperature gradients, also provides necessary instability for the formation of tropical cyclones. Another factor, rising cool air, provides necessary moisture as well. Warm

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whose homes were damaged. In advance of the storm's landfall in Greece, the Hellenic National Meteorological Office issued a severe warning. Several flights were canceled, and schools were closed. The offshore islands of

664:. Weak rotation, similar to that in most tropical cyclones, is usually noted in a medicane's early stages, increasing with intensity; medicanes, however, often have less time to intensify, remaining weaker than most 1398:

with a more well-defined eye, with ten-minute sustained winds at 110.9 km/h (68.9 mph; 59.9 kn) and the gust at 153.7 km/h (95.5 mph; 83.0 kn). The central pressure was presumed to be

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coast. This is much lower than the lower threshold for eye development in tropical systems in the Atlantic Ocean which seems to be close to 80 km/h (50 mph; 43 kn), well below hurricane-force winds.

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tropical-like cyclones are not considered to be formally classified tropical cyclones and their region of formation is not officially monitored by any agency with meteorological tasks. However, the NOAA subsidiary

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below), DWD is suggesting a lower threshold of 112 km/h (70 mph; 60 kn) for the use of the term medicane in the Mediterranean instead of 119 km/h (74 mph; 64 kn) as suggested by the

1631:, which dates to 1614. From 29 to 30 September, Zorbas produced flash flooding in Greece and parts of western Turkey, with the storm dropping as much as 200 mm (7.9 in) in Greece and spawning multiple 1971:. Early on 9 September, the system showed signs of subtropical transition. Later on that same day, it developed a warm core while an ASCAT pass recorded sustained winds of 45 knots before making landfall near 7715: 1883:, a Spanish enclave on the coast of Morocco. In France, gusts of 140 km/h (87 mph; 76 kn) were recorded on 7 November at Cap Béar, as well as 111 km/h (69 mph; 60 kn) in 761:

mines, leaving over 25,000 miners unemployed and costing the government over £2 million per week. Thousands of camels and snakes, drowned by flood waters, were swept out to sea, and massive

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Conte, D.; Miglietta, M.M.; Levizzani, V. (July 2011). "Analysis of instability indices during the development of a Mediterranean tropical-like cyclone using MSG-SEVIRI products and the LAPS model".

6165: 1080:–transfer of heat through air or sea–caused by a large-scale low over the western Mediterranean was a primary factor in the rise of strong convection. The presence of a mid- to upper-level cut-off 7876: 474:. Although meteorological factors are most advantageous in the Adriatic and Aegean seas, the closed nature of the region's geography, bordered by land, allows little time for further evolution. 6716: 818:, recurving on its track again, exhibiting clearly curved spiral banding before shrinking slightly. The cyclone reached its peak intensity at 1800 UTC on the following day, maintaining an 722:

of the Mediterranean. The organization of the disturbance improved slightly further before emerging into the Mediterranean Sea on 23 September, upon which the system experienced immediate

1439:, in the Ionian sea. The system quickly intensified, attaining wind speeds of 80 km/h (50 mph) as it slowly moved to the west, causing high waves and minor damage to cars near the 9529: 1236:. The high winds inflicted moderate damages throughout the peninsula, though specific damage is unknown. Around 1000 UTC, both radar and satellite recorded the system's entry into the 726:, rapidly intensifying while southeast of Malta as a cold-core cut-off low, and acquiring tropical characteristics. In western Africa, meanwhile, several disturbances converged toward 1144:, gradually strengthening, with reports 100 km (62 mi) from the storm's center reporting winds of 90 km/h (56 mph; 49 kn). Extreme damage was reported in the 1739:, with the disturbance becoming more organized and developing an area of low pressure around 24 October. The low started to form a low level center the next day and moved around the 1084:, a method of formation typical to medicanes, was also key to the development of intense thunderstorms within the cyclone. In addition, interaction between a northeastward-drifting 718:

22 September. Along the front's path, desert air moved northward while cold air drifted in the opposite direction, and in northern Libya, warm arid air clashed with the cooler

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Miglietta, M.M.; Mastrangelo, D.; Conte, D. (February 2015). "Influence of physics parameterization schemes on the simulation of a tropical-like cyclone in the Mediterranean Sea".

1678:), sometimes anglicized to "Janus", while the German weather service used the name "Udine"; the Turkish used "Tulpar", and the Italians "Cassilda". As Ianos passed to the south of 902:, intense sustained winds, and a warm core. For most of its duration, it maintained a diameter of 200 to 300 km (120 to 190 mi), though it shrank just before landfall on 9524: 4711: 959:

Upon weakening and dissipation on 14 January, a second low, the system which would evolve into the Mediterranean tropical cyclone, developed in its place on 15 January.

593:—difference in wind speed and direction over a region—as well as abundant moisture and vorticity encourages the genesis of tropical cyclone-like systems in the Mediterranean Sea. 5086: 1295:, before approaching and interacting with the low known as Rolf. Heavy rainfall consequently fell over regions of southern France and northwestern Italy, resulting in widespread 1895:, following torrential rains on the city, causing the deaths of three people. On 11 November, the heavy rain falling on Algiers caused another landslide to strike houses in the 8184: 6690: 5153: 253:

indeed develop well-defined eyes at such low maximum sustained winds of around 48 km/h (30 mph; 26 kn) as could be seen for a 22 October 2015 medicane near the

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The occurrence of medicanes has been described as not particularly rare. Tropical-like systems were first identified in the Mediterranean basin in the 1980s, when widespread

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and dissipated. A cold wake was observed in the Mediterranean Sea, with sea surface temperatures dropping 3–4 °C (5–7 °F) along the track of Zorbas due to strong

994:), the newly formed system began to drift southwest-to-south in the following days, influenced by northeasterly flow incited by the initial low, now far to the east, and a 5604: 4146: 962:

At the time of formation, high clouds indicated the presence of intense convection, and the cyclone featured an axisymmetric cloud structure, with a distinct, cloud-free

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strength by the end of the 21st century, with most of the stronger storms appearing in the autumn, though the models indicated that some storms could potentially reach

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north-northeast of the cyclone's center. Intense convection continued to follow the entire path of the system as it traversed the Mediterranean, and the cyclone made

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Dafis, S.; Claud, C.; Kotroni, V.; Lagouvardos, K.; Rysman, J.F. (September 2020). "Insights into the convective evolution of mediterranean tropical-like cyclones".

6087: 6632: 6490: 4179: 2555:, including storms on 21 March 2002, 7–11 August 2002, and 25–29 September 2005. The 25–29 September 2005 cyclone is particularly well-documented and investigated. 757:

received 122 mm (4.8 in) on 28 September. In Malta, a 20000-ton tanker struck a reef and split in two, while in Gafsa, Tunisia, the cyclone flooded

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Reed, R.J.; Kuo, Y.-H.; Albright, M.D.; Gao, K.; Guo, Y.-R.; Huang, W. (April 2001). "Analysis and modeling of a tropical-like cyclone in the Mediterranean Sea".

6631:[Weather, a Medicane has formed in the eastern Mediterranean: "Elaina" threatens Lebanon with torrential rains and strong winds ] (in Italian). MeteoWeb. 4866: 4582: 846:

itself was 58.5 km (36.4 mi) in diameter, contracting to just 28 kilometres (17 mi) one day prior to making landfall. The cyclone passed by Malta,

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The cyclone produced severe flooding throughout regions of northern Africa. Malta received upward of 123 mm (4.8 in) of rainfall on 23 September,

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spiraling around the disturbance as a whole. Soon thereafter, the parent low separated from the medicane entirely and continued eastward, meandering toward the

4792: 4770: 6030: 7982: 5498: 410:) form over two separate regions. The first, more conducive for development than the other, encompasses an area of the western Mediterranean bordered by the 6113: 5521: 3761: 7925: 4983: 6296: 5353: 4312: 9484: 8177: 1182: 942:. The medicane maintained winds reaching up to 108 km/h (67 mph; 58 kn) as it traversed the Ionian Sea, while the German research ship 9333: 8800: 1323:, approached Rolf the same day, with the cold front later encountering and becoming associated with Rolf, which would continue for a couple of days. 1037:

Three notable medicanes developed in 1996. The first, in mid-September 1996, was a typical Mediterranean tropical cyclone that developed in the

6220:"meteo.gr: Αποτίμηση της κακοκαιρίας DANIEL, μέρος 2ο: Πολύ μεγαλύτερα ύψη βροχόπτωσης στη Θεσσαλία σε σχέση με το Μεσογειακό Κυκλώνα Ιανό του 2020" 4689: 1619:

knocked down trees and power lines. A fallen tree destroyed the roof of a school in western Athens. Dozens of roads were closed due to flooding. In

8679: 7437: 6655: 1088:, the medicane, and the large-scale also permitted the formation of tornadoes within thunderstorms generated by the cyclone after making landfall. 6594: 5189: 1451:, the storm began to quickly weaken, with the storm degenerating into an extratropical low on 1 November. Tropical Storm 90M was also nicknamed " 1272: 231:

of the University of Athens, the Hellenic National Meteorological Service outlines conditions to consider a cyclone over the Mediterranean Sea a

5949: 3323: 9463: 8858: 5108: 7602:

Moscatello, A.; Miglietta, M.M.; Rotunno, R. (October 2008). "Observational analysis of a Mediterranean 'hurricane' over southeastern Italy".

6629:"Meteo, nel Mediterraneo orientale si è formato un Medicane: "Elaina" minaccia il Libano con piogge torrenziali e forti venti [MAPPE]" 4367: 3198: 1506:

During the next several hours, Numa continued to strengthen, before reaching its peak intensity on 18 November, as a strong subtropical storm.

1054:, dropping heavy rainfall on the coast even without coming ashore. An eye developed shortly thereafter as the system rapidly traversed across 538:

The development of tropical or subtropical cyclones in the Mediterranean Sea can usually only occur under somewhat unusual circumstances. Low

10058: 8915: 8807: 8371: 8170: 5918: 5862: 5832: 5802: 5772: 5742: 5661: 5397: 4953: 4923: 4888: 4659: 4629: 4528: 4472: 4338: 4115: 4506: 4313:"A Medicane (MEDIterranean hurriCANE) or Tropical-Like Cyclone (TLC) brought severe weather to parts of the Mediterranean in early November" 6394: 6322: 6060: 4396: 2028:

study from 2013 presented several other cyclones and their days of development. A survey made by EUMETSAT resulted in many more cyclones.

4722: 2277:

might be an additional impact from climate change in the frequency of the observed medicanes, but this is not deducible from the data.

7237:"Analysis of the environments of seven Mediterranean tropical-like storms using an axisymmetric, nonhydrostatic, cloud resolving model" 1615:

measured wind gusts of 105 km/h (65 mph; 56 kn). The storm spawned a waterspout that moved onshore. Gale-force winds in

713:

were evident on 19 September, a result of cool sea air attempting to penetrate inland; south of the mountains, a lee depression—a

6508: 4275: 2551:

On a number of occasions, tropical-like storms similar to the tropical-like cyclones observed in the Mediterranean have formed in the

7812: 6374: 6686: 5164: 584:

southernmost reaches of the sea. Despite the low sea surface temperatures, the instability incited by cold atmospheric air within a

9747: 4607: 3121: 1923: 1481: 1173:, developed near the end of September 2006, along the coast of Italy. The origins of the medicane can be traced to the alpine 493:

and atmospheric composition, which both heavily influence the development of medicanes as well. In tropical and subtropical areas,

245: 197: 6564: 6246: 5038: 1500:

within the next few days. On 17 November, Numa completely lost its frontal system. On the afternoon of the same day, Météo France

6712: 5970: 5200: 1004: 831: 7002:"Mediterranean hurricanes: large-scale environment and convective and precipitating areas from satellite microwave observations" 5436: 753:

measured 46 mm (1.8 in) on 26 September, Cap Bengut collected 43 mm (1.7 in) on 27 September, and

10068: 6825:"Cyclones in the Mediterranean region: present and future climate scenarios derived from a general circulation model (HadAM3P)" 4150: 2122:

There have been 100 recognized tropical-like cyclones in the Mediterranean Sea between 1947 and 2021 from the databases of the

946:

recorded winds of 135 km/h (84 mph; 73 kn). Upon the low's approach near Greece, it began to envelop an area of

7751:

Pytharoulis, I.; Craig, G.C.; Ballard, S.P. (June 1999). "Study of the Hurricane-like Mediterranean Cyclone of January 1995".

5011: 4246: 10078: 7676:"Predictability of a Mediterranean Tropical-Like Storm Downstream of the Extratropical Transition of Hurricane Helene (2006)" 3223: 6765:

V. V. Efimov; M. V. Shokurov; D. A. Yarovaya (2007). "Numerical Simulation of a Quasi-Tropical Cyclone over the Black Sea".

5461: 4748: 4451: 2080:

August 2005, 15–16 September 2005, 22–23 October 2005, 26–28 October 2005, 14–16 December 2005

8672: 8496: 4560:"#Numa a désormais les caractéristiques d'un #medicane 🌀, dépression méditerranéenne subtropicale #Grèce #Italie #Balkans" 1891:. The storm caused severe weather on the Algerian coast, with exceptional rainfall. On 9 November, a building collapsed in 101:

intensity. The main societal hazard posed by medicanes is not usually from destructive winds, but through life-threatening

7780:

Pytharoulis, I.; Craig, G.C.; Ballard, S.P. (September 2000). "The hurricane-like Mediterranean cyclone of January 1995".

6139: 2746: 1108:

on 4 October, making landfall on both Sicily and southern Italy. The medicane generated major flooding in Sicily. In

640:

increase in potential energy, producing heat-induced air-sea instability. Moist air prevents the occurrence of convective

9713: 9600: 8111:

Mediterranean Tropical Products Page – Satellite Services Division – Office of Satellite Data Processing and Distribution

6628: 6487: 4183: 1326:

On 6 November, the cyclone drifted toward the Mediterranean from the southern shoreline of France, with the storm's

7712:"Los medicanes o bajas mesoescalares con apariencia de ciclón tropical en la cuenca mediterránea: algunos casos de 2007" 2645: 2538: 1967:

in Halkidiki a canoeing woman got swept away by the wind but was later found. The torrential rainfall was a result of a

1458:

No fatalities or rainfall statistics have been reported for this system that was over open waters for most of the time.

1205:, resulting in significant intensification, while the system simultaneously reduced in size. It then achieved a minimum 734:, while the medicane recurved southwestward back toward the coast, losing its closed circulation and later dissipating. 278:(DWD, the German meteorological service) proposed a system to forecast and classify tropical-like cyclones based on the 9808: 9754: 8414: 7349:"Numerical diagnosis of a small, quasi-tropical cyclone over the western Mediterranean: Dynamical vs. boundary factors" 7348: 6888:. Preprints, 22nd Conference on Hurricanes and Tropical Meteorology. American Meteorological Society. pp. 592–595. 6168:[After Catalonia, will storm Blas turn into a Mediterranean hurricane and sweep across the Balearic Islands?]. 5717: 3146: 2640: 454:

region. The geographical distribution of Mediterranean tropical-like cyclones is markedly different from that of other

8908: 6166:"Après la Catalogne, la tempête Blas va-t-elle se transformer en ouragan méditerranéen et balayer les îles Baléares?" 2815:"Tropical-like Cyclones in the Mediterranean: Impacts and Composite Daily Means and Anomalies of Synoptic Conditions" 1224:

Wind gusts surpassing 144 km/h (89 mph; 78 kn) were recorded as it passed over Salento due to a steep

5720:[Some rains in the Canary Islands and the pseudo medicane Blas] (in Spanish). Caztormentas. 13 November 2021 5692: 3054: 9140: 9042: 6038: 7569:"Analysis of tropical-like cyclones over the Mediterranean Sea through a combined modeling and satellite approach" 5490: 4089: 3997:

Jean-Pierre Chaboureau; Florian Pantillon; Dominique Lambert; Evelyne Richard; Chantal Claudb (10 November 2011).

2897: 1415:

in the morning and then significantly weakened. Turning southeastwards then moving eastwards, Qendresa moved over

546:

induced by incursions of cold air are often required. A majority of medicanes are also accompanied by upper-level

9768: 9727: 8665: 7732: 2714: 2610: 1551:

A first outlook about the possible development of a shallow warm-core cyclone in the Mediterranean was issued by

766: 7465:"Sensitivity of a Mediterranean Tropical-Like Cyclone to Different Model Configurations and Coupling Strategies" 9761: 6862: 4060: 3998: 3384: 3084: 1525:

on 19 November. On 20 November, Numa was absorbed into another extratropical storm approaching from the north.

1435:

Early on 28 October 2016, 56 km/h (35 mph) an extratropical cyclone began to develop to the south of

1411:, the cyclone turned northeastwards and started to make an anticlockwise loop. On 8 November, Qendresa crossed 5371: 1666: 1112:, wind gusts of up to 108 km/h (67 mph; 58 kn) were reported in addition to severe inundation. 518: 514: 98: 86: 10063: 8392: 6297:"Bulgaria: Two People Died in the floods in Tsarevo, Two more are Missing - Novinite.com - Sofia News Agency" 5131: 1955:

and hundreds civilians were rescued. The flood water covered a region of about 720 square kilometers. In the

926:, is generally considered to be the best-documented instance in the 20th century. The storm emerged from the 7945: 7281: 6565:"An impressive medicane #DETLEF in the western Mediterranean, making landfall in northern Algeria, Nov 11th" 4316: 271:

peak strength, often only hours before landfall, which is not suitable at least for forecasts and warnings.

9666: 9545: 9119: 9003: 8901: 8546: 8027:

Walsh, K.; Giorgi, F.; Coppola, E. (September 2014). "Mediterranean warm-core cyclones in a warmer world".

2599: 1743:, and around 28 October, the low became better organized, prompting forecast offices in Europe to name it. 299:

for Atlantic hurricanes. The DWD proposal and also US-based forecasts (NHC, NOAA, NRL etc.) use one-minute

58: 6245:

Miller, Brandon; Robert Shackelford; Chris Liakos; Louise McLoughlin; Hande Atay Alam (6 September 2023).

9872: 9854: 9456: 8873: 7990:

Tous, M.; Romero, R. (January 2013). "Meteorological environments associated with medicane development".

7782: 5996: 5568: 1803: 7444: 6824: 6537: 4844: 2074:

27–28 May 2003, 16–19 September 2003, 27–28 September 2003, 8 October 2003

1572:

number of T4.0, which all translate into marginal Category 1 hurricane characteristics for the cyclone.

1343:-like feature developed while spiral banding and intense convection became evident. At its highest, the 10073: 8941: 8737: 8616: 6375:"Libya flooding death toll tops 5,300, thousands still missing as bodies are found in Derna - CBS News" 3996: 1178: 1021: 806: 6590: 5632:"Tomorrow, Sunday, at migdia, es preveu el center de la baixa Blas knocking the Balears, altra vegada" 1240:

and its gradual northwestward curve back toward the Italian coast. By 1700 UTC, the cyclone made

575:

Factors required for the formation of medicanes are somewhat different from that normally expected of

10083: 9636: 9579: 7302:

Gaertner, M.A.; Jacob, D.; Gil, V.; Domínguez, M.; Padorno, E.; Sánchez, E.; Castro, M. (July 2007).

5922: 5896: 5866: 5836: 5806: 5776: 5746: 5665: 5401: 5375: 4957: 4927: 4893: 4818: 4663: 4633: 4532: 4476: 4119: 3331: 3169: 2615: 1751: 1489: 1280: 1276: 1170: 279: 172: 7293: 705:

An unusually severe Mediterranean tropical cyclone developed on 23 September 1969 southeast of

10022: 9354: 9147: 9098: 8476: 8381: 8162: 7403:"Observations and model simulations of a winter sub-synoptic vortex over the central Mediterranean" 6658:[Mediterranean Storm Elaina forms off the coast of Syria and moves south towards Lebanon]. 2620: 2572: 1835: 1693:

Ianos left four dead people and one missing, in addition to strong tides in Ionian islands such as

1157: 1104:

The second of the three recorded Mediterranean tropical cyclones in 1996 formed between Sicily and

1100:

The second major Mediterranean tropical-like cyclone of 1996, while west of Italy on 7 October

665: 498: 296: 120:

in the center were identified. Due to the dry nature of the Mediterranean region, the formation of

90: 5926: 5892: 5870: 5840: 5810: 5780: 5750: 5669: 5405: 4961: 4931: 4898: 4814: 4667: 4637: 4536: 4480: 4371: 4342: 4123: 1896: 1780:, killing seven people in total. The storm caused over US$ 245 million (€219 million) in damages. 834:, likely near the eyewall of the cyclone, which features the highest winds in a tropical cyclone. 697: 130: 9936: 9641: 9091: 9056: 9049: 8962: 7136:

Davolio, S.; Miglietta, M.M.; Moscatello, A.; Pacifico, A.; Buzzi, A.; Rotunno, R. (April 2009).

5605:"Un trombe d'eau déchire le ciel au large de Melilla, dans le sillage de la tempête Blas - vidéo" 2814: 2635: 2594: 1984: 1888: 1488:, which later absorbed Rina on the next day. On 12 November, the new storm was named Numa by the 891: 838: 810: 631: 609: 580: 564: 543: 530: 513:

another study, researchers found that more tropical-like storms in the Mediterranean could reach

505: 494: 305: 489:

can result in higher observed intensities of tropical cyclones as a result of deviations in the

9877: 9831: 8481: 8471: 8407: 7288: 3202: 3114: 2701:

Lagouvardos, K.; Karagiannidis, A.; Dafis, S.; Kalimeris, A.; Kotroni, V. (28 September 2021).

1584: 1241: 1063: 1017: 947: 661: 551: 300: 287: 275: 5278: 3042: 3031: 3006: 2772: 9822: 9347: 9168: 9133: 8996: 8717: 8688: 8466: 7976: 7103:"Remote sensing of deep convection within a tropical-like cyclone over the Mediterranean Sea" 6869: 5354:"Cyclone Ianos: Two dead and one missing after 'rare extreme weather phenomenon' hits Greece" 4425: 2630: 2625: 1867: 1754:. On the same day, the agency Meteo of the National Observatory of Athens in Greece named it 1271:

In November 2011, the first officially designated Mediterranean tropical cyclone by the

886:

early on 2 October and dissipating. The development of the system was not encouraged by

851: 439: 407: 7567:

Miglietta, M.M.; Laviola, S.; Malvaldi, A.; Conte, D.; Levizzani, V.; Price, C. (May 2013).

2948:"Medicanes: Rare, 'Supercharging' Mediterranean Storms that Will Intensify, Suggest Experts" 522:

scenario considered, a higher percentage of those that formed would be of greater strength.

9946: 9692: 9368: 9084: 9063: 8135: 8083: 8036: 7999: 7891: 7847: 7791: 7760: 7690: 7652: 7611: 7580: 7547: 7518: 7476: 7414: 7363: 7315: 7248: 7215: 7184: 7149: 7114: 7073: 7044: 7013: 6950: 6909: 6839: 6784: 6004: 5635: 5607:[A waterspout tears the sky at sea de Melilla, in the wake of storm Blas - video]. 5576: 5309: 4563: 4287: 3645: 2862: 1814:. An orange alert was issued for these islands, for coastal impacts and rain. The north of 1484:

from the Atlantic contributed to the formation of a new extratropical cyclone, west of the

1412: 1378:. As the system was moving north-northeastwards and combining with an upper-level low from 1288: 1206: 1085: 983: 955: 819: 750: 677: 547: 39:, a powerful Mediterranean tropical-like cyclone that impacted Greece on 17 September 2020. 7819: 7436:

Levizzani, V.; Laviola, S.; Malvaldi, A.; Miglietta, M.M.; Cattani, E. (20 October 2012).

7338: 6687:"Severe Medistorm "Elaina" forms near Cyprus, landfall expected in Lebanon on December 17" 6000: 1177:

on the evening of 25 September, likely forming as a normal lee cyclone. At 0600

1096: 398: 8: 9623: 9584: 9519: 9298: 9221: 9112: 9105: 9070: 9010: 8989: 8955: 8572: 8536: 8287: 6981: 5254:"Storm Janus develops into medicane, will wallop Greece with flooding rain, strong winds" 2453: 1557: 1258: 176: 125: 8139: 8087: 8040: 8003: 7895: 7851: 7795: 7764: 7694: 7656: 7615: 7584: 7551: 7522: 7480: 7418: 7367: 7319: 7252: 7219: 7188: 7153: 7118: 7077: 7048: 7017: 6954: 6913: 6894: 6843: 6788: 6741: 6193:"meteo.gr: Κακοκαιρία Daniel: Καταρρίφθηκε το ρεκόρ ημερήσιου ύψους βροχής στη χώρα μας" 5305: 3649: 2866: 2847: 922:

Among numerous documented medicanes, the cyclone of January 1995, which was dubbed

304:

proposal is shown below for both one-minute and deduced ten-minute sustained winds (see

9685: 8925: 8702: 8577: 8541: 8456: 8446: 8151: 8095: 8062: 8015: 7917: 7863: 7627: 7389: 7227: 7089: 6968: 6925: 6800: 6774: 3657: 3227: 2878: 2728: 2604: 1682:

on 16 September, it produced heavy rain across the southern part of the country and in

1628: 1612: 1008: 1007:. Its structure now consisted of a distinct eye encircled by counterclockwise-rotating 995: 899: 855: 596: 7772: 6982:"Moisture and Potential Vorticity in Medicanes: Theoretical Approach and Case Studies" 6720: 6271: 5631: 5060: 4559: 2700: 1366: 801:

by 23 January 1982, reinforced by an elongated, slowly-drifting trough above the

402:

Visible satellite imagery of a "medicane" above the Balearic Islands on 7 October 1996

9941: 9701: 9305: 9077: 9017: 8722: 8592: 8551: 8461: 8431: 8400: 8377: 8155: 8074:

Winstanley, D. (September 1970). "The North African flood disaster, September 1969".

8066: 8019: 7867: 7631: 7093: 6938: 6804: 6743: 6244: 5572: 5428: 5035:"A Medicane Is Swirling in the Mediterranean Sea Into Greece: Here's What That Means" 3927: 3636:

Winstanley, D. (September 1970). "The North African Flood Disaster, September 1969".

2882: 2773:"Thema des Tages – "Medicane Zorbas" – Ein (sub)tropischer Sturm über dem Mittelmeer" 2732: 1827: 1662: 1518: 1375: 1339:, marking the first time that the agency officially monitored a Medicane. A distinct 1330:

shrinking to 150 km (93 mi) in length. Slightly weakening, Rolf neared the

1225: 1186: 1132:, and strengthened while sweeping between the Balearic Islands and Sardinia, with an 939: 802: 798: 714: 653: 509: 205: 167: 159:(like in the Mediterranean Basin) from those developing inside the tropics. The term 113: 85:. On a few rare occasions, some storms have been observed reaching the strength of a 82: 48: 7921: 7401:

Lagouvardos, K.; Kotroni, V.; Nickovic, S.; Kallos, D.; Tremback, C.J. (July 1999).

7393: 7172: 7135: 6999: 6972: 6929: 1764:

Heavy rain from the cyclone and its precursor caused heavy rainfall and flooding in

390:

41–59 kn), while another quarter of the medicanes peaked at lower wind speeds.

10036: 9661: 9249: 8299: 8143: 8091: 8052: 8044: 8007: 7956: 7907: 7899: 7855: 7799: 7768: 7698: 7660: 7619: 7588: 7559: 7555: 7530: 7526: 7507: 7494: 7484: 7435: 7422: 7379: 7371: 7333: 7323: 7266: 7256: 7223: 7192: 7157: 7122: 7081: 7056: 7052: 7021: 6958: 6917: 6847: 6792: 5431:[The Mediterranean Cyclone "Nearchus" threatens Southern Italy and Malta]. 3928:"Thermal structure and dynamical modeling of a Mediterranean Tropical-like cyclone" 3653: 3182: 3013:. National Environmental Satellite, Data, and Information Service. 30 December 2011 2982:. Hurricane Research Division, Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory 2870: 2718: 2518: 1807: 1736: 1611:

reported gale-force winds during the storm's passage. A private weather station in

1569: 1510: 1497: 1361: 1344: 1331: 1312: 1198: 1038: 576: 411: 263: 152: 121: 6822: 6349:"meteo.gr: Πρωτοφανείς πλημμύρες στον κάμπο της Θεσσαλίας - Δορυφορική απεικόνιση" 3231: 1189:

along the shoreline of Italy, one on the west coast, sweeping eastward across the

9361: 9256: 9235: 9193: 8948: 8786: 8587: 8110: 6494: 6348: 6219: 6192: 5546: 5335: 4206: 2812: 2676: 1992: 1702: 1687: 1591:, while accelerating northeastward. On 2 October, Zorbas moved over northwestern 1404: 1308: 1214: 1174: 1145: 991: 827: 794: 710: 604:

Due to the confined character of the Mediterranean and the limited capability of

463: 102: 9438: 7400: 6742:

V. V. Efimov; S. V. Stanichnyi; M. V. Shokurov; D. A. Yarovaya (19 March 2007).

5087:"Storm hits Greek capital with downpours, gale-force winds as it continues east" 4507:"More Heavy Rain—and a Medicane—Are Possible as Cyclone Numa Churns Near Greece" 1850:

On 6 November, gusts of 75 km/h (47 mph; 40 kn) were recorded at

709:, producing severe flooding. Steep pressure and temperature gradients above the 9914: 9319: 9277: 9270: 9263: 9214: 9200: 9186: 9161: 9154: 8825: 8340: 8317: 7566: 7026: 7001: 2543: 2505: 2492: 2479: 2062:

22–27 September 1997, 30–31 October 1997, 5–8 December 1997

1939: 1740: 1722: 1538: 1383: 1300: 1217:) after transiting north-northeastward across the 40 km (25 mi)-wide 1190: 1141: 1120: 1072: 641: 486: 283: 8422: 8048: 7803: 7427: 7402: 7138:"Numerical forecast and analysis of a tropical-like cyclone in the Ionian Sea" 6963: 6921: 6796: 6247:"At least 14 killed as fierce storms and severe flooding lash southern Europe" 4180:"Development of a tropical storm in the Mediterranean Sea (6–9 November 2011)" 2874: 781:

Satellite imagery capturing the storm at its peak intensity at 26 January 1982

635:

A weak and disorganized Mediterranean tropical-like cyclone on 28 January 2009

10052: 9839: 9793: 9489: 9284: 9242: 9228: 9035: 8863: 8832: 8582: 8526: 8334: 8293: 8124:"Development mechanisms for Mediterranean tropical-like cyclones (medicanes)" 8115: 7960: 7702: 7673: 7197: 7162: 7137: 6509:"A rare hurricane-like storm in the Mediterranean threatens Egypt and Israel" 5468: 3385:"Mediterranean hurricanes expected to increase in strength by end of century" 2975: 2723: 2702: 2586: 2086:

19–23 March 2007 16–18 October 2007, 26 October 2007

2015: 1658: 1644: 1504:

that Numa had attained the status of a subtropical Mediterranean depression.

1485: 1400: 1395: 1387: 1374:

On 6 November 2014, the low-level circulation centre of Qendresa formed near

1340: 1327: 1233: 1229: 1133: 1081: 1026: 963: 895: 843: 719: 681: 657: 613: 569: 555: 467: 117: 94: 36: 7304:"Tropical cyclones over the Mediterranean Sea in climate change simulations" 7261: 7236: 7206:

Ernst, J.A.; Matson, M. (November 1983). "A Mediterranean tropical storm?".

7063: 6488:

Development of a tropical storm in the Mediterranean Sea (6–9 November 2011)

1858:

in the Balearic Islands where waves of 8 m (26 ft) hit the coast.

1128:

The third major Mediterranean tropical cyclone of that year formed north of

9926: 9844: 9803: 9424: 9417: 9403: 9396: 9382: 9340: 9326: 9312: 9291: 8853: 8793: 8727: 8352: 8311: 7641:"Numerical analysis of a Mediterranean 'hurricane' over southeastern Italy" 7347:

Homar, V.; Romero, R.; Stensrud, D.J.; Ramis, C.; Alonso, S. (April 2003).

7301: 7000:

Claud, C.; Alhammoud, B.; Funatsu, B.M.; Chaboureau, J.-P. (October 2010).

6852: 5522:"Deadly medicane walloping southern Italy with flooding rain, strong winds" 4984:"Medicane cools the waters of central Mediterranean to colder than average" 2440: 2416: 1988: 1926:

on 4 September and was expected to bring heavy rainfall and heavy winds in

1909: 1735:

Around 22 October 2021, an area of organized thunderstorms formed near the

1493: 1467: 1237: 918:

Celeno at 14:00 UTC on 16 January, shortly after tropical cyclogenesis

777: 762: 723: 447: 219:

in its annual bulletin and – by also using the respective portmanteau word

7859: 7733:"Detection and thermal description of medicanes from numerical simulation" 7665: 7640: 7438:"Severe storms over the Mediterranean Sea: A satellite and model analysis" 7346: 7100: 6656:"العاصفة المتوسطية إلاينا تتشكل قبالة سواحل سوريا وتتحرك جنوباً نحو لبنان" 6615: 2947: 2813:

Nastos P.T.; Karavana-Papadimou K.; Matsangouras I.T. (5 September 2015).

1914: 1727: 1543: 914: 381:

Another proposal uses roughly the same scale but suggests to use the term

9984: 9904: 9798: 9651: 9514: 9431: 9410: 9389: 9375: 9207: 9126: 8531: 8506: 8427: 7837: 7489: 7464: 7328: 7303: 6895:"The simulation of medicanes in a high-resolution regional climate model" 6823:

Anagnostopoulou, C.; Tolika, K.; Flocas, H.; Maheras, P. (January 2006).

3762:"Rare Medicane Hits Malta and Sicily With Tropical Storm-Like Conditions" 3062: 2898:"What we know about medicanes—hurricane-like storms in the Mediterranean" 2000: 1968: 1851: 1649: 1561: 951: 887: 815: 621: 617: 585: 559: 106: 30: 8057: 7912: 7638: 7601: 7499: 7271: 7235:

Fita, L.; Romero, R.; Luque, A.; Emanuel, K.; Ramis, C. (January 2007).

6764: 6395:"Libya floods: Number of deaths in Derna could reach 20,000, mayor says" 5226:[The first satellite estimates of the total rainfall of IANOS]. 4370:(in German). Free University of Berlin. 11 November 2014. Archived from 3201:[Medicanes - the Hurricanes of the Mediterranean?] (in German). 2976:"TCFAQ F1) What regions around the globe have tropical cyclones and who" 1794: 1472: 1427: 1299:

and flooding. On 5 November, Rolf slowed while stationed above the

1263: 1221:

in the course of roughly 30 minutes at 0915 UTC the same day.

534:

A Mediterranean tropical-like cyclone south of Italy, on 27 October 2005

9989: 9979: 9958: 9919: 9631: 9550: 8567: 8521: 8486: 8346: 7903: 7779: 7750: 7537: 7384: 6217: 5429:"Ο Μεσογειακός Κυκλώνας "Νέαρχος" απειλεί τη Νότια Ιταλία και τη Μάλτα" 4341:(in German). Free University of Berlin. 9 November 2014. Archived from 3327: 2922: 2466: 1789: 1632: 1588: 1522: 1304: 1210: 1202: 1194: 1136:-like feature prominent on satellite. The storm was unofficially named 1046: 1042: 987: 971: 931: 823: 742: 727: 590: 539: 471: 443: 423: 7593: 7568: 7279: 7234: 6090:[Depression Blas in the Mediterranean: a threat for France?]. 4897:(in German). Deutscher Wetterdienst. 29 September 2018. Archived from 1390:-like feature, thanks to favourable conditions. Qendresa directly hit 1287:, which was subsequently named Rolf by the university. An upper-level 1124:

The last major Mediterranean tropical-like cyclone of 1996, near Italy

785:

The unusual Mediterranean tropical storm of January 1982, dubbed

9953: 9909: 9889: 9605: 9494: 8732: 8648: 8643: 8635: 8491: 8011: 7375: 7034: 6936: 5109:"Xenophon Storm Could Turn into Mediterranean Hurricane, Meteo Warns" 5012:"'Medicane,' a rare, hurricane-like storm, is on track to hit Europe" 3925: 2845: 2552: 1956: 1855: 1815: 1698: 1694: 1604: 1596: 1514: 1296: 1284: 1077: 1012: 758: 673: 605: 479: 8192: 8147: 8123: 7623: 7127: 7102: 7085: 6939:"Mediterranean tropical-like cyclones in present and future climate" 6114:"Collapse of a building in Bologhine: one injured and three missing" 5223: 4452:"Halloween Surprise: Rare Tropical Storm Forms in Mediterranean Sea" 3092: 1963:

experienced damage due to the heavy wind. In the seaside village of

1876: 1657:

On 14 September 2020, a low-pressure area began to develop over the

1041:

region. At the time of the cyclone's formation, a powerful Atlantic

497:

rose 0.2 °C (0.36 °F) within a 50-year period, and in the

9974: 9867: 9862: 8973: 8868: 8744: 7730: 6379: 6088:"Dépression Blas en Méditerranée: une menace pour la France ?" 5224:"Οι πρώτες δορυφορικές εκτιμήσεις της ολικής βροχόπτωσης του ΙΑΝΟΥ" 1996: 1972: 1960: 1948: 1931: 1843: 1759: 1710: 1620: 1565: 1492:. On 14 November 2017, Extratropical Cyclone Numa emerged into the 1444: 1436: 1292: 1193:, while the other, slightly more intense, low was located over the 1109: 1059: 1051: 967: 875: 625: 459: 419: 7946:"Meteorological environments associated with medicane development" 6779: 5973:[Tropical storm Blas leaves Menorca isolated by the sea]. 1863: 1818:

was declared an Orange Zone, as strong winds blew inland from the

866:

On 27 September 1983, a medicane was observed at sea between

9931: 9707: 8712: 8606: 8423: 7674:

Pantillon, F.-P.; Chaboureau, J-P.; Mascart, P.J. (3 June 2013).

6016: 5693:"Medistorm "Helios" (Blas) forms over the island of Palma, Spain" 5647: 5580: 5547:"Catania: Two dead as rare storm floods streets of Sicilian city" 5321: 4567: 2089:

June 2008, August 2008, September 2008, 4 December 2008

2004: 1944: 1892: 1884: 1880: 1859: 1839: 1819: 1769: 1765: 1713:

which brought down trees and power lines, and caused landslides.

1706: 1624: 1552: 1501: 1379: 1218: 1129: 1105: 1055: 903: 879: 867: 805:. Eventually, a closed circulation center developed by 1310 731: 502: 455: 415: 254: 185: 156: 7282:"Tropical-like Mediterranean Storms: an analysis from satellite" 7280:

Fita, L.; Romero, R.; Luque, A.; Emanuel, K.; Ramis, C. (2007).

5009: 1854:

and 95 km/h (59 mph; 51 kn) at the lighthouse of

882:, coming ashore twice on the islands, before making landfall at 701:

Nimbus 3 visible satellite imagery of the September 1969 cyclone

450:

seas, produce fewer medicanes, while activity is minimal in the

7443:. Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate. Archived from 4283: 4230: 4228: 3885: 3883: 3881: 3871: 3869: 3781: 3779: 3115:"SIGNIFICANT WEATHER and CLIMATIC EVENTS in GREECE during 2017" 2672:"This is what's behind the dramatic, deadly flooding in Greece" 1964: 1952: 1927: 1823: 1683: 1616: 1608: 1592: 1408: 1320: 1316: 1245: 979: 975: 935: 890:

instability; rather, convection was incited by abnormally high

871: 754: 451: 431: 427: 290:

of tropical-like systems in the Mediterranean (see the section

201: 193: 116:

coverage showing tropical-looking low pressures which formed a

8026: 7639:

Moscatello, A.; Miglietta, M.M.; Rotunno, R. (November 2008).

7101:

Dafis, S.; Rysman, J.F.; Claud, C.; Flaounas, E. (July 2018).

3999:"Tropical transition of a Mediterranean storm by jet crossing" 2381: 2263: 1686:. As much as 35 mm (1.4 in) of rain was reported in 1149:

convection, high sustained winds, and abundant precipitation.

620:, frequently resulting from abnormalities in a wide-spreading 600:

Satellite image of a tropical-like cyclone on 15 December 2005

374:(≥ 28 m/s; ≥ 62 mph; ≥ 54 knots) 362:(≤ 14 m/s; ≤ 33 mph; ≤ 29 knots) 351:(≥ 31 m/s; ≥ 70 mph; ≥ 61 knots) 339:(≤ 17 m/s; ≤ 38 mph; ≤ 33 knots) 192:

Despite all this, the whole Mediterranean Sea lies within the

81:, are meteorological phenomena occasionally observed over the 8707: 8451: 6744:"Observations of a Quasi-Tropical Cyclone over the Black Sea" 5971:"La tempête tropicale Blas quitte Minorque isolée par la mer" 5491:"Algeria, Tunisia and Italy – Floods Leave 5 Dead, 2 Missing" 4704: 2399:

The following is a list of all medicanes that caused deaths.

2092:

January 2009, May 2009, twice in September 2009, October 2009

1976: 1935: 1862:

was cut off from the world after the closure of the ports of

1777: 1773: 1679: 1448: 1440: 1416: 1391: 927: 883: 847: 790: 746: 706: 435: 135: 6323:"Hundreds of people rescued from flooded villages in Greece" 5336:"Cyclone Ianos: Two dead as 'medicane' sweeps across Greece" 4225: 3942: 3901: 3878: 3866: 3776: 3501: 2846:

Cavicchia, L.; von Storch, H.; Gualdi, S. (September 2014).

1161:

The Mediterranean tropical-like cyclone of 26 September 2006

894:

at the time of its formation. It also featured a definitive

142: 8305: 6892: 6758: 1980: 1831: 738: 645: 490: 181: 6937:

Cavicchia, L.; von Storch, H.; Gualdi, S. (October 2014).

6031:"Menorca is cut off by sea due to the tropical storm Blas" 4052: 2532: 1183:

European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF)

837:

The Global Weather Center's Cyclone Weather Center of the

652:

78 kn); in addition, a majority are characterized on

458:, with the formation of regular cyclones centering on the 6516: 1422: 745:

collected 55 mm (2.2 in) on 25 September,

6218:

Vougioukas, Pg.; I. Koletsis; G. Kyros; K. Lagouvardos.

5737: 5735: 5222:Καραγιαννίδης, Α.; Λαγουβάρδος, Κ. (16 September 2020). 5221: 5010:

Elinda Labropoulou; Brandon Miller (29 September 2018).

1267:

Tropical Storm Rolf at peak intensity on 8 November 2011

741:

measured 45 mm (1.8 in) on 24 September,

572:, is possible in a conducive environment for formation. 414:, southern France, and the shorelines of the islands of 7173:"Genesis and maintenance of 'Mediterranean hurricanes'" 6190: 5718:"Algunas lluvias en Canarias y el pseudo medicane Blas" 4604:"'Medicane NUMA, un ciclone tropicale nel Mediterraneo" 3613: 2841: 2839: 2837: 2835: 2808: 2806: 2804: 2802: 2800: 2798: 2796: 2794: 2539:

Tropical cyclogenesis § Unusual areas of formation

2068:

19–21 March 1999, 13 September 1999

1709:, and 120 km/h (75 mph; 65 kn) winds at 1455:" by some media outlets in Europe during its duration. 286:. To account for the broader wind field and the larger 7731:

Picornell, M.A.; Campins, J.; Jansà, A. (7 May 2014).

5947: 5426: 3974: 3972: 3970: 3968: 3966: 3823: 3821: 3811: 3809: 3807: 3805: 3795: 3793: 3791: 3746: 3744: 3716: 3714: 3712: 3702: 3700: 3611: 3609: 3607: 3605: 3603: 3601: 3599: 3597: 3595: 3593: 3367: 3224:"SECTION 2. INTENSITY OBSERVATION AND FORECAST ERRORS" 2077:

19–21 September 2004, 3–5 November 2004

1291:

on the European mainland stalled as it approached the

1273:

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)

422:. The second identified region of development, in the 7874: 7356:

Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society

7205: 7066:

Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society

5732: 4889:"Europe Weather Analysis on 29 September 2018 00 UTC" 4690:"Rare hybrid tropical storm in the Mediterranean Sea" 4574: 3681: 3679: 3669: 3667: 3583: 3581: 3545: 3543: 3541: 3539: 3537: 3535: 3533: 3531: 2124:

Laboratory of Climatology and Atmospheric Environment

2071:

10 September 2000, 9 October 2000

1419:, before dissipating over the island on 11 November. 229:

Laboratory of Climatology and Atmospheric Environment

6863:"Estimating the Damages of Mediterranean Hurricanes" 6430: 6428: 6426: 6424: 6422: 6420: 6418: 6416: 5456: 5454: 5132:"Cyclone floods parts of Greece, two people missing" 5061:"Tunisia floods kill at least 4, cause major damage" 4428:(in German). Deutscher Wetterdienst. 1 November 2016 3376: 2832: 2791: 2562: 978:. Initially remaining stationary between Greece and 151:

was coined in the 1980s to unofficially distinguish

8121: 7709: 5146: 4652: 4622: 4521: 3981: 3963: 3857: 3848: 3830: 3818: 3802: 3788: 3741: 3709: 3697: 3590: 3494: 3492: 3473: 3471: 3443: 3441: 3351: 3349: 3036: 3025: 2747:"'Medicane' bringing 'rough seas' to Mediterranean" 2098:

Twice in February 2012, 13–15 April 2012.

1532: 7989: 7943: 7810: 6735: 6140:"Bad weather: 3 dead after a landslide in Algiers" 4682: 4583:"Mesoscale Discussion: Sat 18 Nov 2017, 11:08 UTC" 4465: 3926:Andrea Buzzi; Piero Malguzzi; Guido Cioni (2014). 3688: 3676: 3664: 3620: 3578: 3528: 3297: 3295: 3253: 3251: 3249: 525: 368:(15–27 m/s; 35–61 mph; 30–53 knots) 345:(18–30 m/s; 39–69 mph; 34–60 knots) 7981:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of September 2024 ( 7462: 6413: 5629: 5451: 4144: 3956: 3954: 3571: 3569: 3559: 3557: 3555: 3420: 3358: 3276: 3274: 3272: 3085:"OMM-JCOMM-GMDSS / World Marine Weather Forecast" 3055:"OMM-JCOMM-GMDSS / World Marine Weather Forecast" 3001: 2999: 2997: 2933: 2931: 1201:, it met an eastward-moving convection-producing 854:exhibiting a clear eye, spiral banding, towering 10050: 8194:Significant Mediterranean tropical-like cyclones 6860: 6507:Tonks, Sara; Miller, Brandon (25 October 2019). 5089:. Kathimerini English Edition. 29 September 2018 4061:"01M (Noname) Tropical Bulletin: 11/07 at 1800Z" 3489: 3480: 3468: 3459: 3450: 3438: 3346: 3260: 1690:, more than the city's normal monthly rainfall. 1370:Cyclone Qendresa approaching Malta on 7 November 1275:formed, christened as Tropical Storm 01M by the 687: 6893:Cavicchia, L.; von Storch, H. (November 2012). 6883: 6588: 6444: 6442: 6440: 6353:meteo.gr - Προγνώσεις καιρού για όλη την Ελλάδα 6224:meteo.gr - Προγνώσεις καιρού για όλη την Ελλάδα 5123: 5032: 4500: 4498: 4445: 4443: 4204: 4174: 4172: 4170: 4168: 3304: 3292: 3283: 3246: 3192: 3190: 3011:National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 2980:National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 2707:Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 2095:12–14 October 2010, 2–4 November 2010 2010: 1943:flooding occurred in the plain of Thessaly, in 1887:and 100 km/h (62 mph; 54 kn) in 1746:The most commonly used name for the cyclone is 1716: 1587:. Early on 1 October, Zorbas emerged into the 672:Mediterranean cyclones have been compared with 406:A majority of Mediterranean tropical cyclones ( 9464:List of atmospheric pressure records in Europe 8224: 8122:Miglietta, Mario Marcello; R. Rotunno (2019). 8073: 5995: 5602: 5303: 5281:[Medicane UDINE over the Ionian Sea]. 4596: 4397:"Watch: Strong Wave Batter Valletta Shoreline" 3951: 3910: 3892: 3566: 3552: 3402: 3269: 3196: 2994: 2928: 1879:. On 6 November, a waterspout was reported in 1579:, but the name is officially recognized for a 1185:model analyses indicated the existence of two 1003:below the threshold for tropical storm on the 16:Hurricane-like storms in the Mediterranean Sea 8909: 8673: 8408: 8270: 8253: 8178: 7813:"A Tropical-Like Cyclone in the Extratropics" 6684: 6678: 6626: 6482: 6480: 6478: 6476: 6474: 4058: 4034: 4016: 3411: 3199:"Medicanes – die Hurrikane des Mittelmeeres?" 1672:Greece assigned the system the name "Ianos" ( 1386:quickly and intensified dramatically with an 1020:in northern Libya at approximately 1800 550:, providing energy required for intensifying 8241: 8116:Northeast Atlantic and Mediterranean Imagery 7884:Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres 6472: 6470: 6468: 6466: 6464: 6462: 6460: 6458: 6456: 6454: 6437: 5519: 5427:S. Dafis; K. Lagouvardos (28 October 2021). 4916: 4867:"Mesoscale Discussion Sat 29 Sep 2018 12:29" 4842: 4721:. 7 December 2017. p. 5. Archived from 4551: 4495: 4440: 4245:. 6 December 2011. p. 5. Archived from 4165: 4108: 3990: 3759: 3732: 3723: 3187: 2669: 2117: 858:, and high surface winds along the eyewall. 772: 656:as asymmetric systems with a distinct round 227:quasi-official. In a joint article with the 7170: 6506: 5163:. 9 October 2018. p. 6. Archived from 5154:"Global Catastrophe Recap - September 2018" 5129: 4785: 4763: 4746: 4740: 4557: 4389: 4315:. EUMETSAT. 8 November 2014. Archived from 4286:: Free University of Berlin. Archived from 4278:[Qendresa – a remarkable Medicane] 4138: 4083: 4081: 4079: 4077: 4025: 3839: 3519: 3510: 3382: 2895: 2889: 2696: 2694: 2646:Unusual areas of tropical cyclone formation 1673: 1152: 1115: 906:to a diameter of 100 km (62 mi). 8916: 8902: 8687: 8680: 8666: 8415: 8401: 8185: 8171: 6979: 6767:Izvestiya, Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics 6653: 6346: 6321:Presse, Agence-France (9 September 2023). 5948:Majorca daily bulettin (8 November 2021). 5598: 5596: 5594: 5592: 5590: 5005: 5003: 5001: 4946: 4845:"Tropical Storm-Like Medicane Hits Greece" 4807: 4712:"Global Catastrophe Recap – November 2017" 4504: 4092:[Report: Low-Pressure Area Rolf]. 3753: 3635: 3089:Global Maritime Distress and Safety System 3059:Global Maritime Distress and Safety System 2703:"Ianos - A hurricane in the Mediterranean" 2547:The 2005 Black Sea cyclone on 27 September 1355: 1228:associated with it, confirmed by regional 909: 861: 8056: 7911: 7664: 7592: 7498: 7488: 7426: 7383: 7337: 7327: 7292: 7270: 7260: 7241:Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 7196: 7161: 7142:Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 7126: 7025: 7006:Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 6962: 6851: 6778: 6451: 5690: 5247: 5245: 4881: 4838: 4836: 4793:"Extended Forecast Wed 26 Sep 2018 20:13" 4771:"Extended Forecast Tue 25 Sep 2018 19:50" 4360: 4276:"Qendresa – ein bemerkenswerter Medicane" 4087: 4043: 3429: 3318: 3316: 3141: 3139: 2765: 2751:Official blog of the Met Office news team 2722: 1979:. In Libya, the storm caused flooding in 1959:region, several seaside villages such as 1903: 1638: 143:Meteorological classification and history 9748:South-West Indian Ocean tropical cyclone 6085: 6061:"Storm 'Blas' causing havoc in Mallorca" 5279:"Medicane UDINE über dem Ionischen Meer" 5111:. The National Herald. 27 September 2018 5053: 4859: 4420: 4418: 4305: 4090:"Lebensgeschichte: Tiefdruckgebiet Rolf" 4074: 3948:Cavicchia & von Storch 2012, p. 2284 3919: 3907:Cavicchia & von Storch 2012, p. 2283 3889:Cavicchia & von Storch 2012, p. 2282 3875:Cavicchia & von Storch 2012, p. 2281 3785:Cavicchia & von Storch 2012, p. 2280 3507:Cavicchia & von Storch 2012, p. 2276 3122:Hellenic National Meteorological Service 3107: 2970: 2968: 2915: 2739: 2691: 2542: 2014: 1938:was flooded extensively. The village of 1924:Hellenic National Meteorological Service 1913: 1842:for rain. As the system stalled between 1806:(AEMET) started tracking a low near the 1793: 1726: 1648: 1542: 1513:characteristics, and began to display a 1471: 1461: 1426: 1365: 1262: 1156: 1119: 1095: 913: 789:, was first detected in waters north of 776: 696: 630: 595: 529: 397: 246:Hellenic National Meteorological Service 198:Hellenic National Meteorological Service 8923: 6616:https://zivipotty.hu/2020_masinissa.pdf 6562: 5587: 5398:"Europe Weather Analysis on 2021-10-28" 5201:United States Department of Agriculture 4998: 4986:. Severe Weather Europe. 5 October 2018 4954:"Europe Weather Analysis on 2018-10-02" 4924:"Europe Weather Analysis on 2018-10-01" 4749:"Storm Numa forms in the Mediterranean" 4660:"Europe Weather Analysis on 2017-11-20" 4630:"Europe Weather Analysis on 2017-11-19" 4529:"Europe Weather Analysis on 2017-11-17" 4473:"Europe Weather Analysis on 2017-11-16" 4273: 4198: 4116:"Europe Weather Analysis on 2011-11-05" 3170:Tropical Storm Beta Discussion Number 3 2533:Tropical-like cyclones in the Black Sea 2053:January 1991, 5 December 1991 1783: 1303:, maintaining a pressure of 1,000 809:, over parts of the Mediterranean with 765:, which withstood all floods since the 10051: 7811:Reale, O.; Atlas, R. (February 1998). 6320: 5950:"Storm 'Blas' battered Puerto Andratx" 5630:Agusti Jansa Clar (8 November 2021). 5242: 4833: 4815:"Europe Weather Analysis on 2018-9-27" 4580: 4449: 4269: 4267: 4145:Stephen Davenport (10 November 2011). 4096:(in German). Institut für Meteorologie 3313: 3136: 2848:"A long-term climatology of medicanes" 2110:03M/"Elaina" ("Andira"), December 2020 2019:Medicane Hannelore on 21 January 2023. 1252: 749:received 79 mm (3.1 in) and 385:for tropical storm force cyclones and 200:(HNMS) as the governing agency, while 8897: 8661: 8396: 8166: 7877:"Medicane risk in a changing climate" 7875:Romero, R.; Emanuel, K. (June 2013). 6666:from the original on 18 November 2021 6191:Dafis, S.; G. Kyros; K. Lagouvardos. 5567: 5462:Global Catastrophe Recap October 2021 5304:Helga van Leur (16 September 2020). 5251: 5182: 5101: 5037:. The Weather Channel. Archived from 5033:Jonathan Belles (29 September 2018). 4976: 4415: 4331: 3216: 3167: 3077: 2965: 2663: 1281:Free University of Berlin (FU Berlin) 10059:Mediterranean tropical-like cyclones 8634: 8497:Tropical cyclones and climate change 7992:International Journal of Climatology 6693:from the original on 26 January 2021 6635:from the original on 17 January 2021 6597:from the original on 18 January 2021 6591:"Medicane makes landfall in Tunisia" 6589:Scott Bachmeier (22 November 2020). 6272:"Streets turn to rivers in Bulgaria" 5501:from the original on 27 October 2021 5439:from the original on 28 October 2021 5079: 5026: 4209:[Storm Rolf November 2011]. 4205:Anthony Brunain (11 November 2011). 3161: 3147:Medicane season 2015 (to be updated) 3047: 2285: 2134: 1934:region. On 5 September, the city of 1547:Medicane Zorbas on 29 September 2018 1480:On 11 November 2017, the remnant of 579:; known to emerge over regions with 442:. An additional two regions, in the 67:Mediterranean tropical-like cyclones 24:Mediterranean tropical-like cyclones 9721:Mediterranean tropical-like cyclone 9714:North Indian Ocean tropical cyclone 9647:Mediterranean tropical-like cyclone 9530:East Asian-northwest Pacific storms 8247: 8207: 7840:Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics 7463:Mazon, J.; Lupo, A. (20 May 2017). 6563:Korosec, Marco (11 November 2019). 5691:Blašković, Teo (11 November 2021). 4274:Sachweh, Michael (7 January 2015). 4264: 3197:Anna Wieczorek (1 September 2015). 3172:(Report). National Hurricane Center 1918:Medicane Daniel on 9 September 2023 1760:after the voyager of the same name. 1653:Medicane Ianos on 17 September 2020 1575:It is unknown who named the system 1197:. As the latter low approached the 1005:Saffir–Simpson hurricane wind scale 832:Saffir–Simpson hurricane wind scale 13: 9809:Upper tropospheric cyclonic vortex 9755:Australian region tropical cyclone 8096:10.1002/j.1477-8696.1970.tb04128.x 7753:Physics and Chemistry of the Earth 7228:10.1002/j.1477-8696.1983.tb04818.x 6685:Teo Blašković (16 December 2020). 6627:Beatrice Raso (16 December 2020). 6486:Jochen Kerkmann, Scott Bachmeier: 6037:. 13 November 2021. Archived from 5925:. 19 November 2021. Archived from 5919:"Europe Weather Map on 2021-11-19" 5893:"Europe Weather Map on 2021-11-18" 5869:. 17 November 2021. Archived from 5863:"Europe Weather Map on 2021-11-17" 5839:. 16 November 2021. Archived from 5833:"Europe Weather Map on 2021-11-16" 5809:. 15 November 2021. Archived from 5803:"Europe Weather Map on 2021-11-15" 5779:. 14 November 2021. Archived from 5773:"Europe Weather Map on 2021-11-14" 5749:. 13 November 2021. Archived from 5743:"Europe Weather Map on 2021-11-13" 5668:. 11 November 2021. Archived from 5662:"Europe Weather Map on 2021-11-11" 5603:Florent Zéphir (7 November 2021). 5372:"Europe Weather Map on 2021-10-24" 5252:Kelly, Maura (16 September 2020). 4843:Jeff Masters (29 September 2018). 4666:. 20 November 2017. Archived from 4636:. 19 November 2017. Archived from 4606:. 21 November 2017. Archived from 4535:. 17 November 2017. Archived from 4479:. 16 November 2017. Archived from 3658:10.1002/j.1477-8696.1970.tb04128.x 3426:Romero & Emanuel 2013, p. 6000 3373:Anagnostopoulou et al. 2006, p. 13 3168:Beven, John L. (27 October 2005). 2641:Tropical cyclone effects in Europe 1731:Medicane Apollo on 29 October 2021 14: 10095: 8104: 6861:Bakkensen, L. A. (January 2016). 6719:. 30 January 2023. Archived from 5404:. 28 October 2021. Archived from 4558:@meteofrance (17 November 2017). 4236:"November 2011 Monthly Cat Recap" 4147:""Medicane" hits the western Med" 4122:. 5 November 2017. Archived from 4059:Marc Schwartz (7 November 2011). 2670:Angela Fritz (16 November 2017). 2104:"Trudy" ("Detlef"), November 2019 1798:Medicane Blas on 14 November 2021 1279:, and given the name Rolf by the 1232:denoting the presence of a clear 1032: 692: 318:Mediterranean Tropical Depression 10030: 10016: 8972: 8376: 8367: 8366: 6705: 6647: 6620: 6609: 6582: 6556: 6530: 6500: 6387: 6367: 6340: 6314: 6289: 6264: 6238: 6211: 6184: 6158: 6132: 6106: 6079: 6053: 6023: 5989: 5963: 5941: 5911: 5885: 5855: 5825: 5795: 5765: 5710: 5684: 5654: 5623: 5561: 5539: 5520:Mary Gilbert (26 October 2021). 5513: 5483: 5471:. 11 November 2021. pp. 7–8 5420: 5390: 5364: 5346: 5328: 5297: 5271: 5215: 5190:Weekly Weather and Crop Bulletin 4960:. 2 October 2018. Archived from 4930:. 1 October 2018. Archived from 4747:Everton Fox (19 November 2017). 4450:Erdman, John (31 October 2016). 4182:. EUMETSAT. 2012. Archived from 3760:Jeff Masters (7 November 2014). 3383:Liza Lestor (13 February 2019). 3007:"2011 Tropical Bulletin Archive" 2923:I Cicloni Tropicali Mediterranei 2896:Sarah Fecht (22 November 2017). 2579: 2565: 2394: 1533:Zorbas (27 Sep – 1 October 2018) 1382:early on 7 November, the system 938:on 13 January as a compact 282:classification for the northern 196:area of responsibility with the 177:a medicane in November 2011 175:released information related to 29: 9769:South Atlantic tropical cyclone 9728:Black Sea tropical-like cyclone 7287:. Balearic Islands University. 6713:"Medicane in Northern Adriatic" 6654:Wael Hakim (16 December 2020). 5203:. 22 September 2020. p. 28 4505:Ben Henson (16 November 2017). 3987:Moscatello et al. 2008, p. 4375 3978:Moscatello et al. 2008, p. 4374 3863:Pytharoulis et al. 2000, p. 267 3854:Pytharoulis et al. 2000, p. 266 3836:Pytharoulis et al. 2000, p. 265 3827:Pytharoulis et al. 2000, p. 264 3815:Pytharoulis et al. 1999, p. 628 3799:Pytharoulis et al. 2000, p. 263 3750:Ernst & Matson 1983, p. 337 3720:Ernst & Matson 1983, p. 334 3706:Ernst & Matson 1983, p. 333 3629: 3617:Pytharoulis et al. 2000, p. 262 3183:Hurricane Beta Advisory Archive 2940: 2715:American Meteorological Society 2611:South Atlantic tropical cyclone 2403: 2401: 2291: 2289: 2140: 2138: 1830:also issued a yellow alert for 1091: 892:sea surface temperatures (SSTs) 811:sea surface temperatures (SSTs) 793:. The storm likely reached the 581:sea surface temperatures (SSTs) 565:sea surface temperatures (SSTs) 526:Development and characteristics 495:sea surface temperatures (SSTs) 312: 310: 292:Development and characteristics 139:Mediterranean with stable air. 9762:South Pacific tropical cyclone 9525:Continental North Asian storms 7560:10.1016/j.atmosres.2014.09.008 7531:10.1016/j.atmosres.2011.04.006 7339:11858/00-001M-0000-0011-FAE4-1 7057:10.1016/j.atmosres.2011.02.016 6886:A Mediterranean Sea hurricane? 6347:Petrou, John; Moustris, Alec. 5285:(in German). 16 September 2020 5130:Nick Austin (3 October 2018). 4004:. Royal Meteorological Society 3587:Miglietta et al. 2013, p. 2404 3549:Miglietta et al. 2013, p. 2402 3417:Cavicchia et al. 2014, p. 7493 3091:. Météo-France. Archived from 3061:. Météo-France. Archived from 3043:2016 Tropical Bulletin Archive 3032:2015 Tropical Bulletin Archive 2779:(in German). 29 September 2018 1922:Storm Daniel was named by the 1165:A short-lived medicane, named 1062:in its eastward trek. It made 839:United States Air Force (USAF) 393: 97:in 2020 was recorded reaching 1: 10069:Climate change and hurricanes 7944:Tous, M.; Romero, R. (2011). 7773:10.1016/S1464-1909(99)00056-8 7759:(6). Elsevier B.V.: 627–632. 6172:(in French). 11 November 2021 6146:(in French). 11 November 2021 4692:. Bloomberg. 20 November 2017 4149:. WeatherCast. Archived from 4088:Ilmer, P. (8 December 2011). 3364:Tous & Romero 2013, p. 10 2651: 2059:10–13 December 1996 2050:14–18 December 1985 2047:29–30 December 1984 1804:Spanish Meteorological Agency 688:Notable medicanes and impacts 214:terranean tropical-like Hurri 10079:Tropical cyclone meteorology 10023:Tropical cyclones portal 9064:Great Sheffield Gale of 1962 9004:Moray Firth fishing disaster 8547:Ridiculously Resilient Ridge 7963:(inactive 17 September 2024) 7714:(in Spanish). Archived from 7573:Geophysical Research Letters 7308:Geophysical Research Letters 6538:"MODIS Web: Image of theDay" 6434:Tous & Romero 2013, p. 4 6120:(in French). 9 November 2021 6086:Marc Hay (8 November 2021). 5977:(in French). 6 November 2021 4869:. ESTOFEX. 29 September 2018 4795:. ESTOFEX. 26 September 2018 4773:. ESTOFEX. 25 September 2018 4207:"Tempête Rolf novembre 2011" 3498:Tous & Romero 2013, p. 6 3486:Tous & Romero 2013, p. 5 3477:Tous & Romero 2013, p. 3 3465:Cavicchia et al. 2013, p. 15 3456:Cavicchia et al. 2013, p. 14 3447:Tous & Romero 2013, p. 8 3355:Tous & Romero 2013, p. 9 3266:Cavicchia et al. 2013, p. 18 2656: 2600:2006 Central Pacific cyclone 2065:25–27 January 1998 2011:Other tropical-like cyclones 1717:Apollo (22 Oct – 2 Nov 2021) 1423:90M/"Trixi" (28–31 Oct 2016) 628:of upper-atmospheric winds. 485:Studies have evaluated that 323:Mediterranean Tropical Storm 7: 9873:Mesoscale convective vortex 9855:Mesoscale convective system 9457:List of European windstorms 8874:Pacific Northwest windstorm 7783:Meteorological Applications 7407:Meteorological Applications 7107:Atmospheric Science Letters 6980:Cerrai, D. (January 2015). 5579:) (in Spanish) – via 5549:. BBC News. 26 October 2021 4581:Tuschy (18 November 2017). 3310:Cavicchia et al. 2013, p. 8 3301:Cavicchia et al. 2013, p. 6 3257:Cavicchia et al. 2013, p. 7 2558: 1521:, before emerging into the 950:; meanwhile, in the middle 930:coast and moved toward the 616:within the middle-to-upper 10: 10100: 7027:10.5194/nhess-10-2199-2010 6884:Blier, W.; Ma, Q. (1997). 6815: 6001:"Rachas máximas de Viento" 4566:) (in French) – via 3960:Claud et al. 2010, p. 2203 3916:Homar et al. 2003, p. 1471 3898:Homar et al. 2003, p. 1473 3575:Claud et al. 2010, p. 2211 3563:Homar et al. 2003, p. 1469 3435:Walsh et al. 2014, p. 1059 3408:Gaertner et al. 2007, p. 4 3280:Homar et al. 2003, p. 1470 2536: 2107:"Masinissa", November 2020 1907: 1787: 1720: 1642: 1536: 1465: 1359: 1256: 1209:of approximately 986 10010: 9967: 9897: 9888: 9853: 9830: 9821: 9786: 9737: 9675: 9660: 9637:Australian east coast Low 9622: 9593: 9580:Australian east coast low 9572: 9563: 9538: 9507: 9477: 9448: 9178: 9120:1992 New Year's Day Storm 9027: 8981: 8970: 8933: 8893: 8886: 8846: 8817: 8778: 8771: 8762: 8753: 8695: 8657: 8625: 8614: 8605: 8560: 8514: 8505: 8439: 8362: 8327: 8280: 8263: 8234: 8217: 8200: 8049:10.1007/s00382-013-1723-y 7804:10.1017/S1350482700001511 7738:. Copernicus Publications 7710:Pedro C. Fernández Sanz. 7428:10.1017/S1350482799001309 7171:Emanuel, K. (June 2005). 6964:10.1175/JCLI-D-14-00339.1 6922:10.1007/s00382-011-1220-0 6797:10.1134/S0001433807060011 5923:Free University of Berlin 5897:Free University of Berlin 5867:Free University of Berlin 5837:Free University of Berlin 5807:Free University of Berlin 5777:Free University of Berlin 5747:Free University of Berlin 5666:Free University of Berlin 5402:Free University of Berlin 5376:Free University of Berlin 5199:(Report). Vol. 107. 4958:Free University of Berlin 4928:Free University of Berlin 4894:Free University of Berlin 4819:Free University of Berlin 4664:Free University of Berlin 4634:Free University of Berlin 4533:Free University of Berlin 4477:Free University of Berlin 4120:Free University of Berlin 3149:(Report). 22 October 2015 2875:10.1007/s00382-013-1893-7 2616:Subtropical Cyclone Katie 2298:in the Mediterranean Sea 2296:Number of recorded storms 2281:List of storms, by decade 2147:in the Mediterranean Sea 2145:Number of recorded storms 2118:Climatological statistics 2113:"Hannelore", January 2023 1930:, especially in Greece's 1752:Free University of Berlin 1674: 1490:Free University of Berlin 1277:Satellite Analysis Branch 1171:Free University of Berlin 773:Leucosia (24–27 Jan 1982) 666:North Atlantic hurricanes 554:—thunderstorms—and heavy 173:Satellite Analysis Branch 54: 44: 28: 23: 9148:Boxing Day Storm of 1998 9141:Christmas Eve storm 1997 8477:Annular tropical cyclone 8382:Tropical cyclones portal 7961:10.3369/tethys.2011.8.06 7703:10.1175/MWR-D-12-00164.1 7198:10.5194/adgeo-2-217-2005 7163:10.5194/nhess-9-551-2009 6593:. CIMSS Satellite Blog. 6094:. Actualités (in French) 5197:usda.library.cornell.edu 4094:Freie Universität Berlin 3738:Reed et al. 2001, p. 189 3729:Reed et al. 2001, p. 187 2724:10.1175/BAMS-D-20-0274.1 2621:Subtropical Cyclone Lexi 2573:Tropical cyclones portal 2130:List of storms, by month 1870:. On 9 and 10 November, 1750:, which was used by the 1623:, the storm damaged the 1476:Numa on 18 November 2017 1153:Querida (25–27 Sep 2006) 1116:Cornelia (6–11 Oct 1996) 767:fall of the Roman Empire 438:, is less favorable for 434:and stretching south to 314:maximum sustained winds 131:tropical storm intensity 75:Mediterranean hurricanes 9937:Multiple-vortex tornado 9376:Friederike (David) 2018 9369:Eleanor (Burglind) 2018 9092:December 1981 windstorm 9050:North Sea flood of 1953 8963:Christmas Flood of 1717 7262:10.5194/nhess-7-41-2007 7177:Advances in Geosciences 6987:. University of Bologna 6832:Advances in Geosciences 6544:. NASA. 26 October 2019 6493:5 November 2020 at the 6448:Fita et al. 2007, p. 45 6065:Mallorca Daily Bulletin 3930:. University of Bologna 3694:Winstanley 1970, p. 390 3685:Winstanley 1970, p. 392 3673:Winstanley 1970, p. 396 3626:Winstanley 1970, p. 393 3525:Fita et al. 2007, p. 53 3516:Fita et al. 2007, p. 43 2636:Tropical cyclone basins 2595:1996 Lake Huron cyclone 2044:7 April 1984, 2041:26 March 1983 1356:Qendresa (7–9 Nov 2014) 910:Celeno (14–17 Jan 1995) 862:27 Sep – 2 October 1983 610:tropical cyclone basins 544:atmospheric instability 506:tropical cyclone basins 306:tropical cyclone scales 288:radius of maximum winds 155:developing outside the 147:Historically, the term 69:, often referred to as 9878:Line echo wave pattern 9832:Mesoscale ocean eddies 9601:Southern Ocean cyclone 8689:Extratropical cyclones 8482:Bar (tropical cyclone) 8472:Central dense overcast 8128:Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc 7818:. ICTP. Archived from 7683:Monthly Weather Review 7645:Monthly Weather Review 6853:10.5194/adgeo-7-9-2006 6118:Algeria Presse Service 3324:"Miscellaneous Images" 2820:. University of Athens 2548: 2020: 1919: 1904:Daniel (4–12 Sep 2023) 1799: 1732: 1654: 1639:Ianos (14–20 Sep 2020) 1585:Deutscher Wetterdienst 1548: 1477: 1432: 1431:90M on 31 October 2016 1371: 1268: 1181:on 26 September, 1162: 1125: 1101: 948:atmospheric convection 919: 782: 702: 662:atmospheric convection 636: 601: 552:atmospheric convection 535: 403: 276:Deutscher Wetterdienst 250: 164:hurricanes elsewhere. 71:Mediterranean cyclones 9250:Friedhelm/Bawbag 2011 9113:Burns' Day storm 1990 8997:Night of the Big Wind 8718:Post-tropical cyclone 8467:Rapid intensification 7860:10.1007/s007030170029 7666:10.1175/2008MWR2512.1 6870:University of Arizona 6569:Severe Weather Europe 4847:. Weather Underground 4509:. Weather Underground 4213:(in French). Meteo 06 4040:Miglietta et al. 2015 4022:Miglietta et al. 2011 3764:. Weather Underground 2631:Tropical cyclogenesis 2626:Subtropical Storm 96C 2607:(fully extratropical) 2546: 2101:"Scott", October 2019 2018: 1995:district, as well as 1917: 1838:for wind, as well as 1797: 1730: 1652: 1546: 1475: 1462:Numa (16–19 Nov 2017) 1430: 1394:when it had lost its 1369: 1266: 1160: 1123: 1099: 917: 852:extratropical cyclone 780: 700: 634: 599: 533: 466:mountain ranges, the 440:tropical cyclogenesis 408:tropical cyclogenesis 401: 349:≥ 112 km/h 237: 149:tropical-like cyclone 35:Satellite imagery of 10064:Hurricanes in Europe 10037:Tornadoes portal 9947:Anticyclonic tornado 9915:Low-topped supercell 9693:Cape Verde hurricane 9085:Gale of January 1976 7540:Atmospheric Research 7511:Atmospheric Research 7490:10.3390/atmos8050092 7329:10.1029/2007GL029977 7037:Atmospheric Research 6383:. 12 September 2023. 5611:(in French). Sputnik 5360:. 19 September 2020. 5342:. 19 September 2020. 5041:on 29 September 2018 4610:on 20 September 2018 3334:on 29 September 2007 3289:Emanuel 2005, p. 220 3234:on 16 September 2007 3095:on 16 September 2017 3065:on 17 September 2017 2937:Emanuel 2005, p. 217 1784:Blas (5–18 Nov 2021) 1667:Category 2 hurricane 1407:). Interacting with 1315:, stationed between 1207:atmospheric pressure 1175:Atlas mountain range 984:atmospheric pressure 820:atmospheric pressure 795:Atlas mountain range 711:Atlas mountain range 503:Northwestern Pacific 372:≥ 99 km/h 360:≤ 54 km/h 337:≤ 62 km/h 297:Saffir–Simpson scale 126:subtropical cyclones 91:Saffir–Simpson scale 87:Category 1 hurricane 9739:Southern Hemisphere 9677:Northern Hemisphere 9565:Southern Hemisphere 9520:Western Disturbance 9334:Thomas (Doris) 2017 9106:Great storm of 1987 9071:1968 Scotland storm 9011:Tay Bridge disaster 8990:Great Storm of 1824 8956:Great Storm of 1703 8926:European windstorms 8755:Northern Hemisphere 8573:South Atlantic High 8561:Southern Hemisphere 8537:North American High 8515:Northern Hemisphere 8140:2019QJRMS.145.1444M 8088:1970Wthr...25..390W 8041:2014ClDy...42.1053W 8004:2013IJCli..33....1T 7931:on 27 February 2014 7896:2013JGRD..118.5992R 7852:2001MAP....76..183R 7796:2000MeApp...7..261P 7765:1999PCEB...24..627P 7695:2013MWRv..141.1943P 7657:2008MWRv..136.4373M 7616:2008Wthr...63..306M 7585:2013GeoRL..40.2400M 7552:2015AtmRe.153..360M 7523:2011AtmRe.101..412M 7481:2017Atmos...8...92R 7419:1999MeApp...6..371L 7368:2003QJRMS.129.1469H 7320:2007GeoRL..3414711G 7253:2007NHESS...7...41F 7220:1983Wthr...38..332E 7189:2005AdG.....2..217E 7154:2009NHESS...9..551D 7119:2018AtScL..19E.823D 7078:2020QJRMS.146.4147D 7049:2011AtmRe.101..264C 7018:2010NHESS..10.2199C 6955:2014JCli...27.7493C 6914:2012ClDy...39.2273C 6908:(9–10): 2273–2290. 6844:2006AdG.....7....9A 6789:2009arXiv0906.2191E 6723:on 10 February 2023 6542:modis.gsfc.nasa.gov 6401:. 14 September 2023 6041:on 24 November 2021 5999:(6 November 2021). 5929:on 24 November 2021 5873:on 24 November 2021 5843:on 24 November 2021 5813:on 16 November 2021 5783:on 14 November 2021 5753:on 13 November 2021 5672:on 11 November 2021 5571:(5 November 2021). 5497:. 27 October 2021. 5067:. 23 September 2018 4964:on 1 September 2021 4821:. 27 September 2018 4728:on 12 December 2017 4186:on 28 November 2020 4031:Davolio et al. 2009 3650:1970Wthr...25..390W 2921:Daniele Bianchino: 2867:2014ClDy...43.1183C 2753:. 28 September 2018 1985:failure of two dams 1836:Pyrénées-Orientales 1802:On 5 November, the 1482:Tropical Storm Rina 1259:Tropical Storm Rolf 1253:Rolf (6–9 Nov 2011) 1219:Salentine peninsula 900:cumulonimbus clouds 491:surface energy flux 77:, and shortened as 9686:Atlantic hurricane 9642:Lake Huron cyclone 8703:Anticyclonic storm 8578:South Pacific High 8542:North Pacific High 8457:High-pressure area 8447:Anticyclonic storm 8134:(721): 1444–1460. 8035:(3–4): 1053–1066. 7904:10.1002/jgrd.50475 7450:on 4 December 2017 7362:(590): 1469–1490. 7072:(733): 4147–4169. 6943:Journal of Climate 6067:. 10 November 2021 5899:. 18 November 2021 5573:"La Borrasca Blas" 5408:on 28 October 2021 5170:on 9 December 2019 4319:on 7 November 2020 4293:on 6 November 2016 4252:on 2 December 2018 4153:on 26 October 2020 3228:United States Navy 2952:english.aawsat.com 2861:(5–6): 1183–1195. 2605:European windstorm 2549: 2083:9 August 2006 2056:21–25 October 1994 2021: 1920: 1889:Lézignan-Corbières 1800: 1733: 1655: 1629:Aslan Pasha Mosque 1627:on the top of the 1549: 1478: 1433: 1372: 1269: 1230:radar observations 1187:low-pressure areas 1163: 1126: 1102: 996:high-pressure area 920: 783: 703: 637: 602: 536: 404: 308:for conversions): 182:Tropical Storm 90M 45:Area of occurrence 10074:Natural disasters 10046: 10045: 10006: 10005: 10002: 10001: 9998: 9997: 9942:Satellite tornado 9817: 9816: 9782: 9781: 9778: 9777: 9702:Pacific hurricane 9618: 9617: 9614: 9613: 9559: 9558: 9503: 9502: 9473: 9472: 9018:Eyemouth disaster 8934:14th-18th century 8882: 8881: 8842: 8841: 8723:Low-pressure area 8601: 8600: 8593:Subtropical ridge 8552:Subtropical ridge 8462:Low-pressure area 8432:Centers of action 8390: 8389: 7890:(12): 5992–6001. 7651:(11): 4373–4397. 7594:10.1002/grl.50432 7579:(10): 2400–2405. 7012:(10): 2199–2213. 6949:(19): 7493–7501. 5378:. 24 October 2021 4934:on 31 August 2021 4904:on 31 August 2021 4670:on 31 August 2021 4640:on 31 August 2021 4539:on 31 August 2021 4483:on 31 August 2021 4403:. 28 October 2016 4348:on 31 August 2021 4049:Conte et al. 2010 3845:Blier and Ma 1997 2530: 2529: 2411:Number of deaths 2391: 2390: 2374: 2373: 2273: 2272: 2259: 2258: 2038:18–20 August 1976 1663:Mediterranean Sea 1519:low-pressure area 1376:Kerkennah Islands 1328:frontal structure 1226:pressure gradient 940:low-pressure area 874:, looping around 803:Iberian Peninsula 799:low-pressure area 715:low-pressure area 654:satellite imagery 577:tropical cyclones 510:atmospheric model 379: 378: 375: 369: 363: 357:10-minute average 352: 346: 343:63–111 km/h 340: 223:– makes the term 153:tropical cyclones 83:Mediterranean Sea 64: 63: 49:Mediterranean Sea 10091: 10084:Types of cyclone 10035: 10034: 10033: 10021: 10020: 10019: 9895: 9894: 9828: 9827: 9771: 9764: 9757: 9750: 9740: 9730: 9723: 9716: 9704: 9695: 9688: 9678: 9673: 9672: 9585:Black nor'easter 9570: 9569: 9566: 9485:Black Sea storms 9466: 9459: 9441: 9434: 9427: 9420: 9413: 9406: 9399: 9392: 9385: 9378: 9371: 9364: 9357: 9350: 9343: 9336: 9329: 9322: 9315: 9308: 9301: 9294: 9287: 9280: 9273: 9266: 9259: 9252: 9245: 9238: 9231: 9224: 9217: 9210: 9203: 9196: 9189: 9171: 9164: 9157: 9150: 9143: 9136: 9129: 9127:Braer Storm 1993 9122: 9115: 9108: 9101: 9094: 9087: 9080: 9073: 9066: 9059: 9052: 9045: 9038: 9020: 9013: 9006: 8999: 8992: 8976: 8965: 8958: 8951: 8944: 8928: 8918: 8911: 8904: 8895: 8894: 8891: 8890: 8835: 8828: 8810: 8803: 8796: 8789: 8776: 8775: 8769: 8768: 8765: 8760: 8759: 8756: 8682: 8675: 8668: 8659: 8658: 8632: 8631: 8628: 8623: 8622: 8619: 8612: 8611: 8568:South Polar High 8522:North Polar High 8512: 8511: 8417: 8410: 8403: 8394: 8393: 8380: 8370: 8369: 8187: 8180: 8173: 8164: 8163: 8159: 8099: 8070: 8060: 8029:Climate Dynamics 8023: 8012:10.1002/joc.3428 7986: 7980: 7972: 7970: 7968: 7950: 7940: 7938: 7936: 7930: 7924:. Archived from 7915: 7881: 7871: 7846:(3–4): 183–202. 7834: 7832: 7830: 7824: 7817: 7807: 7776: 7747: 7745: 7743: 7737: 7727: 7725: 7723: 7706: 7689:(6): 1943–1962. 7680: 7670: 7668: 7635: 7598: 7596: 7563: 7534: 7517:(1–2): 412–426. 7504: 7502: 7492: 7459: 7457: 7455: 7449: 7442: 7432: 7430: 7397: 7387: 7376:10.1256/qj.01.91 7353: 7343: 7341: 7331: 7298: 7296: 7286: 7276: 7274: 7264: 7231: 7202: 7200: 7167: 7165: 7132: 7130: 7097: 7060: 7043:(1–2): 264–279. 7031: 7029: 6996: 6994: 6992: 6986: 6976: 6966: 6933: 6902:Climate Dynamics 6899: 6889: 6880: 6878: 6876: 6867: 6857: 6855: 6829: 6809: 6808: 6782: 6762: 6756: 6755: 6753: 6751: 6746:. Allerton Press 6739: 6733: 6732: 6730: 6728: 6709: 6703: 6702: 6700: 6698: 6689:. The Watchers. 6682: 6676: 6675: 6673: 6671: 6651: 6645: 6644: 6642: 6640: 6624: 6618: 6613: 6607: 6606: 6604: 6602: 6586: 6580: 6579: 6577: 6575: 6560: 6554: 6553: 6551: 6549: 6534: 6528: 6527: 6525: 6523: 6504: 6498: 6484: 6449: 6446: 6435: 6432: 6411: 6410: 6408: 6406: 6391: 6385: 6384: 6371: 6365: 6364: 6362: 6360: 6344: 6338: 6337: 6335: 6333: 6318: 6312: 6311: 6309: 6307: 6301:www.novinite.com 6293: 6287: 6286: 6284: 6282: 6268: 6262: 6261: 6259: 6257: 6242: 6236: 6235: 6233: 6231: 6215: 6209: 6208: 6206: 6204: 6188: 6182: 6181: 6179: 6177: 6162: 6156: 6155: 6153: 6151: 6136: 6130: 6129: 6127: 6125: 6110: 6104: 6103: 6101: 6099: 6083: 6077: 6076: 6074: 6072: 6057: 6051: 6050: 6048: 6046: 6027: 6021: 6020: 6014: 6012: 5993: 5987: 5986: 5984: 5982: 5967: 5961: 5960: 5958: 5956: 5945: 5939: 5938: 5936: 5934: 5915: 5909: 5908: 5906: 5904: 5889: 5883: 5882: 5880: 5878: 5859: 5853: 5852: 5850: 5848: 5829: 5823: 5822: 5820: 5818: 5799: 5793: 5792: 5790: 5788: 5769: 5763: 5762: 5760: 5758: 5739: 5730: 5729: 5727: 5725: 5714: 5708: 5707: 5705: 5703: 5688: 5682: 5681: 5679: 5677: 5658: 5652: 5651: 5645: 5643: 5627: 5621: 5620: 5618: 5616: 5600: 5585: 5584: 5565: 5559: 5558: 5556: 5554: 5543: 5537: 5536: 5534: 5532: 5517: 5511: 5510: 5508: 5506: 5487: 5481: 5480: 5478: 5476: 5466: 5458: 5449: 5448: 5446: 5444: 5424: 5418: 5417: 5415: 5413: 5394: 5388: 5387: 5385: 5383: 5368: 5362: 5361: 5350: 5344: 5343: 5332: 5326: 5325: 5319: 5317: 5301: 5295: 5294: 5292: 5290: 5275: 5269: 5268: 5266: 5264: 5249: 5240: 5239: 5237: 5235: 5219: 5213: 5212: 5210: 5208: 5194: 5186: 5180: 5179: 5177: 5175: 5169: 5158: 5150: 5144: 5143: 5141: 5139: 5127: 5121: 5120: 5118: 5116: 5105: 5099: 5098: 5096: 5094: 5083: 5077: 5076: 5074: 5072: 5065:Associated Press 5057: 5051: 5050: 5048: 5046: 5030: 5024: 5023: 5021: 5019: 5007: 4996: 4995: 4993: 4991: 4980: 4974: 4973: 4971: 4969: 4950: 4944: 4943: 4941: 4939: 4920: 4914: 4913: 4911: 4909: 4903: 4885: 4879: 4878: 4876: 4874: 4863: 4857: 4856: 4854: 4852: 4840: 4831: 4830: 4828: 4826: 4811: 4805: 4804: 4802: 4800: 4789: 4783: 4782: 4780: 4778: 4767: 4761: 4760: 4758: 4756: 4744: 4738: 4737: 4735: 4733: 4727: 4716: 4708: 4702: 4701: 4699: 4697: 4686: 4680: 4679: 4677: 4675: 4656: 4650: 4649: 4647: 4645: 4626: 4620: 4619: 4617: 4615: 4600: 4594: 4593: 4591: 4589: 4578: 4572: 4571: 4555: 4549: 4548: 4546: 4544: 4525: 4519: 4518: 4516: 4514: 4502: 4493: 4492: 4490: 4488: 4469: 4463: 4462: 4460: 4458: 4447: 4438: 4437: 4435: 4433: 4426:"Medicane Trixi" 4422: 4413: 4412: 4410: 4408: 4401:timesofmalta.com 4393: 4387: 4386: 4384: 4382: 4376: 4364: 4358: 4357: 4355: 4353: 4347: 4335: 4329: 4328: 4326: 4324: 4309: 4303: 4302: 4300: 4298: 4292: 4281: 4271: 4262: 4261: 4259: 4257: 4251: 4240: 4232: 4223: 4222: 4220: 4218: 4202: 4196: 4195: 4193: 4191: 4176: 4163: 4162: 4160: 4158: 4142: 4136: 4135: 4133: 4131: 4112: 4106: 4105: 4103: 4101: 4085: 4072: 4071: 4069: 4067: 4056: 4050: 4047: 4041: 4038: 4032: 4029: 4023: 4020: 4014: 4013: 4011: 4009: 4003: 3994: 3988: 3985: 3979: 3976: 3961: 3958: 3949: 3946: 3940: 3939: 3937: 3935: 3923: 3917: 3914: 3908: 3905: 3899: 3896: 3890: 3887: 3876: 3873: 3864: 3861: 3855: 3852: 3846: 3843: 3837: 3834: 3828: 3825: 3816: 3813: 3800: 3797: 3786: 3783: 3774: 3773: 3771: 3769: 3757: 3751: 3748: 3739: 3736: 3730: 3727: 3721: 3718: 3707: 3704: 3695: 3692: 3686: 3683: 3674: 3671: 3662: 3661: 3633: 3627: 3624: 3618: 3615: 3588: 3585: 3576: 3573: 3564: 3561: 3550: 3547: 3526: 3523: 3517: 3514: 3508: 3505: 3499: 3496: 3487: 3484: 3478: 3475: 3466: 3463: 3457: 3454: 3448: 3445: 3436: 3433: 3427: 3424: 3418: 3415: 3409: 3406: 3400: 3399: 3397: 3395: 3380: 3374: 3371: 3365: 3362: 3356: 3353: 3344: 3343: 3341: 3339: 3330:. Archived from 3320: 3311: 3308: 3302: 3299: 3290: 3287: 3281: 3278: 3267: 3264: 3258: 3255: 3244: 3243: 3241: 3239: 3230:. Archived from 3220: 3214: 3213: 3211: 3209: 3194: 3185: 3181: 3179: 3177: 3165: 3159: 3158: 3156: 3154: 3143: 3134: 3133: 3131: 3129: 3119: 3111: 3105: 3104: 3102: 3100: 3081: 3075: 3074: 3072: 3070: 3051: 3045: 3040: 3034: 3029: 3023: 3022: 3020: 3018: 3003: 2992: 2991: 2989: 2987: 2972: 2963: 2962: 2960: 2958: 2944: 2938: 2935: 2926: 2919: 2913: 2912: 2910: 2908: 2893: 2887: 2886: 2855:Climate Dynamics 2852: 2843: 2830: 2829: 2827: 2825: 2819: 2810: 2789: 2788: 2786: 2784: 2769: 2763: 2762: 2760: 2758: 2743: 2737: 2736: 2726: 2698: 2689: 2688: 2686: 2684: 2667: 2589: 2584: 2583: 2582: 2575: 2570: 2569: 2568: 2500:≥ 6 (2 missing) 2402: 2290: 2286: 2139: 2135: 1951:and the city of 1808:Balearic Islands 1737:Balearic Islands 1677: 1676: 1507: 1498:tropical cyclone 1362:Cyclone Qendresa 1345:Dvorak technique 1332:Balearic Islands 1313:stationary front 1199:Strait of Sicily 1039:Balearic Islands 684:characteristic. 412:Balearic Islands 373: 367: 366:56–98 km/h 361: 350: 344: 338: 334:1-minute average 311: 264:Balearic Islands 248: 103:torrential rains 33: 21: 20: 10099: 10098: 10094: 10093: 10092: 10090: 10089: 10088: 10049: 10048: 10047: 10042: 10031: 10029: 10017: 10015: 9994: 9963: 9884: 9849: 9813: 9774: 9767: 9760: 9753: 9746: 9738: 9733: 9726: 9719: 9712: 9700: 9691: 9684: 9676: 9664: 9656: 9610: 9589: 9564: 9555: 9534: 9499: 9469: 9462: 9455: 9444: 9437: 9430: 9423: 9416: 9409: 9402: 9395: 9388: 9381: 9374: 9367: 9360: 9353: 9346: 9339: 9332: 9325: 9318: 9311: 9304: 9297: 9290: 9283: 9276: 9269: 9262: 9255: 9248: 9241: 9234: 9227: 9220: 9213: 9206: 9199: 9192: 9185: 9174: 9167: 9160: 9153: 9146: 9139: 9132: 9125: 9118: 9111: 9104: 9097: 9090: 9083: 9076: 9069: 9062: 9055: 9048: 9041: 9034: 9023: 9016: 9009: 9002: 8995: 8988: 8977: 8968: 8961: 8954: 8949:Burchardi flood 8947: 8942:Grote Mandrenke 8940: 8929: 8924: 8922: 8878: 8838: 8831: 8824: 8813: 8806: 8801:Great basin low 8799: 8792: 8787:Alberta clipper 8785: 8763: 8754: 8749: 8691: 8686: 8653: 8649:South Polar low 8644:North Polar low 8626: 8615: 8597: 8588:Australian High 8556: 8501: 8435: 8421: 8391: 8386: 8358: 8323: 8276: 8259: 8230: 8213: 8196: 8191: 8148:10.1002/qj.3503 8107: 8102: 7974: 7973: 7966: 7964: 7948: 7934: 7932: 7928: 7879: 7828: 7826: 7825:on 5 March 2016 7822: 7815: 7741: 7739: 7735: 7721: 7719: 7678: 7624:10.1002/wea.231 7610:(10): 306–311. 7453: 7451: 7447: 7440: 7351: 7294:10.1.1.489.5889 7284: 7214:(11): 332–337. 7128:10.1002/asl.823 7086:10.1002/qj.3896 6990: 6988: 6984: 6897: 6874: 6872: 6865: 6827: 6818: 6813: 6812: 6763: 6759: 6749: 6747: 6740: 6736: 6726: 6724: 6711: 6710: 6706: 6696: 6694: 6683: 6679: 6669: 6667: 6652: 6648: 6638: 6636: 6625: 6621: 6614: 6610: 6600: 6598: 6587: 6583: 6573: 6571: 6561: 6557: 6547: 6545: 6536: 6535: 6531: 6521: 6519: 6513:edition.cnn.com 6505: 6501: 6495:Wayback Machine 6485: 6452: 6447: 6438: 6433: 6414: 6404: 6402: 6393: 6392: 6388: 6373: 6372: 6368: 6358: 6356: 6345: 6341: 6331: 6329: 6319: 6315: 6305: 6303: 6295: 6294: 6290: 6280: 6278: 6270: 6269: 6265: 6255: 6253: 6243: 6239: 6229: 6227: 6216: 6212: 6202: 6200: 6189: 6185: 6175: 6173: 6164: 6163: 6159: 6149: 6147: 6138: 6137: 6133: 6123: 6121: 6112: 6111: 6107: 6097: 6095: 6092:www.tameteo.com 6084: 6080: 6070: 6068: 6059: 6058: 6054: 6044: 6042: 6029: 6028: 6024: 6010: 6008: 5997:AEMET Baleares 5994: 5990: 5980: 5978: 5969: 5968: 5964: 5954: 5952: 5946: 5942: 5932: 5930: 5917: 5916: 5912: 5902: 5900: 5891: 5890: 5886: 5876: 5874: 5861: 5860: 5856: 5846: 5844: 5831: 5830: 5826: 5816: 5814: 5801: 5800: 5796: 5786: 5784: 5771: 5770: 5766: 5756: 5754: 5741: 5740: 5733: 5723: 5721: 5716: 5715: 5711: 5701: 5699: 5689: 5685: 5675: 5673: 5660: 5659: 5655: 5641: 5639: 5628: 5624: 5614: 5612: 5601: 5588: 5566: 5562: 5552: 5550: 5545: 5544: 5540: 5530: 5528: 5518: 5514: 5504: 5502: 5489: 5488: 5484: 5474: 5472: 5464: 5460: 5459: 5452: 5442: 5440: 5425: 5421: 5411: 5409: 5396: 5395: 5391: 5381: 5379: 5370: 5369: 5365: 5352: 5351: 5347: 5334: 5333: 5329: 5315: 5313: 5302: 5298: 5288: 5286: 5277: 5276: 5272: 5262: 5260: 5250: 5243: 5233: 5231: 5220: 5216: 5206: 5204: 5192: 5188: 5187: 5183: 5173: 5171: 5167: 5156: 5152: 5151: 5147: 5137: 5135: 5128: 5124: 5114: 5112: 5107: 5106: 5102: 5092: 5090: 5085: 5084: 5080: 5070: 5068: 5059: 5058: 5054: 5044: 5042: 5031: 5027: 5017: 5015: 5008: 4999: 4989: 4987: 4982: 4981: 4977: 4967: 4965: 4952: 4951: 4947: 4937: 4935: 4922: 4921: 4917: 4907: 4905: 4901: 4887: 4886: 4882: 4872: 4870: 4865: 4864: 4860: 4850: 4848: 4841: 4834: 4824: 4822: 4813: 4812: 4808: 4798: 4796: 4791: 4790: 4786: 4776: 4774: 4769: 4768: 4764: 4754: 4752: 4745: 4741: 4731: 4729: 4725: 4714: 4710: 4709: 4705: 4695: 4693: 4688: 4687: 4683: 4673: 4671: 4658: 4657: 4653: 4643: 4641: 4628: 4627: 4623: 4613: 4611: 4602: 4601: 4597: 4587: 4585: 4579: 4575: 4556: 4552: 4542: 4540: 4527: 4526: 4522: 4512: 4510: 4503: 4496: 4486: 4484: 4471: 4470: 4466: 4456: 4454: 4448: 4441: 4431: 4429: 4424: 4423: 4416: 4406: 4404: 4395: 4394: 4390: 4380: 4378: 4374: 4368:"Weather Chart" 4366: 4365: 4361: 4351: 4349: 4345: 4339:"Weather Chart" 4337: 4336: 4332: 4322: 4320: 4311: 4310: 4306: 4296: 4294: 4290: 4279: 4272: 4265: 4255: 4253: 4249: 4238: 4234: 4233: 4226: 4216: 4214: 4203: 4199: 4189: 4187: 4178: 4177: 4166: 4156: 4154: 4143: 4139: 4129: 4127: 4126:on 3 April 2016 4114: 4113: 4109: 4099: 4097: 4086: 4075: 4065: 4063: 4057: 4053: 4048: 4044: 4039: 4035: 4030: 4026: 4021: 4017: 4007: 4005: 4001: 3995: 3991: 3986: 3982: 3977: 3964: 3959: 3952: 3947: 3943: 3933: 3931: 3924: 3920: 3915: 3911: 3906: 3902: 3897: 3893: 3888: 3879: 3874: 3867: 3862: 3858: 3853: 3849: 3844: 3840: 3835: 3831: 3826: 3819: 3814: 3803: 3798: 3789: 3784: 3777: 3767: 3765: 3758: 3754: 3749: 3742: 3737: 3733: 3728: 3724: 3719: 3710: 3705: 3698: 3693: 3689: 3684: 3677: 3672: 3665: 3634: 3630: 3625: 3621: 3616: 3591: 3586: 3579: 3574: 3567: 3562: 3553: 3548: 3529: 3524: 3520: 3515: 3511: 3506: 3502: 3497: 3490: 3485: 3481: 3476: 3469: 3464: 3460: 3455: 3451: 3446: 3439: 3434: 3430: 3425: 3421: 3416: 3412: 3407: 3403: 3393: 3391: 3381: 3377: 3372: 3368: 3363: 3359: 3354: 3347: 3337: 3335: 3322: 3321: 3314: 3309: 3305: 3300: 3293: 3288: 3284: 3279: 3270: 3265: 3261: 3256: 3247: 3237: 3235: 3222: 3221: 3217: 3207: 3205: 3195: 3188: 3175: 3173: 3166: 3162: 3152: 3150: 3145: 3144: 3137: 3127: 3125: 3117: 3113: 3112: 3108: 3098: 3096: 3083: 3082: 3078: 3068: 3066: 3053: 3052: 3048: 3041: 3037: 3030: 3026: 3016: 3014: 3005: 3004: 2995: 2985: 2983: 2974: 2973: 2966: 2956: 2954: 2946: 2945: 2941: 2936: 2929: 2920: 2916: 2906: 2904: 2894: 2890: 2850: 2844: 2833: 2823: 2821: 2817: 2811: 2792: 2782: 2780: 2771: 2770: 2766: 2756: 2754: 2745: 2744: 2740: 2717:: E1621–E1636. 2699: 2692: 2682: 2680: 2677:Washington Post 2668: 2664: 2659: 2654: 2585: 2580: 2578: 2571: 2566: 2564: 2561: 2541: 2535: 2397: 2392: 2384: 2382: 2376: 2297: 2283: 2274: 2266: 2264: 2146: 2132: 2120: 2013: 1993:Jabal al Akhdar 1912: 1906: 1820:Spanish Navarre 1792: 1786: 1725: 1719: 1688:Reggio Calabria 1647: 1641: 1541: 1535: 1505: 1470: 1464: 1425: 1364: 1358: 1261: 1255: 1155: 1146:Aeolian Islands 1118: 1094: 1052:Valencia, Spain 1035: 982:with a minimum 912: 864: 814:the island and 775: 695: 690: 528: 396: 301:sustained winds 249: 244: 145: 40: 17: 12: 11: 5: 10097: 10087: 10086: 10081: 10076: 10071: 10066: 10061: 10044: 10043: 10041: 10040: 10026: 10011: 10008: 10007: 10004: 10003: 10000: 9999: 9996: 9995: 9993: 9992: 9987: 9982: 9977: 9971: 9969: 9965: 9964: 9962: 9961: 9956: 9951: 9950: 9949: 9944: 9939: 9929: 9924: 9923: 9922: 9917: 9912: 9901: 9899: 9892: 9886: 9885: 9883: 9882: 9881: 9880: 9870: 9865: 9859: 9857: 9851: 9850: 9848: 9847: 9842: 9836: 9834: 9825: 9819: 9818: 9815: 9814: 9812: 9811: 9806: 9801: 9796: 9790: 9788: 9784: 9783: 9780: 9779: 9776: 9775: 9773: 9772: 9765: 9758: 9751: 9743: 9741: 9735: 9734: 9732: 9731: 9724: 9717: 9710: 9705: 9698: 9697: 9696: 9681: 9679: 9670: 9658: 9657: 9655: 9654: 9649: 9644: 9639: 9634: 9628: 9626: 9620: 9619: 9616: 9615: 9612: 9611: 9609: 9608: 9603: 9597: 9595: 9591: 9590: 9588: 9587: 9582: 9576: 9574: 9567: 9561: 9560: 9557: 9556: 9554: 9553: 9548: 9542: 9540: 9536: 9535: 9533: 9532: 9527: 9522: 9517: 9511: 9509: 9505: 9504: 9501: 9500: 9498: 9497: 9492: 9487: 9481: 9479: 9475: 9474: 9471: 9470: 9468: 9467: 9460: 9452: 9450: 9446: 9445: 9443: 9442: 9435: 9428: 9421: 9414: 9407: 9400: 9393: 9386: 9379: 9372: 9365: 9358: 9351: 9344: 9337: 9330: 9323: 9316: 9309: 9306:Christina 2014 9302: 9295: 9288: 9281: 9274: 9267: 9260: 9253: 9246: 9239: 9232: 9225: 9218: 9211: 9204: 9197: 9190: 9182: 9180: 9176: 9175: 9173: 9172: 9165: 9158: 9151: 9144: 9137: 9130: 9123: 9116: 9109: 9102: 9095: 9088: 9081: 9078:Quimburga 1972 9074: 9067: 9060: 9053: 9046: 9039: 9031: 9029: 9025: 9024: 9022: 9021: 9014: 9007: 9000: 8993: 8985: 8983: 8979: 8978: 8971: 8969: 8967: 8966: 8959: 8952: 8945: 8937: 8935: 8931: 8930: 8921: 8920: 8913: 8906: 8898: 8888: 8884: 8883: 8880: 8879: 8877: 8876: 8871: 8866: 8861: 8856: 8850: 8848: 8844: 8843: 8840: 8839: 8837: 8836: 8829: 8826:Panhandle hook 8821: 8819: 8815: 8814: 8812: 8811: 8804: 8797: 8790: 8782: 8780: 8773: 8766: 8757: 8751: 8750: 8748: 8747: 8742: 8741: 8740: 8730: 8725: 8720: 8715: 8710: 8705: 8699: 8697: 8693: 8692: 8685: 8684: 8677: 8670: 8662: 8655: 8654: 8652: 8651: 8646: 8640: 8638: 8629: 8620: 8617:Synoptic scale 8609: 8603: 8602: 8599: 8598: 8596: 8595: 8590: 8585: 8580: 8575: 8570: 8564: 8562: 8558: 8557: 8555: 8554: 8549: 8544: 8539: 8534: 8529: 8524: 8518: 8516: 8509: 8503: 8502: 8500: 8499: 8494: 8489: 8484: 8479: 8474: 8469: 8464: 8459: 8454: 8449: 8443: 8441: 8437: 8436: 8430:of the world ( 8420: 8419: 8412: 8405: 8397: 8388: 8387: 8385: 8384: 8374: 8363: 8360: 8359: 8357: 8356: 8350: 8344: 8338: 8331: 8329: 8325: 8324: 8322: 8321: 8315: 8309: 8303: 8297: 8291: 8284: 8282: 8278: 8277: 8275: 8274: 8267: 8265: 8261: 8260: 8258: 8257: 8251: 8248:11–13 Sep 1996 8245: 8238: 8236: 8232: 8231: 8229: 8228: 8221: 8219: 8215: 8214: 8212: 8211: 8208:"North Africa" 8204: 8202: 8198: 8197: 8190: 8189: 8182: 8175: 8167: 8161: 8160: 8119: 8113: 8106: 8105:External links 8103: 8101: 8100: 8082:(9): 390–403. 8071: 8024: 7987: 7941: 7872: 7835: 7808: 7790:(3): 261–279. 7777: 7748: 7728: 7718:on 31 May 2010 7707: 7671: 7636: 7599: 7564: 7546:(1): 360–375. 7535: 7505: 7460: 7433: 7413:(4): 371–383. 7398: 7344: 7314:(14): L14711. 7299: 7277: 7232: 7203: 7168: 7148:(2): 551–562. 7133: 7113:(6): 283–286. 7098: 7061: 7032: 6997: 6977: 6934: 6890: 6881: 6858: 6819: 6817: 6814: 6811: 6810: 6773:(6): 723–743. 6757: 6734: 6704: 6677: 6646: 6619: 6608: 6581: 6555: 6529: 6499: 6450: 6436: 6412: 6386: 6366: 6339: 6313: 6288: 6263: 6237: 6210: 6183: 6157: 6131: 6105: 6078: 6052: 6022: 6007:) (in Spanish) 5988: 5975:Marseille News 5962: 5940: 5910: 5884: 5854: 5824: 5794: 5764: 5731: 5709: 5683: 5653: 5638:) (in Spanish) 5622: 5586: 5560: 5538: 5512: 5482: 5450: 5419: 5389: 5363: 5345: 5327: 5296: 5270: 5241: 5214: 5181: 5145: 5134:. FreightWaves 5122: 5100: 5078: 5052: 5025: 4997: 4975: 4945: 4915: 4880: 4858: 4832: 4806: 4784: 4762: 4739: 4703: 4681: 4651: 4621: 4595: 4573: 4550: 4520: 4494: 4464: 4439: 4414: 4388: 4359: 4330: 4304: 4263: 4224: 4197: 4164: 4137: 4107: 4073: 4051: 4042: 4033: 4024: 4015: 3989: 3980: 3962: 3950: 3941: 3918: 3909: 3900: 3891: 3877: 3865: 3856: 3847: 3838: 3829: 3817: 3801: 3787: 3775: 3752: 3740: 3731: 3722: 3708: 3696: 3687: 3675: 3663: 3644:(9): 390–403. 3628: 3619: 3589: 3577: 3565: 3551: 3527: 3518: 3509: 3500: 3488: 3479: 3467: 3458: 3449: 3437: 3428: 3419: 3410: 3401: 3375: 3366: 3357: 3345: 3312: 3303: 3291: 3282: 3268: 3259: 3245: 3215: 3186: 3160: 3135: 3106: 3076: 3046: 3035: 3024: 2993: 2964: 2939: 2927: 2914: 2888: 2831: 2790: 2764: 2738: 2690: 2661: 2660: 2658: 2655: 2653: 2650: 2649: 2648: 2643: 2638: 2633: 2628: 2623: 2618: 2613: 2608: 2602: 2597: 2591: 2590: 2576: 2560: 2557: 2534: 2531: 2528: 2527: 2524: 2521: 2515: 2514: 2513:4 (1 missing) 2511: 2508: 2502: 2501: 2498: 2495: 2489: 2488: 2485: 2482: 2476: 2475: 2472: 2469: 2463: 2462: 2459: 2456: 2450: 2449: 2446: 2443: 2437: 2436: 2433: 2430: 2426: 2425: 2422: 2419: 2413: 2412: 2409: 2406: 2396: 2393: 2389: 2388: 2380: 2378: 2372: 2371: 2368: 2364: 2363: 2360: 2356: 2355: 2352: 2348: 2347: 2344: 2340: 2339: 2336: 2332: 2331: 2328: 2324: 2323: 2320: 2316: 2315: 2312: 2308: 2307: 2304: 2300: 2299: 2294: 2284: 2279: 2271: 2270: 2262: 2260: 2257: 2256: 2251: 2245: 2244: 2241: 2237: 2236: 2233: 2229: 2228: 2225: 2221: 2220: 2217: 2213: 2212: 2209: 2205: 2204: 2201: 2197: 2196: 2193: 2189: 2188: 2185: 2181: 2180: 2177: 2173: 2172: 2169: 2165: 2164: 2161: 2157: 2156: 2153: 2149: 2148: 2143: 2133: 2128: 2119: 2116: 2115: 2114: 2111: 2108: 2105: 2102: 2099: 2096: 2093: 2090: 2087: 2084: 2081: 2078: 2075: 2072: 2069: 2066: 2063: 2060: 2057: 2054: 2051: 2048: 2045: 2042: 2039: 2036: 2035:September 1973 2033: 2032:September 1947 2012: 2009: 1908:Main article: 1905: 1902: 1788:Main article: 1785: 1782: 1741:Tyrrhenian Sea 1723:Cyclone Apollo 1721:Main article: 1718: 1715: 1643:Main article: 1640: 1637: 1558:hybrid cyclone 1539:Cyclone Zorbas 1537:Main article: 1534: 1531: 1466:Main article: 1463: 1460: 1453:Medicane Trixi 1424: 1421: 1360:Main article: 1357: 1354: 1301:Massif Central 1257:Main article: 1254: 1251: 1191:Tyrrhenian Sea 1154: 1151: 1142:Tyrrhenian Sea 1117: 1114: 1093: 1090: 1073:Palma, Majorca 1034: 1033:11–13 Sep 1996 1031: 986:of 1,002 911: 908: 863: 860: 774: 771: 694: 693:22–27 Sep 1969 691: 689: 686: 570:cold-core lows 527: 524: 499:North Atlantic 487:global warming 395: 392: 387:major medicane 377: 376: 370: 364: 358: 354: 353: 347: 341: 335: 331: 330: 325: 320: 315: 284:Atlantic Ocean 274:Unofficially, 242: 184:. Since 2005, 144: 141: 62: 61: 56: 52: 51: 46: 42: 41: 34: 26: 25: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 10096: 10085: 10082: 10080: 10077: 10075: 10072: 10070: 10067: 10065: 10062: 10060: 10057: 10056: 10054: 10039: 10038: 10027: 10025: 10024: 10013: 10012: 10009: 9991: 9988: 9986: 9983: 9981: 9978: 9976: 9973: 9972: 9970: 9966: 9960: 9957: 9955: 9952: 9948: 9945: 9943: 9940: 9938: 9935: 9934: 9933: 9930: 9928: 9925: 9921: 9918: 9916: 9913: 9911: 9908: 9907: 9906: 9903: 9902: 9900: 9896: 9893: 9891: 9887: 9879: 9876: 9875: 9874: 9871: 9869: 9866: 9864: 9861: 9860: 9858: 9856: 9852: 9846: 9843: 9841: 9840:Catalina eddy 9838: 9837: 9835: 9833: 9829: 9826: 9824: 9820: 9810: 9807: 9805: 9802: 9800: 9797: 9795: 9794:Cold-core low 9792: 9791: 9789: 9785: 9770: 9766: 9763: 9759: 9756: 9752: 9749: 9745: 9744: 9742: 9736: 9729: 9725: 9722: 9718: 9715: 9711: 9709: 9706: 9703: 9699: 9694: 9690: 9689: 9687: 9683: 9682: 9680: 9674: 9671: 9668: 9663: 9659: 9653: 9650: 9648: 9645: 9643: 9640: 9638: 9635: 9633: 9630: 9629: 9627: 9625: 9621: 9607: 9604: 9602: 9599: 9598: 9596: 9592: 9586: 9583: 9581: 9578: 9577: 9575: 9571: 9568: 9562: 9552: 9549: 9547: 9544: 9543: 9541: 9537: 9531: 9528: 9526: 9523: 9521: 9518: 9516: 9513: 9512: 9510: 9506: 9496: 9493: 9491: 9490:Icelandic Low 9488: 9486: 9483: 9482: 9480: 9476: 9465: 9461: 9458: 9454: 9453: 9451: 9447: 9440: 9436: 9433: 9429: 9426: 9422: 9419: 9415: 9412: 9408: 9405: 9401: 9398: 9394: 9391: 9387: 9384: 9380: 9377: 9373: 9370: 9366: 9363: 9359: 9356: 9352: 9349: 9345: 9342: 9338: 9335: 9331: 9328: 9324: 9321: 9317: 9314: 9310: 9307: 9303: 9300: 9296: 9293: 9289: 9286: 9282: 9279: 9275: 9272: 9268: 9265: 9261: 9258: 9254: 9251: 9247: 9244: 9240: 9237: 9233: 9230: 9226: 9223: 9219: 9216: 9212: 9209: 9205: 9202: 9198: 9195: 9191: 9188: 9184: 9183: 9181: 9177: 9170: 9166: 9163: 9159: 9156: 9152: 9149: 9145: 9142: 9138: 9135: 9131: 9128: 9124: 9121: 9117: 9114: 9110: 9107: 9103: 9100: 9096: 9093: 9089: 9086: 9082: 9079: 9075: 9072: 9068: 9065: 9061: 9058: 9054: 9051: 9047: 9044: 9040: 9037: 9033: 9032: 9030: 9026: 9019: 9015: 9012: 9008: 9005: 9001: 8998: 8994: 8991: 8987: 8986: 8984: 8980: 8975: 8964: 8960: 8957: 8953: 8950: 8946: 8943: 8939: 8938: 8936: 8932: 8927: 8919: 8914: 8912: 8907: 8905: 8900: 8899: 8896: 8892: 8889: 8885: 8875: 8872: 8870: 8867: 8865: 8862: 8860: 8857: 8855: 8852: 8851: 8849: 8845: 8834: 8833:November gale 8830: 8827: 8823: 8822: 8820: 8816: 8809: 8805: 8802: 8798: 8795: 8791: 8788: 8784: 8783: 8781: 8777: 8774: 8770: 8767: 8764:North America 8761: 8758: 8752: 8746: 8743: 8739: 8736: 8735: 8734: 8731: 8729: 8726: 8724: 8721: 8719: 8716: 8714: 8711: 8709: 8706: 8704: 8701: 8700: 8698: 8694: 8690: 8683: 8678: 8676: 8671: 8669: 8664: 8663: 8660: 8656: 8650: 8647: 8645: 8642: 8641: 8639: 8637: 8633: 8630: 8627:Surface-based 8624: 8621: 8618: 8613: 8610: 8608: 8604: 8594: 8591: 8589: 8586: 8584: 8583:Kalahari High 8581: 8579: 8576: 8574: 8571: 8569: 8566: 8565: 8563: 8559: 8553: 8550: 8548: 8545: 8543: 8540: 8538: 8535: 8533: 8530: 8528: 8527:Siberian High 8525: 8523: 8520: 8519: 8517: 8513: 8510: 8508: 8504: 8498: 8495: 8493: 8490: 8488: 8485: 8483: 8480: 8478: 8475: 8473: 8470: 8468: 8465: 8463: 8460: 8458: 8455: 8453: 8450: 8448: 8445: 8444: 8442: 8438: 8433: 8429: 8425: 8418: 8413: 8411: 8406: 8404: 8399: 8398: 8395: 8383: 8379: 8375: 8373: 8365: 8364: 8361: 8354: 8351: 8348: 8345: 8342: 8339: 8336: 8333: 8332: 8330: 8326: 8319: 8316: 8313: 8310: 8307: 8304: 8301: 8298: 8295: 8292: 8289: 8286: 8285: 8283: 8279: 8272: 8269: 8268: 8266: 8262: 8255: 8252: 8249: 8246: 8243: 8240: 8239: 8237: 8233: 8226: 8223: 8222: 8220: 8216: 8209: 8206: 8205: 8203: 8199: 8195: 8188: 8183: 8181: 8176: 8174: 8169: 8168: 8165: 8157: 8153: 8149: 8145: 8141: 8137: 8133: 8129: 8125: 8120: 8117: 8114: 8112: 8109: 8108: 8097: 8093: 8089: 8085: 8081: 8077: 8072: 8068: 8064: 8059: 8054: 8050: 8046: 8042: 8038: 8034: 8030: 8025: 8021: 8017: 8013: 8009: 8005: 8001: 7997: 7993: 7988: 7984: 7978: 7962: 7958: 7954: 7947: 7942: 7927: 7923: 7919: 7914: 7909: 7905: 7901: 7897: 7893: 7889: 7885: 7878: 7873: 7869: 7865: 7861: 7857: 7853: 7849: 7845: 7841: 7836: 7821: 7814: 7809: 7805: 7801: 7797: 7793: 7789: 7785: 7784: 7778: 7774: 7770: 7766: 7762: 7758: 7754: 7749: 7734: 7729: 7717: 7713: 7708: 7704: 7700: 7696: 7692: 7688: 7684: 7677: 7672: 7667: 7662: 7658: 7654: 7650: 7646: 7642: 7637: 7633: 7629: 7625: 7621: 7617: 7613: 7609: 7605: 7600: 7595: 7590: 7586: 7582: 7578: 7574: 7570: 7565: 7561: 7557: 7553: 7549: 7545: 7541: 7536: 7532: 7528: 7524: 7520: 7516: 7512: 7506: 7501: 7496: 7491: 7486: 7482: 7478: 7474: 7470: 7466: 7461: 7446: 7439: 7434: 7429: 7424: 7420: 7416: 7412: 7408: 7404: 7399: 7395: 7391: 7386: 7381: 7377: 7373: 7369: 7365: 7361: 7357: 7350: 7345: 7340: 7335: 7330: 7325: 7321: 7317: 7313: 7309: 7305: 7300: 7295: 7290: 7283: 7278: 7273: 7268: 7263: 7258: 7254: 7250: 7246: 7242: 7238: 7233: 7229: 7225: 7221: 7217: 7213: 7209: 7204: 7199: 7194: 7190: 7186: 7182: 7178: 7174: 7169: 7164: 7159: 7155: 7151: 7147: 7143: 7139: 7134: 7129: 7124: 7120: 7116: 7112: 7108: 7104: 7099: 7095: 7091: 7087: 7083: 7079: 7075: 7071: 7067: 7062: 7058: 7054: 7050: 7046: 7042: 7038: 7033: 7028: 7023: 7019: 7015: 7011: 7007: 7003: 6998: 6983: 6978: 6974: 6970: 6965: 6960: 6956: 6952: 6948: 6944: 6940: 6935: 6931: 6927: 6923: 6919: 6915: 6911: 6907: 6903: 6896: 6891: 6887: 6882: 6871: 6864: 6859: 6854: 6849: 6845: 6841: 6837: 6833: 6826: 6821: 6820: 6806: 6802: 6798: 6794: 6790: 6786: 6781: 6776: 6772: 6768: 6761: 6745: 6738: 6722: 6718: 6714: 6708: 6692: 6688: 6681: 6665: 6662:(in Arabic). 6661: 6660:ArabiaWeather 6657: 6650: 6634: 6630: 6623: 6617: 6612: 6596: 6592: 6585: 6570: 6566: 6559: 6543: 6539: 6533: 6518: 6514: 6510: 6503: 6496: 6492: 6489: 6483: 6481: 6479: 6477: 6475: 6473: 6471: 6469: 6467: 6465: 6463: 6461: 6459: 6457: 6455: 6445: 6443: 6441: 6431: 6429: 6427: 6425: 6423: 6421: 6419: 6417: 6400: 6396: 6390: 6382: 6381: 6376: 6370: 6354: 6350: 6343: 6328: 6324: 6317: 6302: 6298: 6292: 6277: 6273: 6267: 6252: 6248: 6241: 6225: 6221: 6214: 6198: 6194: 6187: 6171: 6170:L'Indépendant 6167: 6161: 6145: 6141: 6135: 6119: 6115: 6109: 6093: 6089: 6082: 6066: 6062: 6056: 6040: 6036: 6032: 6026: 6018: 6006: 6002: 5998: 5992: 5976: 5972: 5966: 5951: 5944: 5928: 5924: 5921:(in German). 5920: 5914: 5898: 5895:(in German). 5894: 5888: 5872: 5868: 5865:(in German). 5864: 5858: 5842: 5838: 5835:(in German). 5834: 5828: 5812: 5808: 5805:(in German). 5804: 5798: 5782: 5778: 5775:(in German). 5774: 5768: 5752: 5748: 5745:(in German). 5744: 5738: 5736: 5719: 5713: 5698: 5694: 5687: 5671: 5667: 5664:(in German). 5663: 5657: 5649: 5637: 5633: 5626: 5610: 5606: 5599: 5597: 5595: 5593: 5591: 5582: 5578: 5574: 5570: 5564: 5548: 5542: 5527: 5523: 5516: 5500: 5496: 5492: 5486: 5470: 5463: 5457: 5455: 5438: 5434: 5430: 5423: 5407: 5403: 5399: 5393: 5377: 5373: 5367: 5359: 5355: 5349: 5341: 5337: 5331: 5323: 5311: 5307: 5300: 5284: 5280: 5274: 5259: 5255: 5248: 5246: 5229: 5225: 5218: 5202: 5198: 5191: 5185: 5166: 5162: 5155: 5149: 5133: 5126: 5110: 5104: 5088: 5082: 5066: 5062: 5056: 5040: 5036: 5029: 5013: 5006: 5004: 5002: 4985: 4979: 4963: 4959: 4955: 4949: 4933: 4929: 4925: 4919: 4900: 4896: 4895: 4890: 4884: 4868: 4862: 4846: 4839: 4837: 4820: 4816: 4810: 4794: 4788: 4772: 4766: 4750: 4743: 4724: 4720: 4713: 4707: 4691: 4685: 4669: 4665: 4661: 4655: 4639: 4635: 4631: 4625: 4609: 4605: 4599: 4584: 4577: 4569: 4565: 4561: 4554: 4538: 4534: 4530: 4524: 4508: 4501: 4499: 4482: 4478: 4474: 4468: 4453: 4446: 4444: 4427: 4421: 4419: 4402: 4398: 4392: 4377:on 5 May 2022 4373: 4369: 4363: 4344: 4340: 4334: 4318: 4314: 4308: 4289: 4285: 4282:(in German). 4277: 4270: 4268: 4248: 4244: 4237: 4231: 4229: 4212: 4208: 4201: 4185: 4181: 4175: 4173: 4171: 4169: 4152: 4148: 4141: 4125: 4121: 4117: 4111: 4095: 4091: 4084: 4082: 4080: 4078: 4062: 4055: 4046: 4037: 4028: 4019: 4000: 3993: 3984: 3975: 3973: 3971: 3969: 3967: 3957: 3955: 3945: 3929: 3922: 3913: 3904: 3895: 3886: 3884: 3882: 3872: 3870: 3860: 3851: 3842: 3833: 3824: 3822: 3812: 3810: 3808: 3806: 3796: 3794: 3792: 3782: 3780: 3763: 3756: 3747: 3745: 3735: 3726: 3717: 3715: 3713: 3703: 3701: 3691: 3682: 3680: 3670: 3668: 3659: 3655: 3651: 3647: 3643: 3639: 3632: 3623: 3614: 3612: 3610: 3608: 3606: 3604: 3602: 3600: 3598: 3596: 3594: 3584: 3582: 3572: 3570: 3560: 3558: 3556: 3546: 3544: 3542: 3540: 3538: 3536: 3534: 3532: 3522: 3513: 3504: 3495: 3493: 3483: 3474: 3472: 3462: 3453: 3444: 3442: 3432: 3423: 3414: 3405: 3390: 3386: 3379: 3370: 3361: 3352: 3350: 3333: 3329: 3325: 3319: 3317: 3307: 3298: 3296: 3286: 3277: 3275: 3273: 3263: 3254: 3252: 3250: 3233: 3229: 3225: 3219: 3204: 3200: 3193: 3191: 3184: 3171: 3164: 3148: 3142: 3140: 3123: 3116: 3110: 3094: 3090: 3086: 3080: 3064: 3060: 3056: 3050: 3044: 3039: 3033: 3028: 3012: 3008: 3002: 3000: 2998: 2981: 2977: 2971: 2969: 2953: 2949: 2943: 2934: 2932: 2924: 2918: 2903: 2899: 2892: 2884: 2880: 2876: 2872: 2868: 2864: 2860: 2856: 2849: 2842: 2840: 2838: 2836: 2816: 2809: 2807: 2805: 2803: 2801: 2799: 2797: 2795: 2778: 2774: 2768: 2752: 2748: 2742: 2734: 2730: 2725: 2720: 2716: 2712: 2708: 2704: 2697: 2695: 2679: 2678: 2673: 2666: 2662: 2647: 2644: 2642: 2639: 2637: 2634: 2632: 2629: 2627: 2624: 2622: 2619: 2617: 2614: 2612: 2609: 2606: 2603: 2601: 2598: 2596: 2593: 2592: 2588: 2587:Europe portal 2577: 2574: 2563: 2556: 2554: 2545: 2540: 2525: 2522: 2520: 2517: 2516: 2512: 2509: 2507: 2504: 2503: 2499: 2496: 2494: 2491: 2490: 2486: 2483: 2481: 2478: 2477: 2473: 2470: 2468: 2465: 2464: 2460: 2457: 2455: 2452: 2451: 2447: 2444: 2442: 2439: 2438: 2434: 2431: 2428: 2427: 2423: 2420: 2418: 2415: 2414: 2410: 2407: 2404: 2400: 2395:Deadly storms 2387: 2379: 2377: 2369: 2366: 2365: 2361: 2358: 2357: 2353: 2350: 2349: 2345: 2342: 2341: 2337: 2334: 2333: 2329: 2326: 2325: 2321: 2318: 2317: 2313: 2310: 2309: 2305: 2302: 2301: 2295: 2292: 2288: 2287: 2282: 2278: 2269: 2261: 2255: 2252: 2250: 2247: 2246: 2242: 2239: 2238: 2234: 2231: 2230: 2226: 2223: 2222: 2218: 2215: 2214: 2210: 2207: 2206: 2202: 2199: 2198: 2194: 2191: 2190: 2186: 2183: 2182: 2178: 2175: 2174: 2170: 2167: 2166: 2162: 2159: 2158: 2154: 2151: 2150: 2144: 2141: 2137: 2136: 2131: 2127: 2125: 2112: 2109: 2106: 2103: 2100: 2097: 2094: 2091: 2088: 2085: 2082: 2079: 2076: 2073: 2070: 2067: 2064: 2061: 2058: 2055: 2052: 2049: 2046: 2043: 2040: 2037: 2034: 2031: 2030: 2029: 2025: 2017: 2008: 2006: 2002: 1998: 1994: 1990: 1986: 1982: 1978: 1974: 1970: 1966: 1962: 1958: 1954: 1950: 1946: 1941: 1937: 1933: 1929: 1925: 1916: 1911: 1901: 1898: 1894: 1890: 1886: 1882: 1878: 1873: 1869: 1865: 1861: 1857: 1853: 1848: 1845: 1841: 1837: 1833: 1829: 1825: 1821: 1817: 1813: 1810:and named it 1809: 1805: 1796: 1791: 1781: 1779: 1775: 1771: 1767: 1762: 1761: 1757: 1753: 1749: 1744: 1742: 1738: 1729: 1724: 1714: 1712: 1708: 1704: 1700: 1696: 1691: 1689: 1685: 1681: 1670: 1668: 1664: 1660: 1659:Gulf of Sidra 1651: 1646: 1645:Cyclone Ianos 1636: 1634: 1630: 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